Title Abstract

Author(s)

Citation 京都大學文學部研究紀要 (1952), 1: 1-7

Issue Date 1952-03-31

URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/72850

Right

Type Departmental Bulletin Paper

Textversion publisher

Kyoto University

Original Materials for the Economic History of National Defence

In the Ho-hs£ (frUlJLf) Prefecture during the T"z'en-jao

(~Jt) Period of the T'ang (JJf) Dynasty

By

Toshisada Naba, Litt. D.

Professor of Chinci:ie Hbtory

In the course of the three hundre(l years of the 'P'ang (riD Dynasty (A.D. 618-907), the military system changed three times. The firi:it was the prefectural

military system, called !u-JJ1:ny-ehih (J{J:J.1,;..;jJlJ). 634 prefectural armies with a total

of 600,000 soldiers guarded the interior of the Empire. Every frontier garrison

was composed of corps, chun-t"uan 011.["*.]), divisioni:i, ehun OTO, observation-posts,slwu-eho «ft~J, look-out men, eh'cny (:lJi), etc. In the K'ai-yuan Wi-Jie) period(A.D. 713--741), the total frontier guards numbered 700,000.

Since General Ho-pa-yen-ss'tl (~U!JtMfflJiiJ) was appointed chief commander, Liang-

ehou-tu-tu O)f:'l'I'I::ffl);kf), of L1:ang-C/w'u 0),1(,-1'1) and commander-in-chief, H'o-hsi-ehieh-

to-shih C1PJJfli~ii}-it{!E), of Ho-h.~i OriJElj), in the second year of Ching-}":iin (A.D.711 it~), all the national defence of the T'ang (m) Empire was in the hands

of the commanders-in-chief (liiiOC~). The archives of the T'ien-pao (j(J1i) period,

which contain original historical material concerning the armies, and which are now

in the possession of the National Library in Paris (Document No. 2657), i:ihow that

the natives were in public service ai:i memb::r;:; of th~ observation-post, or look-out

men.

Since the beginning of the 'l"ien-pao (j(~) period, the prefeetral military system

fell into decay. Therefore, when the disturbance of An-lu-Shan (-:iC~IJj) occurred,

the T'ang Government (mJliJ]5(g) barely maintained the Empire by levied troops,

i-yung-ping (~Jjj*). On the other hand, the defence of the frontier was rather

strong.

The government expense for clothing, rations, munitions, war-horses, and military

preparations of defence ,vai:i enormous. The expense only of rationi:i in the tenth

( 1 )

year of K'ai-yitan CI}H jt) period, for 400,000 to 500,000 soldiers, was six millionku CfM·) for a year. My research on the original document of the 'l.ou-l'u (1i.liI)divbion (Archive No. 334.8 in the Na,tional Library in Paris) in the fourth or sixth

year of Kai-yurtn (A.D. 716 or 718 fJfDt) of the 'l"ang dynasty, shows that therations of each soldier on frontier de fence cost 1,770 ~vcn C:lt), and the total 385,

000 Kuan-Iccn OQ"::lt). One li-uan Cf't) is one thousand 'U'/:n C:X).The 'l'ou-tu (('HII') division belongs to the jurisdiction of the commander-in-

chief (gpOCf~) of Ilo-h8i (jliIrJY) amI its fixed rnembcrs were 4,300 soldiers.. Its

head(luarters was situated in the town of Sha-ch'Ju Cij/ :H'I). Originally, the fixed

number of the frontier guards of Jlo-h8i (jrrIgi-j) was 73,000. It was the second

largest corps in defence of all the frontiers of the 'l"ang Empire in theK'ai-

yuan om IL:) -'l'icIL1)ao (~11t) period. A dGtailed calculation of expenses whichmaintained the defence, both interior and frontier, is not given in the authentic

histories of the Tang dynasty, and therefore, we cannot tell what was its econo-

mic activity.

We can understand the economic activities of that period through documents of

th ~ ]('a£-ytuxn (f}l3ft) period, which are in the National Library in Paris (Documents

No. 55~'9 and No. 286~). Document No. 28f32 gives a calclrlation of the income

of the puhlic ofllccs in the 'l'ou//'y-Jlo'Wwg Ctfc:kfiO district, and also an account ofthe dome8tic animals of the five fortresses, such as KuaILy-J1Hny CJl~{ aJD etc., situat-ed along the bouwlaries of Sha-c1wtt Cij/1-"I) as far as the frontier of Kua chou CfJ!.1-'-1). Tnese are described minutely in a geographical bo)k called Sha-eltYu-t'u-tu-fu-t'u-chiny Ci'J;1'1'I~1H*J{J[~i1M(1f), belonging to the to'lt-lu (1:Dln) division.

In this origin.al document, No. 2826 in Paris, we find all sorts of granted things,

such as silk, wheat, Chinese millet, peas; domestic animals, such as cows, camels,

asses, etc. -about thirty sorts of things. In addition, DOCUlllent No. 2803 has an

account of a ca.lculation of expenditures on horse-rations, such as wheat, peas and

Chinese millet in thOJ;) ;·o:treJseJ. In Document No. 36f34, we can find economic

conclitions of th03e five fo:·treds/~) from the fifth to the twelfth year of the 'l'ien-

pao period CA. D. 7·-1H 753 :J;::r-D.The most intere3ting mal:et"ials fO:.Ind in the documents is a list of forty members

of the frontier garrison of To'u-l It C-~Jl!ljfi). Each member is allowed military

clothing such as we cannot find mentioned in any other historical books in China.

These clothes were made of silk and hemp. In that pe,'iod, there was no cultivat-

ed cDtton in China, and there;ore we cannot find any clothes made of cotton

mentioned in these documents. Cotton clothes are mentioned later in the 'l"any

dynasty, but they were imported goods and very expensive.

( 2 )

,

In Document No. 3348, which contains an account-book of the l'ou-Z,u (li110division, we can find the current price of wheat, peas, and Chinese millet in the

lifth or sixth year of the 'l"ienpao ('j(Jfi) period CA. D. 746 or 747). DOCUme\1t

No. 2862 also contains one paragraph relating to the current prices of grain in

the same period. From these current prices, we can calculate the current price of

silk, etc. in the 'l"ien-pcw period. The total cost or clothing for 4,300 soldiers of

the TOll-teu Co~M:O division is 28,382 }-011an-tt'cn CB1:::Jt) for one year, and the totalcost of clothing for 73,000 members of the frontier garrison in the Ho-hl3i (1iiIgg)

prefecture is about L100,000 117uan-wcn (l't::Jt).These original materials for the econol11ic history of national defence in the 1/0-

ksi (tpSpLi) prefecture are the most valuable documents for the study of Chinese

history.

In regard to this economic history, 1 have studied some new topics, for example,

the interpretation of t/ao-shih U,'i.:rtj). Ts'ao-shih O~crtj) means a new market inthe l"ctng (m) and 81m!1 (::1() dynasties which \vas held outside the city-wall

Ceh'cng-pi :trk~O, but, until now, no investigators have yet been able to interpret

the designation of t;;'ao-shih (J'I'Llln. Nnw, I have tried to explain the meaning of

ts'ao-,~hih by means or the popular designation in the 'l"ang CJj-) age. Ts'ao-sldh

UtCib') is not a grass or fodder market ; 'l~s'ao (J¥i) is a popular designation fora pack-horse in the '('aug (J7f) age, and ts'ao-shih CrVCftn is a market where agreat many pack-horses as~)clnble from all parts or the country, carrying products.

I shall omit from this translated summary other topics which I have taken up in

this treatise.

( 3 )

A "Log" Study of Children's Time

An environmental comparison in the Kyoto Prefecture

By

Taro Sonohara

Assistant Professor of Psychology

and

Other Membei s of the Psychological Institute

I. Purpose: The Kyoto Prefecture contains one great city, several small cities,

many rural towns, and also many villages including farm, mountain, or

seashore. They represent some typical styles of Japanese living. H.owever,

they do not vary much in educational system and customs, as they are all

located in the same administrative section and communication is compara-

tively easy. We can then consider that, if there be any difference in the

distribution of time spent by children, it is largely due to the difference of

actual environmental-social pressure on the children's activities, and this will

show to a certain extent the social demands in those living conditions.

Under these considerations we have made an attempt to investigate how

school children spend their time in the Kyoto Prefecture, and to compare

their environmental differences.

II. Procedure :

A. Subjects: All the children of the 6th grade in the Kyoto Prcfecture-

about 36,000 in number--were made to write an account of a single day,

according to the "Log" method. The following samples were selected from

the data for statistical arrangement:

1. Urban districts (Kyoto City)

a. Shopping and Business Districts: B. 175, G. 175

b. Residential Quarters: B. 135, G. 150

c. Manufacturing Districts: B. 160, G. 170

d. Slum Quarters: B. 110, G. 105

( 4 )

15

12.51

IMd 策i防ρ附ガ鈎飾μof一 None

吋

42.うl0.1._

山|

221 1 i 吋 2.31 1 1 位。1 2.91 1 I吋 3.51 I

Sheashorc Vil1agc

u8.1

門ザ48.0

AV

--・400

‘) ~ ......u

51.0

24.0

5.7

70.0

}

内リ--a

31 吋 4.91引

Seashore Villagじ

89J)

30.7

8.1

1

y at home.

48.0

442.5

283，0

84.5

27.0

117.0

58.5

24.0

3.0

7:30.7

2:3.0

31.1)

1・

小川吋川崎門川町附柵酬'f"~柵照明 酬酬網棚酬鴨耐叩開?欄川

Tahle 1. A verages and Median号。fTime 5pen

Environment Boys

山 一_L_I一一~arn一一\!一…一一一u川一一一一rn一竺一一一m川川山一!一一巾判川V引刊川川叫一il川仙向lla旬一la岡アa噌アgeリ1-一 一一一!プtain一γnソnVつ竺、Vω 一1 Sea伺側ω叫叫仙…sl油蜘恥h釦hoAV Iμ :)! I Md ※ lタ%4山ωof嶋※i AV 1%'~Tf 1M陥附d※ %鈎伶o汁{様閣※猟IAV I戸%0f i Md 捺 %of※l Av l% 。fl 叫 l ※ %of括経

I A V [H.lU [NoJ!e 1 ... V I A V ["Wl I None 1 .n. [ A V I "..， I NけneI H ， I A V 1 H'" I No凶Activities ¥ ¥ ¥

lニ3ド97lil;;;;l「ll::::1477t吋吋 5.01 川付吋 5.71 叶阿川 7.11 川州 70.51 4."1引23Ji

1 412.51 28.6卜 1 1 382.51 26.61 I 山|州 1 1姐 2.51 30.7

ylnll l:j lll2jjilll Study at home 62.0 4.:~ 43，4 16.0| 42.0 2.9 21.6 31.4 25.0 1.7 16.2 49.0 23.01 l.G! 12.HI り民向"'.。“

Homanewd oprkre，praervaiteiown，「J 58.0 36.0 24.0 21.0

Others 4.0 6.0 1.0 2.0

112.0 Av

qd

ou QU -

Hd

8刈 73.085|:;;I68lω71叩;;: 89.5 9.2 Play at home 6.21 115.0 8

Outdoor 51.0 70.0

Reading

:~4_5i

19.5!

7.51 9.0

28.71 2.01 I 3ω

18.011

I _ 19.5

10.51 16.5

21ρ|

15.0

30.0

15.0

10.0

31.5

24.0

Indoor

Other 3.0

2.5 37.5

21.0

12.0

4.5

13.5

7.5

0.91

Amusemen t s memlJers-，

Chat wilh familyJ

Ra

:dians of Time spent hy UrJ】anchildren

Girl

一※e

一lM

m

一ゲ月

N一

月一※

t

山一!叩

l

mo--正V

N

一パ

A一

51.8

SllOpping Residential Manufacturing

Quarters Quarters Quarters

AV Mof|Md※iμof※ AV Iμof l Md捺iμof※IAV Iμof l Md総括of※AV I1YlU I'No~el .n V l' AV 1 1Yl~ ~TNonel .t\. V I'AV jlYlU-lNone

11 u99…… 1 I山主日11;;j;

598.5 624.0

4.71 93.51 6.51叶 ，。片4』F，d

押

4• 0U

Aり

-RりQU

od -

円4

同

4白

δvo

24.2 370.0

39.0

208.5

94.0

28.5

25.7

一

叩

・

一

Slum

Quarters

AV I%.?: I Md諸問?と)f掠I AV 1..... I川

735.0

618.0

u9.0

27.0

5.1

7，.11 叫 5.7

5.21 98.1 52.5 V9

44τ 。“・3AV

咽

iod qd

昨4

円

490

51.41 Aυ

A

U

-

-

oδnuu

押

4

α

u

'I

円

4 5.41 102.5 14.5

39.0

13.5 9.0

a吐• 舟υ'A po -oo

vhU

04 -

wo ou

wO

押

dva -HO

唱

iwO • 口

σqo

Q0

4吐 99.0

33.0

33.0

21.0

12.0

6.91 75.4 9，31 11:3，5 3，711 69，0

10.5 21.0

18.0

22.5

13.5

19_5

00 r: ~，.j.'.1

16J)

21.0

3.5

8.21 94.5

30.0

25.5

28.5

10.5

1.71 28，3

6.61 79.8 4，7

1a

• 0“

3.5 AV

A

V

えリ

'i

s

t

o“

|叫 2.31

00にJ.J.IJ.U

60，0

ベ4.219.5

9.0

3.1

1.5

l吋 1.0180 • AV AりQU

31.0

ω.51 幻

10.6

1.0

i

Aυ • 00

唱

i q0 • 唱i

開閉開開閉珊胴-百戸

Tahle 1， Averagesanrl Medians of Ti

¥

¥¥Environment ¥¥

¥¥¥

Boy

Shopping

Quarters Qtiarters Quarters

Activities AV I%A~ I則氏支:;?lAvi九:flB治

31，5 376.5 2G.11 342.0 23.8 way

Timc叫.litw1011山 JI25.5 36.0 40.5 Lesso!1s I 273，5 240.0 202，5

Play 69.5 72.0

Other things 40.5 3LO 27.0

Play at homc 61.5 4.3 43.1 15.3 102.0 7.1 . 87.G 23 10.01

1出31

Outdoor 18.0 42.0 72.0

lndoりr ]9.5 27.0 3.1.01

Reading 18.0 27.0 22.51

Othcr G.O 6.0 15.01

Amusements 42.0 2.J 46.5 3.2 51.0 :~.5

Chat with family 19.5 21.0 24.0

1ミadio，newspa，per 19.5 。2.5 21.0

Cinema 3.0 3.0 6.0

Doing nothing

、.

226，5

76.0

27.0

60.0

28.5

34.ら

10.5

15.0

13.5

1.5

※ Mcdians and Percentages of Non.participants are mentioned on1y with Helping， Study and Play at home.

24.2

9.31 112))

2.1

n. 490, G. 420B. 11)0, C. 130

B, 160, G. 160

Ii. 160, G. 1411

B. 1!140, (;. 141)0in the autumn of 1947 was set for each school,

day is spent fl)r physiological neccssities, and about

Thesc do not show much cnvironmental and sex

2. Rural districtsa. Towns:

b. Farm Villages:

c. Mountain Villages:

d. Seashore Villages:

3. Total:

B. Date: One week day

avoiding days of special events, such as school holidays for helping on the

farm, and days on which school meetings and excursions ';"ere held, and

so on.

In. Main Results: The children's aCi'ivities are classified in the followingcategories; (1) physiological necessities (including sleeping, eating, hathing,

e"acuation, medical treatments, etc.), (2) helping and wOlk at home, (3)

school life (including the time required on the ,yay to and from school and

recess hours at school, etc.), (4) study at home, (5) play at home and

neigh1:orhcod (including reading, outdcor play, indoor play, quarrel~, etc.)

(6) amusements (including chatting with family members, reading news-

papers, listening to radio, attending cinema, etc.), (7) doing nothing.

Table I and II show the averages and medians of the time spent in these

activities. They also contain the percentages of non-participants, showing

"'hat percent of children do not work, play, or study at home.

The distrihution of frequencics in percentage is shown in Fig. I in the Japanese

section (p. 28). Thcse 'figures show only the urban samples. 'fhe figurcs

in thc upper two rows are for "Hclping and \Vork ", the middle two for

"Study at Homc", thc lowcr two for "Play at Home ". For cach activity

the uppcr row is for boys, thc lo\\cr for girls, The first column shows thc

" Shopping" quarters, thc second the "Residcntial", thc thinl thc " Manu-

facturing", the last the "Slum Quarters )'. In cach figure the abscissa shows

the time spent in the unit of a quarter, thc ordinate shows thc percentage

of the frequencies.

(1) About l10?-6' of a

30% for school life.

difference, though the UJhan children-especially of manufacturing and slum

districts-sleep more, and the rural children spend more time in attending

school.

(2) Main environmcntal difTerences are found in the propordons hetween

helping, study, and play at home.

G )

Table I II shows these proportions: In the urban slum quarters, the rural

mountain- and fishing-villages children study least at home, only about 20

-30 minutes in the average and 10 minutes in thc median. The timc for

play and helping does not differ in the various districts, so the proportion

of these to study is double or treble in these districts compared to those of

the other districts.

Ta],lc III. Proportions of Timc spent in Helping and Play to Slmly at home.

Boy

'1J

. "C:::l ~ c; B'lJ ::r: p:; 'fJ.

AV 1 1,1G 1.80 1Town

Mel 1 1.2 2.1 I--_.._--------- -----

4,15 :1.86

5.0 O,f.6

( ;irl

cu§

cu~ S..... 0'" ....~ r:l.,... p:;.....

2.01 1 n').,u()

2,1 1.5-_ ....,,_.._---

2.1:1 1.28

1.6 1.0

t") f)') 1.Ri).).~.)

4" " ".-' ""'.U3,41

I2.42

6,4 4.7~ .._._._-_.,----- i

1.07 O,\Jl

1.0 0,7

1.20 O.~G

1.6 1.1

1,83 l.k9

1.7 1.7

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

8,4

2.M

8.4

1.972.7

Slum

FarmAV I

Md I 1~ _. ._.__ .".~. __. .. ._ .-.,~.-..__ ,_ 1_..__,.._----

~ I AV! l' ! 4.08 :1.9;)M""nl"n Md I ] I 4.5 ".8

S"'h''''~~-I~ :!-:~71::~91 :1-········,·-·--S-h·-opping-----IA~li--~.---:I,.-o:ru;--.,- O'97-1!---~--

. I Md 1 i OJ; : 0,8 I 1-- ---------- -- 1_- _1 1 --- _I

P _:{e~de:i~I I_~a: I ::~r, U:~7_~:::;J : AV I 1 ,l,G8 8.07

I, Manufacturing I' I : I. Mel 1: I.n . 3,8

:--- :---- ----! AV' 1 2.15 4.70

Mel 1 2,2

(3) As a result or comparison of the medians and distributions of each

activity, we can conclude that the proportion in the urban residential districts

and the rural farm districts can be said to he the standard. Compared "with

th,:se, children in the shopping districts play and help less, those in the ma-

nufacturing and the slum districts play most and the slum districts study least:.

The mountain villages are more helped by children, especially by boys, and

( 6 )

they permit children les:; timc for study. The fHling village:; let their chil-

dren act more freely (Jess study al1(1 much pb)').

(4) The environmental differences come out mure Ct Im;picllously III boys

lInn g'irls.

(f)) All the distribution of frequencies, excepting the phJ