tlia3107c - consolidate freight - learner guide

TLIA3107C

Consolidate

freight Learner Guide

Contents What this Learner’s Guide is about ........................................ 1 Plan your learning .................................................................. 2 How will you be assessed? .................................................... 4

Section 1 Assess scope to consolidate freight .............................. 8 How do I assess capability of different transport modes available to the organisation against the proposed tasks? .. 11 How do I evaluate individual consignment loads to identify relevant information needed to combine or consolidate freight?............................................................................................. 13 How do I analyse information to determine where opportunities for freight consolidation exist?.............................................. 16 How do I make sure packaging requirements for consolidated cargo conform to regulatory requirements? ......................... 19 How do I ensure procedures for the loading of cargo are planned in accordance with established industry practice and Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) Code? ........................ 22 How do I calculate proposed volumes and dimensions of proposed consolidation? ...................................................... 26 How do I match proposed consolidation against operational capacity and capability of carrier?........................................ 28

Section 2 Prepare consignment documentation .......................... 31 How do I prepare consignment documentation for consolidated cargo? .................................................................................. 34 How do I ensure labelling and marking requirements of cargo are documented in accordance with domestic and international regulations, ADG Code and workplace requirements? ........ 37 How do I complete and file/store consignment documentation in accordance with workplace procedures including dangerous goods declaration, where applicable?.................................. 40 How do I consolidate freight taking into account segregation requirements for dangerous goods if applicable? ................ 42

Additional resources....................................................................... 44

Feedback on activities .................................................................... 47

TLIA3107C Consolidate freight

© Department of Education, Science and Training 2005 Page 1 Customised and Developed by Armstrong’s Driver Education P/L May 2008 ADELG1025

What this Learner’s Guide is about

This Learner’s Guide is about the skills and knowledge required to consolidate freight including assessing the scope to consolidate freight, combining or consolidating multiple shipments of products into higher volume shipments, and the related preparation of consignment documentation.

The unit of competency TLIA3107C Consolidate freight is from the Transport and Distribution Training Package (TLI07). It has a number of elements of competency that are covered in this guide. These are:

• Assess scope to consolidate freight.

• Prepare consignment documentation.


Page 2 © Department of Education, Science and Training 2005 ADELG1025 Customised and Developed by Armstrong’s Driver Edcuation P/L May 2008

Plan your learning

It is important to plan your learning before you start because you may already have some of the knowledge and skills that are covered in this Learner’s Guide. This might be because:

• you have been working in the industry for some time, and/or

• you have already completed training in this area.

Together with your supervisor or trainer, use the checklist on the following pages to help you plan your study program. Your answers to the questions in the checklist will help you work out which sections of this Learner’s Guide you need to complete.

This Learner’s Guide is written with the idea that learning is made more relevant when you, the learner, are actually working in the industry. This means that you will have people within your enterprise who can show you things, discuss how things are done and answer any questions you have. Also you can practise what you learn and see how what you learn is applied in the enterprise.

If you are working through this Learner’s Guide and have not yet found a job in the industry, you will need to talk to your trainer about doing work experience or working and learning in some sort of simulated workplace.



Section 1: Assess scope to consolidate freight

Are you able to: Yes No

1. Assess capability of different transport modes available to the organisation against the proposed tasks?

2. Evaluate individual consignment loads to identify relevant information needed to combine or consolidate freight?

3. Analyse information to determine where opportunities for freight consolidation exist?

4. Make sure packaging requirements for consolidated cargo conform to regulatory requirements?

5. Ensure procedures for the loading of cargo are planned in accordance with established industry practice and Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) Code?

6. Calculate proposed volumes and dimensions of proposed consolidation?

7. Match proposed consolidation against operational capacity and capability of carrier?

Section 2: Prepare consignment documentation

Are you able to: Yes No

1. Prepare consignment documentation for consolidated cargo?

2. Ensure labelling and marking requirements of cargo are documented in accordance with domestic and international regulations, ADG Code and workplace requirements?

3. Complete and file/store consignment documentation in accordance with workplace procedures including



dangerous goods declaration, where applicable?

4. Consolidate freight taking into account segregation requirements for dangerous goods if applicable?

How will you be assessed?

Assessment of this unit of competency will include observation of real or simulated work processes using workplace procedures and questioning on underpinning knowledge and skills. It must be demonstrated in an actual or simulated work situation under supervision.

You will be required to demonstrate that you can:

• assess capability of different transport modes available to the organisation against the proposed tasks

• evaluate individual consignment loads to identify relevant information needed to combine or consolidate freight

• analyse information to determine where opportunities for freight consolidation exist

• make sure packaging requirements for consolidated cargo conform to regulatory requirements

• ensure procedures for the loading of cargo are planned in accordance with established industry practice and Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) Code

• calculate proposed volumes and dimensions of proposed consolidation

• match proposed consolidation against operational capacity and capability of carrier

• prepare consignment documentation for consolidated cargo

• ensure labelling and marking requirements of cargo are documented in accordance with domestic and international regulations, ADG Code and workplace requirements

• complete and file/store consignment documentation in accordance with workplace procedures including dangerous goods declaration, where applicable



• consolidate freight taking into account segregation requirements for dangerous goods if applicable.

TDTA3198B Consolidate freight

© Department of Education, Science and Training 2005 Page 7



Section 1 Assess scope to consolidate freight



Section outline

Areas covered in this section are:

• assess capability of different transport modes available to the organisation against the proposed tasks

• evaluate individual consignment loads to identify relevant information needed to combine or consolidate freight

• analyse information to determine where opportunities for freight consolidation exist

• make sure packaging requirements for consolidated cargo conform to regulatory requirements

• ensure procedures for the loading of cargo are planned in accordance with established industry practice and Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) Code

• calculate proposed volumes and dimensions of proposed consolidation

• match proposed consolidation against operational capacity and capability of carrier.



How do I assess capability of different transport modes available to the organisation against the proposed tasks?

Different transport modes will be better suited to some types of cargo. For instance some dangerous goods cannot be transported by air because of their unstable nature. Obviously if a substance is too dangerous to be carried on an aircraft another type of transport will have to be arranged.

The mode of transport is also determined by the measurements and weight of the load. If the freight is too heavy or bulky you will have no choice but to ship it by sea, rail or truck if you wish to send it all in one go.

The amount of time that a customer can have their goods in transport for is also a factor when deciding on the type the transport mode. If you transport something by air it can be in most places around the world in a day. But transport by sea or land can take weeks. It depends on the requirements of the customer and if their goods have a sense of urgency surrounding them. In almost all cases air freight is the most expensive option. Each customer needs to weigh up the costs against the need to get products quickly to their destination.



Activity 1: Assess capability of different transport modes available to the organisation against the proposed tasks

What type of transport mode would you suggest for the following time-‐frames and weight of the goods to be transported? Land, sea or air?

New York 4 days – 220kg _____________________________________

London in 4 weeks – 1000kg __________________________________

Nearest Capital City in 7 days – 780kg ___________________________

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s Guide.



How do I evaluate individual consignment loads to identify relevant information needed to combine or consolidate freight?

When you consolidate freight you undertake the transportation of small shipments and put them with other freight to use all the space you have booked. If you have left over space that is not being used then it is a waste of money. To be cost effective you must assemble goods and put them together in the same shipment. This gives a customer a better rate because the cost of the space is offset by other customers.

To consolidate freight you need to know the volume of the space booked for transportation and the volume of the goods to be transported. You will need to calculate the suitability of the two so you can get optimum use from the space and know exactly how much is to be used.

You must have the measurements of the carrier space before attempting to consolidate anything. It will all hinge on the space that is available for transportation. Next you must have an accurate assessment of the customer’s goods. You must find out the:

• type of goods

• size of packaging

• weight

• dimensions

• departure location

• destination.

This will give you a clear indication of what you will be able to fit in and how to best go about it. You must have worked out what order the loads are to be packed so they can be loaded and unloaded efficiently. They must be sorted and separated by someone when they reach their destination.

It is important to understand the types of goods that can be safely consolidated together for transport. Certain hazardous materials cannot be put together and can be highly dangerous if combined. You must refer to legislation on transporting dangerous goods and



hazardous materials before making a decision about what can be consolidated together for transportation.

Activity 2: Evaluate individual consignment loads to identify relevant information needed to combine or consolidate freight

During your daily work activities attend to a customer and use the following checklist and space below to make sure you find out the details of a customer’s freight to see if you could consolidate it with another load.

Tick box when you have the appropriate information

Type of goods

Size of packaging

Weight

Dimensions

Departure location

Destination

Special requirements (eg. refrigeration)

Type of goods ________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Size of packaging ____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Weight _______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Dimensions___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Departure location ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Destination___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Special requirements _________________________________________________



There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s Guide



How do I analyse information to determine where opportunities for freight consolidation exist?

Once you have found out all you need to know about individual customer loads, before you can consolidate them together you should look at whether they are compatible to be transported together. Some goods are not designed to travel with others. This is governed by strict regulations when it comes to dangerous goods and hazardous materials. When assessing the load it must be smaller than the measurements of the freight space which is booked to warrant any opportunity of freight consolidation.

If they are acceptable to travel together the main thing to analyse is the space and weight restrictions on the carrier you intend to use. For example if you book an area that is too big for a load that you want taken by aeroplane you can add more only if it does not exceed the weight restrictions. Whereas on a ship designed for sea freight the weight tolerance will be a lot more.

If you are using a container to place your goods in for transport you must take into account its weight also. For example if the payload limitation is 20,000kg and the weight of a cargo container is 2,000 kg then the weight of the freight could not exceed 18,000kg, which equals the 20,000kg weight limitation of the container.



Activity 3: Analyse information to determine where opportunities for freight consolidation exist

Joe has space left in a shipping container and has the opportunity to consolidate freight to fill it up. The shipping container has an 11,000kg capacity and weighs 1125kg. The first load weighs 6000kg. Circle the other loads Jo could consolidate with from the choices below. Hint: There is more than one answer.

A. 3875kg

B. 4025kg

C. 2175kg + 1700kg

D. 3925kg

Joe has a load that is booked to be air freighted to Europe. He has another load that it could be consolidated with almost perfectly so both will get to their destinations on time so each customer will be satisfied. He knows that one of them is classified as dangerous goods but doesn’t have time to check the other one and decides to send them anyway. What could be the consequences of his actions? Record you answer below.



What steps should Joe have taken to check the second load?




How do I make sure packaging requirements for consolidated cargo conform to regulatory requirements?

Packaging is an essential component in the safe transport of dangerous goods. The type of packaging and the way it is used is very important. It must keep the consolidated load safe and secure in transport and protect it during loading and unloading. When packing goods that are not dangerous or hazardous the packaging used will need to protect them during transportation and be secure enough to avoid unrestrictive movement. You should be aware of the demands that exporting puts on a package. The four problems listed below must be kept in mind when packaging goods for transportation.

1. Breakage

During transport, goods may be stacked on top of one another or come into forceful contact with other goods. Overseas, handling facilities may be less sophisticated than in Australia. Cargo can sometimes be treated very roughly and be dragged, pushed, rolled, or dropped during unloading, while moving through customs, or in transit to the destination.

2. Weight

Normally, air shipments require less heavy packing than ocean shipments, but they must still be adequately protected. Because transportation costs are determined by dimensions and weight, special reinforced and lightweight packing materials have been devised for exporting. Care in packing goods to minimize dimensions and weight while giving strength may well save money while ensuring that goods are properly protected.

3. Moisture

There are many ways moisture can affect freight. It can discolour goods, ruin electrical circuits, cause mould to grow and render a product useless. It can get into goods at different stages such as:

• during loading and unloading

• during transport caused by condensation in cargo holds and containers

• rough sea conditions causing water spray



• moisture present before packing.

To avoid moisture gaining access to goods they need to be packed correctly to waterproof them whilst first making sure that no water or dampness is present.

4. Theft

Packaging can also help against the possibility of theft occurring. Because the goods must pass through so many different hands to reach their destination there is always the chance of dishonesty. You can make it harder to steal goods by packaging them securely and therefore reducing the incident of theft.

5. Packaging

Packing requirements apply in almost all circumstances to ensure the safety of dangerous goods in transport. The packing instructions normally require the use of United Nations (UN) performance-‐tested specification packagings. When dangerous goods are in limited quantities these may not be required.

There are a number of packaging suppliers in Australia who can provide UN specification packaging. Selecting packaging to contain dangerous goods for a number of small packages inside larger packaging is not as simple as just choosing a box off a shelf. The regulations generally require packaging and dangerous goods to be tested to establish if they are safe to be transported together. There are exceptions to this general rule. You should always ask experts for advice if in doubt.



Activity 4: Make sure packaging requirements for consolidated cargo conform to regulatory requirements

Breakage is an important factor to keep in mind when deciding on which packaging to use to protect goods. What are another three? List them below.

Regulations for the packaging requirements of dangerous goods and hazardous materials are very strict. Ask your manager or supervisor to show you how to access the United Nation specifications for packaging dangerous goods.

Record in the space provided the steps you take to access this information.




How do I ensure procedures for the loading of cargo are planned in accordance with established industry practice and Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) Code?

Correct packaging and documentation for consignments of dangerous goods is essential so that those engaged in the transport and handling are not exposed to risk. For this reason declarations in accordance with the legal requirements should be entrusted to people who know what they are doing within your organisation. The personnel engaged in the packing of dangerous goods and the preparation of documentation should be competent to perform these tasks accurately and efficiently.

After dangerous goods have been packed, the packages are marked with essential information, including:

• the proper shipping name

• the UN number

• labels depicting all the potential hazards.

This is to ensure packages containing dangerous goods can be recognised and warning given of the potential hazards without just relying on the information from accompanying documents. There is a dangerous goods transport document which accompanies most consignments to provide detailed information about the goods so there is a separate means of identifying the contents of packages.

For the ease of identifying dangerous goods, the international community has created a classification system.

There is a label for each classification to categorise the nature of the hazard. These labels are required to be secured to the outside of the package for transport and must remain while it is in transit. Examples of these are illustrated below:



Class 1 Explosives -‐ explosive substances, explosive articles, pyrotechnic devices. Includes ammunition, fireworks, detonators and so on.

Class 2 Gases -‐ transported as either compressed, liquefied, refrigerated liquefied or gas in solution. Includes aerosols.

Class 3 Flammable liquids -‐ includes liquids with a boiling point of 35 degrees C or less or a flash point of 60.5 degrees C or less. Examples are petrol, alcohol and so on.



Activity 5: Ensure procedures for the loading of cargo are planned in accordance with established industry practice and Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) Code

After dangerous goods have been packed, you need to ensure they are marked with essential information for transport to ensure their safe handling. List the essential information below.

In your workplace locate a copy of the classifications of dangerous goods. Write down the name of five of the classifications below.



For the ease of identifying dangerous goods, the international community has created a classification system. These labels are required to be secured to the outside of the package for transport and must remain while it is in transit. How do you ensure that these labels are attached?




How do I calculate proposed volumes and dimensions of proposed consolidation?

To calculate whether a consolidated load will fit in the space of a carrier you will need to pay particular attention to the mass and volume.

The mass generally refers to the weight of something whilst the volume refers to how big an object is or the area it takes up.

• Mass is measured in tonnes, kilograms, grams and so on.

• Volume is measured in cubic metres, cubic centimetres and so on. (To calculate volume you multiply length x width x height.)

You must have the measurements of these for the consolidated load and compare it to the space and weight limitations that are permitted on the carrier that you intend to use. To obtain the measurements of the consolidated load you must take the measurements of each individual package and simply add them together. Your organisation should have specific details on how to obtain the mass and volume for goods and the method you should use to add them together. For example you may need to factor in space and packaging between different types of goods or your organisation may have a database of measurements for common things that have been forwarded in the past.



Activity 6: Calculate proposed volumes and dimensions of proposed consolidation

Estimate the volume of a motorcycle given the following information.

The height of the bike at its highest point (the handlebars) is 1.10m. The total length of the bike is exactly 2.0m and the width of the bike at its widest part is 0.75m.

How big would the load be if you had to consolidate it with a car that is 1.5m in height? The total length is 3.7m and the width of the car at its widest part is 2m.

Record your answer below.

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s Guide



How do I match proposed consolidation against operational capacity and capability of carrier?

Most measurements for freight forwarding use the dimensions of volume and mass. To match a consolidation of goods you will be required to know what the operational capacity and capability of the carrier is.

There is no point putting together freight that needs to arrive at different times, doesn’t quite fit or exceeds weight limits. Near enough is not good enough when it comes to consolidating cargo. For example, if you are using a shipping container you will need to know the size and weight it can hold and what the volume of the consolidated load is to see if the two can match. If you have a certain amount of space in the cargo hold of an aircraft booked there is no point consolidating a load that will exceed weight restrictions even if it is the correct dimensions. Your aim is to make a comparison of the space allocated for transport and the space that the consolidated load will occupy taking into account all of the restrictions and requirements of the transport mode. You should be aware of:

• time in transport

• arrival date

• weight of load

• dimensions or area of load

• weight restrictions of carrier

• dimension restrictions of carrier

• dangerous goods regulations

• cost.

Dangerous goods are a primary when deciding the mode of transport that can be used. When dealing with aircraft there are certain factors that you must take into account. In general, dangerous goods are divided into various classes and divisions according to the hazard they present. These include:

• too dangerous ever to be transported on an aircraft

• forbidden in normal circumstances but may be carried with the permission of the aviation regulator and subject to strict conditions being met

• restricted to transport only on cargo aircraft

• can be transported on either passenger or cargo aircraft.



Air travel introduces a change of environment for your dangerous goods. Three changes that these items can be subject to are:

Temperature

The effect of a rise in temperature is that the contents of a package filled at low temperature can expand in volume, causing the discharge of any liquid contents or the bursting of packages with gaseous contents. Temperature can vary from minus 40 to plus 55 degrees Celsius.

Pressure

Atmospheric pressure variations in flight range from sea level where normal pressures exist to a lesser pressure of about only 2/3 of that experienced at sea level. The pressure reduction can result in liquid and gaseous contents bursting out of their containers into the hold of the aircraft. This can be very messy and very dangerous if it is flammable.

Vibration

Vibration can cause something to become unstable by altering its properties when it is shaken. It can cause the expansion of liquid and gas causing it to rupture or burst its container. This can be very messy and very dangerous if it is flammable.



Activity 7: Match proposed consolidation against operational capacity and capability of carrier

When consolidating freight you need to take into account a range of factors. You cannot put together freight that needs to arrive at different times, doesn’t quite fit or exceeds weight limits just to try and save on costs. What are the things that you need to be aware of when matching proposed consolidation and the characteristics of the carrier? List them below.




Section 2 Prepare consignment documentation



Section outline

Areas covered in this section are:

• prepare consignment documentation for consolidated cargo

• ensure labelling and marking requirements of cargo are documented in accordance with domestic and international regulations, ADG Code and workplace requirements

• complete and file/store consignment documentation in accordance with workplace procedures including dangerous goods declaration, where applicable

• consolidate freight taking into account segregation requirements for dangerous goods if applicable.



How do I prepare consignment documentation for consolidated cargo?

Freight forwarders must deal with a huge amount of documentation The following documents are commonly used in exporting; which of them are actually used in each case depends on the requirements of both the Australian government and the government of the importing country.

Commercial invoice. The commercial invoice is a bill for the goods from the buyer to the seller. A commercial invoice should include basic information about the transaction, including a description of the goods, the address of the shipper and seller, and the delivery and payment terms. The buyer needs the invoice to prove ownership and to arrange payment. Some governments use the commercial invoice to assess customs duties.

Bill of lading. A bill of lading is a contract between the owner of the goods and the carrier. There are two types. A straight bill of lading is nonnegotiable. A negotiable or shipper's order bill of lading can be bought, sold, or traded while goods are in transit and is used for letter-‐of-‐credit transactions. The customer usually needs the original or a copy as proof of ownership to take possession of the goods.

Consular invoice. Certain nations require a consular invoice, which is used to control and identify goods. The invoice must be purchased from the consulate of the country to which the goods are being shipped and usually must be prepared in the language of that country.

Certificate of origin. Certain nations require a signed statement as to the origin of the export item. Such certificates are usually obtained through a semi-‐official organisation such as a local chamber of commerce. A certificate may be required even though the commercial invoice contains the information.

Inspection certification. Some purchasers and countries may require a certificate of inspection attesting to the specifications of the goods shipped, usually performed by a third party. Inspection certificates are often obtained from independent testing organisations.

Dock receipt and warehouse receipt. These receipts are used to transfer accountability when the export item is moved to the port and left with the international carrier for export.

Destination control statement. This statement appears on the commercial invoice and ocean or air waybill of lading to notify the



carrier and all foreign parties that the item may be exported only to certain destinations.

Insurance certificate. If the seller provides insurance, the insurance certificate states the type and amount of coverage.

Export license. A license to export goods which is not always required depending on the types of goods being exported. For example you will require a licence to export livestock, tobacco, weapons and so on.

Export packing list. Considerably more detailed and informative than a standard domestic packing list, an export packing list itemises the material in each individual package and indicates the type of package: box, crate, drum, carton, and so on. It shows the individual net, legal, tare, and gross weights and measurements for each package. Package markings should be shown along with the shipper's and buyer's references. The packing list should be attached to the outside of a package in a waterproof pouch. The list is used by the shipper or forwarding agent to determine:

• the total shipment weight and volume

• whether the correct cargo is being shipped.

In addition, customs officials (both local and foreign) may use the list to check the cargo.

Documentation must be precise. Slight discrepancies or omissions may prevent merchandise from being exported, result in exporting firms not getting paid, or even result in the seizure of the exporter's goods by local or foreign government customs. Collection documents are subject to precise time limits and may not be honored by a bank if out of date. Much of the documentation is routine for freight forwarders but the exporter is ultimately responsible for the accuracy of the documentation.



Activity 8: Prepare consignment documentation for consolidated cargo

Being a freight forwarder involves you to handle a formidable amount of documentation which exporting requires. It is important that as a freight forwarder you completely understand the process involved. Get your manager or supervisor to show you how to complete all the documentation required for a regular job that involves consolidating freight.

Ensure you spend the time to become confident and concise so you can complete all documentation competently. Check with your supervisor or manager that you are doing it correctly.




How do I ensure labelling and marking requirements of cargo are documented in accordance with domestic and international regulations, ADG Code and workplace requirements?

Specific marking and labelling is used on export cartons and containers to:

• meet shipping regulations

• ensure proper handling

• prevent risk potentially caused by the contents

• help receivers identify shipments.

The overseas buyer usually specifies export marks that should appear on the cargo for easy identification by receivers. Many markings may be needed for shipment. Exporters need to put the following markings on cartons to be shipped:

• Shipper's mark.

• Country of origin.

• Weight marking (pounds and kilograms).

• Number of packages and size of cases (in inches and centimetres).

• Handling and cautionary markings, such as "This Side Up" or "Use No Hooks", in English and in the language of the country of destination (example of international symbols below).

• Port of entry.

• Labels for hazardous materials (universal symbols).

Legibility is extremely important to prevent misunderstandings and delays with transportation. Letters are generally stencilled onto packages and containers in waterproof ink. Markings should appear on three faces of the container, preferably on the top and on the two ends or the two sides. Old markings must be completely removed.



In addition to port marks, customer identification code, and indication of origin, the marks should include the package:

• number

• gross and net weights

• dimensions.

If more than one package is being shipped, the total number of packages in the shipment should be included in the markings. Exporters may find that customs regulations regarding freight labelling are strictly enforced. For example, most countries require that the country of origin be clearly labelled on each imported package.

Below is an example of how the markings on a typical box should look:

Figure 1: Required markings on a box to be exported from the United States of America to Spain



Activity 9: Labelling and marking requirements of cargo are documented in accordance with domestic and international regulations, ADG Code and workplace requirements

Attention to detail is a major issue when forwarding freight. Everything must be meticulously checked so no mistakes are made on the documentation, the labelling and marking of the freight packaging. Consider the following scenario and help Winston out with what he forgot to include.

Winston was forwarding a small consolidated load of glasses and pottery to Africa using air freight. He had everything in order so it would leave the warehouse in the morning to be on the plane that night. He had placed on the carton the following.

• Shipper's mark.

• Country of origin (exporters’ country).

• Weight marking (in pounds and in kilograms).

• Number of packages and size of cases (in inches and centimetres).

• Port of entry.

When it arrived the customer rang very angry, explaining that a lot of the goods had broken. Winston couldn’t see how this would have happened. Looking at the list above what do you think he missed out labelling on the box? Record you answer below.




How do I complete and file/store consignment documentation in accordance with workplace procedures including dangerous goods declaration, where applicable?

There is a large amount of documentation that needs to be completed for the forwarding of freight to take place. Accuracy is the key when completing such documentation. Even the slightest discrepancy can hold up the transportation process. When filling in documentation you must pay close attention to detail using all the information available about the goods to be transported and be honest at all times. If you miss out on things such as declaring all the types of dangerous goods then you will be putting lives at risk.

An accurate record must be kept of all documentation for future reference and as a back-‐up copy if required. When filing and storing such documentation you must follow your workplace policy and procedures. Use a methodical approach and do not have the attitude that you will get to it later. Keeping all records in order is an essential requirement of being a freight forwarder.



Activity 10: Complete and file/store documentation

Get your manager or supervisor to demonstrate to you the workplace requirements for storing documentation. Record below where they are to be stored.




How do I consolidate freight taking into account segregation requirements for dangerous goods if applicable?

Packaging and shipping goods is regulated by Australian and International law. There are rules governing what goods can travel together and what needs to be separated for transport. Specific goods are banned from travelling collectively because they can endanger other goods and even life. That is why all items sent for transport need to be properly labelled to ensure that the regulations are correctly followed. Below is a real example of what can happen when the regulations are ignored.

Undeclared dangerous goods described as "laundry products" almost caused the loss of a passenger aircraft. Loaded for only 2 hours they ruptured from their packaging. When the time the aircraft landed the floor had already started to sag from the heat generated by a fire. It was caused by a mixture of a liquid hydrogen oxidiser, and only about 12 kg of a corrosive solid. The goods were not declared as dangerous goods and had no labels or orientation markings on the package. When it was loaded on its side in the cargo hold the liquid leaked onto the corrosive solid causing a very hot fire. It was estimated by aircraft accident investigators that the aircraft could have broken in two within another 10-‐15 minutes.

From the example above it is obviously very important that you follow regulations when consolidating different goods together. Complete the following activity to access these regulations.



Activity 11: Consolidate freight taking into account segregation requirements

Ask your manager or supervisor to show you how to access the regulations and requirements that you will have to take into account when consolidating goods to determine what can be transported together. Record at least three things that need to be segregated for transportation.



Page 44 © Department of Education, Science and Training 2005 ADELG1025 Customised and Developed by Armstrong’s Driver Education P/L May 2008

Additional resources



The websites, organisations and resources listed below provide more information on topics relevant to unit TDTA3198B Consolidate freight.

Websites

• Australian Customs Service http://www.customs.gov.au Information for freight forwarders and the requirements they need to following to clear exports

• Australian Maritime Authority http://www.amsa.gov.au

• Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development & Local Government http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/transport/index.aspx

• Civil Aviation Authority http://casa.gov.au/dg/ Dangerous goods by air

• Chamber of Commerce and Industry – Western Australia http://www.cciwa.com/default.aspx?MenuID=204 Doing international trade business in Australia

• Australian Customs Service http://www.customs.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=422 Customs guides to importing and exporting

• Food exporters guide to government services http://www.nfis.com.au/dmdocuments/food_exporters_guide.pdf

• Australian Government – Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and forestry http://www.affa.gov.au Quarantine and export services



Feedback on activities The responses provided in this section are suggested responses. Because every workplace is different, your responses may vary according to your specific workplace procedures, the equipment available and the nature of the business.



Activity 1: Assess capability of different transport modes available to the organisation against the proposed tasks

Cost is a factor when looking at the time-‐frame that a delivery must be made within. The benefits of a shorter time period for transport must be weighed off on the cost. The following are examples of the type of transport modes you would have to use to ensure the delivery of goods within the required time-‐frame.

New York 4 days – 220kg – Air freight

London in 4 weeks – 1000kg – Sea Freight

Nearest Capital City in 7 days – Either rail or truck

Activity 2: Evaluate individual consignment loads to identify relevant information needed to combine or consolidate freight

You will need to pay close attention to make sure that you obtain all the details so you can estimate if certain freight can be consolidated with others. Having a list of all the details you are required to find out in front of you will make the task easier so you don’t forget any of them.

Activity 3: Analyse information to determine where opportunities for freight consolidation exist

The answers that you should circle is A. and B. The difference is 3875kg.

Joe should find out precisely what the two loads consist of. You should never consolidate dangerous goods unless you have analysed information to determine whether they are safe to be transported together. The consequences of Joe’s actions could put lives in danger and cause damage to the freight.

Activity 4: Make sure packaging requirements for consolidated cargo conform to regulatory requirements

Other factors to keep in mind beside breakage when packaging goods is:

• weight

• moisture



• theft.

Activity 5: Ensure procedures for the loading of cargo are planned in accordance with established industry practice and Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) Code

After dangerous goods have been packed, you need to ensure they are marked with essential information which includes:

• the proper shipping name

• the UN number

• labels depicting all the potential hazards of the contents are affixed.

The classification of dangerous goods include the following:

• Class 1 Explosives -‐ explosive substances, explosive articles, pyrotechnic devices. Includes ammunition, fireworks, detonators and so on.

• Class 2 Gases -‐ transported as either compressed, liquefied, refrigerated liquefied or gas in solution. Includes aerosols. This class has three divisions:

– Division 2.1 -‐ flammable gases (butane, propane)

– Division 2.2 -‐ non-‐flammable, non-‐toxic gases (oxygen, liquid nitrogen, compressed air)

– Division 2.3 -‐ toxic gases (chlorine, coal gas).

• Class 3 Flammable liquids -‐ includes liquids with a boiling point of 35 degrees C or less or a flash point of 60.5 degrees C or less. Examples are petrol, alcohol and so on.

• Class 4 Flammable solids -‐ substances liable to spontaneous combustion and substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases. Class 4 has 3 divisions:

– Division 4.1 -‐ flammable solids such as hexamine solid fuel tablets for camping stoves; self-‐reactive substances and desensitized explosives.

– Division 4.2 -‐ substances liable to spontaneous combustion under the normal conditions encountered in air transport -‐ such as Phosphorus which burns by itself when exposed to air.



– Class 4.3 -‐ substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases. "Dangerous when wet". Examples are sodium, zinc particles and so on.

• Class 5.1 Oxidising substances -‐ substances which in themselves are not necessarily combustible, but which by yielding oxygen may cause or contribute to the combustion of other material. An example is generators which produce oxygen by chemical reaction.

• Class 5.2 Organic peroxides -‐ these are thermally unstable substance which may undergo heat generating, self accelerating decomposition -‐ which may be explosive, rapid, sensitive to impact or friction or react dangerously with other substances. Example is Hydrogen Peroxide

• Class 6.1 Toxic substances -‐ those substances which are liable to cause death or injury if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Examples are pesticides and poisons.

• Class 6.2 Infectious substances -‐ those known to contain or reasonably expected to contain pathogens.

• Class 7 Radioactive material

• Class 8 Corrosives -‐ substances which, in the event of leakage, can cause severe damage by chemical action when in contact with living tissue or materially damage other freight, containers or the aircraft. Examples are Mercury, Battery acids and so on.

• Class 9 Miscellaneous -‐ includes magnetic articles, which can have an impact on the aircraft's compass, Internal combustion engines, dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) and so on.

For ease of identification of dangerous goods, the international community has created a classification system. Your organisation will have certain procedures that you must follow depending on the type of goods being transported when it comes to labelling. The most important factor is that they are securely fixed and clearly visible.

Activity 6: Calculate proposed volumes and dimensions of proposed consolidation

The volume of the bike would be 1.65m²

If you consolidate the bike with the car the volume would be 12.75m² because the car is 11.1m²



Activity 7: Match proposed consolidation against operational capacity and capability of carrier

When consolidating freight you need to take into account a range of factors. You cannot put together freight that needs to arrive at different times, doesn’t quite fit or exceeds weight limits just to try and save on costs. You should be aware of:

• time in transport

• arrival date

• weight of load

• dimensions or area of load

• weight restrictions of carrier

• dimension restrictions of carrier

• dangerous goods regulations

• cost.

Activity 8: Prepare consignment documentation for consolidated cargo

This activity will take some time but it is very beneficial to know what documentation you have to prepare as a freight forwarder. Ensure you spend the time to become confident and concise so you can complete all documentation competently. Check with your supervisor or manager that you are doing it correctly. Depending on what is required you will be preparing documentation such as the:

• commercial invoice

• bill of lading

• consular invoice

• certificate of origin

• inspection certification

• dock receipt and warehouse receipt

• destination control statement

• insurance certificate

• export license

• export packing list.



Activity 9: Labelling and marking requirements of cargo are documented in accordance with domestic and international regulations, ADG Code and workplace requirements

Attention to detail is a major issue when forwarding freight. Everything must be meticulously checked so no mistakes are made on the documentation, the labelling and marking of the freight packaging. Winston forgot to put on:

• Handling and cautionary international markings, such as "This Side Up" or "Use No Hooks", in English and in the language of the country of destination.

This clearly shows to all who are going to deal with it how it should be handled.

Activity 10: Complete and file/store documentation

What documentation you are to complete and how you file and store it will rely upon your workplace policy and procedures. These details are essential to know as a freight forwarder. You must be absolutely clear of what your workplace expects of you and the processes they have in place which you need to follow.

Activity 11: Consolidate freight taking into account segregation requirements

Ask your manager or supervisor to show you how to access the regulations and requirements that you will have to take into account when consolidating goods. It is very important you take into account the segregation of dangerous goods which if ignored can put people’s life at risk.

tlia3107c - consolidate freight - learner guide

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