TÜRKOLOGİYA2014

H A n m ^ EA3HMXAH

flPEBHETroPKCKHE nHCLMEHHLIE nAM STHHKH EBPÄ3HH

P e 3 ro m e . B CTaTbe npegcraB.neH KpaTKHH oÖ3op gpeBHerropKCKHx nucbMeHHHx naMAT- hhkob OpxoHa, Ta^aca, EHHcea, ÄnTaa u paga gpyrnx perHOHOB. B Heä TaK*e 0Tpa:*eHa no3H^HA aBTopa OTHOCHTe^bHO ^THMonorHH Ha3BaHHH Türük bitik - mmpK 6umuK/nHCbMeHHOCTb, ocoöeH- HOCTen noMHHanbHbix oöpagoB (noe - yoy) u HeK0T0pwx ^TH0Ky.nbTypHbix TepMHHOB (tamya - maM^a ‘3HaK, TaMra poga h^h oneMeHH’, ‘3HaK 30.n0T0H nenaTH KaraHa’, bediz - ‘KaMeHHbie H3Baa- hhh ’, bitigtas - öumuKmam ‘cre.na c HagnHcaMH’, balbal - öanöanu ‘KaMeHHbie 3h^kh ynacTHHKOB oöpaga’ h gp.).

K ^roneB w e c^OBa: mrnpKono^un, ucmopun Twpkckoü UMnepuu, eoenno-nonumuHecKaH cmpyKmypa, nucbMennue naMnmnuKU, noMunanbnue KOMrneKCu, ^mnoKynbmypa, Eepa3UH

OCHOBHblMH HCTOHHHKaMH nO gpeBHeTWpKCKOH HCTOpHH H KynbType aB^HWTCa nHCbMeHHbienaM^THHKH. ^ t o ycraH0B.neHHbie b noMHHanbHbix KOMnneKcax cre.nbi, a TaK*e BbiceneHHbie Ha CKanax h öwtobwx npegMeTax MHoroHHcneHHbie HagnncH, K0T0pwe cogep^aT He T0.rn.K0 HCTopnnecKHe ^aKTw, ho h MH0*ecTB0 gpyrHx g0CT0BepH^ıx gaHHbx, b tom nncne ^THorpa^HnecKHx h ^TH0.nHHraHC- THHeCKHX.

fl,peBHeTropKCKaa caMOöbTHaa nHCbMeHHOCTb, H3BecTHaa KaK gtib krut > Türük bitik - Typyk öumuK (mrnpK öumuK), to h h o ^HKcnpoBana $0H0.n0raHecKHe 3aK0H0MepH0CTH Bcero «3bK0B0r0 apyca gpeBHeTropKCKHx ^thocob. n o cncreMe an^aBHra OHa ^B^aeTca Hge0rpaMMH0-TaMr03HanH0H, a no crpyKType - $0H0-M0p$eMH0H. CoKpa^eHHe ^OHonornnecKoro cocraBa KopHeH u a^HKCOB go gByx hhh Tpex TaMr03HaK0B 06.nerHH.n0 bcw neKCHKO-rpaMMaTHnecKyro (cHHrapMOHHnecKyro) CTpyKTypy gpeBHerropKCKoro «3bKa. flpeBHerropKCKHH öhthk, noHHTHbH h gocrynHbiH ^roöoMy TropKCKOMy ^THOcy Toro BpeMeHH, pacnpocrpaHH^ca no BceM pernoHaM TropKCKOH HMnepHH. O^H^HanbHaa goKy- MeHra^HH b hhx Be.nacb Ha ^ toh nHCbMeHHOCTH. n p e g n 0^ 0*Hre^bH0 gpeBHerropKCKHH öh thk H3BecreH c Hanana VII b. (?). Co3gaH oh 6wh no npHKa3y ogHoro H3 ttopkckhx KaraHOB Ha TeppHTopHH ^eHipanbHoH MoHro^HH (go^HHa p. OpxoH) [1-4]. ^Ta go^HHa 6bma TaK*e MecroM ochob^hhh TropKCKoro ^.ra, x o ta Bce HCC^egoBaTe^H h TropKonorn, «3aöbB» 0 paHOHe MoHro^HH, pacn0^0*eHH0M b go^HHax peK OpxoH, Tybm, Ce^eHra h b xpeörax XaHraa, go cux nop «npapogHHoH» TropKOB CHHraroT ÄnTaH. HMeHHO ^ to t perHOH aB^aerca ^ernpoM HMnepHH xyHHOB - npegKOB TropK0-M0Hr0^0a3^iHH^ıx ^thocob.

^peBHeıropKCKHe nucbMeHa b HayKe Ha3biBaK>T pyHHnecKHMH. Ha Ham B3nnag, 3gecb 6o.ee yMecreH TepMHH öumuK, KOTüpbiH ynoTpe6.raeTCfl b opnrHHanbH^ıx gpeBHerrropKCKHx TeKCTax b 3HaneHHH ‘TropKCKaanHCbMeHHOCTb’. Biti- ‘nncaTb’ b gpeBHe- h cpegHeTropKCKOM K3biKe: bitig - 6umm, 6umm ‘nncbMeHa, Hagnncb, nonepK, KHHra’, bitigci ‘nnce^, nncapb’, bitigtas - öumuumam ‘cTe.a c HagnHcaMH’, beqgütas - öemymam ‘BenHbiH KaMeHb’ (cHMB0.HHecK0e Ha3BaHHe cTe.w c HagnncaMH), beıjgü (tike bertim) ‘BenHbiH (KaMeHb ycTaHOBH.)’. nogo6Hoe Ha3BaHHe BcTpenaeTca b eHHceHcKHx naM THHKax: beıjgü tike bertim ‘[a] B03gBHr BeHHyro cTcy’ [KaMeHb] (A6arçaH E-48 h gp.) [2]. B coBpeMeHHbx ttopkckhx a3WKax - öimİK, öimie, öuwuk, nmuK, nmİK, numuv;, ÖYmyK, öidiz, b gpeBHeMOHronbcKOM - bicig > ömue, b gpeBHeTyHrycc- KO-MaHbH*ypcKOM - bithe > öumxe. nporoTTOpKcKaH ^opMa h ceMaHTHnecKoe pa3BHTHe ^Toro cnoBa: pıt- (p'ıt-, pic-) + -caq, -tik: 1 - *p'it + caq > p'itcaq >picaq > b'icaq ‘6uTb, ygapHTb, BbfİHBaTb, B ıpesaTb’, 2 - * p'it + tik > pitik > bitik > bitik ‘ho*, pe3aTb, pe3b6a, nncaTb’ [5. C.5-12].

naMHTHHKH opxoHo-eHHceHcKo-TanaccKoH ttopkckoh nncbMeHHocTH 6w. h pacnpocrpaHeHbi Ha orpoMHoM reorpa^HnecKoM npocTpaHcTBe, BKnronaro^eM b ce6a coBpeMeHHwe MoHro.nro, XaKacnro, TyBy, ÄnTaH, BypaTHro, Caxa-SKymK), BoctohhmH TypKecTaH (CYAP), Ka3axcTaH, KHprH3Hro, Y36e- KHcTaH, CeBepHHH KaBKa3, BocTonHyro EBpony [6-13]. Hcc.egoBaTe.H b o6a3aTe.bHoM nopagKe gaBann hm Ha3BaHHH Tex peK, o3ep h 3eMe.b, rge ohh 6w. h o6Hapy*eHH BnepBwe.

Hctophkh cBK3breaK>T ^th naM THHKH HenocpegcTBeHHo c pa3iiHHHbiMH nepnogaMH pa3BHTHH Ka- raHaToB h rocygapcTB. HsBeciHbi, HanpHMep, naM THHKH nepnogoB cy^ecreoBaHHH TropKcKoro .ra, gpeBHeKHprH3cKoro rocygapciBa, xa3apo-neneHe*cKoro coro3a, TropremcKoro rocygapciBa h gp.

OpxoHcKHe naMHTHHKH o6Hapy*eHbi Ha TeppHTopHH TaKux ropHbx cncıeM, KaK A.TaH, XaHraH, CoeH, KeHTaH, b nycTHHe r o6h, b go.HHax peK OpxoH, Ce.eHra, Tyw., OHrHH, Kepy.eH, OHyH, T^c, Xo6ga h o3ep KoncyKo., Kwprwc, Kapacy, Y6cw. Cpegn hhx MHo^eciBo Ky.bToBo-noMHHa.bH^ıx KoMnneKcoB, nocBa^eHH^ıx H3BecTHHM KaraHaM h npaBHTe.HM: Bn.bre-KaraHy, Kro.b-TerHHy («Xemee-^aHgaM»), ToHbWKyKy («EaflH-^on»), Kro.H-nypy («Hx xemeeT»), E . eiMHm-a6ry («OHrHHH»), A .thh TaMraH-TapxaHy («X e. acraT»), E . eiMHm-KaraHy («MoroHH mnro yc») h gpyrHM, a TaK*e cothh HagnnceH, BwceneHH^ıx Ha yıecax, pa3.HHHbix npegMeıax, KepaMHnecKHx KHpnnnax, MegHbx MoHeıax h nenaıax.

OgHoBpeMeHHo Ha ^toh * e TeppHTopHH 6w. h pacnpocıpaHeHH gBya3biHHbie h Tpext- a3WHHHe gpeBHecorgnHcKHe naMATHHKH. TaK, HanpHMep, naM^THHK Cyg*H HanncaH Ha gpeBHeıropKcKoM h corgHHcKoM a3WKax, naMATHHK Taınap-KaraHy («EyraT») Ha gpeBHecor- Ahhckom h caHcKpHT-6paxMHHcKoM (?), naMATHHK nepnoga npaB.eHHa Hnpn-KaraHa («Knmn KoHaKaH») Ha corgnHcKoM [Oosawa]. Mo* ho cKa3aTb, hto oTHomeHHa Me*gy TropKaMH, KHTaH^aMH h corgnH^aMH coxpaHa.ncb Ha npoıa^eHHH Bcero BpeMeHH cy^eciBoBaHHA Twpkckoh HMnepHH.

TecHwe ToproBo-Ky.bTypHwe KoHiaKiw corgnH^eB c ıropKaMH (mnpe - cıenHWMH KoneBHHKaMH) npHBe.H k ToMy, hto corgnHcKaH nncbMeHHocib cıana Hcno.b3oBaTbca h b 3anagHoH naciH TropKcKoro ^ .h, o höm cBHgeTe.bciByroT HyMH3MaiHHecKHe KoMnneKcb HancKoro oa3nca [14-15]. flpeBHenropKcKHH 6hthk h corgHHcKaa nncbMeHHocib cy^eciBoBann napan.e.bHo h noc.e pacnaga TropKcKoro rocygapciBa (nog yc.oBHbM Ha3BaHHeM II TropKcKoro KaraHaıa). To.bKo b IX b. Ha ^oHo.ornnecKoH ocHoBe gpeBHeıropKcKoro 6nTHKa 6w. co3gaH gpeBHeyHrypcKHH 6hthk no corgnHcKoH Bepcnn. !3ıa nepBaa nonbTKa ^oHemHecKoH TpaHc^opMa^HH gpeBHeıropKcKoro «3bKa Ha HHoan^aBHiHoH 6a3e 3a^HKcnpoBaHa bo MHornx nncbMeHHbix naM^THHKax - r.aBHbM o6pa3oM pe.HrHo3Ho-gHgaKTH-

necKoro xapaKTepa. ^eBHerropKCKHH öhthk He yTpamn CBoen HMnepcKOH 3HanHMOCTH BnnoTb go XII B.

HoBaa (npe0Öpa30BaHHaa) nHCbMeHHOCTb y CTenHHx koh^bhhkob EBpa3HH noaB.ra.nacb bo BpeMa reono.HTHnecKHx H3MeHeHHH, ocoöeHHO b nepnogw pennrH03H0-n0nHTHHecKHx h ^KOHOMHnecKHx nepeMeH (BHegpeHHe MaHHxeHcTBa, 6yggH3Ma, xpHCTHaHCTBa, Mycy.bMaHCTBa u gp.).

EHHceHcKHe naMATHHKH (b o6^eM KonnnecTBe 6onee 180) HaögeHbi b XaKacnn, TyBe, b KypraHax, pacnono^eHHwx b go.HHax peK EHHceH, A6aKaH, KeMHHK, KeMb, Oa h ^nerecr. n o onpegeneHHro yHeHbix, 6o.bmHHCTBO ^thx naMHTHHKOB othochtca k VI-X bb. ^3 hk , Ha kotopom ohh HanncaHH, npHHHcnaroT k gpeBHexaKaccKOMy, KHprH3CKOMy, anTaHcKOMy, mopcKOMy h TyBHHCKOMy a3WKaM. n o HamHM * e gaHHbiM, «3wkobhx pa3.HHHH Me*gy TeKCTaMHeHHCeHCKHX, OpXOHCKHX, Ta.aCCKHX H gpyrHX naMATHHKOB HeT. B eHHCeHCKHX naM^THHKaX ynoMHHaroTca TaKHe ^thohhmh, KaK mwpK, mmp^em, an, huk h gp. B caMOM 6o.bmoM TeKCTe HacHHTHBaeTca 400 TaMr03HaK0B. HagnncH no cogep^aHHro - b ochobhom THna ^nHTa^HH. CHaHana b hhx Ha3HBaroTca hms, MecTo po^geHHa h pog repoa, a 3aTeM o t ero HMeHH onHCbiBaeTCfl rope [16-18].

TanaccKHe naMHTHHKH. Ha cerogHamHHH geHb hx HaHgeHO CBbirne 42 (b gonHHe p. Tanac, npoTeKaro^eH b rpaHH^ax Ka3axcTaHa h KnprH3HH). HagnncH BbiaBneHbi b ochobhom Ha OKpyranx KaMHax-BanyHax (Tanac 1-17, Kohkop 1-25) h Ha CKanax [19]. n o cogep^aHHro ohh aHanoraHHbi TeKCTaM eHHceHcKHx naM^THHKOB. Oahoh H3 HHTepecHeHmnx HaxogoK (1932 r. - MecTHOCTb AHHKTac) aBnaeTca yHHKanbHaa gepeBaHHaa nanoHKa c gpeBHeTropKCKOH Hagnncbro. npaBga, noKa cogep^aHHe ^toh HagnncH no.HOCTbro He pacmn^poBaHO. O TaKoro ran a gepeBaHHOH nanoHKe CBHgeTe.bCTByeT h KHTaöcKHH nncbMeHHbH hctohhhk: «BapBapb (xyHHb. - H.E.) ynoTpe6nann gepeBAHHyro nanoHKy gna HagnnceH».

naMHTHHKH BocTOHHoro TypKecTaHa. K hhm OTHOcaTca pyKonncH Ha 6yMare, HagnncH Ha cTeHax xpaMOB h cTpoeHHH, a TaK*e Ha crenax. Bce ohh HaHgeHb Ha TeppHTopHH CnHb^3«H- YHrypcKoro aBTOHOMHoro paHoHa - b Typ^aHe, ^yHxyaHe, MnpaHe. B noMHHanbHOM KOMnneKce Hnpn-KaraHa TeKCT Ha gpeBHecorgnHcKOM a3bKe HanncaH Ha KaMeHHOM H3BaaHHH (6egH3e) KaraHa. CaMbH KpynHbiH gpeBHeTropKCKHH nncbMeHHbH naM^THHK pernoHa - «ragaTe.bHaa KHHra», cocToa^aa 6onee HeM H3 60 crpaHH^ [1]. naMATHHKH BocTOHHoro TypKecTaHa HCcnegyroTca HaHHHaa c 1902 r.

naMHTHHKH ^epraH bi o6Hapy*eHbi b 60-x rr. npomnoro CToneTHa b paHoHax Hc^apbi, KapaMa3apa, OepraHbi. ^ to MeTKH Ha pa3.HHHbx npegMeTax (b h^cthocth KepaMHHecKHx). Bcero HacHHTbiBaeTca 6onee 13 ^parneHTapHbix HagnnceH [20-21].

EaÜKa^ h öacceHH J e H u - Han6o.ee ganbHHH b ceBep0-B0CT0HH0M HanpaB.eHHH apean gpeBHeTropKCKoro 6nTHKa [12; 22]. 3gecb HaHgeHO OKO.O 20 Me.KHx HagnnceH.

riaıviHTHHKn A^Taa - ^to 6onee 83 HacKanbHbix HagnueH, HagnuceH Ha CTenax h npegMeTax, o6Hapy*eHHbx b norpe6eHuax [23-24].

naM»THHKH CeBepHoro KaBKa3a h Boctohhoh EBponw npegcTaB.eHb b ochobhom ^nn- Ta^H^MH (hx CBbme 100). HagnHCH BbaBneHb TaK*e Ha cocyge H3 Knaga HoHg-CeHT- MnKnoma. naMATHHKH ^yHaHcKoro, Bonro-^OHCKoro h CeBepo-KaBKa3CKoro perHOHOB ^BnaroTca naMHTHHKaMH 6ynrapcKoH rpynnb [13].

CnoBapHbiH cocTaB gpeBHeTropKCKoro nncbMeHHoro A3biKa (6onee 1500 c. ob) HaMHoro o6nerHaeT HayHHyro HHTepnpeTa^nro apxeonorHHecKHx h ^THorpa^HHecKHx MaTepnanoB no gpeBHHM TropKaM. Oco6hh HHTepec npegcTaBnaroT nncbMeHHbe naM^THHKH noMHHanbHbix KOMnneKCOB.

HcropHH TropKCKoH HMnepHH TecHO CBa3aHa c HcropHeH ero KaraHOB h npaBHreneH. 06Ha- py^eHHHe noMHHanbHbie KOMnneKCH h crenH c HagnncaMH, cgenaHHHMH no noBogy CMeprn Han6o.ee H3BecrHbix H3 hhx, cocpegoTOHeHH rnaBHHM 06pa30M b gonHHax peK OpxoH, Tybin, OHrHH, CeneHra h T^c. K HHM OTHOCaTCa:

1. noMHHanbHbiH KOMnneKC «Knmn KOHaKaH» (BpeMa npaB.eHHa TaTnap-KaraHa - 582r ) ;

2. noMHHanbHbiH KOMnneKC b HecTb Hnpn-KaraHa (KHP, CYAP. «MoHron xyp^» - 599r ) ;

3. noMHHanbHHH KOMnneKC b HecTb En eTMHm-a6ry («OHrHHH» - 728 r.?);4. noMHHanbHbiH KOMnneKC b HecTb Kronn-Hypa (731 r.);5. noMHHanbHHH KOMnneKC b HecTb Kro.b-TerHHa (732 r.);6. noMHHanbHbiH KOMnneKC b HecTb Bnnbre-KaraHa (734 r.);7. noMHHanbHHH KOMnneKC b HecTb ToHbWKyKa (728-734 rr. ?);8. noMHHanbHHH KOMnneKC b HecTb AnTaH TaMraH-TapxaHa (735 r.);9. 1-a CTena b n0MHHanbH0M KOMnneKce b HecTb En eTMHm Bnnbre-KaraHa («MoroHH

mnro yc» - 760 r.);10. 2-a CTena b n0MHHanbH0M KOMnneKce b HecTb En eTMHm Bnnbre-KaraHa («TapnaT,

T^px» - 762 r.);11. noMHHanbHbiH KOMnneKC «BoM6orop» (VIII-IX bb.);12. noMHHanbHbiH KOMnneKC « 0 . oh Hyyp» (VIII-IX bb.);13. noMHHanbHHH KOMnneKC b HecTb YHryp-KaraHa (Kapa6anracyHCKHH - 1-a CTena, IX

B.);14. noMHHanbHHH KOMnneKC b HecTb Kro.b-TapxaHa (VIII-IX bb.).EcTb TaK*e MHO^ecTBO gpyrnx KpynHHx noMHHanbHHx KOMnneKCOB, ogHaKO KOMy ohh

nocBa^eHH noKa He ycTaHOB.eHO. K ^thm KOMnneKcaM mo*ho OTHecTH h KOMnneKCH c xapaKTepHHMH KaraHCKO-KHa^ecKHMH oco6eHHOcraMH: «fflaTap Hynyy», « Y .x h h 6ynaH», «fflHB^^T TonroH», «XerHe TapHH», «ƏreeMep», «XemeeH Tan» u gp. n o HeKOTopHM gaHHHM, Ha TeppHTopHH MoHro.HH 3a$HKcnp0BaH0 CBHme 80 gpeBHeTropKCKHx noMHHanbHHx KOMnneKCOB [25-26]. HecMOTpa Ha to hto TaKHe KpynHHe KOMnneKCH, KaK «Hg^p», « rhh^hh 6ynar», «C^b* yyn», «M hb^^t ynaaH», «ƏHreT», «^,agra» h «Xyhc TonroH», xoTa 6h

nacTHHHO, ho Bce * e H3yneHb, Bonpocbi hx xpoHonornn h aTpnöy^HH no-npe*HeMy ocTaroTca aKTya^bHbMH [27]. ^ to oötacHaeTca TeM, hto TropKCKaa apxeo^orna b MoHro^HH He Bxogn^a b hhc^o nony^apHbx HayK.

CoraacHO n.H.ryMH^eBy KaraHOB h npaBmeneH TropKCKoro 6w.no öo^ee 80 [28]. BKHTaHcKHx * e HCTOHHHKax «CyH my», «H*oy my» h «CnHb TaH my» ynoMHHaroTca HMeHa 83 KaraHOB [29]. B cba3h c ^thm mw M0*eM npegno^araTb, hto noMHHanbHbie KOMnneKCbi öw^h nocTpoeHb He g.ra Bcex hux.

C^egyeT nogHepKHyTb, h to go HacToa^ero BpeMeHH b KaraHCKO-KHa^ecKHx noMHHanbHbix KOMn^eKcax He HaHgeHO hh ogHoro norpeöeHHa. Bepo^THO, gpeBHHe TropKH xopoHH^H ^okoHhhkob b «TaHHbx» MecTax. HMeHHO no^TOMy Bonpoc 06 oöpage KpeMa^HH go chx nop ocTaeTca otkpwtwm h oahhm H3 caMbx npo6.neMaTHHHbix b H3yHeHHH hx HCTopHH. PHTya.n 0TnpaB.neHHA nOKOHHHKa COnpOBO^ga^Ca OCO wMH geHCTBHflMH H yCTaH0B.neHHflMH. C00TBeTCTBeHH0 CTaTHCTHKe npn apxeo^orHHecKHx pacKonKax Ha^e Bcero o6Hapy*HBaroTca coBMecTHwe 3axopoHeHHa He^OBeKa h pa3^HHHwx npegMeTOB [30].

Bo Bcex H3BecTHbix KaraHCKO-KHa^ecKHx KOMn^eKcax BCTpeHaeTca TaMra, b ochobhom KaraHCKaa. CTpyKTypa H3o6pa*eHHa Ha ^toh TaMre cHHKpeTHHHa, a ^THOceMaHTHKa nepegaeTca b yc^OBHOM c0BMecTH0M B0cnp0H3BegeHHH «nTHHbero K^roBa, Kpw^beB, Te^a h Horn BO^Ka, xBOCTa h pora o.neHA» - börü + qut//qus + buyu - ‘bo^k + 6epKyT + o^eHb (apxap)’ [31. Phc.1] / ‘mnoBa h mea koha h ronoBa BO^Ka’ [32].

Ha CTe^e TaTnap-KaraHa c HaBepmneM b BHge BO^HbeH ronoBw b corgnHcKOM TeKCTe HMeroTca c^OBa tr-'wkt' (')sy-n's - mwpKwm amuHac [33], K0T0pwe b KHTaHcKHx hctohhhk^x HHTaroTCA KaK a-schi-na > amuHa. ^aHHoe Ha3BaHHe, ^B^aro^eeca HMeHeM npegKa KaraHCKHx pogoB, Bnoc^egcTBHH cra.no pogoBwM. KnTaH^w (h corgnH^w) Hepe3 M0Hr0.n0fl3biHHbiH ^thoc CTa^H Ha3wBaTb KaraHCKHe pogw h b mnpoKOM noHHMaHHH Bcex TropKOB cinuw-a > cmu > con > hoho (amuHa - bo^k) [34], cinuw-a + s//cinuw-a + d > hoho + c/ /hoho + d (amuö^ - bo^kh). B gpeBHeTropKCKOM «3wKe c.n0B0 amuHa He BCTpeHaeTca, ho b HeM ecTb ^KBHBa^eHTHoe eMy no 3HaHeHHro c.n0B0 eonK - börü > 6opy.

KoHeBwe ^thocw - ory3, T0Ky3 ory3, cerH3 ory3, yH ory3, Typrem, oh ok, KypwKaH, yH KypwKaH, 6aHwpKy, yHryp, oh yHryp, Kwprw3, hhk, Kap^yK, 6acMbM, 0Ty3 TaTap, kwt^h, TaTa6w h MHorne gpyrne, ynoMHHaeMwe b Hagnncax, HMe^H cboh TaMrn. 06^eoneMeHHbie h npoH3BogHwe o t hhx, a TaK*e ^HHHwe, ceMeHHwe h pogoBwe, ohh onpege.ra.nH co^na^bHwH CTaTyc hx B^age^b^eB, npaBO Ha co^CTBeHHOCTb h T.g. C^obo tamya ‘TaMra’ gpeBHHMH TropKaMH ynoTpe6.ra.nocb b gByx 3HaHeHHax: ‘3HaK, TaMra poga h^h oneMeHH’ h ‘3HaK 30.n0T0H neHaTH KaraHa’. KopeHb ^Toro cnoBa b gpeBHeTropKCKHx Hagnncax H3MeHA.ncfl cnegyro^HM 06pa30M: tap-//tab- ( ‘3a*HraTb, c*eHb, K^eHMHTb, ocraTKH, ocTaBHTb c.neg, TonTaTb, CTona, HacTynHTb’)//> tam- ( ‘H3r 0T0BHTe.nb neHaTH, xpaHHTe^b neHaTH - tam yacf) > tanba ( ‘TaH6a, TaBpnpoBaTb’). B gpeBHeM0Hr0nbCK0M «3wKe coxpaHH^ncb cnoBa taba > mae ‘cneg’, tamaya > maMa^a ‘TaMra’.

flpeBHeıropKcKHe TaMru 6w. h oco6o b^shwm HHcıpyMeHToM o6o3HaneHHa h pery.npoBaHHa co^na.bHo-^KoHoMHHecKHx h no.HTHnecKHx oTHomeHHH, a TaK*e Me*n.eMeH- hwx h Me^rocygapcTBeHHwx BonpocoB TropKcKoro o6^eciBa. noHTH Ha Bcex naMATHHKax gpeBHHx TropKoB HMeroıca TaMrn h pa3.HHHwe 3HaKH. M o* ho npegno.o^HTb, hto cy^ecTBoBa.H h o6pagw, cHMBo.H3HpoBaBmne o6tegHHeHHe n.eMeH c TpagH^neH Hcno.b3oBaHHa TaMro3HaKoB. fl,peBHeTropKcKHe TaMrn ge.H .ncb Ha HecKo.bKo rpynn: TaMrn Bwcmux npaBHTe.eH TropKcKoro - KaraHa, a6ry, magoB, TerHHoB, nypoB, TapxaHoB, 6eKoB h gpyrnx; TaMrn pogo-n.eMeHHwx o6tegHHeHHH (ogHa TaMra h npoH3BogHwe ot Hee); TaMrn oıge.bHwx .HHHocıeH h naıpnapxa.bHwx ceMeH (.HHHwe TaMrn, MeTKH TaBpeHHa .omageH h gpyroH ckothhw). HecKo.bKo TaMro3HaKoB b oahom Mecıe - ^to y*e «nncbMeHHwH goroBop», cBHgeıe.bcTByro^HH o6 o6tegHHeHHH h npHMHpeHHH n.eMeH, a TaK*e o npoBegeHHH coBMecTHwx o6pagoB b ^tom Mecıe (fflHB^^T-y.aaHcKaa c ıe .a c 60 TaMraMH h 3HaKaMH, EoM6oropcKaa c ıe .a , TaMrn «EHHHrT y.aaH xaga», «TaHxap ny.yy» h «rypBaH MaHga.», TaMrn b Ca.6wK-KypraHe h gp.) [35. P hc. 2].

HecMoıpa Ha Ha.HHHe MHoronnc.eHHwx apxeo.ornnecKHx naM^THHKoB, nncbMeHHwx h ycTHwx hctohhhkob, npo6.eMa peKoHcıpyK^HH o6pagoB gpeBHeıropKcKoro nepnoga TaK h He c ıa .a o6teKToM npncıa.bHoro BHHMaHHa TropKo.oroB.

Hcc.egoBaHHA ^THorpa^HH gpeBHHx twpkob npoBogn.Hcb «To.bKo Ha onncaıe.bHoM ypoBHe». YneHwe-^THorpa^w cK.oHaroıca k To.KoBaHHro gpeBHeıropKcKHx Ky.bTypHwx KoMn.eKcoB c no3H^HH coBpeMeHHwx TropKoa3wHHwx HapogoB. ^THM H o6tacH^eTca oTcyTcTBHe HayHHo o6ocHoBaHHwx ^THorpa^HnecKHx peKoHcıpyK^HH. MnpoBo33peHHe gpeBHHx TropKoB b Tpygax MHornx Hcc.egoBaTe.eH paccMaıpHBaeıca c npHB.eneHHeM n apa..e .eH H3 npaKTHKH a.TaHcKHx h .h TyBHHcKHx maMaHoB. H ^to npn tom, h to b gpeBHeıropKcKHx nncbMeHHwx HcıonHHKax acho Bwpa^eHa ocHoBHaa Tpna.bHaa cncıeMa MHpoBo33peHHA (c ıe .w Kro.b-TerHHa h En.bre-KaraHa): Teyiri > Tempu; Kisi oyuli > Cun nenoeeKa; Jer > 3eMnn (oTcyTCTByroT npegcıaB.eHHfl o6 «age»). ^Ty cncıeMy Heo6xogHMo yHHTwBaTb npn HHTepnpeTa^HH Tex h .h hhwx apxeo.ornnecKHx o6beKToB h ^THorpa^HnecKHx o6pagoB [36] .

noKMoneHue Tempu, 3eMne u dyxaM npeduoe - ochobhoh TpagH^noHHwH o6pag gpeBHHx TropKoB. E^erogHo nepeg 3apeH ogHoro H3 .eTHHx gHeH MHoronHc.eHHwH Hapog co6npa.ca g .a BcTpeHH Bocxoga co.H^a, g .a noK.oHeHHa TeHrpn h 3eM.e, a TaK*e g .a coBepmeHHa Tpane3w (as > ac) b necTb gyxoB npegKoB h g .a H36paHHa KaraHa. B ^ to t geHb 6w . geHcTBHTe.bHo Be.HKHH npa3gHHK: .ro6oH H3 npHcyTCTByro^Hx Ha HeM twpkob c no3Bo.eHHa TeHrpn (Tegiri yari'lqaduq ücün) Mor o6pecTH ero cnny (Teqiri küc) u Kym (qut) ‘6 .aro , go6po’. B ^epeMoHHax ynacTBoBa.H qam > KaMu (no-MoHro.bcKH böge > 6əə, niduyan > ydean, no- TyHryccKH sam + an > maMaHu), KoTopwe nepegaBa.H cnny TeHrpn h cBa^eHHoH 3eM.H (Umay > VMaü, Iduq je r > bldyK uep, Jer suw > Hep cy//(suw + jer) > Cuöup) .rog^M, ocy^ecTB.a.H cBA3b Me*gy npegKaMH h noıoMKaMH.

«npu Bo3BegeHHH rocygapa Ha n p ec ıo . 6.H*aHmne Ba^Hbie caHoBHHKH ca^aroT ero Ha boh.ok h no co.H^y o6hocat KpyroM geB^Tb pa3. n p n Ka^goM pa3e hhhobhhkh K.aHaroTca npeg hhm» (KHTaHcKHe hctohhhkh). n o oKoHnaHHH ^epeMoHHa.a KaraHaM gaBa.H THTy.bHoe npo3BH^e (Hanp.: Teqiriteg Teqiri yaratm'is Türük Bilge qayan > He6ecHwH He6opo*geHHwH TropK En.bre-KaraH). ^ to Bno.He cooTBeıcTBoBa.o Tpagn^HH Hcno.b3oBaHHa aHTponoHHMoB b

gpeBHeTropKCKHH nepuog. y TropKOB 6h . o co6cTBeHHoe geTCKoe, roHomecKoe h HHHOBHHHbe npo3BH^e, a TaK*e hms, nonyHeHHoe b CTapocTH. Hma CHHa KyTnyK EnTepnm-KaraHa KaK Tern- Ha h maga - Bn.bre, a ero co6cTBeHHoe - Bökülen > BoKyneH (no KHTaHcKOMy HCTOHHHKy - MornnaHb).

noMUHanbHbie oöpadm. Pmyan OTnpaB.eHHa noKoHHHKa 3aHHMan 3HaHHTe.bHoe MecTO b o6pagoBoH npaKTHKe gpeBHHx TropKOB.

Ho^. yoy (Hor) 6 h . mnpoKO pacnpocTpaHeHHHM o6pagoM. B Hero bxoah.h H3Be^eHHe o CMepTH - tilci > munnu, nnaH no n0K0HH0My (siyıtcı > cu^um nu - nnaKanb^HKH, yHacTHHKH noMHHanbHoro o6paga), coopy^eHHe MaB3onea-KypraHa (noMHHanbHoro KOMnneKca) öapuK, ycTaHOBKa KaMHa c Hagnncbro (bitiktas > öumuKmaw), KaMeHHoro H3BaaHHa (6egH3a), CKy.bnTyp ^hbo th h x , KaMeHHHx cto .6ob (6an6anoB), yro^eHHe Ha noMHHKax (yoy asi/fyoy basan > üo^ amu//6acaH). Oco6eHHO HHTepecHbi b ^tom OTHomeHHH orpoMHbie KOMnneKCH TaTnap- KaraHa, «yHF3T», «fflaTap Hynyy», «Hg^p», «M hb^^t ynaaH», Bnnbre-KaraHa, Kro.b-TerHHa, ToHbWKyKa, En eTMHm-KaraHa (MoHHH-Hypa), En eTMHm-a6ry (Oh^hhh), KOTopHe npegHa3HaHanHCb gna npoBegeHHa He TonbKO noMHHanbHbix o6pagoB, ho h gpyrnx oco6o Ba^Hbix co^nanbHbix MeponpnaTHH - npa3gHOBaHHa no6egH Hag BparoM, pa3geneHHa pagocTH b cba3h c po^geHHeM geTeH, npoBogoB b gopory c no^enaHHeM go6poro nyTH h T.n.

Eedu3. ^peBHeTropKCKoe cnoBo bediz HMeeT 3HaHeHHe ‘KaMeHHHe H3BaaHHa’, T.e. nog hhmh cnegyeT noHHMaTb cpegHeBeKOBHe CKy.bnTypH koh^bhhkob. ^THMonorna cnoBa: o t KopHa bet- > 6em-//bed- > 6eö: 6em - ‘nn^o’, 6eöep - ‘pe3b6a’, 6eüm - ‘pncyHOK’, 6oü - ‘Teno, TynoBH^e’. KaMeHHHe H3BaaHHa pacnpocTpaHeHH no BceMy eBpa3HHCKOMy ropHO-CTenHOMy npocTpaHCTBy. H an6o.ee MHoroHHcneHHH ohh b MoHro.HH, Ha AnTae, b XaKacnn, TyBe, Ka3axcTaHe, KnprH3HH, Boctohhom TypKecTaHe (KnTaH). TaK KaK 6egH3H (bediz > 6edu3) oTpa^ann oco6hh BoeHHo-co^HanbHbiH CTaTyc twpkckhx npaBHTeneH, hx coopy^eHHro b gpeBHeTropKCKoH Ky.bType npngaBanocb 6o.bm oe 3HaHeHHe. HanpHMep, npegcTaBHTeneH BHcmeH apncToKpaTHH H3o6pa*ann b cngaHeH no3e. C tohkh 3peHHa co^nanbHo-paHroBoH nepapxHHecKoH cncTeMH twpkob, T.e. pa3geneHHa rocygapcTBeHHo-agMHHHCTpaTHBHoH CTpyKTypH Ha Tpn KpH.a (gecaTHHKH, cothhkh, thcahhhkh), CKy.bnTypH koh^bhhkob 6 h .h Tpex THnoB: 1 - KaraHCKo-KHa^ecKHe; 2 - KoHeBbie apncToKpaTHHecKHe; 3 - pogo-nneMeHHHx Bo^geH [37. Phc. 3]. Cnoco6 BHno.HeHHa KaMeHHHx H3BaaHHH 3aBHcen o t MacTepcTBa pe3HHKa, T.e. o t bedizci > 6eöu3nu. n o Tpagn^HH gpeBHHx twpkob, 6egH3H ycTaHaB.HBann b boctohhoh HacTH orpagKH .h^om k BocToKy, T.e. no HanpaB.eHHro k Bocxogy co.H^a. K BocToKy * e o t orpa^geHHHx 6egH3oB CTaBHnn 6an6a.H, CHMBonronpyro^He yHacTHHKoB norpe6a.bHo- noMHHanbHoro o6paga. Ha KaMeHHHx CKy.bnTypax H3o6pa*ann börük > 6opyK ‘ronoBHbie y6opb’, burum > 6ypyM ‘koch’, si'rya > cup^a ‘cepbrn’, ton ‘oge*ga’, etik > emuK ‘o6yBb’, duliya> öynu^a ‘mneM’, beldik ‘noaca’, picaq > numaK ‘h o * h ’, qilic ‘ca6nn’, gyus> süyüg ‘Konba’, oq ‘cT pe.b’, ayaq > aüaK ‘cocygbi’ h gpyrne npegMeTH, hto gaeT HaM HHTepecHyro ^THorpa^HHecKyro HH^opMa^nro o Tex BpeMeHax.

EapbiK. barYq - o6^ee Ha3BaHHe noMHHanbHbix KoMnneKcoB. ^THMonorna cnoBa He coBceM acHa, ogHaKo mo*ho npegnono^HTb TaKyro ceMaHTHKy: bar- > 6ap- o3HaHaeT ‘HMeTb, HMy^ecTBo’,

barıqm yaratdım > 6apKUH üapamduM - ‘nocrpoHn Hagrpo6ue, coopy^eHHe’, a cnoBa ev barYm - ^ to

‘ropTa h *H nn^e’ (ev barYq - ‘ropTa h HMy^ecr a o’) [38]. Ha n0HeTH0M MecTe noMHHanbHoro KOMnneKca (Ha CTopoHe 3aKaTa conH^a) ycraHaBnHBann cne^nanbHbie coopy^eHHa b BHge a^HKa (orpagKH) - barYq > 6apuK. HeK0T0pwe HCcnegoBaTenn CHHTaroT, h to ^ th «orpagKH, fl^HKH, 6n0KH Ha gpeBHeTropKCKHX nOMHHanbHblX naM^THHKaX HMHTHpyroT CXeMy KOCMHHeCKOH ropw...» h h t o «orpagKa-H3BaaHHe - 6a.n6a.nbi ecTb (Ky.nbT0B0e) coopy^eHHe, CTpyKTypa KOToporo o6ycnoBneHa MHp0B033peHHecKHMH yHHBepcanHHMH», T.e. «...Mogenb MHpa» [27; 39]. CornacHO * e HamuM HCcnegoBaHH^M 6apuK He ^BnaeTca hh «K0CMHHecK0H ropoH», h h «M0genbro MHpa», oh

npocTO «CHMB0n goMa noKoHHoro h ero goMamHHx Be^eH». EapuK - ^ to eb barıq > rnpma u 6apuK (ee^u) ‘ KaMeHHwH goM’ (cHMBon ropTw) noKoHHoro b ^ to m MHpe. fl,na noMHHOBeHHa h

Bwpa^eHHa yBa^eHHa k n0K0HH0My Ha ero «KaMeHH0M goMe» genann HagnncH, H3o6pa*ann pa3nHHHwe y30pw, TaMrn, CHMBonw TeHrpn (MH^HHecKHx nTH^, nbBOB h T.n.), K0T0pwe onH^eTBopann goMamHrow yTBapb ropTw - TaKyro KaK caHgwK, TycKHH3, cwpMaK, Kepere. KaMeHHoe H3BaaHHe - ^ to CBoero poga o6pa3 noKoHHoro, a CTena c Hagnncbro - n0BecTB0BaHHe o ero * h 3 h h h coBepmeHHwx hm nogBHrax, ocTaBneHHoe b Ha3HgaHHe n0T0MKaM. Ayma no- KoHHoro, T.e. ero ongun > omoH, yneTaeT b h h o h MHp, a 6an6anw yKa3brnaroT eH nyTb k TeHrpn (tay ‘3apa’ > Tegiri). B gpeBHeTropKCKHx Hagnncax uca bardı > yHa 6apdu - ‘yneTen o h ’ (TeKCT Ha CTenax Kronb-TerHHa h Bnnbre-KaraHa).

EumuKmam (bitigtas) - ^to CTena c HagnncaMH. Oahoh H3 cocraBnaro^Hx b gpeB- HeTropKCKOM KaraHCKO-KHa^ecKOM n0MHHanbH0M KOMnneKce ^BnaroTca CTenw c nocraMeHTaMH- HepenaxaMH (baqatas > 6aKamam?). TaKHe CTenw - ^BHoe CBHgeTenbCTBO BnnaHHa Ha gpeBHHx TropKOB KynbTypw KHTaH^eB. B to * e BpeMa ohh c to a t Ha Hepenaxax, h to CHMBonronpyeT «BeHHyro» BnacTb koh^bhhkob Hag Ta6raHaMH (T.e. «HepenaxaMH»). K ^toh rpynne naMHTHHKOB OTHOcaTca CTenw TaTnap-KaraHa, Hg^pcKaa, «YnxwH 6ynaH», «XemeeH Tan», Bnnbre-KaraHa, Kronb- TerHHa, En eTMHm-a6ry, En eTMHm-KaraHa (TapnaTHHCKaa, T^chhckm), «M^nxnH TonroH» h gp.

Eanöanbi. balbal > 6an6an - cn0B0 gpeBHeTropKCKoro npoHCxo*geHena: bal + bal ( ‘6nTb, ygapHTb, ycTaHOBHTb’) > balbal ( ‘ycTaHOBneHHwe k^mhh, Bw6nTwe KaMHH’). Hncno 6an6an0B h hx ycTaHOBKa no HanpaBneHHro k Bocxogy conH^a yKa3wBaroT He T0nbK0 Ha K0nHHecTB0 yHacTHHKOB noMHHanbHoro o6paga, ho h Ha paHr yMepmero b CTporoH BoeHHO-nonHTHHecKoH CHCTeMe gpeBHHx twpkob. HccnegoBaTen^MH 6an6an Ha3BaH «KaMeHH0H 6a6oH», «o6o3HaHeHHeM HHcna y^HTwx BparoB» (Ha 0CH0Be KHTaHcKoro HCTOHHHKa), «kohob^3hwm CTon6oM» h T.g. [40-41]. Ho c TaKOH TpaKTOBKOH Ha3BaHHa cornacHTbca Henb3a, h6o OHa npoTHBopeHHT ^aKTaM. TaK, ecnn 6w 6an6anw 6wnn CHMBonaMH y^HTwx BparoB, to Ha hhx He 6wno 6w gpeBHeTropKCKHx HagnnceH h t^khx KaraHCKHx TaMr, KaK, HanpHMep, 10 TaMr Ha 6an- 6anax b KOMnneKce Ennbre-KaraHa: sab'ira tarqan balbal'i ‘6an6an BIc6apa (Ca6wpa?)-TapxaHa’; baz qayan'iy balbal tikmis ‘ycTaHOBHn 6an6an (b HecTb) gna Ea3-KaraHa’; q'iry'iz qayan'iy balbal tikdim ‘ycTaHOBHn 6an6an (b HecTb) gna Kwprw3-KaraHa’. ^ th HagnncH ^BnaroTca, CKopee, «nognncbro yHacTHHKOB o6paga», HeM o6o3HaHeHHeM HMeHH Bpara. Henb3a yTBep^gaTb h to , h to CBwme 1000 oahhohhwx 6an6an0B, a TaK*e gByx-, Tpex- h HeTwpexpagHwe ^BnaroTca K0H0B^3bro, TaK KaK, BO-nepBwx, ohh pacnono^eHw cnnmKOM TecHO (KOMnneKC «Hg^p», «Cwpranw» h gp.), bo-btopwx, ecTb MH0*ecrB0 gpyrnx cnoco6oB «npHB^3aTb» koha Ha MecTHOCTH (HanpHMep CTpeHO^HTb ero), B-TpeTbHx, npn coBepmeHHH noMHHanbHwx o6pagoB

Ka^gbiH ynacTHHK go.*eH 6w . nocıaBHTb cboh 6 a .6 a ., T.e. 3acBHgeıe.bcTBoBaTb cBoe yBa^eHHe k noKoHHoMy.

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NAPİL BAZILXAN

AVRASİYADA OLAN GÖYTÜRK ABİDƏLƏRİ VƏ ONLARIN XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ

X ü l a s ə

Məqalədə göytürk əlifbasının bitik adlanmasından, göytürklərin öz yazılarını türük bitiq adlandırmalarından bəhs edilir. Hazırda bu yazıları heç də düzgün olmayaraq runi yazılar adlan- dırırlar. Türük bitiq - fono-morfoloji əsasa dayanan, yəni səs və heca quruluşu bir-birilə mütə- nasib şəkildə işlədilən, orfoqrafiyası isə qədim damğalara əsaslanan tək və hecalı quruluşa malik olmaqla qədim türk dilinin dil strukturunu bütünlüklə əks etdirən və bütün türk ləhcələrini eyni bir orfoqrafiyada birləşdirə bilən universal yazı formasıdır.

Məqalədə Orxon, Talas, Yenisey və s. yazılı abidələrin sayı, göytürklərin dövrünə aid yoy - yoğu törəməsi və onların bir sıra tamya, bediz, bitiqdaş, balbal kimi terminoloji xüsusiyyətləri haqqında müəllifin şəxsi fikirləri əks olunmuşdur.

Acar sözlər: türkologiya, Türk imperiyasmm tarixi, hərbi-siyasi struktur, yazı abidələri, mərasim kompleksləri, etnomədəniyyət, Avrasiya

NAPIL BAZYLKHAN

ANCIENT TURKIC INSCRIPTIONS IN THE EURASIA

S u m m a r y

This paper presents - an overview o f the Orkhon Turkic inscriptions, Talas, Yenisei, Altai etc. The article also presents the author's position on self-name etymologies Türük bitik - Turk bitik // writing and features memorial complexes (yoy yogi), some ethno-cultural terms (tamya - Tamga ‘sign, tamga family or tribe’ and ‘a golden seal Hagan’, bediz - stone sculptures, bitigtas - bitiktash stele with inscriptions, balbal - balbals stone marks rite participants, etc.

Key words: turkology, history o f Turkic empire, military political structure, ancient Turkic written and monuments, memorial complexs, ethno-cultur ’s

Ünvan: Ka3axcıaH. A.MaTw. HHcTmyT BocTOKoBegeHHfl hm. P.E.Cy.eHMeHoBa KH MOH PK - Begy^HH HaynHwH coıpygHHK, KaHg. $ H .o .. HayK

e-mail: napilbaz@gmail.com

Çapa təqdim edən Tofiq Hacıyev -«Türkologiya» jurnalı redaksiya heyətinin üzvü,Çingiz Qaraşarlı - «Türkologiya» jurnalı sahə redaktoru

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