tomohiro nishikawa (takemoto denki co.) … · while studying such basis of quadruped controller...

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Stable Dynamic Walking of the Quadruped Robot “Kotetsu” Using Phase Modulations Based on Leg Loading/Unloading against Lateral Perturbations Christophe Maufroy (Univ. of Jena) *Hiroshi Kimura (Kyoto Inst. of Tech.) Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.)

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Page 1: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

Stable Dynamic Walking ofthe Quadruped Robot “Kotetsu”

Using Phase Modulations Based onLeg Loading/Unloading

against Lateral Perturbations

Christophe Maufroy (Univ. of Jena)*Hiroshi Kimura (Kyoto Inst. of Tech.)

Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.)

Page 2: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

Simple quadruped controlleras far as possible

2

At least, we needMotion of single leg

(by desired trajectory  & PD control)

forward backward

Leg phase transitions between swing and stance(using what kind of sensor information?)Explicit interleg coordination?(what kind of coordination?)Explicit posture (rolling motion) control?Reflexes to adapt to terrains of middle and highdegree of irregularity [series of Tekken: 2001‐2005]

Page 3: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

While studying such basis ofquadruped controller …. 

3

1. clear the meanings of phase modulationsin the view points of• rhythmic motion control• interleg coordination• posture (rolling motion) controlfor adaptive walking and running.

2. make it decentralized and robust3. investigate the roles of CPG of animals.

We can

CPG : Central Pattern Generator [Orlovsky et al. Neural control of locomotion. 1999]

while using no reflex

(in future)

Page 4: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

ankle extensor muscle force leg unloading

hip extension close to PEP

Biologically Inspired Approach

In cats, the transition from stance to swing in the hind legs relies on signals related to : 

[Duysens and Pearson 1980]

[Grillner and Rossignol 1978, Hiebert et al. 1996]

More important ![Ekeberg and Pearson 2005]

Sensor informationfor regulation of stance termination

4

(PosteriorExtremePosition)

Page 5: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

Outlines• Background & Motivation

• Leg controller  – phase modulations based on leg loading/unloading

• Results of simulations & Interleg coordination– the ACM for lateral perturbations

• Results of experiments using Kotetsu

• Discussions & Conclusions 5

Page 6: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

IdeaIntegration of 

sensor driven self‐excited rhythmic motion controlsensor dependent posture control

Quadruped

CPG

sensoryinformationposture

control

self‐excitedrhythmicmotion

[Inspired by Ekeberg & Pearson, 2005]

joint angleleg load………..

Phasemodulations

Phasemodulations

Page 7: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

Singe Leg Controller (LC)

7

initial phase of swing and stance phase, respectively

real valuenominal value^

phase of  an oscillator

leg phase of LC

‐ Phase dynamics, phase reset and phase transition ‐

AEP: anterior  extreme positionPEP: posterior extreme position

Page 8: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

3D Simulations for gait generation

the walk gait in various speed

Gait generation and posture (rolling motion) controlusing phase modulations based on leg loading/unloading

[Maufroy, Kimura and Takase,  Auto. Robots, 2010] 8

LF

RH

RF

LH

LC

without explicitinterleg coordination

Page 9: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

3D Simulations for lateral perturbation 

decreasing|θroll|

[Maufroy, Kimura, et al.  Auto. Robots. 2010] 9

increasing|θroll|

without explicit interleg coordination

θroll : body roll angle

Page 10: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

10

transfer of leg loading

Lateral plane

conflict between rhythmic motion control and posture control

we need to introduce an additional mechanism to solve it

decrease

Fpert

Application at swing onset in HL(Fpert = 3 N)

impaired

the model falls forward

On the more loaded side :unloading due to rolling

motion is reducedthe foreleg cannot swing

> threshold

Perturbation decreasing              (Simulation)|θroll|

Page 11: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

3D Simulations for lateral perturbation 

[Maufroy, Kimura, et al.  Auto. Robots. 2010]

With Ascending Coordination Mechanism (ACM)

11

decreasing|θroll|LC

RH

LF RF

LH

excitatoryconnection

to modify          of a fore leg       according to the phase of the ipsilateral hind leg

: the force threshold to liftoff 

Page 12: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

12

Performances against lateral perturbations(in simulations)

LCs independentno phase modulationfor [stance swing]

LCs independentwith phase modulationfor [stance swing]

phase modulations+ ACM

Phase modulationscontribution

ACMcontribution

12

increasing(applied at swing onset in FR )

|θroll| decreasing(applied at swing onset in HL)

|θroll|

Page 13: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

Quadruped Robot “Kotetsu”

13

back‐drivability & compliance by software (P‐gain)

Page 14: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

Gait Generation

T=0.64s, β=0.71, γipsi=0.21, V=0.2m/s 14

Page 15: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

ACM to modify          of forelegs

15

stance to swing of forelegs

ACMinh

sF :  a forelegsH :  the ipsilateral

hind leg

ACMexc

Page 16: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

ACM to shorten the swing phase duration of forelegs

16

sF :  a forelegsH :  the ipsilateral

hind leg

increasing angular velocity of an oscillator

the LC phase of the hind leg at the momentwhen the foreleg transits to the swing phase.

ACMω

Page 17: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

-5

0

χLOsF

(N)

χLO^

4φAEP^φacm

^ φ sH

φacm^φ( )/ AEP

^φ φacm^( )=τmod φ( )

τacm = φ sH φacm^/

ACMexc

swing stanceLC leg phase of the ipsilateral hind leg (sH)

χmod

0

(N)

χampl^

ACMinh ωmodsF

ω̂0.5ACMω

τmod φ sHLO( )0.5=

ωmodsF

ω̂

χmod =τmod φ sH( ) χampl^

φ sHLO

τacm χLO^

=χLOsF

χLO^=χLO

sF χmod+

205

ACM in Kotetsu

17LC leg phase of the ipsilateral hind legs (sH)

Page 18: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

Role of each ACM

ACMinh

ACMexc

ACMω

to avoid disorder of phase transitions caused by the slightlybackward location of the center of mass of the body. 

to promote the stance‐to‐swing phase transition of a forelegby increasing  the force threshold.  As a result, a robot can keepstepping of correct order after a lateral perturbation.

(always being employed in Kotetsu)

to increase the speed of a foreleg  when the stance‐to‐swingphase transition is delayed. As a result, a robot can keep the enough step length after a lateral perturbation.

Page 19: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

Without ACMexc and ACMωlateral perturbation decreasing |θroll|

Impact: LF‐swAfterwards: LF‐st→RH‐sw→RF‐sw ….. RF‐st→LH‐sw→ LF‐swX 19

Page 20: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

With ACMexc and ACMωlateral perturbation decreasing |θroll|

Impact: LF‐stAfterwards: LH‐sw→LH‐st→LF‐sw→LF‐st→RH‐sw→RF‐sw... 20

Page 21: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

21

nominal threshold to liftoff

How to defined the value of

• is an important parameter to defines when a leg is considered as unloaded.

• Too much high or small values prevent stable leg load transfer between contralateral legs.

• high   : too small walking cyclic periodless robustness against force sensor noises

• small : difficult to initiate and sustain the lateral rolling motion

• ACM makes the selection of          value be less critical.  

Page 22: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

22

Emergent Motion Generation

Tekken Kotetsu

Page 23: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

(dimensionless speed)Froude Number (Fr)

0.5 10.20 0.7

Locomotion speed & control

Medium HighLow

GravityDominantFactor

PostureControl

RhythmicMotionControl

Inertial Force

static walkingSeries of Tekken [2001‐2005]

In low speed dynamic walking, we need to consider much sensor dependent posture control under rhythmic motion of legs.

Page 24: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

0.5 10.20 0.7

Objectives of this study

HighLow

GravityDominantFactor

PostureControl

RhythmicMotionControl

Inertial Force

Expand applicable speed range keeping such single mechanism.

Froude Number (Fr)Realization of low‐ & medium‐speed dynamic walking with usingsingle mechanism integrating posture and rhythmic motion control

How posture & rhythmicmotion control are integrated.

Medium

Page 25: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

25

Conclusions‐ perturbations on lateral motion ‐

• Phase modulations based on leg loading/unloading:– basic but powerful mechanism

– greatly contribute to leg coordinations and rolling motion stabilization

– LCs independent but for the ascending coordination mechanism (ACM)

• As the ACM, we implemented – ACMinh  :  newly employed for experiments using “Kotetsu”

– ACMexc and ACMω :  exactly identical to the ones used in simulations

• We confirmed the validity of simulation results by experiments

Page 26: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

26

Thank you for your attention !

This work has been partially supported bya Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas “Mobiligence”

from MEXT in Japan.

http://robotics.mech.kit.ac.jp/kotetsu/

Page 27: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

Why low speed dynamic walkingwith long cyclic period is difficult to realize.

• It means that frequency of switching phase or touch down of legs decreases. As a result,posture control via – switching phase &– touchdown angle control 

• The increased amplitude of rolling motion makes walking unstable.

27

is not so effective.

(used in Biper, Raibert’s hoppingmachines, Tekken, ASHIMO, BigDog)

[Kimura, Shimoyama and Miura 1990]

Page 28: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

Comparison between Simulations and Experiments

28

Excluding ACMinh, results are exactly corresponding.

|θroll|increasingdecreasing

Page 29: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

Gait Generation Result (Experiment)

29T=0.64s, β=0.71, γipsi=0.21, V=0.2m/s

With ACMinh & Without ACMexc and ACMω

Page 30: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

without ACMexc and ACMω

30increasing |θroll| Time (s)

increasing|θroll|

Page 31: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

without ACMexc and ACMω

31

decreasing |θroll| Time (s)

decreasing|θroll|

Page 32: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

with ACMexc and ACMω

32decreasing |θroll| Time (s)

decreasing|θroll|

Page 33: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

Lateral Perturbation Setup

33

mass 200g, string length 0.35m

just beforereleasing the mass

Perturbation Timing

decreasing|θroll|

increasing|θroll|or

The mass hits the center of the body to the right.

more serious

Page 34: Tomohiro Nishikawa (Takemoto Denki co.) … · While studying such basis of quadruped controller …. 3 1. clear the meanings of phase modulations in the view points of • rhythmic

With ACMexc and ACMω

34

lateral perturbation decreasing |θroll|

RFlifted off

at impact just after impact 0.3s after impact

afterwards

RFtoucheddown