TNG QUAN CC HM TRONG EXCEL Ln | Va | Nh [ 2010/01/17 23:34 | by ErosBmt ] TNG QUAN CC HM TRONG EXCEL

I. Gii thiu Ti liu ny s hng dn bn s dng cc hm Excel gii mt bi ton t n gin n phc tp nh ma trn, thng k,... mt cch d dng v nhanh chng. Nhng hm m bn tip xc trong Excel cng l nhng hm s m bn thng xuyn gp trong cc ng dng khc nh Access, SQL,... v trong k thut lp trnh PASCAL, C++, C#, VB.NET,.... S dng v hiu cc hm Excel s gip bn c nn tng c bn khi lm vic vi cc phn mm tnh ton khc, tin xa hn trong k thut lp trnh, ...

II. C bn v hm s trong Excel: Mt s kin thc c bn v hm s v cch tnh ton trong Excel m bn cn nm r trc khi lm vic vi bng tnh Excel.

2.1 Ton t: Microsoft Excel s dng cc ton t ton hc + , -, *, /, ^ (ly tha). Microsoft Excel s dng cc ton t so snh >, >=, TODAY()) l khi cha bit n hm DATEDIF(). By gi, vi DATEDIF(), cng thc trn ch ngn nh vy thi, m ra kt qu vn chnh xc: = DATEDIF(Birthdate, TODAY(), "y") V d, hm nay l ngy 09/01/2007: * Vi ngy sinh l 05/01/1969 ( t chc sinh nht ri), DATEDIF("05/01/1969", TODAY(), "y") = 39 * Nhng vi ngy sinh l 11/1/1969 (cha t chc sinh nht), DATEDIF("11/01/1969", TODAY(), "y") = 38

*Tm mt gi, pht, giy no tnh t lc ny

Nh ti ni trn, hm TIME() s t ng iu chnh kt qu ca mt gi tr thi gian khi nhng thng s trong hm khng hp l (gi > 24, pht v giy > 60). V do , khi cn tnh ton hoc tm mt gi tr thi gian no k t lc ny (hoc bt k lc no), ngi ta thng s dng hm TIME(). V d, cng thc sau y s cho ra kt qu l thi gian vo 12 ting na k t lc ny: = TIME(HOUR(NOW()) + 12, MINUTE(NOW()), SECOND(NOW())) Khng ging nh hm DATE(), bn khng th n gin cng thm gi, pht, hay giy trong hm TIME(). V d cng thc sau y ch lm mi chuyn l tng thm 1 ngy vo ngy thng nm v thi gian hin ti: = NOW() + 1 Nu bn mun cng thm gi, pht, hay giy vo mt gi tr thi gian, bn phi tnh thi gian cng thm theo mt t l ca mt ngy. V d, bi v mt ngy th c 24 gi, nn mt gi c tnh nh l 1/24. Cng vy, bi v mt gi th c 60 pht, nn mt pht s c tnh nh l 1/24/60 (ca mt ngy). V cui cng, bi v c 60 giy trong mt pht, nn 1 giy trong mt ngy s c tnh bng 1/24/60/60.

*Tnh tng thi gian Khi tnh tng thi gian, bn nn phn bit hai trng hp sau y: * Cng thm gi, pht, giy: V d, by gi l 8 gi, cng thm 2 ting na, l 10 gi... Hoc by gi l 23 gi, cng thm 3 ting na l 2 gi sng (ch khng phi 26 gi)... Nu cng kiu ny th bn c cng bnh thng, dng hm TIME() v nu cn th theo bng hng dn trn. * Cng tng thi gian lm vic: Mi ngy ti lm vic 18 ting, vy hai ngy ti lm my ting? l 36 ting. Nhng nu bn dng format bnh thng dng thi gian th Excel n s t quy ra (36-24) = 12:00... c kt qu l 36:00, bn phi nh dng thi gian cho theo kiu: [h]:mm:ss (gi nm trong mt cp du ngoc vung)

Ly li nh dng ngy thng

i khi, bn nhn c mt ci database m khng hiu v mt l do g , cell

cha ngy thng nm n nh sau: 20070823, ngha l n c nh dng theo kiu YYYYMMDD. Trng hp ny, khng th dng Format Cell ca Excel nh dng li, m bn phi dng n hm DATE(year, month, day) v cc hm x l text, v d hm LEFT(), MID() v RIGHT() ly cc tr s ngy, thng, nm cho hm DATE(): Ti gi s con s 20070823 ny ang nm cell A1, th cng thc LEFT(A1, 4) s cho ta tr s ca nm, MID(A1, 3, 2) s cho tr s ca thng v RIGHT(A1, 2) s cho tr s ca ngy. Gi s trong Control Panel ca bn nh dng ngy thng nm theo kiu dd/mm/yyyy, v cell nhn kt qu ca bn c nh dng theo kiu ngy thng nm, bn dng hm DATE(year, month, day) vi 3 tham s l 3 cng thc va lm trn, ta s c: =DATE(LEFT(A1, 4), MID(A1, 5, 2), RIGHT(A1, 2)) 23/8/2007

HM TM KIM V THAM CHIU Bao gm cc hm tm kim v tham chiu rt hu ch khi bn lm vic vi CSDL ln trong EXCEL nh k ton, tnh lng, thu...

=ADDRESS(row_num, column_num [, abs_num] [, a1] [, sheet_text]) Dng to a ch dng chui k t, theo ch s dng v ch s ct c cung cp. row_num: S th t dng ca a ch column_num: S th t ct ca a ch abs_num: Kiu a ch (tuyt i hay tng i) - mc nh l tuyt i a1: Dng a ch (=TRUE: dng A1; =FALSE: dng R1C1) - mc nh l TRUE

sheet_text: Tn ca sheet cha a ch - mc nh l khng c

=AREAS(reference) Tr v s vng tham chiu trong mt tham chiu. Mi vng tham chiu c th l mt ri rc hoc l mt dy lin tc trong bng tnh. reference: L mt hoc nhiu vng tham chiu m bn cn m. Nu mun a nhiu vng ri rc nhau vo cng thc th bn phn cch chng bng du phy, nu khng ngn bng du phy, Excel s khng m (xem v d 3 di y)

=CHOOSE Tr v gi tr trong mng gi tr ti v tr c ch nh.

=COLUMN(reference) Tr v s th t ct ca u tin gc trn bn tri ca vng tham chiu. reference: L hoc mt vng nhiu . Nu reference b trng th COLUMN() tr v s th t ct ca cha cng thc.

=COLUMNS(array) Tr v s ct ca vng tham chiu. array: L hoc mt vng nhiu , mng tham chiu

=HYPERLINK(link_location, friendly_name) To mt siu lin kt, mt lin kt m mt ti liu... link_location: ng dn n ti liu cn m, nhp dng chui k t. Link_location c th ch n mt c bit, tn ca mt dy trong mt trang bng tnh hoc mt bng tnh, hoc ch n mt nh du (bookmark) trong Microsoft Excel. Link_location cng c th ch n mt tp tin lu trn cng, hoc mt ng dn truy xut ni b trn mt my ch hoc mt ng dn ti nguyn URL trn mng intranet, internet. - Link_location c th l mt chui k t t trong du nhy kp, hoc mt no cha ng dn di dng chui k t. - Nu link_location lin kt n mt ti nguyn khng tn ti, s xut hin li khi bn kch vo cha hm HYPERLINK() ny. firendly_name: L ni dung hin th trong cha hm HYPERLINK(), c th l mt s, hoc chui k t. Ni dung ny s hin th bng mu xanh v c gch chn, nu khng c firendly_name th chnh link_location s hin th.

- Firendly_name c th l mt gi tr, mt chui k t, mt tn mng, hoc mt lin kt n mt gi tr hoc mt chui vn bn. - Nu firendly_name lin kt n mt gi tr b li, th chnh tn ci li s c hin th thay th cho ni dung bn cn.

V d: =HYPERLINK("http://example.microsoft.com/report/bu dget report.xls", "Click for report") s hin th: Click for report, v khi bn click vo ny, Excel s m bng tnh budget report.xls ca trang web http://example.microsoft.com/report =HYPERLINK("F:\GPE\book2.xls",F10) s hin th ni dung ca F10 v khi bn click vo ny, Excel s m bng tnh book2.xls th mc GPE ca F =HYPERLINK("F:\GPE\book2.xls",F10) s hin th ni dung ca F10 v khi bn click vo ny, Excel s m bng tnh book2.xls th mc GPE ca F

=MATCH Tr v v tr ca mt gi tr trong bng d liu

=INDEX Tr v mt gi tr trong bng d liu tng ng vi ch mc ca n.

Tm kim trong nhiu ct i khi, cc d liu dng tm kim khng nm mt ct m trong nhiu ct. V d, bn c mt danh sch c tch sn h v tn ring ra hai ct. Ngi ta yu cu da vo h v tn xc nh chc v. Chng ta c th dng mt ct ph ni h v tn li ri tm theo ct ph... Nhng c l khng cn, v ti s dng hm INDEX() v MATCH() vi cng thc mng.

Hm MATCH() c mt c php t ngi bit n, l: =MATCH(value1 & value2, array1 & array2, match_type) value1 & value2 l cc d liu tm (v d h v tn) array1 & array2 l cc ct (hoc hng) cha cc d liu dng tm kim

V y l c php dng INDEX() ghp vi MATCH() trong cng thc mng: {=INDEX(reference, MATCH(value1 & value2, array1 & array2, match_type))}

=INDIRECT(ref_text [, a1]) ref_text l tham chiu ti mt (c th l dng A1 hoc dng R1C1), l tn nh ngha ca mt tham chiu, hoc l mt tham chiu dng chui. -Nu ref_text khng hp l, INDIRECT() s bo li #REF! -Nu ref_text cha tham chiu n mt bng tnh khc th bng tnh ny phi ang m, nu khng, INDIRECT() cng bo li #REF! a1 l gi tr logic xc nh dng tham chiu bn trong ref_text. a1 = TRUE (hoc l 1, hoc khng nhp) l kiu tham chiu A1 a1 = FALSE (hoc l 2) l kiu tham chiu R1C1 Tr v gi tr ca mt tham chiu t chui k t. Tham chiu c tr v ngay tc thi hin th ni dung ca chng. Cng c th dng hm INDIRECT khi mun thay i tham chiu ti mt bn trong mt cng thc m khng cn thay i cng thc .

=LOOKUP D tm mt gi tr Hm LOOKUP

Dng d tm mt gi tr t mt dng hoc mt ct trong mt dy hoc mt mng gi tr. Hm LOOKUP() c hai dng: Vec-t (vector form) v Mng (array form)

* Dng Vec-t: LOOKUP() tm kim trn mt dng hoc mt ct, nu tm thy s tr v gi tr ca cng v tr trn dng (hoc ct) c ch nh. * Dng Mng: LOOKUP() tm kim trn dng (hoc ct) u tin ca mt mng gi tr, nu tm thy s tr v gi tr ca cng v tr trn dng (hoc ct) cui cng trong mng .

^^ Vector form (dng vec-t)

C php: LOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_vector, result_vector) lookup_value: L gi tr LOOKUP() s tm kim trong lookup_vector. N c th l mt s, mt k t, mt gi tr logic, mt tn c nh ngha ca mt vng hoc mt tham chiu n mt gi tr. lookup_vector: L mt vng m ch gm mt dng (hoc mt ct) c cha lookup_value. Nhng gi tr cha trong vng ny c th l mt s, mt k t hoc mt gi tr logic. - lookup_vector phi c sp xp theo th t tng dn, nu khng, LOOKUP() c th cho kt qu khng chnh xc. - Nu khng tm thy lookup_value trong lookup_vector th LOOKUP() s ly gi tr ln nht m nh hn hoc bng lookup_value. - Nu lookup_value nh hn gi tr nh nht trong lookup_vector th LOOKUP() s bo li #NA! result_vector: L mt vng m ch gm mt dng (hoc mt ct) cha gi tr tr v. Kch thc ca result_vector bt buc phi bng kch thc ca lookup_vector.

^^ Array form (dng mng)

C php: LOOKUP(lookup_value, array) lookup_value: L gi tr LOOKUP() s tm kim trong array. N c th l mt s, mt k t, mt gi tr logic, mt tn c nh ngha ca mt vng hoc mt tham chiu n mt gi tr. - Nu khng tm thy lookup_value trong array th LOOKUP() s ly gi tr ln nht m nh hn hoc bng lookup_value. - Nu lookup_value nh hn gi tr nh nht trong ct hoc hng u tin trong array th LOOKUP() s bo li #NA! array: L mt vng cha lookup_value, c th l s, k t, hoc gi tr logic.

Dng mng ca LOOKUP() gn tng ng nh hm VLOOKUP() hoc HLOOKUP(). Khc bit ch VLOOKUP() v HLOOKUP() tm kim trn ct (hoc dng) u tin, cn LOOKUP() tm kim trn ct hoc trn dng ty thuc vo dng mng c khai bo:

- Nu array l mng c s ct nhiu hn s dng th LOOKUP() s tm trn dng u tin. - Nu array l mng c s dng nhiu hn s ct th LOOKUP() s tm trn ct u tin. - Trng hp array l mng c s dng bng s ct th LOOKUP() s tm trn ct u tin. - VLOOKUP() v HLOOKUP() ly kt qu trn ct (hoc) dng c ch nh, cn LOOKUP() lun lun ly kt qu trn dng (hoc ct) cui cng. - Cc gi tr trn dng (hoc ct) u tin ca array phi c sp xp theo th t tng dn, nu khng, LOOKUP() c th cho kt qu khng chnh xc.

Hm GETPIVOTDATA() Tr v d liu c lu gi trong bo co PivotTable. C th dng GETPIVOTDATA() ly d liu tng kt t mt bo co PivotTable, vi iu kin l phi thy c d liu tng kt t trong bo co . nhanh chng nhp cng thc GETPIVOTDATA(), bn c th g du = vo mun nhn d liu tng kt, ri nhp vo cha s liu tng kt ca bo co PivotTable.

C php: = GETPIVOTDATA(data_field, pivot_table, field1, item1, field2, item2,...) data_field : Tn trng cha d liu tng kt ca bo co PivotTable. Tn ny phi c t trong mt cp du nhy kp. pivot_data : Tham chiu n mt , dy , hoc tn dy bn trong mt bo co PivotTable. Thng tin ny c dng xc nh bo co PivotTable no cha d liu tr v. field1, item1, field2, item2,... : C th c t 1 n 126 (vi Excel 2003 tr v trc th con s ny ch l 14) cp tn field v item m t d liu mun tr v. Nhng cp ny c th thuc bt c loi no. Nu tn field v item khng l ngy thng hoc s liu, cn phi t chng trong cp du nhy kp. i vi loi bo co OLAP PivotTable, items c th bao gm y ng dn ln tn ca item. Mt cp field v item ca OLAP PivotTable c th nh sau: "[Product]","[Product].[All Products].[Foods].[Baked Goods]"

Lu : * Cc field hay item tnh ton v cc php tnh t to c th c t trong php tnh GETPIVOTDATA. * Nu pivot_table l mt dy c cha nhiu hn 1 bo co PivotTable, d liu tr v s l t bo co c to ra sau cng. * Nu i s field v cc i s ca item m t ch mi mt , gi tr ca s c tr v m khng cn bit gi tr l chui, l s, l li, hay l mt th g ... * Nu item cha ngy thng, gi tr phi c biu din di dng mt chui s hoc c thit lp bng cch dng hm DATE() gi tr s khng bin i khi bng tnh c m mt my khc, c h thng nh dng ngy thng khc vi ni to ra n. V d, mt item tham chiu ti ngy 5 thng 3 nm 1999 c th c nhp l 36224 hay DATE(1999, 3, 5). Thi gian c th c nhp nh mt gi tr thp phn hoc bng cch dng hm TIME(). * Nu pivot_table khng phi l mt dy c cha bo co PivotTable, GETPIVOTDATA() s tr v li #REF! * Nu cc i s miu t mt field khng th thy c, hoc nu chng gm mt trng khng hin th, GETPIVOTDATA() cng s tr v li #REF!

Hm DGET() Trch mt gi tr t mt ct ca mt danh sch hay c s d liu, khp vi iu kin c ch nh. C php: = DGET(database, field, criteria)

=OFFSET(reference, rows, cols [, height] [, width]) Tr v mt vng tham chiu t mt vng xut pht. y l mt trong nhng hm rt hay ca Excel, v c ng dng rt nhiu. N dng tham chiu n mt vng no , bt u t mt , hoc mt dy , vi mt khong cch c ch nh.

reference: L vng m bn mun lm im xut pht tham chiu n vng khc. Reference phi ch n mt hoc mt dy lin tc, nu khng, hm s

bo li #VALUE! rows: S dng di ln (hoc xung) tnh t reference, nhp s dng nu mun di xung, hoc s m nu mun di ln. cols: S ct di sang phi tri (hoc phi) tnh t reference, nhp s dng nu mun di sang phi, hoc s m nu mun di sang tri. height: L s dng ( cao) ca vng tham chiu cn tr v. width: L s ct ( rng) ca vng tham chiu cn tr v.

Ghi ch: * Nu s dng (rows) hoc ct (cols) vt ra ngoi phm vi bng tnh, hm s bo li #REF! * cao (height) v rng (width) nu khng nhp, th xem nh n bng vi cao v rng ca vng xut pht (reference)

=ROW(reference) Tr v s th t dng ca u tin trong dy . Tr v s th t dng ca u tin gc trn bn tri ca vng tham chiu. reference: L hoc mt vng nhiu . Nu reference b trng th ROW() tr v s th t ct ca cha cng thc.

=ROWS(array) Tr v s dng ca vng tham chiu. array: L hoc mt vng nhiu , mng tham chiu

=TRANSPOSE(array) Chuyn mt vng d liu ngang thnh dc v ngc li. Hm TRANSPOSE() lun lun c nhp dng cng thc mng (nhn Ctrl-ShiftEnter sau khi nhp) array: L mng d liu cn hon chuyn Nu s ct trong vng nhp cng thc nhiu hn s hng ca array, hoc s hng trong vng nhp cng thc nhiu hn s ct ca array, hm s bo li #NA ti nhng b d ra.

=VLOOKUP(gi tr tm, vng cn tm, ct cn ly, cch tm) D tm mt gi tr trn ct u tin v tr v ... Hm tm kim v tham chiu theo ct.

Vng cn tm: thng ch gi tr tuyt i: $ Ct cn ly: vng cn tm. Cch tm: Tm theo 2 gi tr: 0: Ct bn tri ca vng cn tm khng sp xp (ngm nh) 1: Sp xp tng dn.

=HLOOKUP(gi tr tm, vng cn tm, hng cn ly, cch tm) D tm mt gi tr trn hng u tin v tr v ... - ging hm VLOOKUP

HM TON HC V LNG GIC Bao gm cc hm v ton hc v lng gic gip bn c th gii mt bi ton i s, gii tch, hoc lng gic t tiu hc n i hc... Lu n quy cch hin th s ca VN v ca US. lun nhp p mt gi tr kiu s bn hy s dng bn phm s.

=ABS Tnh tr tuyt i ca mt s

=ACOS Tnh nghch o cosin

=ACOSH Tnh nghch o cosin hyperbol

=ASIN Tnh nghch o sin

=ASINH Tnh nghch o sin hyperbol

=ATAN Tnh nghch o tang

=ATAN2 Tnh nghch o tang vi ta

=ATANH Tnh nghch o tang hyperbol

=CEILING L trn n bi s gn nht

=COMBIN Tnh t hp t s phn t chn

=COS Tnh cosin ca mt gc

=COSH Tnh cosin hyperbol

=DEGREES i radians sang

=EVEN Lm trn mt s n s nguyn chn gn nht.

=EXP Tnh ly tha c s e

=FACT Tnh giai tha ca mt s

=FACTDOUBLE Tnh ly tha cp 2

=FLOOR Lm trn xung n bi s gn nht do bn ch.

=GCD Tm c s chung ln nht

=INT(X) Lm trn xung s nguyn gn nht (Hm ly gi tr l phn nguyn-Hm cho gi tr l phn nguyn ca X)

=LCM Tm bi s chung nh nht

=LN Tnh logarit c s t nhin ca mt s

=LOG Tnh logarit

=LOG10 Tnh logarit c s 10

=MDETERM Tnh nh thc ca ma trn

=MINVERSE Tm ma trn nghch o

=MMULT Tnh tch 2 ma trn

=MOD(a,b) Hm cho gi tr l phn d ca php chia a:b

=MROUND Lm trn mt s n bi s ca s khc.

=MULTINOMIAL T l giai tha tng vi tch cc giai tha ca cc s.

=ODD Lm trn n mt s nguyn l gn nht.

=PI Tr v gi tr pi

=POWER Tnh ly tha ca mt s

=PRODUCT Tnh tch cc s

=QUOTIENT Ly phn nguyn ca php chia

=RADIANS i sang radians.

=RAND Tr v mt s ngu nhin trong khong 0 v 1

=RANDBETWEEN Tr v mt s ngu nhin trong khong do bn ch nh

Hm ROMAN() Dng chuyn i mt s dng -rp sang dng s La-m C php: = ROMAN(number, form)

number: S cn chuyn i form: dng chuyn i 0 (hoc TRUE, hoc khng nhp): Dng c in 1 cho n 3: Dng c in nhng c rt gn, s cng ln rt gn cng nhiu (xem thm v d) 4 (hoc FALSE): Dng hin i Ch : * number phi l s dng, nu number < 0 hm s bo li #VALUE! * Nu number l s thp phn, ROMAN() ch chuyn i phn nguyn ca n * Hm ROMAN() ch x l c ti s ln nht l 3999, nu number > 3999 hm s bo li #VALUE! * Sau khi chuyn i, kt qu s l mt d liu dng text, v khng th tnh ton vi n c na V d: ROMAN(499, 0) = CDXCIX = ROMAN(499) = ROMAN(499, TRUE) ROMAN(499, 1) = LDVLIV ROMAN(499, 2) = XDIX ROMAN(499, 3) = VDIV ROMAN(499, 4) = ID = ROMAN(499, FALSE) ROMAN(2008) = MMVIII

=ROUND(X,n) Hm lm trn n s ca X Nu n dng (n>0) s lm trn s bn phi k t v tr du chm thp phn. Nu n m (n 1, BINOMDIST() tr v gi tr li #NUM!

V d: BINOMDIST(6, 10, 0.5, 0) = 0.2050781 BINOMDIST(6, 10, 0.5, 1) = 0.828125

Hm CHIDIST()

Tr v xc xut mt pha ca phn phi chi-squared. Phn phi chi-squared kt hp vi php th chi-squared dng so snh cc gi tr quan st vi cc gi tr k vng. V d, mt th nghim v di truyn c th gi thit rng th h k tip ca cc cy trng s tha hng mt tp hp cc mu sc no ; bng cch so snh cc gi tr quan st c vi cc gi tr k vng, c th thy c gi thit ban u l ng hay sai.

C php: = CHIDIST(x, degrees_freedom) x : Gi tr dng tnh phn phi. degrees_freedom : S bc t do.

Lu : * Nu cc i s khng phi l s, CHIDIST() tr v gi tr li #VALUE! * Nu x < 0, CHIDIST() tr v gi tr li #NUM! * Nu degrees_freedom khng phi l s nguyn, phn thp phn ca n s b ct b tr thnh s nguyn.

* Nu degrees_freedom < 1 hay degrees_freedom > 10^10, CHIDIST() tr v gi tr li #NUM! * CHIDIST() c tnh ton theo cng thc: CHIDIST = P(X > x), vi X l bin ngu nhin chi-squared.

V d: CHIDIST(18.307, 10) = 0.050001

Hm NORMINV()

Tr v nghch o ca phn phi tch ly chun. C php: = NORMINV(probability, mean, standard_dev) probability : Xc sut ng vi phn phi chun mean : Gi tr trung bnh cng ca phn phi standard_dev : lch chun ca phn phi Lu : * Nu c bt k i s no khng phi l s, NORMINV() s bo li #VALUE! * Nu probability nh hn 0 hoc ln hn 1, NORMINV() s bo li #NUM! * Nu standard_dev nh hn hoc bng 0, NORMDINV() s bo li #NUM! * Nu mean = 0 v standard_dev = 1, NORMINV() s dng phn b chun. * NORMINV() s dng phng php lp i lp li tnh hm. Nu NORMINV() khng hi t sau 100 ln lp, hm s bo li #NA!