topik 3 anatomi fisiologi (2)
TRANSCRIPT
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Anatomi berasal daripada
perkataan Yunani - ‘ Struktur’
•Fisiologi bermaksud tubuh badan
manusia
•Kajian atau penyelidikan tentang
struktur dan fungsi tubuh badan
manusia.
Definisi Anatomi &
Fisiologi
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Organisma – Terbentuk oleh
gabungan beberapa sistem
Sel-sel
Tisu – Terdiri daripada sel-
sel sejenis
Organ – Terdiri daripada tisu
yang berlainan jenis
Sistem – Gabungan
beberapa organ
ORGANISASI TUBUH MANUSIA
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SISTEM-SISTEM TUBUH
Intergumentari
Rangka
Otot
Saraf
Endokrina
•Kardiovaskular
•Limfatik
•Respiratori
•Pencernaan
•Urinari
•Reproduktif
11 sistem yang mengawalatur proses tubuh badan
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SISTEM INTEGUMENTARI
Fungsi
Melindungi tisu-tisu dalaman
daripada kecederaan
Simtesis V D penting untuk
penyerapan kalsium dan fosforus
(diperlukan untuk tumbesaran tulang)
Membantu mencegah kehilangan air
Peka kepada rangsangan – sakit,
sejuk, kepanasan, tekanan dan
sentuhan
Perkumuhan – menyingkirkan bahan
kimia – asid urik dan garam mineral
berlebihan
Organ Utama
Kulit
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SISTEM RANGKA
Fungsi
Menyokong Berat Badan
Melindungi organ-organ
Membentuk dan
mengekalkan bentuk
Pelekatan otot-otot rangka
Tuas
Penghasilan sel darah
Organ Utama
Tulang – Kartilej,
Ligamen, Sendi
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SISTEM OTOT
Fungsi
Mengekalkan postur tubuh
Menghasilkan pergerakan
Menghasilkan haba
Menstabilkan sendi
Artikulasi
Organ
• Otot
• Tendon
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SISTEM SARAF
Fungsi
Mengesan, Menerima
dan bergerakbalas
terhadap rangsangan
Menyimpan maklumat
Mengawal dan
menyelaras aktiviti
tubuh
Organ
• Otak, Saraf tunjang,
Saraf periferi
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SISTEM ENDOKRINA
Fungsi
Mengawal dan
menyelaraskan
fungsi tubuh melalui
hormon
Organ
•Kelenjar
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SISTEM KARDIOVASKULAR
Fungsi
Menghantar darah
ke seluruh badan
Mengangkut gas-
gas respiratori
Organ
• Jantung
• Salur darah
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SISTEM LIMFATIK
Fungsi
Imunisasi
Pengangkutan bahan
perkumuhan
Mengangkut hasil
pencernaan
Organ
• Nodus Limfa
• Salur limfatik
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SISTEM RESPIRATORI
Fungsi
Membekalkan oksigen
Menyingkirkan karbon dioksida
Pertukaran gas
Mengekalkan kestabilan persekitaran
Organ
• Hidung
• Salur udara
• Paru-paru
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SISTEM PENCERNAAN
Organ
Mulut
Organ pencernaan
Fungsi
• Penguraian makanan
• Perkumuhan
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SISTEM URINARI
Fungsi
Penyingkiran bahan
perkumuhan
Mengawal isipadu dan
komposisi bahan kimia
Organ
• Ginjal
• Ureter
• Pundi Kencing
• Uretra
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Fungsi
Menghasilkan zuriat
Menghasilkan hormon
Organ - Perempuan
• Ovari
• Tiub Fallopian
• Uterus
• Vagina
Organ - Lelaki
• Penis
• Testes
• Vesikel semen
• Kelenjar
Prostrat
• Uretra
SISTEM REPRODUKTIF
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Intergrasi Sistem Dalam Aktiviti Sukan
Sistem Integumentari
Perkumuhan
Mengawal suhu badan
Sistem Rangka
Sokongan mekanikal
Penyimpanan tenaga
Sistem Kardiovaskular
Pembekalan oksigen
kepada otot
Sistem Endokrina
Pengawalaturan proses
mengikut keperluan
Sistem Saraf
Memulakan pergerakan
Sistem Otot
Penghasilan daya
Sistem Urinari
Perkumuhan bahan sisa
Sistem Pencernaan
Mencernakan makanan
untuk tenaga Sistem Limfatik
Pengangkutan bahan kumuh ke hati Sistem Reproduktif
Hormon
Sistem Respiratori
Mengangkut O2
Membebaskan CO2
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Sistem Tubuh Badan
Sistem Tulang
Sistem Otot Rangka
Sistem Kardiovaskular
Sistem Tenaga
- Aerobik (perlu O2)
- Anaerobik Alaktik (tidak perlu O2 dan tidak
hasilkan laktik asid)
- Anaerobik Laktik (tak perlu O2 tetapi
hasilkan laktik asid)
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Sistem Tulang
Merangkumi
- Sendi
- Ligamen
- Tendon
- Rawan (kartilej)
- Tulang
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Tempat pertemuan dua atau lebih tulang
Dua fungsi asas : membenarkan
pergerakan (mobiliti) dan menyatukan tulang-tulang
Sendi
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Klasifikasi Sendi
Immovable – suture cranium
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Klasifikasi Sendi
Semi-movable – Pivotal Joint
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Klasifikasi Sendi
Movable – Hinge Joint
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Jenis-jenis sendi bergerak
Elipsoid/Lesong
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Gliding / gelungsur
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Jenis sendi bergerak
Planar joint between the navicular and second and third cuneiforms
of the tarsus in the foot.
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Jenis sendi bergerak
Hinge joint between throchlea of humerus and
throclear notch of ulna at the elbow
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Jenis sendi bergerak
Pivot joints between head of radius and radial
notch of ulna
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Jenis sendi bergerak
Saddle joint between trapezium of carpus
(wrist) and metacarpal of thumb
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Jenis sendi bergerak
Condyloid joint between radius and scaphoid and
lunate bones of the carpus (wrist)
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Jenis sendi bergerak
Ball and Socket - Shoulder Ball and socket joints
between head of femur and
the acetabulum of hip bone
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Tisu berfiber kenyal yang menghubungkan tulang ke tulang
Membolehkan pergerakan berlaku
Ligamen
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Tisu penghubung
Ligamen
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Tisu berfiber tidak kenyal yang kuat
Melekatkan otot pada tulang
Tendon
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Tisu Penghubung
Tendon
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Tisu lembut tetapi kuat, elastik dan tiada saluran darah
Menyaluti hujung tulang
Melindungi tulang daripada haus semasa geseran antara sendi
Menyerap hentakan
Rawan (Kartilej)
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Tisu penghubung
Cartilage
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TULANG
Fungsi Tulang
1.Sokongan pada tubuh
2.Memberi bentuk dimana otot boleh melekat
3.Berfungsi sebagai tuas – semasa pergerakan
berlaku
4.Melindungi organ-organ penting
5.Menghasilkan sel darah merah
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Tulang panjang /long bone – di tangan dan kaki (pergerakan)
Tulang pendek /short bone – tapak tangan
Tulang leper / flat bone – rusuk dan di kepala (melindungi)
Tulang tak sama bentuk / irregular bone – tulang belakang (lekatan otot)
Spesifikasi Tulang
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Jenis-jenis Tulang
Short
Irregular
Flat
Long
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Kerangka manusia
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Skull / Cranium
Rahang
Patella
Skapula
Tulang Rusuk
Tibia
Femur
Vertebra
Cocyx
Fibula
Facial bone
Klavikel
Sternum
Humerus
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Metatarsals
Ulna
Tarsals
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True ribs (7) False ribs (3) Floating ribs (2)
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic cage
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
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Cervical Vertebrae
1st 7 vertebral
cervical vertebrae
form a flexible
framework for the
neck and support the
head.
1st cv is called atlas
and 2nd cv is called
the axis.
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Thoracic
The next twelve
vertebrae are called
the thoracic
vertebrae.
These bones move
with the ribs to form
the rear anchor of the
rib cage.
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Lumbar Vertebrae
After the thoracic vertebrae, come the lumbar vertebrae. These five bones are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. These vertebrae support most of the body's weight and are attached to many of the back muscles
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Sacrum
The sacrum is a triangular bone located just below the lumbar vertebrae. It consists of four or five sacral vertebrae in a child, which become fused into a single bone after age 26. The sacrum forms the back wall of the pelvic girdle and moves with it.
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Coccyx
The bottom of the spinal column is called the coccyx or tailbone. It consists of 3-5 bones that are fused together in an adult. Many muscles connect to the coccyx
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Pelvic girdle
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1
4
7
8
3
2 5
6
11 12
10 9
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SISTEM OTOT RANGKA
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JENIS-JENIS OTOT
Otot rangka – otot berjalur
Otot Licin – organ-organ dalaman tubuh
Otot kardiak – otot jantung
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JENIS-JENIS OTOT
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Jumlah Otot
Terdapat sejumlah 639 – 640 jenis otot yang
terdapat dalam tubuh kita
Daripada jumlah tersebut 30 jenis otot
terdapat di bahagian muka (senyum,
menangis, ketawa dan lain -lain)
Secara purata, 40 berat badan kita ialah otot.
Otot yang terbesar ialah gluteus maximus.
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Fungsi Otot
Membantu pergerakan tulang
Mengekalkan postur badan
Membekalkan haba semasa menjalankan
aktiviti
Menstabilkan kedudukan sendi tulang
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Fungsi Otot : Hasilkan Pergerakan
Pergerakan dihasilkan oleh penguncupan otot-otot rangka yang bertindak setelah dirangsang oleh sistem saraf.
Kombinasi saling tindakan otot-otot membolehkan kita berdiri, duduk, baring dan melakukan lain-lain aktiviti yang sukar.
Penguncupan ini berlaku secara sedar atau terkawal (voluntary) atau tidak terkawal (involuntary).
Kelajuan penguncupan bergantung kepada jenis fiber otot iaitu fiber sentak cepat (fast twitch fiber) dan fiber sentak lambat (slow twitch fiber).
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Fungsi otot : Kekalkan postur
Kombinasi saling tindakan otot-otot bukan
sahaja membolehkan kita berdiri, duduk atau
baring malahan membantu untuk
mengekalkan postur badan.
Lekatan otot-otot pada tulang membolehkan
postur dikekalkan.
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Fungsi Otot : Stabilkan sendi
Otot-otot badan mempunyai pelbagai saiz dan fungsi yang berbeza.
Otot-otot besar seperti quadriceps femoris (sartorius,vastus intermedius, lateralis dan medialis) triceps , abdominis dan trapezius lazimnya bertindak sebagai agonis dan antagonis
Otot-otot kecil akan bertindak sebagai pengimbang (stabilizer), penetap (fixator) dan penyokong (synergist).
Otot-otot kecil ini menstabilkan sendi terutamanya dalam sukan-sukan yang memerlukan ketepatan lakuan atau sukan sasar (target sport) seperti memanah,menembak dan ten-pin bowling.
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Fungsi Otot : Hasilkan haba
Tenaga diperlukan untuk membolehkan otot-otot bekerja.
Hampir 40% tenaga yang dihasilkan bertukar menjadi haba yang meningkatkan suhu kulit atau suhu luaran badan.
Haba-haba ini dihasilkan oleh otot-otot dan dikeluarkan melalui proses evaporasi, konduksi, radiasi dan konveksi bagi menstabilkan suhu badan.
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OTOT
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JENIS PENGUNCUPAN OTOT
Penguncupan Isotonik
Penguncupan Isometrik
Penguncupan Isokinetik
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Penguncupan Isotonik
Penguncupan isotonik menyebabkan perubahan pada panjang otot dan terbahagi kepada
- penguncupan isotonik konsentrik dan
- penguncupan isotonik esentrik
Penguncupan isotonik konsentrik - penguncupan melalui pemendekan fiber-fiber otot
Penguncupan isotonik esentrik - pengucupan ketika otot balik kepada panjang asal.
Kebanyakan lakuan dalam sukan seperti menendang bola, menanduk, melontar, menguis dan menangkap adalah hasil daripada penguncupan otot secara isotonik.
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Penguncupan Isometrik
Pengucupan isometrik berlaku ketika otot
menguncup sambil mengekalkan panjang otot atau
tidak berlaku perubahan pada panjang otot ketika
fiber-fiber otot menguncup.
Contoh :Fasa menahan beratan dalam sukan
angkat berat, acara tarik tali dan aktiviti skrum
dalam sukan ragbi
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Penguncupan Isokinetik
Penguncupan isokinetik hanya berlaku
dengan bantuan mesin isokenetik.
Halaju penguncupan adalah malar
Digunakan bagi tujuan
pemulihan kecederaan otot.
Contoh : Biodex
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Halaju Penguncupan
Halaju pergerakan otot berbeza antara satu
sama lain.
Halaju pergerakan dan fiber otot yang
bekerja bergantung kepada intensiti kerja
yang dilakukan
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Fiber Sentak Cepat
FT – Fast Twitch
Intensiti kerja tinggi
Jangka masa kerja singkat
Untuk kepantasan dan kuasa eksplosif
Sel berwarna pucat (putih)
Sel bersaiz kecil
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Fiber Sentak Cepat – FT
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Fiber Sentak Lambat
Slow Twitch - ST
Intensiti rendah dan sederhana
Jangka masa kerja yang lama
Sel berwarna merah, kaya dengan
haemoglobin
Saiz sel lebih besar
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Fiber Sentak Lambat - ST
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1
2
8
7
9
3
4
10
5
11
12
6
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SISTEM KARDIOVASKULAR
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PENGENALAN
Sistem Kardiovaskular terdiri
daripada jantung, paru-paru dan
salur darah.
Fungsi utama ialah membawa zat
makanan atau nutrien dan
oksigen ke sel-sel tubuh serta
membebaskan bahan-bahan
buangan seperti karbon dioksida
dari sel-sel tubuh.
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Fungsi Sistem
Kardiovaskular
Sistem kardiovaskular
berfungsi membantu
membekalkan oksigen dan
nutrien serta mengangkut
bahan kumuh seperti
karbon dioksida daripada
darah.
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Bahagian-bahagian Utama Sistem
Kardiovaskular
Tiga bahagian utama
1. Jantung,
2. Salur darah, dan
3. Darah
Jantung adalah organ yang berperanan mengepam darah ke seluruh tubuh bagi membekalkan oksigen dan nutrien.
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SAIZ JANTUNG
Saiz jantung adalah sebesar penumbuk
orang dewasa.
Berat organ ini adalah kurang daripada 600
gram.
Struktur jantung terdiri daripada empat ruang
iaitu atrium kanan, atrium kiri, ventrikal kanan
dan ventrikal kiri.
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Struktur Jantung Manusia
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Struktur Jantung
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Fungsi Atrium dan Ventrikel Dalam
Sistem Kardiovaskular
Litaran peredaran kardiopulmonari
1
4 3
2
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Struktur Peredaran darah
1
2
3 4
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Mekanisme Pembukaan dan
Penutupan Injap Atriovantrikular
Keadaan injap terbuka. Darah mengalir
masuk dari atrium ke ventrikal
Keadaan injap tertutup. Darah
terhalang dari mengalir ke belakang
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Semasa inspirasi, udara yang mengandungi oksigen dibawa masuk ke paru-paru melalui salur pernafasan.
Gas oksigen ini disimpan sementara dalam alveolus.
Jantung akan mengepam darah kurang oksigen ke paru-paru.
Gas-gas oksigen dan karbon dioksida meresap merentasi membran alveolus dan meresap ke dalam darah melalui kapilari-kapilari darah.
SISTEM PEREDARAN DARAH
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Karbon dioksida dihembus keluar daripada paru-
paru melalui salur pernafasan.
Oksigen yang merentasi membran alveolus dan
kapilari seterusnya meresap ke dalam darah.
Darah beroksigen kemudian diangkut ke jantung
dan dipam melalui arteri untuk diagihkan kepada
sel-sel tisu lain di dalam badan.
SISTEM PEREDARAN DARAH
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Bagaimana Jantung Berfungsi
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SALUR DARAH
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Salur Darah
Salur darah pula terdiri daripada arteri,
vena dan kapilari.
Salur darah ini membolehkan darah
mengalir dan melengkapi peredaran
darah daripada jantung ke tisu dan
kembali semula ke jantung.
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Salur Darah
Proses peredaran darah mengangkut
oksigen daripada paru-paru ke sel-sel tisu
badan dan mengeluarkan karbon dioksida
daripada sel-sel tisu ke paru-paru berlaku
secara sistematik.
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Litar peredaran sistemik
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SALUR DARAH
1. Salur nadi (artery)
Bertugas sebagai saluran yang mengalirkan darah beroksigen
dari jantung ke seluruh tisu badan kecuali salurnadi paru-paru.
2. Pembuluh (vena)
Berfungsi sebagai saluran yang mengalirkan darah kurang beroksigen kembali semula ke jantung kecuali pembuluh paru-paru.
3. Rerambut (capillary)
Merupakan salur halus yang membentuk rangkaian di dalam tisu tubuh badan.
Rangkaian kapilari menerima darah dari salur nadi halus (arteriol) dan mengalirkan darah ke dalam pembuluh halus (venul)
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SALUR DARAH
Darah membentuk anggaran 7% daripada
berat tubuh orang dewasa normal.
Orang dewasa yang mempunyai berat badan
70kg, biasanya mempunyai kira-kira 5 hingga
6 liter darah dalam sistem biologinya.
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SISTEM TENAGA
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Tenaga untuk Aktiviti Fizikal
(a) Kitaran tenaga biologi:
Sumber adenosina trifosfat (ATP)
Sumber anaerobik
Sumber aerobik
(mengetahui konsep penting tentang tenaga
sebagai asas fisiologi senaman)
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6.1 Tenaga untuk Aktiviti Fizikal
(a) Kitaran tenaga biologi:
Adenosina Trifosfat: mata wang tenaga
Nutrien daripada makanan menyediakan sumber
potensi utama untuk membentuk ATP
Tenaga kimia dalam ATP digunakan untuk kerja-
kerja biologi
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Objektif
Sumber tenaga luar tubuh
Sumber tenaga dalam tubuh
Penghasilan Tenga
Klasifikasi sukan berdasarkan masa lakuan
dan predominant intracellular energy
pathways
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Sumber tenaga luar tubuh
Karbohidrat Dipecahkan ke dalam bentuk
tenaga
1 gram karbohidrat menghasilkan 4 kalori tenaga
Lemak Dipecahkan ke asid lemak dan
glyserin
1 gram lemak hasilkan 9 kalori tenaga
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Sumber tenaga luar tubuh
Stor tenaga selepas makan
Karbohidrat disimpan di hati dan otot
sebagai glikogen dan lemak dalam tisu
adipos.
Lemak disimpan sebagai lemak tepu
dalam sel-sel lemak
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Sumber tenaga dalam tubuh
Anaerobik Alaktik
Tenaga disimpan sebagai ATP dan CP
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Sumber tenaga dalam tubuh
Anaerobik laktik
Tenaga disimpan sebagai glikogen
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Sumber tenaga dalam tubuh
Aerobik
Menggunakan karbohidrat dan lemak
sebagai tenaga di mana darah
membawanya ke otot dari luar.
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Penghasilan Tenaga
Mitochondria dan konsep ATP, ADP dan PC
Penghasilan laktik dari lemak, karbohidrat
dan penghasilan tenaga anaerobik laktik.
Kitaran kreb dan penghasilan tenaga aerobik
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Klasifikasi sukan berdasarkan masa lakuan
dan predominant intracellular energy
pathways
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ATP dijana daripada karbohidrat , lemak dan proteins melalui proses katabolisme
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ATP
ATP juga dijana tanpa oksigen daripada fosfat bertenaga
tinggi iaitu kreatin fosfat (CP)
Tenaga daripada CP amat penting ketika transisi daripada
keperluan tenaga rendah ke tinggi , seperti ketika permulaan
latihan ketika keperluan tenaga melebihi bekalan daripada
pemecahan makronutrien yang tersimpan
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Our bodies naturally make the compound, which is used to supply energy to our muscles. It is produced in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys, and is transported to the body's muscles through the bloodstream. Once it reaches the muscles, it is converted into phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate). This high-powered metabolite is used to regenerate the muscles' ultimate energy source, ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
What is Creatine?
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Creatine Supplementation
Muscle cells generate mechanical work from
an energy liberating chemical reaction -- ATP
is split into ADP and P (phosphate).
ATP can be used by muscle cells very
quickly, but there is only an extremely limited
supply -- usually only enough for a few
seconds of high intensity work.
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Creatine Supplementation
When the ATP is gone, work stops.
Fortunately, the body has several ways to
convert ADP back to ATP.
The fastest method is to move the phosphate
group off of phosphocreatine and onto ADP.
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Creatine Supplementation
This yields ATP -- which is immediately
available for muscular work -- and creatine.
There is enough phosphocreatine to keep
ATP levels up for several more seconds.
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Creatine Supplementation
So at this point we've moved from 2 - 3
seconds of all-out work (ATP) to almost 10
seconds (ATP + creatine).
The body can recharge creatine back to
phosphocreatine, but this takes time
(approximately 30 - 60 seconds).
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Creatine Supplementation
This ATP + creatine system makes up the
fastest component of the anaerobic system,
and is most used by power athletes.
A good example is trench warfare in football
(i.e., 6 seconds of all out force, followed by
45 seconds of standing around).
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Creatine phosphate
The phosphate group in creatine phosphate
is attached by a "high-energy" bond like that
in ATP.
Creatine phosphate derives its high-energy
phosphate from ATP and can donate it back
to ADP to form ATP.
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Creatine phosphate
Creatine phosphate + ADP ↔ creatine + ATP
The pool of creatine phosphate in the fiber is
about 10 times larger than that of ATP and
thus serves as a modest reservoir of ATP.
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Glycogen
Skeletal muscle fibers contain about 1%
glycogen.
The muscle fiber can degrade this glycogen
by glycogenolysis producing glucose-1-
phosphate.
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Glycogen
This enters the glycolytic pathway to yield two
molecules of ATP for each pair of lactic acid
molecules produced.
Not much, but enough to keep the muscle
functioning if it fails to receive sufficient
oxygen to meet its ATP needs by respiration.
However, this source is limited and eventually
the muscle must depend on cellular
respiration.
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The process of glycolysis is an enzyme controlled, four-step reaction that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cells: 1. Energy is required to begin the process, so a molecule of glucose accepts two high-energy phosphate groups from two ATP molecules. 2. The resulting intermediary molecule immediately divides into two, three-carbon molecules called PGAL, each containing a high-energy phosphate group. 3. A second high-energy phosphate group is added to the three-carbon PGAL molecule and two NADH molecules are produced. 4. Finally, the three-carbon PGAL molecules donate their high-energy phosphate to create ATP and the three-carbon pyruvate forms as the final products.
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If oxygen is present, pyruvate undergoes aerobic respiration, which consists of two parts: the Kreb's cycle
1. Acetyl CoA donates the two-carbon acetyl group to a four-carbon intermediary compound, oxaloacetic acid, to create the six-carbon citric acid molecule. 2. The high-energy electrons are oxidized to create the energy-rich NADH molecule when the six-carbon compound loses a carbon dioxide molecule to become a five-carbon molecule.
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3. A second molecule of NADH and a molecule of ATP are produced when another carbon dioxide molecule is released from the five-carbon molecule, which then degrades to a new four-carbon molecule. 4. The four-carbon molecule is further oxidized to transfer high-energy electrons to create the high-energy compound, FADH2, and more NADH. 5. Enzymes rearrange bonding within the four-carbon molecule to become oxaloacetic acid, which combines with the acetyl CoA to restart the Kreb's cycle.
The combination of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle ultimately allows 36 ATP molecules to be produced from the energy contained in one molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen
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CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS FOODS ARE COMPOSED PRIMARILY OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN AND (PROTEIN) NITROGEN. MOLECULAR BONDS IN FOOD ARE RELATIVELY WEAK AND PROVIDE LITTLE ENERGY WHEN BROKEN. THESE BONDS ARE RELEASED IN CELLS THEN STORED IN THE FORM OF A HIGH-ENERGY COMPOUND CALLED ADENOSINE TRIPHOPHATE (ATP)
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ENERGY SUPPLY DURING VARIOUS INTENSITY
OF WORKOUTS
100
50
0 10 20
40 60 80 120
PERCEN
TAG
E O
F
EN
ERG
Y S
UPPLY
DURATION OF LOAD (SECONDS)
OXYDATION
GLYCOLYSIS
ATP/CP
ATP
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Semasa senaman, terdapat tiga sumber tenaga :
Tenaga Semerta: sistem ATP-CP
Tenaga Jangka Pendek: Sistem Asid Laktik
Tenaga Jangka Panjang : Sistem Aerobik
Secara relatif, sumbangan tenaga anaerobik dan aerobik semasa senaman berubah mengikut jangka masa dan intensiti latihan
Memahami keperluan tenaga pelbagai aktiviti sukan dan membentuk sistem yang betul adalah penting. Ia menjelaskan kenapa :
Pemegang rekod dunia dalam acara larian 1 batu tidak semestinya pelari jarak jauh terhandal
Ramai pelari maraton yang tidak dapat menamatkan larian 1 batu dalam tempoh kurang drpd 4 minit, tetapi dapat menamatkan larian 26 batu pada purata kelajuan 5 batu sejam.
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KESIMPULAN
Seseorang jurulatih harus memahami tentang
pergerakan tubuh:
Memanipulasikan sistem di dalamnya untuk
tujuan memberikan persembahan dan
pencapaian yang maksimum dalam sukan.