Turin PapyrusDATE: 1,300 B.C.AUTHOR: unknown

DESCRIPTION: In so far as caro!ra"#$ %s conc&rn&', "&r#a"s #& !r&a&s &(an

E!$"%an ac#%&)&*&n %s r&"r&s&n&' +$ #& Tur%n Pa"$rus, co&c&' +$ B&rnar'%no

Dro)&% +&for& 1-/ an' now "r&s&r)&' %n #& E!%%o us&u* of Tur%n, Ia$. T#&

 "a"$rus scro ar%fac "ro+a+$ 'a&s fro* 3,100 B.C. w%# #& *a" a""ar&n$ "r&"ar&'aroun' #& r&%!n of Ra*s&s I2 1,140 B.C.5, w#o %n%%a&' a s$s&*a%c an' sur)&$ of #%s

&n%r& &*"%r&. T#& &nor*ous &("&n'%ur&s of #& P#arao#s an' #& "r%&s#oo' w&r& *&

 "r%nc%"a$ +$ a(&s on #& an', "a$a+& usua$ %n #& for* of !ra%n cro"s. 6or "ur"os&sof suc# a(a%on, #& an' was car&fu$ *&asur&' an' r&!%s&r&', an' #& +oun'ar%&s

*ark&'. T#&r& %s r&ason o +&%&)& #a #%s $"& of 'aa was "u 'own on *a"s. C&nur%&s

a&r, #& 7r&&k sc%&n%s Eraos#&n&s *a'& us& of #&s& &ar$ E!$"%an *&asur&*&ns %n#%s r&a%s&s.

 T#& &(an "a"$rus cons%ss of wo "r%nc%"a s&c%ons, &ar%&r #ou!# o +&on! o wo'%ff&r&n 'ocu*&ns. T#& *or& %*"oran s&c%on %s a fra!*&n, *&asur%n! a""ro(%*a&$

for$ c&n%*&&rs #%!#, !&n&ra$ ca&' #& 8*a" of #& !o' *%n&s8. I '&"%cs wo +roa'

roa's, runn%n! "ara& o &ac# o#&r #rou!# "%nk%s#9r&' *ouna%nous r&!%ons. T#&$ ar&

'rawn #or%ona$ across #& "a"$rus, #& ow&r w%# %n'%ca%ons of a rock$ +&' or s"ars&

 

)&!&a%on, c#arac&r%s%c of #& ar!&r 'r%&'9u" wa&rcours&s or wa'%s #a for* #&

naura rou&s across #& &as&rn '&s&r fro* #& N%& o #& R&' S&a. &!&n's wr%&n %n

#%&ra%c, #& curs%)& #%&ro!%"#%c &)&r$'a$ #an' of #& %*&, &("a%n w#&r& #&s& rou&s o#& &f ar& &a'%n!. A +roa', w%n'%n! crosswa$ wa'% conn&cs #& wo rou&s, fro* w#%c#

an a&rna%)& rou& %s %n'%ca&' an' a+&&', aso &a'%n! o #& &f. Runn%n! )&r%ca$

fro* #& u""&r rou& %s $& ano#&r roa' w%# #%&ra%c &( #a !%)&s %s '&s%na%on. T#&s%!n%f%canc& of #& ar&a "a%n&' r&' %s &("a%n&' +$ ano#&r &!&n' #a r&a's, 8#&

*ouna%ns w#&r& !o' %s was#&': #&$ ar& coor&' %n r&'.8 T#& E!$"%an &r* us&' #&r&

for r&', 'sr, %s #a *os !&n&ra$ &*"o$&' for a s#a'&s of r&', #& coor us&' o '&"%cr&' !ran%&, san'son&, an' #& awn$ #u& of #& '&s&r. T#& &r* 8*ouna%ns of !o'8 %s

r&"&a&' &s&w#&r& %n #& ar&a coor&' r&', as w& as a""ar&n$ #& "#as& 8*ouna%ns of

s%)&r an' !o'.8 In "ac&s #& r&' ar&a %s +rou!# o a "o%n an' !%)&n a '%s%nc%)& na*&

suc# as 8#& "&ak8 or 8#& "&ak on w#%c# A*un %s.8 T#& %n&n%on was a""ar&n$ or&n'&r #& +as%c ou%n&s of #& *ouna%ns a%' 'own fa on &%#&r s%'& of #& )a&$ rou&

ra#&r #an o '&%n&a& "r&c%s&$ an' accura&$ #& ar&a of aur%f&rous rocks.

 T#&r& ar& o#&r '%s%nc%)& f&aur&s ou%n&', coor&', an' a+&&' %n #%&ra%c. N&ar #&

 ;unc%on of #& cross )a&$ w%# #& u""&r rou& a c%rcuar, 'ark9coor&' %*a!& %s *ark&',

w%# a s&con' "ar%a$ o)&ra""%n! '&s%!n %n a 'ark&r +ack %n&. T#& f%!ur& %s "ro+a+$%n&n'&' o r&"r&s&n a w&, #ou!# no &( %'&n%f%&s %. A %& +&ow an' o #& r%!# of

#& '&s%!n %s ano#&r, *or& o+on! %n s#a"&, coor&' !r&&n w%# #& %!a! %n&s +$ w#%c#

#& anc%&n E!$"%ans con)&n%ona$ r&"r&s&n&' wa&r. <%#%n #& '&s%!n #&r& ar& rac&sof a #%&ra%c !rou", a""ar&n$ o +& r&a' as 8c%s&rn8, 8wa&r9"ac&,8 or #& %k&. In #&

sa*& c&nra s&c%on of #& *a" a roun'9o""&' s&a %s aso %n'%ca&' %n w#%&, w%# a

&!&n' 'a%n! % o #& r&%!n of S&#os of #& N%n&&&n# D$nas$. T#& f&aur& %s

 "r&su*a+$ o +& %'&n%f%&' w%# on& of #& rock9cu s&a& &(&cu&' +$ #a k%n!,'&"%c%n! A*un or ano#&r '&%$, "r&s&r)&' on #& *ouna%n fac& fank%n! #& wa'%.

T#&r& ar& aso wo *an9*a'& f&aur&s on #& u""&r s%'& of #& u""&r rou&. On& %s c&ar$

a ar!& +u%'%n! cona%n%n! s&)&ra cours or roo*s w%# conn&c%n! 'oors, '&scr%+&' as#& 8s#r%n&8, 8r&s%n! "ac&8 or 8a+o'&8 of 8A*un of #& Pur& ouna%n.8 T#&r& ar& aso

#r&& s*a r&can!uar for*s a+&&' 8#& #ous&s of #& !o' work%n! s&&*&n.8

 T#& s&con' s&c%on of #& "a"$rus co*"r%s&s a nu*+&r of fra!*&ns for w#%c# #& f%na

 "ac&*&n, +as&' on car&fu su'$ of #& f%+&rs of #& "a"$rus, #as $& o +& *a'&. Is

 "r%nc%"a f&aur& %s #& con%nua%on of #& w%'&, w%n'%n! rou& of #& wa'% %n&rs"&rs&'

w%# son&s. T#%s cons%u&s #& ow&r rou& of #& o#&r s&c%on. In conras w%# #&!o'9*%n& s&c%on, #& ar&a on &ac# s%'& of #& roa' %s coor&' +ack, an' #& &!&n'

%n'%ca&s #a %n #%s ar&a #& son& known o #& anc%&n E!$"%ans %s +&k#&n %s o +&

foun'. T#%s +ack or 'ark !r&&n son&, !&n&ra$ ca&' sc#%s +$ E!$"%an arc#a&oo!%ss,%s *or& "ro"&r$ %'&n%f%&' as !ra$wack&. T#& sur)%)%n! fra!*&ns !%)& no %n'%ca%on of

 "r&c%s& oca%ons co*"ara+& o #os& foun' on #& s&c%on '&"%c%n! #& !o' *%n%n!

r&!%on an' %s s&&*&ns.

 T#& Tur%n Pa"$rus fra!*&ns w&r& on! cons%'&r&' #& &ar%&s sur)%)%n! o"o!ra"#%ca

*a" fro* E!$" o #a)& co*& o %!#. T#& "a"$rus c&ar$ #as a c#arac&r '%s%nc fro*

#& cos*oo!%ca 'raw%n!s of #& un%)&rs& or of #& rou&s o or '&"%c%on of #& af&r9%f&

 

foun' w%#%n #& for*a con&( of r&%!%ous ar. T#& 'rafs*an #as '%sr%+u&' '%s%nc%)&

f&aur&s %n accor'anc& w%# #& r&a%$ of a "ar%cuar ar&a, a''%n! car%$ +$ #& us& of

&!&n's an' conras%n! coors. T#& &(s %n'%ca& #a #& ar&a '&"%c&' *us +& aon! #&naura rou& fro* Co"os =%f5 on #& N%& #rou!# #& &as&rn '&s&r )%a <a'% a9

Ha**a*a o #& "or of =us&%r on #& R&' S&a. T#%s rou& was us&' %n anc%&n %*&s %n

#& cours& of &("&'%%ons o #& R&' S&a for ra'%n! )o$a!&s sou# o #& an' known o#& E!$"%ans as Pun >So*a%an'?. T#& c&nra ar&a, +&w&&n B%r A9Ha**a*a an' B%r 

U** 6awak#%r, was )%s%&' as a sourc& of orna*&na son& an' of !o', an' % %s r%c# %n

rock a+&s r&cor'%n! @uarr$%n! &("&'%%ons an' %n arc#a&oo!%ca &)%'&nc& of anc%&n!o' *%n%n!. or& "r&c%s& oca%on r&ss on #& %n&r"r&a%on of #& or%&na%on of #&

*a". T#%s r&@u%r&s #& r&sou%on of @u&s%ons conc&rn%n! #& "ac&*&n of fra!*&ns %n

#& s&con' s&c%on an' #& %'&n%f%ca%on of #& "ac&s o w#%c# #& roa's o #& &f of #&

)%&w&r ar& sa%' o &a'. In '&scr%"%ons of "ro"&r$ %n #& a&r "&r%o' of #& "o%ns of #&co*"ass ar& !%)&n %n #& or'&r sou#, nor#, &as, w&s, su!!&s%n! #a E!$"%ans or%&n&'

#&*s&)&s fac%n! sou#, w%# nor# +&#%n' #&*, #& w&s o #&%r r%!# an' #& &as o

#&%r &f. I wou' +& naura, #&n, for #&* o '&s%!na& #& o" of "a"$rus as Sou#.Suc# a )%&w s&&*s o +& su""or&' +$ #& &!&n' '&s%!na%n! #& u""&r rou& of #& !o'

*a" &a'%n! off o #& &f as 8#& roa' #a &a's o #& $*,8 #a %s, o #& >R&'? s&a,8

ak%n! $* %n %s *os co**on *&an%n!. T#& rou& *ark&' as &a'%n! off fro* #& cross)a&$ o #& &f %s %k&w%s& '&scr%+&' as 8ano#&r roa' #a &a's o #& $*.8 T#&

 "ac&*&n of #& s&con' s&c%on o #& r%!# of #& *a" of #& !o' r&!%on s&&*s corr&c,

s%nc& % wou' #&n cons%u& #& +&!%nn%n! of a "a"$rus ro, w#%c# wou' nor*a$suff&r !r&a&r 'a*a!&. T#& *a" wou' #&n s#ow on #& r%!# #a %s, #& w&s5 #&

'ark&r 8sc#%s8 ar&as of #& *a%n "ar of <a'% a9Ha**a*a, w%# #& !o' *%n&s of #&

r&!%on of B%r U** 6awak#%r so*& w&n$9f%)& k%o*&&rs o #& &as. A *or& r&c&n

co*"ar%son of #& f&aur&s s#own on #& *a" w%# #& !roun' *ac#&s #& )ar%ousf&aur&s s"&c%f%ca$ *&n%on&' %n #& !o' *a" w%# #& c&nra ar&a of <a'% a9

Ha**a*a an' w%# #& u""&r "ar of #& "a"$rus cons%u%n! #& Nor#. If #%s

 "ac&*&n w&r& corr&c an' #& fra!*&ns of #& s&con' "or%on w&r& o +& "ac&' o #&r%!#, % wou' r&@u%r& #& $* o w#%c# #& roa' now &a's w&swar', #a %s, +ack o #&

 N%&, o +& ak&n %n so*& s&ns& o#&r #an R&' S&a. I wou' %k&w%s& "ac& #& ar&a of

 +&k#&n son& o #& &as of #& oca%on of #& *a%n @uarr$ %nscr%"%ons %n <a'% a9Ha**a*a.

 T#& '%ff%cu%&s %n *ac#%n! f&aur&s '&"%c&' an' a+&&' on #& "a"$rus w%# #os& on

#& !roun' ar& co*"oun'&' +$ #& a+s&nc& of an$ %n'%ca%ons of sca&. T#& *a" s&&*s o +& a fr&&#an' 'raw%n!. T#& on$ %n'%ca%on of %s "ur"os& s&&*s o +& !%)&n %n #& s&r%&s

of #%&ra%c noa%ons wr%&n on #os& ar&as &f +ank a+o)& an' +&ow #& rou& an' #&

 +ack ar&as '&"%c&' on #& fra!*&ns of #& s&con' s&c%on. In conras w%# #& #%&ra%c&(s on #& !o' *a" %'&n%f$%n! !&o!ra"#%ca f&aur&s, #&s& &(s r&f&r o #& rans"or

of a sau&. A &( of f%)& %n&s, of w#%c# #& f%rs four ack #&%r +&!%nn%n!s, s&&*s o

r&f&c a s%ua%on %n w#%c# a k%n! s&n an &("&'%%on o #& <a'% a9Ha**a*a o +r%n! asau& +ack o T#&+&s. I was, w& ar& %nfor*&', '&"os%&' %n a works#o" +&s%'& #&

*oruar$ &*"& of Ra*&ss&s II Ra*&ss&u*5 on #& w&s +ank of #& N%& of T#&+&s an'

su+s&@u&n$ ak&n, #af9work&', o #& 2a&$ of #& %n!s %n a r&!na $&ar . Suc# a

'ock& *us #a)& +&&n wr%&n a T#&+&s, #& "a"$rus o+)%ous$ #a)%n! +&&n a so*&

 

%*& %n #& "oss&ss%on of on& of #& scr%+&s aac#&' o #& work !an! r&s"ons%+& for

consruc%n! an' '&cora%n! #& ro$a o*+s %n #& 2a&$ of #& %n!s. o%n!s on #&

 +ack of #& "a"$rus %ncu'& a r&f&r&nc& o #& sau& of Ra*&ss&s I2 of #& Tw&n%&#D$nas$, su!!&s%n! #a $&ar s#ou' r&f&r o #& r&%!n of #a k%n!. T#& "ur"os& of #&

*a" %s s% o+scur&. Annoa%ons on #& s&con' "or%on of #& "a"$rus su!!&s #a #&

'ocu*&n was 'rawn u" %n conn&c%on w%# work on #& &(rac%on an' rans"or of son&,u%*a&$ '&s%n&' "&r#a"s for a ro$a o*+ %n #& 2a&$ of #& %n!s. So*& of #&s&

no&s s&&* o !%)& *&asur&*&ns of +ocks on& s&&*s o "ro)%'& *&asur&*&ns of

acua '%sanc&s s&"ara%n! "o%ns on #& *a". T#& "a"$rus *a$ +& #& r&su ofcacua%ons of '%sanc&s for o!%s%ca "ur"os&s. To ;u'!& fro* %nsruc%ons cona%n&' %n a

*o'& &&r co"%&' +$ a "u"% as "ar of #%s scr%+a ra%n%n! %nsruc%ons #a s&&* o

r&f&r o #& sa*& !&n&ra ar&a as #& Tur%n a" 5, cacua%ons of '%sanc& ar& #& k%n' of

work a scr%+& *%!# +& &("&c&' o 'o. <#a %s unusua %s #a a rou!# sk&c# *a" %s%ncu'&'. Sur)&$%n! rar&$ r&su&' %n !ra"#%c *a"s, an' %n #%s r&s"&c anc%&n E!$" %s

)&r$ s%*%ar o *&'%&)a Euro"& un% w& %no #& 1/# an' 14# c&nur%&s.

 In su**ar$ #&n, #& or%&na%on of #%s "ar%cuar *a" "ac&s Sou# a #& o". T#&

!&o!ra"#%ca con&n '&"%cs #r&& roa's &a'%n! fro* un%'&n%f%&' E!$"%an !o+ *%n&s o

#& s&a. A "ro*%n&n f&aur& of #& "an %s w#a s&&*s o +& a w%n'%n! wa'%, or ra)%n&,a+ou #& sa*& w%'# as #& roa's, %n #& *ouna%ns of E!$"s &as&rn '&s&r +&w&&n

=%f on #& N%&, 'own fro* T#&+&s, an' =us&%r on #& R&' S&a. T#& *a" was 'rawn %n

conn&c%on w%# a sau& of a "#arao# w#%c# #a' n&)&r +&&n co*"&&'. I %s +&%&)&' #a#%s *a" aso '%s"a$s #& !o'9+&ar%n! +as%n o #& &as of Co"os s#own %n "%nk on #&

or%!%na *a"5 %n #& *ouna%nous r&!%on of Nu+%a >"ar of *o'&* Su'an? oca&' a B%r

U** 6awak#%r %n #& <a'% Ha**a*a. T#& scro no&s #& oca%ons of #& *%n& an'

@uarr$, #& !o' an' s%)&r con&n of surroun'%n! *ouna%ns an' #& '&s%na%on of #&roa'wa$s. T#& *a"*ak&r #as r%&' o s#ow #ow #& wo *a%n &as9w&s roa's %& %n

)a&$s #a ar& %nk&' +$ a roa' #a cur)&s #rou!# a *ouna%n "ass. On& of #& roa's

runs fro* P&us%u* o H&roo"o%s. On &%#&r s%'& of #& *a%n roa's #& *a" ou%n&ssawoo# *ouna%n ran!&s %n an &ar$ a&*" a r&n'&r%n! o"o!ra"#%ca '&a%. T#&

naur& of #& counr$, #& #ous&s, +u%'%n!s an' &nranc&s o !a&r%&s ar& aso %usra&'.

T#& *a" %s #ou!# +$ so*& sc#oars o co**&*ora& #& r%u*"#a r&urn of S&% I fro*S$r%a 1391333 B.C.5.

 Two !&oo!%ss fro* #& Un%)&rs%$ of To&'o %n O#%o &(a*%n&' #& *a" an' r&co!n%&'

o"o!ra"#%ca f&aur&s fro* #& *a", a roa'wa$ s% %n us& an' #& *ouna%ns on +o#s%'&s, s#own as con&s. T#& coors "%nk, +rown, +ack an' w#%& w&r& us&' o %usra&

*ouna%ns an' o#&r f&aur&s #ow&)&r, #& !&oo!%ss a*&s Harr& an' a( Brown

 +&%&)& #a #&s& coors w&r& no us&' for a&s#&%cs, +u #a #&$ 8corr&s"on' w%# #&acua a""&aranc& of #& rocks *ak%n! u" #& *ouna%ns8. On& r&!%ons s&'%*&nar$

rocks, w#%c# ran!& fro* "ur"%s# o 'ark !ra$ an' 'ark !r&&n, ar& *a""&' %n +ack. P%nk

!ran%%c rocks corr&s"on' w%# #& scros "%nk an' +rown9sr&ak&' *ouna%n. Accor'%n!o #&s& !&oo!%ss, #%s %s "ro+a+$ on& of #& o'&s sur)%)%n! !&oo!%ca *a"s an' #&

&ar%&s &)%'&nc& of !&oo!%ca #ou!#. Accor'%n! o #& !&oo!%s Harr&, 8In or'&r for %

o +& a !&oo!%ca *a", % *us s#ow '%sr%+u%on of '%ff&r&n rock $"&s. S&con'ar%$, %

s#ou' %n'%ca& #& oca%on of !&oo!%ca f&aur&s %k& *ouna%ns an' )a&$s. In +o#

 

r&!ar's #& scro @ua%f%&s an' r&*%n's us of *o'&rn !&oo!%ca *a""%n!.8 T#& En!%s#

sur)&$or <%%a* S*%# %s cr&'%&' w%# %n%%a%n! *o'&rn !&oo!%c *a"*ak%n! %n 1-14.

OCATION: E!%%o us&u*, Tur%n, Ia$

RE6ERENCES: FBa!row, ., T#& H%sor$ of Caro!ra"#$, ". 3.

 FBa, E!$" %n #& Cass%ca 7&o!ra"#&rs

 FBr%ck&r, C., an'*arks %n a"*ak%n!, ". 1/G. FBrown, ., T#& Sor$ of a"s, ". 33.

 FD%k&, O.A.<., 7r&&k an' Ro*an a"s, "". 1/914.

 FHar&$, .B., T#& H%sor$ of Caro!ra"#$, 2ou*& On&, "". 11G, 11914.

 FRa%s, E., 7&n&ra Caro!ra"#$, ". .