Ứng dụng bookstore trong semantic web

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Hc vin cng ngh bu chnh vin thng

Khoa cng ngh thng tin ************

Tiu lun Agent

ng dng bookstore trong

semantic web

Gio vin hng dn : Trn nh Qu

Sinh vin : i Thanh Thnh

Lp : D07CNPM1

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Softwarehttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

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Mc Lc :

I. Gii Thiu .............................................................................. 3 II. Web ng ngha ..................................................................... 4

1. Tng quan v web ngh ngha ......................................................... 4 2. S ra i ca semantic web ............................................................. 4 3. Web ng ngha l g? ....................................................................... 5 4. Kin trc web ng ngha .................................................................. 9 5. Vai tr cc lp trong kin trc Semantic Web .................................10

5.1 URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) .............................................................. 10 5.2 RDFS (RDF schema) ................................................................................... 12 5.3 Ontology Vocabulary ................................................................................... 12 5.4 Tng Logic .................................................................................................. 13 5.5 Tng Proof ................................................................................................... 13 5.6 Tng Trust ................................................................................................... 13 6. Ni dung xy dng Web ng ngha .............................................................. 14 6.1 Chun ho cc ngn ng biu din d liu (XML) v cc siu d liu (RDF) trn Web ................................................................................................................ 14 6.2 Chun ho cc ngn ng biu din Ontology cho Web c ng ngha............ 15 6.3 Pht trin nng cao Web ng ngha (Semantic Web Advanced Development - SWAD) ................................................................................................................. 15

7. Tng kt chng .............................................................................16 1. Khi nim v ontology ....................................................................16 2. Cc phn t trong ontology .............................................................18 3. Ngn ng OWL DL ........................................................................20 4. Tng kt chng .............................................................................23

IV. ng dng bookstore vi semantic web ............................ 23 1. D liu bookstore ca c s d liu A ............................................23 2. D liu bookstore ca c s d liu F .............................................24 3. Bt u vic trn d liu .................................................................25 4. Trn d liu gia c s d liu A v F ...........................................26 5. Hon thin ......................................................................................27

V. Ti liu tham kho ............................................................. 28


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I. Gii Thiu

Bn quyt nh i xem mt b phim v mun n mt th g sau khi xem.

Trong trng hp ny bn s khi ng PC , m trnh duyt web v truy cp vo

Google tm kim cc thng tin v rp ht , rp chiu phim v qun n.

Tip bn cn bit b phim no s c trnh chiu trong cc rp chiu gn

bn, khi bn s tn kh nhiu thi gian cho vic c nhng ch dn vn tt cho

mi b phim trc khi thc hin s la chn ca mnh. Cng thm vo , bn li

mun xem cc qun n ngon no gn vi rp chiu nht. Do bn s mun kim

tra cc bn nh gi ca khch hng v cc qun n. Tm li, bn s phi gh thm

n hng na t website trc khi ra khi ca nh.

Mt s chuyn gia Internet tin tng rng th h web k tip web 3.0 s thc

hin cc nhim v ging nh vic bn tm kim cc b phim, cc mn n ti cc

qun gn c nhanh hn v d dng hn. Thay v phi thc hin nhiu tm

kim, bn ch cn nh vo mt hoc hai cu phc tp hn trong trnh duyt

web 3.0, cn li web s thc hin ton b cc cng vic cn li cho bn. Cho v

d, bn c th nh Ti mun xem mt b phim hay v sau i n ti mt nh

hng n ngon. La chn ca ti l g?. Trnh duyt web 3.0 s phn tch s p

tr ca bn, tm kim trn Internet nhng cu tr li c th v sau tr v kt qu

cho bn.

Tuy nhin khng phi l tt c. Cc chuyn gia cn tin tng rng trnh duyt

web 3.0 cn c th thc hin nhng cng vic ging nh mt ngi tr l. Khi

bn tm kim trn web, trnh duyt s bit c nhng g bn quan tm. Cng s

dng web, trnh duyt cng bit nhiu v bn v cng ngy bn cn phi a ra cc

cu hi hn. Cui cng l bn c th hi trnh duyt m cc cu hi ging nh

Ti nn i u cho ba tra?. Khi trnh duyt s c vn cho bn nhng g bn

thch v khng thch, ly a im bn ang v sau gi mt danh sch cc

nh hng.

Khi nim Semantic Web c Tim Berners-Lee nh ngha nh sau :


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Semantic Web nh mt s m rng ca web hin ti m trong thng tin c

x l mt cch t ng bng my tnh , lm cho my tnh v con ngi c th hp

tc vi nhau

Vi s ln mnh v kh nng lu tr thng tin ng ngha , Semantic Web s tr thnh mt th h web cho tng lai , th h web m chng ta ang ch i . V cng l l do m em chn ti ng dng semantic web trong bookstore trong bi tiu lun ny .

II. Web ng ngha

1. Tng quan v web ngh ngha

Web ng ngha l mt th h Web mi, ang c pht trin v s xut hin

trong tng lai gn. H thng Web mi ny s thay th h thng Web hin ti

song khng c ngha l mt h thng hon ton khc h thng Web hin ti. Web

ng ngha c pht trin trn h thng Web hin ti bng cch b sung thm

ng ngha cho cc ti nguyn Web m my c th hiu v tng kh nng x l t

ng.

2. S ra i ca semantic web

Th h web u tin bt u vi nhng trang HTML th cng , th h th hai

to nn mt bc cho my thc hin v thng l cc trang HTML ng . Cc th

h web ny mang ngha cho con ngi thao tc trc tip ( c , duyt , in vo

mu ) . Th h web th ba c gi l Semantic Web , mang mc ch l thng

tin se do my x l . iu ny trng khp vi quan im ca Tim Berners-Lee

m t trong cun sch gn y nht ca ng Weaving the web . Semantic Web

s lm cho cc dch v thng minh hn v d nh mi gii thng tin , tc nhn tm

kim , b lc thng tin ...Nhng dch v thng minh trn h thng web giu ng

ngha s nh th chc hn s vt tr hn nhng bn sn c hin ti ca cc dch

v ny , m ch gii hn v chc nng .


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3. Web ng ngha l g?

Tim Berners-Lee a ra hai vn ca web ng ngha, l to cho Web mt

mi trng cng tc tt hn v vn th hai l my c th hiu v x l t ng

cc thng tin trn Web. Hnh 1.1. biu din ci nhn bn cht ngun gc Web ca

Tim Berners-Lee. Ci nhn ny rt phc tp v phc tp hn nhiu so vi vic lc

ra cc trang HTML t cc dch v Web hin ti. Nhng trong hnh ny, c cc mi

quan h gia cc thng tin nh: "includes", "describes", "rote", y l cc mi

quan h gia cc ti nguyn m trong web hin ti khng c. V chnh cc quan h

ny a vo web ng ngha l cn thit, my c th hiu v x l thng tin t

Web tng lai HTML,XML,RDF (Semantic Web )

Web nm 1995 HTML ( t ng ngha )

Web hin ti HTML, XML ( nhiu ng ngha hn )


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ng trn web. Cc quan h ny c gi l cc siu d liu. Cng ngh c

c cc siu d liu ny l cng ngh RDF (Resource Description Framework)

Hnh 1.1. Mt xut ngun gc Web vi CERN

(CERN-Hi ng Chu u nghin cu ht nhn)

c th to ra web c d liu m my c th x l c, trc ht phi

thay i m hnh trong cch chng ta ngh v d liu. T trc n nay, d liu b

kho ngay trong cc ng dng c quyn. D liu c coi nh th yu x l

d liu. Thi khng ng ny bc l nhng sai st c bn trong lun c gc

bng vic thit lp s ph thuc gia x l v d liu. Hay ni cch khc, phn

mm tt th hon ton ph thuc vo d liu tt. Vi cc h tnh ton chuyn


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nghip th ngay khi bt u thc hin, vn d liu l rt quan trng, n phi

c xc minh v bo v. Vi Web, XML v xu th Web ng ngha ang ni ln

th c s thay i ca sc mnh ang di chuyn t cc ng dng sang d liu. Vn

ny cng cho chng ta mu cht hiu Web ng ngha. Con ng my c

th x l d liu ch yu l to ra d liu thng minh hn ch khng phi l cc

x l thng minh. Hnh 1.2 biu din s pht trin tnh thng minh ca d liu

theo thi gian.

Hnh 1.2. S pht trin tnh thng minh ca d liu

Hnh 1.2 ch ra s pht trin lin tc ca tnh thng minh d liu c bn bc quan

trng. Bn bc ny biu din t d liu c tnh thng minh thp nht n d liu

c thng tin ng ngha my thc hin suy lun v n.

Vn bn v c s d liu (bc ny l tin XML)

Bc u tin, hu ht d liu bc ny c s hu c quyn cho mt ng

dng. Do vy tnh thng minh l nm trong ng dng ch khng phi l trong

d liu.


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Ti liu XML vi min n

bc ny, d liu t c l: ng dng c lp vi min ring. By gi,

d liu thng minh c th di chuyn gia cc ng dng trong mt min n.

V d: cc chun XML trong cng nghip chm sc sc kho, cng nghip bo

him, hoc cng nghip bt ng sn.

Cc phn loi v ti liu vi cc b t vng hn hp

Trong bc ny, d liu c th c son t a min v c phn lp chnh

xc theo mt nguyn tc phn loi c th bc. Thc t, s phn lp c th c

s dng khm ph d liu. Cc quan h n gin gi cc lp c th c s

dng quan h v do vy, ta c d liu kt hp. Nh vy, d liu by gi thng

minh khm ph d dng v c kt hp mt cch hp l vi d liu khc.

Cc ontology v cc lut lp lun

Trong mc ny, d liu mi c th c suy ra t nhng d liu c theo

cc lut logic. Thc cht, d liu by gi thng minh c m t vi cc

quan h c th v cc dng hnh thc phc tp. iu ny cho php kt hp hoc ti

kt hp d liu nguyn thu nhiu hn v s phn tch v d liu mn hn. Mt v

d v s phc tp ca d liu l vic chuyn t ng ti liu trong mt min ny

sang mt ti liu tng ng trong mt min khc. mc ny, ta c th son

mt nh ngha mi trn Web ng ngha, my c th x l cc ti liu web c d

liu thng minh. Hn na, ta c th nh ngha d liu thng minh v d liu n

c lp vi ng dng, c th son, phn lp v ly mt phn ca cc h thng tin

ln hn.

Nh vy, vic xy dng web ng ngha ch yu tp trung xy dng h thng

web c d liu thng minh. D liu thng minh y khng c ngha l gn lin

vi tr tu nhn to, khng phi l cho my hc hiu cc t ng ca con ngi hay

my x l c ngn ng t nhin m n thng minh bi vic t chc la chn d


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liu biu din trong ngn ng c cu trc my c th hiu. V sau y chng

ta tm hiu v kin trc ca web ng ngha.

4. Kin trc web ng ngha

Web ng ngha c xy dng trn nn h thng web hin ti. Web ng

ngha c coi l s m rng ca Web hin ti c b sung thm ng ngha vo d

liu trn web. Hnh 1.3 ch ra s kin trc ca Web ng ngha.

Hnh 1.3. Kin trc ca web ng ngha

T s kin trc ca Web ng ngha, ta thy c by tng kin trc. Trong , vi

h thng Web hin ti (World Wide Web) l ang tng th hai.

Lp Unicode , URI : nhm m bo s dng tp k t quc t v cung cp phng

tin nh anh cc i tng trong sematic web .

Lp XML : cng vi cc nh ngha v namspace , schema , m bo rng chng

ta c th tch hp cc nh ngha semantic web vi cc chun da trn XML khc .

Lp RDF , RDFS : C th to ra cc pht biu m t cc i tng vi vi

nhng t vng v nh ngha URI , cc i tng ny c th tham chiu n bi

nhng t vng v nh ngha URI trn . y l lp m chng ta c th gn cc


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kiu cho cc ti nguyn v lin kt . V cng l lp quan trng nht trong kin trc

Semantic web .

Lp Ontology : h tr s tin ha ca t vng v n c th nh ngha mi lin h

gia cc t vng khc nhau .

Lp Digital Signature : c dng xc nh ch th ca ti liu (vd: tc gi ca

ti liu )

Cc lp Logic , Proof , Trust : Lp logic cho php vit ra cc lut , trong khi lp

proof thc hin cc lut , v cng vi lp Trust nh gi nhm quyt nh ng

dng nn hay khng nn tin tng .

5. Vai tr cc lp trong kin trc Semantic Web

Unicode: ch n thun l mt bng m chun chung c cc k t thng

nht s giao tip trn tt c cc quc gia, p ng tnh nht qun ton cu ca web.

5.1 URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)

Mt URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) l mt k hiu nhn dng Web n

gin. C th, n l mt xu ngn cho php nhn dng ti nguyn Web nh: vi cc

xu bt u vi "http:" hoc "ftp:" m chng ta thng thy trn World Wide

Web. Bt k mt ngi no cng c th to mt URI, v s hu chng v chng l

mt cng ngh c s xy dng mt h thng Web ton cu. H thng World

Wide Web c xy dng trn chng v bt k ci g m c mt URI th c coi

l "trn Web".

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) l mt dng c bit ca URI, c th n

l mt a ch trn mng.

URIref (URI reference) l mt URI cng vi mt phn nhn dng tu

cui. V d, ta c mt URIref : "http://www.example.org/Books#Ontology" bao

gm mt URI: "http://www.example.org/Books" v mt phn nhn dng

"Ontology" c cch nhau bi k hiu #.


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Theo nh quy c, cc khng gian tn l nhng ti nguyn m to ra cc a

ti nguyn, thng l nhng URI c kt thc bi k hiu #. V d:

"http://www.example.org/Books#" l mt khng gian tn. Cc ti nguyn khng

c URIref th c gi l cc nt trng; mt nt trng ch ra s tn ti ca ti

nguyn khng c s cp r rng v tham chiu URIref ca ti nguyn.

RDF (Resource Description Framework): Khung m t ti nguyn

RDF c W3C gii thiu cung cp mt c php chun to, thay i

v s dng cc ch thch trong Web ng ngha. Mt mnh RDF l mt b ba c

dng: [ch thuctnh itng]. Trong , ch l ti nguyn m c m

t bng thuc tnh v i tng. Thuc tnh th hin mi quan h gia ch v

i tng. Cn i tng y c th l mt ti nguyn hoc mt gi tr. Ba thnh

phn trn trong RDF u l cc URI.

Hnh 1.4. B ba RDF

V d : v mnh RDF

Gi s biu din mnh "The libary lends books, ta c ch l "The

libary", thuc tnh l " lends ", i tng l " books " v cc thng tin ny c cc

URI tng ng l "Http:/www.libary.org/ontology/

#libary", "Http:/www.libary.org/ontology/#lends" v "Http:/www.

libary.org/ ontology/#books". Khi mnh c biu din dng th nh sau:

Http:/www.libary.org/ontology/#libary

Http:/www.libary.org/ontology/#lends


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Mt tp cc mnh RDF c gi l th RDF.

Hnh 1.5. th RDF gm hai mnh

biu din cc mnh RDF m my c th hiu, RDF nh ngha ra mt s

c php nh: c php Notation 3 (hay cn gi l N3), c php ngn ng

RDF/XML (m rng t XML), hay th ca cc b ba nh v d Hnh 2.5.

5.2 RDFS (RDF schema)

RDFS l mt ngn ng ontology n gin ca web ng ngha, c coi l

mt ngn ng c s ca web ng ngha. RDFS l ngn ng m t b t vng trn

cc b ba RDF. N cung cp cc cng vic sau:

- nh ngha cc lp ti nguyn

- nh ngha cc quan h gia cc lp

- nh ngha cc loi thuc tnh m cc lp trn c

- nh ngha cc mi quan h gia cc thuc tnh.

5.3 Ontology Vocabulary


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B t vng ontology c xy dng trn c s tng RDF v RDFS, cung

cp biu din ng ngha mm do cho ti nguyn web v c kh nng h tr lp

lun. xy dng c cc b t vng ny, ngi ta s dng cc ngn ng

ontology biu din chng nh: RDFS, OIL, DAML, DAML+OIL, OWL, ...

Cc ngn ng ny cung cp kh nng biu din v h tr lp lun khc nhau v

chng da trn nn tng l cc ngn ng logic m t tng ng khc nhau.

5.4 Tng Logic

Vic biu din cc ti nguyn di dng cc b t vng ontology c mc

ch l my c th lp lun c. M c s lp lun ch yu da vo logic.

Chnh v vy m cc ontology c nh x sang logic, c th l logic m t c

th h tr lp lun. V logic m t c biu din ng ngha hnh thc (c trng ca

l thuyt m hnh), v cung cp cc dch v lp lun, l c s h tr my c th

lp lun v hiu ti nguyn.

5.5 Tng Proof

Tng ny a ra cc lut suy lun. C th t cc thng tin c ta c th

suy ra cc thng tin mi. V d: A l cha ca B, A l em trai C th khi ta c

thng tin mi l C l bc ca B. c c cc suy lun ny th c s l FOL

(First-Order-Logic). V tng ny hin nay cc nh nghin cu ang xy dng cc

ngn ng lut cho n nh: SWRL, RuleML.

5.6 Tng Trust

m bo tnh tin cy ca cc ng dng trn Web ng ngha. V d: c mt

ngi bo x l xanh, mt ngi khc li ni x khng xanh, nh th Web ng ngha

l khng ng tin cy? Cu tr li y c xem xt trong cc ng cnh. Mi

ng dng trn web ng ngha s c mt ng cnh c th, chnh v th cc mnh

trn c th nm trong cc ng cnh khc nhau khi ng ngha tng ng khc

nhau nn cc mnh vn ng, ng tin cy trong ng cnh ca n. c

c s chng minh v tin cy th cc lp lun c p dng l khng n iu


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v c cc c ch kim tra chng minh kt hp vi cng ngh ch k in t xc

nhn tin cy. Cc ngn ng chng minh l ngn ng cho ta chng minh mt

mnh l ng hay sai.

6. Ni dung xy dng Web ng ngha

xy dng h thng Web ng ngha thay th cho World Wide Web hin ti, cc

nh nghin cu ang n lc v tp trung nghin cu vi ba hng chnh sau:

- Chun ho cc ngn ng biu din d liu (XML) v siu d liu (RDF) trn

Web.

- Chun ho cc ngn ng biu din Ontology cho Web c ng ngha.

- Pht trin nng cao Web c ng ngha (Semantic Web Advanced Development

- SWAD).

6.1 Chun ho cc ngn ng biu din d liu (XML) v cc siu d liu (RDF) trn Web

Nh chng ta bit, World Wide Web rt thnh cng bi ngn ng XML.

XML lm cho cng ngh Web pht trin mnh m nh hin nay. V Web ng

ngha c pht trin trn nn Web hin ti, trn nn XML, chng ta c th thy

rt r ngay trong s kin trc ca Web ng ngha. Web ng ngha c b

sung cc ch thch ng ngha cho cc ti nguyn Web, v W3C gii thiu RDF

l chun c php to, thay i v s dng ch thch trong Web ng ngha. Do

vy vic xy dng ngn ng chun cho XML v RDF l thit yu biu din d

liu cho Web ng ngha. Trong qu trnh ny, c mt s c php c a ra

biu din RDF nh: Notation 3 (hay N3), XML/RDF, hay th cc mnh

ca RDF nh trnh by trn. Cc c php ny h tr biu din d liu cho

my c th hiu c.


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6.2 Chun ho cc ngn ng biu din Ontology cho Web c ng ngha

Ontology ng vai tr then cht trong vic cung cp ti nguyn c th truy

nhp x l t ng bng cch cung cp b t vng cho vic nh du ng

ngha ca Web ng ngha. biu din Ontology cho pht trin Web c ng

ngha cn thit a ra mt ngn ng chun cho s biu din mm do, linh hot v

a dng ca ti nguyn Web. Trong qu trnh chun ho ngn ng biu din

Ontology, mt s ngn ng c xut vi cc kh nng biu din tng dn nh:

RDFS, DAML+OIL, OWL, ... v tip tc c m rng trong tng lai. Cc ngn

ng ny c kh nng biu din tng dn nhng tng ng l kh nng quyt nh

gim dn ( phc tp tng dn). V cc ngn ng biu din Ontology c xy

dng phi cn bng c kh nng biu din v phc tp tnh ton. Cc ngn

ng ny c xy dng trn nn cc chun XML, RDF, v thng s dng c s

logic l logic m t biu din ng ngha v h tr lp lun.

6.3 Pht trin nng cao Web ng ngha (Semantic Web Advanced Development - SWAD)

Cc cng vic chun ho cc ngn ng biu din d liu XML, siu d liu

RDF hay ngn ng biu din Ontology l cc cng vic nn tng, c s to ra

chun chung c s pht trin h thng v cc ng dng trn Web ng ngha.

Vic a cc chun thnh cc th hin, cc sn phm ca h thng Web ng

ngha l cng vic ca SWAD. SWAD thc hin nghin cu v a ra cc th

hin ca Web ng ngha trn cng ngh c s v n cng b sung, hon thin cc

cng ngh c s ny. N ch ra cc cng ngh Web ng ngha c s dng nh

th no? Mc tiu c th ca SWAD l s dng cc cng ngh, k thut v cc

cng c hin c ca Web ng ngha to ra cc chng trnh vt xa hn tm

hin c, pht trin cc th hin thc tin v cung cp cc cng c v cc chun

mi cho Web ng ngha. pht trin SWAD hin ti c mt s d n ca cc

t chc thc hin nghin cu v pht trin nh: SWAD-Europe, SWAD-DAML,

SWAD-Simile, SWAD-Oxygen. Hin ti, Vit Nam, mt d n cp Nh nc

ang nghin cu thc hin trch rt t ng thng tin t cc trang Web v tin tc


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xy dng cc ontology cho lnh vc ny nhm "tip nhn" cng ngh Web ng

ngha khi c h thng mng mi ny.

7. Tng kt chng

Qua phn II ny chng ta c th hiu mt cch khi qut v Web ng ngha nh

ng c, mc ch v cc cng vic pht trin Web ng ngha. Trong , ta

thy c Ontology c mt vai tr quan trng trong Web ng ngha.

Trong chng tip theo chng ta s tm hiu chi tit hn v Ontology

III. Ontology v Web ng ngha

Chng ny s trnh by chi tit v Ontology v c s cng nh c php v ng

ngha ca ngn ng OWL DL, mt ngn ng pht trin Ontology Web

1. Khi nim v ontology

Cc Ontology ng vai tr then cht trong vic cung cp ng ngha m my c th

hiu c cho cc ti nguyn ca Web ng ngha. Ontology l mt thut ng

mn t trit hc nhm ch khoa hc m t cc loi thc th trong th gii thc v

cch chng lin kt vi nhau. Trong khoa hc my tnh, mt cch khi qut,

Ontology l "mt biu din ca s khi nim ho chung c chia s" ca mt

min nht nh. N cung cp mt b t vng chung bao gm cc khi nim, cc

thuc tnh quan trng v cc nh ngha v cc khi nim v cc thuc tnh ny.

Ngoi b t vng, Ontology cn cung cp cc rng buc, i khi cc rng buc

ny c coi nh cc gi nh c s v ngha mong mun ca b t vng, n

c s dng trong mt min m c th c giao tip gia ngi v cc h thng

ng dng phn tn khc. Vic tip cn ng ngha ti nguyn Web thng qua cc

Ontology th mm do hn v ngi s dng c th la chn b t vng v cc rng

buc trong cc Ontology. V d, cc ng dng trong cc min khc nhau c th s dng

cc Ontology khc nhau. c bit, cc Ontology c th c s dng c t ngha

ca cc ti nguyn Web (thng qua cc ch thch) bng cch xc nhn cc ti nguyn

nh cc trng hp c th ca mt s khi nim quan trng v hay hoc khng nh


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cc ti nguyn c quan h vi cc ti nguyn khc thng qua mt s thuc tnh quan

trng nh ngha trong cc Ontology.

T vng trong mt Ontology c th c biu din bng cc khi nim v

cc quan h c t tn v cc nh ngha khi nim c th c biu din bng

cc gii thiu tng ng. Cc gi nh c s c th c biu din bng cc

tin khi nim v quan h khi qut. i khi mt Ontology tng ng vi mt

c s tri thc logic m t. Mt Ontology cng cha cc trng hp ca cc khi

nim v cc mi quan h quan trng ca cc c th ny, n c biu din bng

cc khng nh ca logic m t.

V d sau ch ra mt Ontology c biu din trong logic m t thng qua

cc tin v cc khng nh.

V d 3.1. V d v mt Ontology c c s logic m t

Mt Ontology n gin v th vin c tn l ThuVien c th bao gm 3

phn:

Phn th nht: l tp cc khi nim v cc thuc tnh quan trng, c th bao

gm:

- Cc khi nim nh: Sach, TacGia, DocGia, NhaXuatBan, Nguoi

- Cc thuc tnh: doc, viet, motphanCua, namxuatban, theloai.

- Khi nim nh ngha: v d khi nim Tc gi bao gm tt c nhng

ngi vit sch hoc mt phn cun sch.

TacGia=Nguoi viet.(Sach motphanCua.Sach)

Thnh phn th hai ca Otology ThuVien c a ra bng cc gi nh

c s ca min v c th bao gm:

-Nguyn Duy, H Ch Minh, Phan Th Ti l tc gi:

NguyenDuy TacGia, HoChiMinh TacGia, PhanThiTuoi TacGia

Thnh phn th ba ca Ontology ThuVien l v cc c th v mi quan h

ca chng, c th bao gm:


18

- VN-KIM CHO WEB VIT C NG NGHA l mt qun sch: : sach

- VN-KIM CHO WEB VIT C NG NGHA c vit bi Cao Hon

Tr.

:viet

Cc Ontology da trn logic m t c th khai thc cc cng c lp lun

mnh ca logic m t, do vy my c th hiu c cc ti nguyn Web d hn.

H tr lp lun Logic m t c th rt hu ch m bo cht lng ca cc

Ontology m Ontology l nng ct ca Web ng ngha.

Gi s ta mun kim tra xem CaoHoangTru c phi l TacGia khng?

Da vo 3 tri thc sau:

: sach

TacGia=Nguoi viet.(Sach motphanCua.Sach)

:viet

B lp lun DL s a ra kt qu l tho. Do c th c mt ngh b sung tri

thc c s ny vo trong Ontology ThuVien

Nh vy, cc Ontology biu din da trn logic m t khai thc c

kh nng biu din tri thc cng nh kh nng lp lun hiu qu ca logic m t

my c th hiu c ti nguyn Web.

2. Cc phn t trong ontology

Cc c th (Individuals) - Th hin

Cc c th l cc thnh phn c bn, nn tng ca mt ontology. Cc c th trong

mt ontology c th bao gm cc i tng c th nh con ngi, ng vt, ci

bn... cng nh cc c th tru tng nh cc thnh vin hay cc t. Mt

ontology c th khng cn bt k mt c th no, nhng mt trong nhng l do

chnh ca mt ontology l cung cp mt ng ngha ca vic phn lp cc c

th, mc d cc c th ny khng thc s l mt phn ca ontology.


19

Cc lp (Classes) - Khi nim

Cc lp l cc nhm, tp hp cc i tng tru tng. Chng c th cha cc c

th, cc lp khc, hay l s phi hp ca c hai.

Cc ontology bin i tu thuc vo cu trc v ni dung ca n: Mt lp c th

cha cc lp con, c th l mt lp tng quan (cha tt c mi th), c th l lp

ch cha nhng c th ring l, Mt lp c th xp gp vo hoc b xp gp vo

bi cc lp khc. Mi quan h xp gp ny c s dng to ra mt cu trc

c th bc cc lp, thng l vi mt lp thng dng nht kiu Thing trn nh

v cc lp rt r rng kiu 2002, Ford pha di cng.

Cc thuc tnh (Properties)

Cc i tng trong ontology c th c m t thng qua vic khai bo cc

thuc tnh ca chng. Mi mt thuc tnh u c tn v gi tr ca thuc tnh .

Cc thuc tnh c s dng lu tr cc thng tin m i tng c th c. V

d, i vi mt c nhn c th c cc thuc tnh: H_tn, ngy_sinh, qu_qun,

s_cmnd

Gi tr ca mt thuc tnh c th c cc kiu d liu phc tp.

Cc mi quan h (Relation)

Mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng ca vic s dng cc thuc tnh l m

t mi lin h gia cc i tng trong ontology. Mt mi quan h l mt thuc

tnh c gi tr l mt i tng no trong ontology.

Mt kiu quan h quan trng l kiu quan h xp gp (subsumption). Kiu quan

h ny m t cc i tng no l cc thnh vin ca cc lp no ca cc i

tng.

Hin ti, vic kt hp cc ontology l mt tin trnh c lm phn ln l th

cng, do vy rt tn thi gian v t . Vic s dng cc ontology l c s


20

cung cp mt nh ngha thng dng ca cc thut ng ct li c th lm cho tin

trnh ny tr nn d qun l hn. Hin ang c cc nghin cu da trn cc k

thut sn sinh ni kt cc ontology, tuy nhin lnh vc ny mi ch hin hu v

mt l thuyt.

3. Ngn ng OWL DL

Web Ontology Language (OWL) l ngn ng nh du c s dng xut

bn v chia s d liu s dng cc ontology trn Internet. OWL l mt b t

vng m rng ca khung m t ti nguyn (RDF) v c k tha t ngn ng

DAML+OIL Web ontology mt d n c h tr bi W3C. OWL biu din

ngha ca cc thut ng trong cc t vng v mi lin h gia cc thut ng ny

m bo ph hp vi qu trnh x l bi cc phn mm.

OWL c xem nh l mt k thut trng yu ci t cho Semantic Web

trong tng lai. OWL c thit k c bit cung cp mt cch thc thng

dng trong vic x l ni dung thng tin ca Web. Ngn ng ny c k vng

rng s cho php cc h thng my tnh c th c c thay th cho con ngi.

V OWL c vit bi XML, cc thng tin OWL c th d dng trao i gia

cc kiu h thng my tnh khc nhau, s dng cc h iu hnh v cc ngn

ng ng dng khc nhau. Mc ch chnh ca OWL l s cung cp cc chun

to ra mt nn tng qun l ti sn, tch hp mc doanh nghip v chia s

cng nh ti s dng d liu trn Web. OWL c pht trin bi n c nhiu

tin li biu din ngha v ng ngha hn so vi XML, RDF v RDFS, v v

OWL ra i sau cc ngn ng ny, n c kh nng biu din cc ni dung m

my c th biu din c trn Web.

C php tru tng C php DL Ng ngha

ObjectProperty(R) R RI I I

ObjectProperty(S inverseOf(R)) R- (R-)I I I


21

Bng 2.1. Cc m t thuc tnh i tng OWL

C php tru tng C php DL

Ng ngha

Class(A)

Class(owl:Thing)

Class(owl:Nothing)

A

AI I

I =I

I =

intersectionOf(C1, C2, ...) C1C2 (C1C2)I = C1

I C2 I

unionOf(C1, C2, ...) C1C2 (C1C2)I = C1

I C2 I

complementOf(C) C (C)I = I\ C I oneOf(o1, o2, ...) {o1}{o2} ({o1}{o2})

I = {o1I, o2

I}

restriction(R someValuesFrom(C))

restriction(R allValuesFrom(C))

restriction(R hasValue({o}))

restriction(R minCardinality(m))

restriction(R maxCardinality(m))

R.C

R.C

R.{o}

mR

mR

{xI | y. RI yCI}

{xI |y. RI yCI}

(R.{o})I=(xI| RI)

{xI |(# y. RI) m}

{xI |(# y. RI) m}

Bng 2.2. Cc m t thuc tnh lp OWL

C php tru tng C php DL Ng ngha

Class(A partial C1 ... Cn) A C1...Cn AI C1

I ... Cn I

Class(A complete C1 ... Cn) A C1...Cn AI = C1

I ... Cn I

EnumeratedClass(A o1 ... on) A {o1}...{o}n

AI = {o1I, ..., on

I}

SubClassOf(C1,C2) C1 C2 C1I C2

I

EquivalentClasses(C1...Cn) C1...Cn C1I = ... = Cn

I

DisjointClasses(C1 ...Cn) CiCj,

(1i

22

[Functional]

[InverseFunctional]

[Transitive])

Func(R) Func(R-) Trans(R)

{ |(# y. RI)1}

{ |(# y.(R-)I)1} RI =(R I)+

AnnotationPropety(R)

Individual(o type(C1) ... type(Cn)

value(R1,o1)... value(Rn,on))

o:Ci, 1 i n

:Ri, 1 i n

oICiI, 1 i n

Ri

I, 1 i n

SameIndividual(o1 ...on) o1 = ... = on o1I = ... = on

I

DifferentIndividuals(o1 ...on) oi oj,1i

23

4. Tng kt chng

Trong phn ny gii thiu ngn ng OWL DL l ngn ng biu din Ontology.

Trong chng ny cng trnh by v c php v ng ngha ca OWL DL. Ngn

ng OWL DL cho php nh ngha cc Ontology, gip xy dng b t vng cho

Web ng ngha, h tr ch thch ng ngha cho ti nguyn Web.

IV. ng dng bookstore vi semantic web

1. D liu bookstore ca c s d liu A

ISBN Author Title Publisher Year 0651140X Id_xyz The Glass Palace Id_qpr 2000 ID Name HomePage Id_xyz Ghosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.com ID Publisher_name City Id_qpr Harper Collins London

PHP Introduction

2000

http://...../isbn/0651140X a:title

a:year

a:publisher

London

Harper Collins

a:city

a:p-name

a:author

Ghosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.com

a:name

a:homepage


24

2. D liu bookstore ca c s d liu F

ID Titre(tiu ) Traducteur (dch ) Original ISBN 202086 Le Palais des

Miroirs $A12$ ISBN 065140X

ID Auteur( tc gi ) ISBN 0651140X $A11$ Nom Ghosh, Amitav Besse, Christianne Nom : tn Kt hp 2 tp d liu

http://isbn/065140X 065140065140

http://..../isbn/202086

Le palais des miroirs

f:original

f:titre

Ghosh, Amitav

f:norm

f:auteur

Besse, Christianne Christianne

f:nom

f:traducteur


25

3. Bt u vic trn d liu

http:

The Glass Palace

2000

http://isbn/065140X

a:title

a:year

London

Harper Collins

a:city

a:p_name

Ghosh, Amitav

http://www.amitavghosh.com

http://isbn/065140X

http://isbn/2020386


Ghosh, Amitav

Besse,Christianne

Same URI

f:original

f:nom

f:traducteur

f:titre

f:nom

f:auteur

a:ho

mep

age


26

4. Trn d liu gia c s d liu A v F

http:

The Glass Palace

2000

http://isbn/065140

a:title

a:year

London

Harper Collins

a:city

a:p_name

Ghosh, Amitav


http://isbn/20203866


Besse,Christianne

a:homepage

a:name f:auteur

f:titre

f:original

f:traducteur

f:nom

Ghosh, Amitav

f:nom

a:au

thor

a:pu

blis

her


27

Mt s cu truy vn trong c s d liu F ( bng ting php )

- Ly ra tiu ca quyn sch gc -> thng tin ny ko ny trong c s d

liu F nhng c th ly bng cch trn vi c s d liu A

- Chng ta thy a:author v f:auteur l ging nhau nhng vic trn t ng

li khng bit c iu ny .

- Chng ta thm 1 vi thng tin d liu c th trn t ng c

- a:author ging nh f:auteur

- Thm 1 nh danh person , nh b sung thm 1 ti nguyn

5. Hon thin

http:

The Glass Palace

2000

http://isbn/065140

a:title

a:year

London

Harper Collins

a:city

a:p_name

Ghosh, Amitav


http://isbn/2020386682


Besse,Christianne

http://foaf/Person

r:type

a:author f:auteur

a:homepage

a:name

f:nom

r:type f:traducteur

f:titre f:original

f:nom

a:pu

blis

her


28

V. Ti liu tham kho [I] Lun vn tm hiu , nghin cu v xy dng ng dng vi semantic web-

2005-i hc khoa hc t nhin [II] Tutorial on Semantic web -2011-Ivan Herman

[III] Realizing a Semantic Web Application - Emanuele Della Valle [IV] Semantic web - http://www.phpvn.org/index.php/board,27.20.html [V] ng dng Semantic Web trong cuc sng


Ứng dụng bookstore trong semantic web

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