Oscar González García

Mis presentaciones tienen tan solo una finalidad didáctica y sin ánimo de lucro,

estando disponibles en Internet para todo aquel que las encuentre útiles. Salvo en

casos excepcionales, no cito las fuentes escritas ni audiovisuales que utilizo por

razones de economía de espacio y tiempo; de igual forma, no requiero que se cite

lo que yo elaboro.

Sin embargo, si algún autor reconoce sus textos o imágenes en mis trabajos y

considera que debe ser citado, no tiene más que ponerse en contacto conmigo e

incluiré su nombre donde sea necesario.

Gracias y disfruten de la Historia…

Prof. Oscar González García – IES Ornia (La Bañeza) 2017/2018

What are we going to study?ORDEN EDU 362/2015 de 4 de mayo – currículo ESO CyL

CRITERIOS DE EVALUACIÓN

3. Identificar los principaleshechos de las revolucionesliberales en Europa y América.

4. Comprobar el alcance y laslimitaciones de los procesosrevolucionarios de la primeramitad del siglo XIX

ESTÁNDARES DE APRENDIZAJE EVALUABLES

2.1. Discute las implicaciones de la violencia con diversos tipos de fuentes.3.1. Redacta una narrativa sintética conlos principales hechos de alguna de lasrevoluciones burguesas del siglo XIX,acudiendo a explicaciones causales,sopesando los pros y los contras.4.1. Sopesa las razones de losrevolucionarios para actuar como lohicieron.4.2. Reconoce, mediante el análisis defuentes de diversa época, el valor de lasmismas no sólo como información, sinotambién como evidencia para loshistoriadores.

Bloque 2. La Era de las Revoluciones liberales

1. THE RESTORATION OF THE ANCIEN REGIME

The Restoration was a return to the political system of the Ancien Régime that wasimposed by the victorious European powers (Austria, Prussia, Russia and Great Britain)after Napoleon´s defeat in 1815.

The supporters of the Restoration believed that the monarchs were the only peoplecapable of leading a country; so that, popular sovereignty and constitutions could nolonger exist. They met at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815), where a series ofmeasures were adopted:

• Absolute monarchies werereinstated, although somehad to accept constitutionsthat limited their power.

• Europe´s borders werechanged.

• The European powers agreedto support any monarchwho was threatened byrevolutions or any attempt tolimit its power.

In order to that, two European alliances were formed to enforce the agreements madeat the Congress:

• The Holly Alliance: included Russia, Austria and Prussia. The monarchs of thesethree countries promised to support each other and to defend any European andChristian monarch threatened by revolutions.

• The Quadruple Alliance: added Great Britain to the previous group, but itsobjective was to hold regular meetings in order to resolve Europe´s problems.

Answer the questions:

• Compare the 1817 map of Europe with the

current one. Name five countries that no longer

exist.

• Which country was the main continental power in

1815? Which country do you think was the main

maritime power? Why?

• How were Italy and the German Confederation

affected by these changes?

2. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY

The opposition against the Restoration system was organised around three politicaltrends.

LIBERALISM: was an ideology that advocated individual liberties, such as the right oflife, freedom of expression and association, the right to choose political representativesand the right to own private property.

This ideology, with origin in British liberalism and in Enlightenment ideas, representedthe interests of the wealthy bourgeoisie. They fought to maintain the political rightsthat they had gained in their countries, and they supported:

• Constitutions that guaranteed citizens´ rights and liberties.• Constitutional monarchies as the form of government.• Separation of powers.• Popular sovereignty through limited male suffrage based on property ownership.• Individual liberties, such as freedom of association, and expression, freedom of the

press and religion.• They could be divided between moderates and radicals or progressives depending

on their ideas…

NATIONALISM: was an ideology that advocated the right of people to define themselvesas a nation to form independent states.

Nationalism originated in the struggle of many European countries against theNapoleonic Empire, moment in which a lot of people believed on the followingprinciples:

• The concept of nation-state based on a population with common links, such as acommon culture, history and language. It should also have clear territorialboundaries.

• Popular sovereignty.• Each nation should choose its own form of government.

We could differentiate two types of nationalism:

• Unification nationalism: advocated the unification of independent states withcommon links.

• Separatist nationalism: advocated independence for regions that formed part ofmultinational states.

DEMOCRACY: democratic movements advocated ordinary people´s right to participatein politics. Their supporters wanted to end the social and economic inequalitiesproduced by bourgeois liberalism.

The petite bourgeoisie, labourers and peasants rejected the limited male suffrageimposed by the wealthy bourgeoisie because them, that did not have properties, did nothave right to vote.

The key principles that 19th century democrats supported were:

• Universal manhood suffrage. All men should have the right to vote. Therefore, thepeople would be able to vote for the political option that best represented theirinterests, rather than only the interests of the bourgeoisie.

• A preference for the republic as a form of government, since they consideredhereditary monarchy to be incompatible with democracy.

Answer the questions:

• What were the difference between the two types

of nationalism?

• Match these terms to liberalism, nationalism o

democracy: constitutional monarchy, republic,

universal manhood suffrage, independence, limited

male, suffrage.

• Analyse the principles of liberalism, nationalism

and democracy. What were their differences and

similarities? Could a person be both a liberal and

a nationalist, or both a democrat and a liberal?

Explain your answer.

• Do you think it is reasonable that 19th century

democrats supported universal suffrage for men

only?

3. THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

Throughout three different waves, the revolution hit Europe, changing its structuresforever.

REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1820s:

The first revolutionary wave mainly affected the Mediterranean area:

• In Spain and Portugal liberal revolutions aimed to establish constitutionalmonarchies. Whereas in Portugal it succeeded, in Spain the Holy Alliance re-established absolutism.

• In 1821, a liberal – nationalist revolution began in Greece, whose inhabitantswanted independence from the Ottoman Empire. They gained it in 1829.

REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1830s:

• Belgium also wantedindependence from Holland, withwhich it had been united to as aresult of the Congress of Viena.After a strong uprising, Hollandgave Belgium its independence in1830, and Leopold I becameBelgium´s constitutional monarch.

• The Bourbons had returned to theFrench throne in 1814. LouisXVIII was followed by his brother,Charles X (1824), whostrengthened the absolutemonarchy and suppressedliberties. A revolution forced theking to abdicate and the assemblychose Louis Philippe of Orleansas a constitutional monarch from1830 to 1848.

On 28th of July 1830, the people of Paris rebelled against Charles X

The scene was painted by Delacroix – CLICK HERE

REVOLUTIONS OF 1848:

In 1848, a series of revolutionstook place claiming for theintroduction of some democraticprinciples we enjoy nowadays:

universal manhood suffrage popular sovereignty social equality

In France, the Second Republicwas proclaimed and democraticreforms were introduced. TheRepublic, however, becameincreasingly conservative andeventually Louis NapoleonBonaparte (who was elected aspresident) seized power. Underhis authoritarian rule, TheSecond French Empire wasproclaimed.

In the Austrian Empire, the GermanicConfederation and the Italian states,several nationalists revolutions took place.

4. ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATIONTHE ITALIAN UNIFICATION (1859 – 1870):

Italy was divided into several states.Piedmont-Sardinia, ruled by king VictorEmmanuel of Savoy, initiated the unificationprocess. In 1859, prime minister Cavourdeclared war on Austria and thePiedmontese army annexed Lombardy.

To the south, Garibaldi, a charismaticleader, led a people’s movement from thekingdom of the Two Sicilies, joining forceswith Piedmont. In 1861, Victor Emmanuelwas proclaimed king of Italy.

Several territories were incorporated after:1866 Austria left the Veneto and in 1870 thePapal States joined Italy. The new state,now unified, established its capital inRome.

German unification began as a result ofthese factors:

• The Congress of Vienna established theexistence of a German Confederation,divided into 39 states.

• Like in Italy, liberal and nationalistideas were popular in Germany. Therewas a desire to build a solid politicalunion.

• During the Revolution of 1848, theFrankfurt Parliament tried to create aunified state with universal manhoodsuffrage, but failed.

• In 1834, a custom union (Zollverein)had been established controlled byPrussia.

THE GERMAN UNIFICATION (1866 – 1871):

In 1862, Prussia had a large armyand a developed economy. It alsohad a new Chancellor, Otto vonBismarck, who started theprocess of unification by expellingthe Austrians from the GermanConfederation after the Battle ofSadowa in 1855 and achievingthe unification of the northernstates.

In the second phase of theprocess, Prussians defeatedNapoleon III of France, whowanted to limit their expansion.Prussia annexed Alsace-Lorrainefrom France, and after this victory,the rest of the German princesdecided to unite with Prussia. In1871 Germany became theSecond Reich and the processended. Berlin Became the capitaland Wilhelm I became Kaiser.

Answer the questions:

• Make an outline diagram of the three periods of

revolution. Include the dates, countries affected,

type of revolution and the results.

• In all of these processes, violence was used to

achieve changes. What other methods can be used

to achieve political objectives? Are there occasions

in which the use of violence is justified? Explain

your answer…

GlossaryRestoration: was a return to the political system of the Ancien Régime that wasimposed by the victorious European powers (Austria, Prussia, Russia and GreatBritain) after Napoleon´s defeat in 1815.

LIBERALISM: was an ideology that advocated individual liberties, such as theright of life, freedom of expression and association, the right to choose politicalrepresentatives and the right to own private property.

NATIONALISM: was an ideology that advocated the right of people to definethemselves as a nation to form independent states.

DEMOCRACY: democratic movements advocated ordinary people´s right toparticipate in politics. Their supporters wanted to end the social and economicinequalities produced by bourgeois liberalism.