U.S. History-Honors Unit 2: Balancing Liberty & Order (1753-1820)

Chapters 4-6

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Albany Plan of Union

• Cause = rivalry between Britain & France for control of North America

• Britain & Native allies versus France & Native allies 1757 – William Pitt becomes Prime Minister of

England

• Key Battles Fort Necessity (1755) – French defeat British

forces led by George Washington Battle of Quebec (1759) – British lay siege

and conquer capital of New France Treaty of Paris (1763) ends the war

• Proposal by Ben Franklin in 1754 to form a legislature uniting all the colonies.

Chapter 4: The Road to Independence (1753-1783)

Ben Franklin, Pennsylvania Gazette – May 9, 1754

North America in 1763

1. Increased her colonial empire in the Americas.

2. Greatly enlarged England’s debt.

3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her

American Empire was necessary!

Effects of the War

on Britain

1. Unites them against common enemy.

2. Created a socializing experience.

3. Created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

Second class citizens

Unimpressed with Britain’s military tactics were weak.

Effects of the War on the

American Colonials

British Proclamation Line of 1763

In response to Pontiac’s Rebellion

Closed region west of Appalachians to all settlement by colonists.

Colonists moved anyway.

BACKLASH!

Issues Behind the Revolution

Action When? What It Did

Proclamation of 1763

Sugar Act

Stamp Act

Declaratory Act

Quartering Act

Townshend Acts

Boston Massacre

Committees of Correspondence

Boston Tea Party

Intolerable Acts

First Continental Congress

Issues Behind the Revolution

“Gentlemen may cry peace, peace—but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! . . . Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God!—I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!”

--Patrick Henry March 23, 1775

• April 19, 1775 – British troops in Boston, Mass. march to Concord planning to seize the armory

Colonists find out and numerous riders scurry to inform the inhabitants including Sam Adams and John Hancock. Myths

Paul Revere was one of many riders, such as William Dawes.

His cry was “the regulars are coming out!” not “the British are coming!”

• 5 miles from Concord at (Battle of) Lexington, the British encountered 70 armed minutemen. “Shot Heard „Round the World” – no one knows who fired it.

• British continued on to Concord Most of the arms had been hidden As the British marched back to Boston thousands of colonists

began using guerilla war tactics resulting in 240 casualties

Revolutionary War

Paul Revere

Common Sense

Declaration of

Independence

• Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, published in Jan. 1776, arguing for separation from Britain

• Jefferson was primary author Borrowed heavily

from fellow philosophers, most notably John Locke Natural rights

Rule of law

Issues Behind the Revolution

• Loyalists or Tories – colonists loyal to Britain

• Financing the war

Congress could ask the colonies for help, but couldn‟t force them to give anything (ex. Valley Forge)

No power of taxation

• Britain blockaded Atlantic coast not allowing colonists to trade

• Washington never had more than 26,000 soldiers available at one time

• Most Continental soldiers were under 23 y.o.

• African Americans were banned from the Army in the beginning, but later free African Americans and Indians were recruited to help the colonists

• Inflation – steady increase in prices over time reduced the ability to buy goods

Hardships

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below

indicating American victories and the effect each had.

(pgs. 127-136)

Battle When Effect

Bunker Hill

Trenton

Saratoga

Yorktown

Famous Revolutionary War Figures

Benedict Arnold

Hero of the Battles of

Ticonderoga & Saratoga

Schemed with John

Andre to give West Point

to the British, but his plan

was foiled

Name now is

synonymous with betrayal

John Paul Jones

Father of the US

Navy

“I have not yet

begun to fight!”

Nathan Hale

21-year old that

volunteered to go

behind enemy lines

Captured and

hanged

“I only regret that I

have but one life to

lose for my country”

Thomas Sumter

“Gamecock”

General in the

South

Famous Revolutionary War Figures

Ethan Allen

Hero of the

Battle of

Ticonderoga

Leader of

the “Green

Mountain

Boys”

Francis

Marion

“Swamp

Fox”

Pioneer of

guerilla

warfare

Marquis de

Lafayette

French

general who

aided the US

Baron Frederick

von Steuben

Prussian general

who through drilling

turned the US into

a formidable

fighting force at

Valley Forge

N. America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

• Established independence

• Inspired patriotism

• First instance of a colony defeating its Imperial master

• Spread idea of liberty

• Promoted antislavery in the North

Numerous northern states abolished slavery thereafter

• Natives support of Britain provided a reason to continue killing them after the war ended

Effects of the Revolution

• 1st gov. of U.S.

• Failed

• One branch: legislative (i.e. Congress)

Weaknesses:

Chapter 5: Constitution of the U.S. (1776-1800)

Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Ceded land won in the Revolution to the purpose of creating new territories

• After 60,000 settlers inhabited a territory, it could apply for statehood via constitution

• Established American territorial policy

1780s

• Economic recession

• $50 million national debt

• States printed paper money leading to inflation

• Annapolis Convention

Meeting to try and solve economic crisis

Only 5 states showed up

Agreed to meet again in Philadelphia in 1787

Constitutional Convention

• Causes

Merchants and wealthy people that loaned money

began demanding their money back

States passed high taxes to collect the money

Some states, most notably Mass., said the tax must be paid in specie, i.e. gold or silver coin. Very rare.

Failure to pay could led to jail or foreclosure

Tax supported by the rich in the east. Farmers in the west likened it to British rule

• Led by Shays, protesters closed courthouses and raided the armory at Springfield

• Mass. gov had no army so they couldn‟t stop them

• By Jan. 1787, they had an army and suppressed the rebellion

• Importance: displayed the weaknesses of the Articles

Daniel Shays

The Constitutional Convention

• 55 delegates from 12 states (RI did not show) met in secret • Originally designed to amend or revise the Articles of

Confederation Quickly decided to construct a new gov from scratch Both VA and NJ plans would add executive & judicial branches, as

well as give the gov the power to tax and regulate commerce

“Father of the

Constitution”

James Madison

Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan

# legislative houses

2 1

How representation is determined

Population Equal

How representatives are chosen

Lower House = by popular vote

Upper House = chosen by lower house after state legislatures nominate

Elected by state legislatures

The Great Compromise

The Three-Fifths Compromise

Commerce Compromise

• established that

Congress could levy

tariffs on imports, but

not exports

• allowed the

importation of slaves

until the end of 1807

CONSTITUTIONAL

COMPROMISES

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below

indicating the compromises at the Constitutional

Convention. (pgs. 153-154)

• System in which power is shared among state and national authorities

• Power is divided among the three branches: executive, legislative, judicial

• No one is all powerful

• Reps term is shorter so that they are directly responsible to the people

• Senators are longer so they can check the whims of popular opinion

• Electoral College set up because the distrusted the people

• Did not predict parties would form.

• Thus, whenever there is not a majority, the House decides.

Federal System

Separation of Powers

Why Did they Select It?

• Federalists - Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay Favored the Constitution

Wrote a series of essays called The Federalist that explained the system and won popular support

Win due to superior organization and Washington‟s support.

Eventually agree to include a Bill of Rights to appease AFs

• Anti-Federalists - Patrick Henry, George Mason, George Clinton Opposed the Constitution

Why?

Absence of God

Denial of States‟ rights

Increased power of central gov

Lack of a Bill of Rights

Ratification

• Capital - New York City • Inauguration - official swearing-in ceremony on April 30, 1789 • Washington was careful in his action since he knew everything

would establish a precedent Washington‟s Precedents

Referred to as “Mr. President” Neutrality Refused to shake hands. Bowed instead. Added “so help me God” to oath of office Oath takes place outdoors Two Terms

• Cabinet - leaders of the executive departments that also advise the president

• Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson In charge of foreign affairs

• Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton In charge of economic policy

The New Government

• Moved to Philadelphia in 1790

• Jefferson, Madison and Hamilton have a dinner discussing assumption – Hamilton‟s plan for the federal gov to assume all state debts. Jefferson & Madison agree to Hamilton‟s plan, and in return get the

new capital built in the South plus a $1.5 million reduction in tax obligations for VA

• Washington, D.C. becomes capital in 1800

• Why assumption? Foreign nations that were owed money wouldn‟t want the

gov to collapse since they wouldn‟t get their money back.

Thus, they have a vested interest in the country surviving,

not just a state(s)

• Hamilton‟s plan called for a tariff - tax on imported

goods & creation of the Bank of the United States

Capitals & Hamilton’s Economic Policies

Alexander

Hamilton

• 1789 - French Revolution. New gov soon declares war on England.

• Citizen Genêt (1793) - French ambassador begins recruiting Americans to fight against Britain.

To be deported, but a change in the leadership of the French Revolution meant he would be guillotined if returned.

Married and was given U.S. citizenship

• Neutrality - not take either side. Washington

proclaims in 1793

Tensions rise between Britain & US

Became US‟ policy up to WWII

• Jay’s Treaty (1794) - Britain agrees to abandon

forts in the Northwest Territory

Failed to end British practice of impressment

1790s Foreign Policy

John Jay

• Whiskey Rebellion (1794) - People on the frontier, (esp. western Pennsylvania) refused to pay the Whiskey Tax Closed courthouses & attacked tax collectors

Washington personally took command and led 13,000 troops to suppress the rebels

Different from Shays‟ Rebellion because this was a tax passed by Americans, not foreigners

Importance: Showed the gov was committed to enforcing its laws. You need to elect new reps to change gov. Limits to public opposition.

• Rise of Political Parties Federalists

Democratic-Republicans

1790s in America

Federalists vs. Jeffersonian Republicans

Federalists (Hamilton)

Jeffersonian Republicans

Constitution Loose construction

Strong central gov

Favored national bank

Strict construction

Weak central gov

Opposed national bank

National Debt Use debt to establish credit

Pay off debt

Vision of America Pro-business Pro-agriculture

Political Power With wealthy & educated

With the common man

Ally Britain France

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below

and explain the events of the Adams administration.

(pgs. 207-209)

Events During

the Adams

Administration

XYZ Affair Alien &

Sedition Acts

Virginia &

Kentucky

Resolutions

Gabriel Prosser’s

Rebellion

“as real a revolution in the

principles of our government

as that of 1776 was in its form”

- Jefferson

• Nasty campaign

• Jefferson wins after 36 ballots in the House

• Importance: Peaceful transition of power

• Led to passage of 12th Amendment

Marbury v. Madison (1803) Established judicial review

Louisiana Purchase; Lewis & Clark

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below

listing how each leader dealt with U.S. expansion into

Native American lands. (pgs. 220-223)

Leader Strategy for Dealing With U.S. Expansion

Little Turtle

Handsome Lake

Tenskwatawa

Tecumseh

• 1812-1814; U.S. vs. Britain & natives

• Causes British support of Natives attacking U.S.

Anger over impressment

Embargo Act of 1807 – U.S. stops trading with all nations

Economic recession in America; Depression in Britain

• Britain burns Washington, D.C.

• Hartford Convention (1814) – New England threatens to secede

• Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) ends war. Old boundaries restored.

• Battle of New Orleans (Jan. 1815) U.S. defeats British

Makes Andrew Jackson a national hero

War of 1812

• Panic of 1819 – economic depression hits

• Missouri Compromise (1820)

After the War