VAKSIN STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

Latar belakang Pneumonia adalah penyebab kematian paling sering pada anak terutama pada negara dengan kematian anak paling tinggi dan telah di sebut sebagai forgotten killer of children oleh United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) and WHO.1 Angka kejadian tinggi Salah satu bakteri penyebab adalah Streptococcus pneumoniae2 Meningkatnya resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik (misal: penisilin)8

VAKSIN YANG DIGUNAKANSTEP 1 pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs).3

STEP 2 Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) 4

PPV (Pneumococcal Polysacharide Vaccines) PPV 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV), yang dipatenkan di Amerika sejak 1983. Vaksin ini terdiri atas Sejumlah kapsul polisakarida dari masing masing 23 serotypes pneumococcus Does not longlasting revaccination Tidak memiliki ajuvan

PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines) Polisakarida (pneumococcal serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) dikonjugasikan pada protein karier CRM197, salah satu toxin difteri yang nontoksik multivalent vaccine. Vaksin mengandung aluminum phosphate sebagai ajuvan

MEKANISME KERJA VAKSIN POLISAKARIDACWPS menginduksi inflamasi.

CWPS mengaktifasi jalur komplemen alternatifPS menginduksi antibodi ( IgG, IgM, IgA) Respon tubuh untok opsonisasi dan Fagositosis oleh makrofag Setelah itu antibodi tubuh akan mengenali bakteri berkapsul polisakarida tadi

Ketahanan tubuh bertambah

NEW VACCINES DEVELOPMENT : Adhesin targetedMemblokade permulaan infeksi

perlekatan bakteri ke reseptor sel pejamu dan kolonisasi strategi paling efektif untuk mencegah infeksi.

FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI ADHESI DAN KOLONISASI BAKTERI Streptococcus pneumoniae

FAKTOR VIRULENSI a. Kapsul b. Dinding sel c. Polisakarida dinding sel d. Protein Pneumokokus (pneumolysin,autolysin, protein permukaan) protein ahdesin PsaA/CbpA/SpsA/PbcA/PspC. e. Pili

DAFTAR PUSTAKA1. Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Chris Hani Baragwanth Hospital, Bertsham 2013, South Africa. 2. Health Section, United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, USA . 3. WHO 4. CDC 5. Streptococcus pneumoniae: Virulence Factors, Pathogenesis, and Vaccines E. ALONSODEVELASCO, A. F. M. VERHEUL, J. VERHOEF, AND H. SNIPPE* Eijkman-Winkler Institute of Medical and Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands 6. Adhesins as Targets for Vaccine Development Theresa M. Wizemann, John E. Adamou, and Solomon Langermann MedImmune, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA 7. Two major Spanish clones of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Portuguese isolates of clinical origin Manuela Cania*, Ricardo Dias, M. Vitria Vaz-Pato and Catarina Carvalho Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Centre of Bacteriology, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal Received 31 July 2002; returned 18 September 2002; revised 25 September 2002; accepted 7 November 2002 8. Structural and functional characterization of second pilus type in Streptococcus pneumoniae Direttore della Scuola: Ch.mo Prof. Tullio Pozzan Coordinatore dindirizzo: Ch.mo Prof. Cesare Montecucco Supervisore: Ch.mo Prof. Cesare Montecucco Universit degli Studi di Padova 9. Two major Spanish clones of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Portuguese isolates of clinical origin Manuela Cania*, Ricardo Dias, M. Vitria Vaz-Pato and Catarina Carvalho Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Centre of Bacteriology, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal Received 31 July 2002; returned 18 September 2002; revised 25 September 2002; accepted 7 November 2002 10.

10. A Second Pilus Type in Streptococcus pneumoniae Is Prevalent in Emerging Serotypes and Mediates Adhesion to Host Cells Fabio Bagnoli,1 Monica Moschioni,1 Claudio Donati,1 Valentina Dimitrovska,1 Ilaria Ferlenghi,1 Claudia Facciotti,1 Alessandro Muzzi,1 Fabiola Giusti,2 Carla Emolo,1 Antonella Sinisi,1 Markus Hilleringmann,1 Werner Pansegrau,1 Stefano Censini,1 Rino Rappuoli,1 Antonello Covacci,1 Vega Masignani,1 and Michele A. Barocchi1* Department of Cellular Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Novartis Vaccines,1 and Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena,2 Siena 53100, Italy Received 17 March 2008/Accepted 21 May 2008 11. Research Article Characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Colonizing Upper Respiratory Tract of Healthy Preschool Children in Poland Izabela Korona-Glowniak and AnnaMalm Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland Correspondence should be addressed to Izabela Korona-Glowniak, iza.glowniak@umlub.pl Received 27 April 2012; Accepted 27 May 2012 12. Comparison of Pneumococcal Conjugate Polysaccharide and Free Polysaccharide Vaccines in Elderly Adults: Conjugate Vaccine Elicits Improved Antibacterial Immune Responses and Immunological Memory Andre s de Roux,1 B. Schmoele-Thoma,4 G. R. Siber,6 J. G. Hackell,6 A. Kuhnke,2 N. Ahlers,4 S. A. Baker,6 A. Razmpour,6 E. A. Emini,6 P. D. Fernsten,6 W. C. Gruber,6 S. Lockhart,6 O. Burkhardt,5 T. Welte,5 and H. M. Lode3 14. Comparison of Pneumococcal Conjugate Polysaccharide and Free Polysaccharide Vaccines in Elderly Adults: Conjugate Vaccine Elicits Improved Antibacterial Immune Responses and Immunological Memory Andre s de Roux,1 B. Schmoele-Thoma,4 G. R. Siber,6 J. G. Hackell,6 A. Kuhnke,2 N. Ahlers,4 S. A. Baker,6 A. Razmpour,6 E. A. Emini,6 P. D. Fernsten,6 W. C. Gruber,6 S. Lockhart,6 O. Burkhardt,5 T. Welte,5 and H. M. Lode3 15.

15. Pneumococcal Vaccination of Elderly Adults: New Paradigms for Protection Lisa A. Jackson1 and Edward N. Janoff2 1Group Health Center for Health Studies, Seattle, Washington; and 2Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 16.