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I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH TRNG I HC BCH KHOA KHOA IN IN T B MN THIT B IN

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LUN VN TT NGHIP

M PHNG, THI CNG H THNG PIN MT TRI NUI TI DC. TM HIU VN HNH H THNG PIN MT TRI C LP (AA10-121107_ISOLE).GVHD: PGSTS. NGUYN HU PHC ThS. PHAN QUANG N SVTH: NG MINH AN MSSV: 40200009

TP H Ch Minh, Thng 6/2008

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i hc Quc Gia TPHCM i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM Khoa in in t

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM c lp - T do - Hnh phc

NHIM V LUN VN TT NGHIPSVTH: Ng Minh An Lp: DD02KTD1 B mn: Thit b in MSSV: 40200009 Ngnh: K thut in

1 - ti: M PHNG, THI CNG H THNG PIN MT TRI NUI TI DC. TM HIU VN HNH H THNG PIN MT TRI C LP (AA-121107_ISOLE). 2 - Nhim v: - M phng h thng pin mt tri c lp bng chng trnh Bond-Graph: + Gii thiu phn mm 20 SIM (Bond - Graph). + Pin mt tri (tnh ton, c s l thuyt, m phng). + Mch bin i DC-DC (tnh ton, c s l thuyt, m phng). + Acquy (tnh ton, c s l thuyt, m phng). + M phng h thng. - Thit k v thi cng mch np acquy trong h thng pin mt tri. - Tm hiu vn hnh h thng pin mt tri c lp (AA-121107_ISOLE). 3 Ngy nhn ti lun vn: 03-03-2008. 4 Ngy hon thnh lun vn: 22-06-2008. 5 - Gio vin hng dn : Phn hng dn: 50% 1. NGUYN HU PHC 2. PHAN QUANG N 50% Ni dung v yu cu LATN c thng qua B mn. Ngy. thng.nm 2008 CH NHIM B MN (k v ghi r h tn) GIO VIN HNG DN (k v ghi r h tn)

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LI CM NKnh tha qu thy c! Em xin c gi li cm n chn thnh n Ban Gim Hiu v cc thy c trong trng, c bit l cc thy c trong khoa inin t trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM, tn tnh ch dy, truyn t kin thc cng nh to iu kin thun li cho em trong sut qu trnh hc tp va qua. Em xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Hu Phc v thy Phan Quang n dnh nhiu thi gian, cng sc, quan tm theo di, tn tnh hng dn, ng vin v nhc nh em hon thnh tt lun vn ny. Qua y, em cng xin gi li cm n n tt c cc bn b v ngi thn xung quanh ng vin, gip em rt nhiu trong qu trnh hc tp. TP.HCM, thng 6 / 2008 Sinh vin NG MINH AN

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TM TT LUN VN.Nng lng mt tri cng nh nhiu ngun nng lng mi khc nh nng lng gi, nng lng thy triu, tuy khng cn l ti mi i vi th gii nhng i vi Vit Nam vn ny gn y mi c quan tm. Lun vn M PHNG, THI CNG H THNG PIN MT TRI NUI TI DC , TM HIU VN HNH H THNG PIN MT TRI C LP l mt ti ch nghin cu mt mng nh trong h thng pin mt tri, l phn nui ti DC. Lun vn gm 2 phn chnh: - Phn m phng : m phng h thng pin mt tri nui ti DC bng chng trnh Bond-Graph gm c: m phng tm pin mt tri, m phng b bin i DC-DC, m phng Acquy v m phng h thng gm 3 phn trn. - Phn thi cng: thit k v thi cng mch np cho acquy v cung cp cho ph ti t ngun pin mt tri. Mch in c hai phn chnh l mch iu khin dng PIC 18F8722 v mch bin i DC-DC (Cuk converter). Ni dung lun vn gm 5 chng: Chng 1: GII THIU V NNG LNG MT TRI V H THNG PIN MT TRI. Chng 2: M PHNG H THNG PIN MT TRI NUI TI DC BNG CHNG TRNH BOND-GRAPH. Chng 3: THI CNG MCH IN V CHNG TRNH IU KHIN NP ACQUY T PIN MT TRI. Chng 4: TM HIU VN HNH H THNG PIN MT TRI C LP AA-121107_ISOLE . Chng 5: KT QU, HNG PHT TRIN CA TI. Trong lun vn ny ti c gng a vo ni dung nhng phn l thuyt quan trng v h thng pin mt tri. c bit l phn m phng trong chng 2, ni dung gii thiu v mt cng c m phng mi, l chng trnh 20Sim. Qua y ti khng ch mun gii thiu v m phng pin mt tri m cn mong mun ngi c xem nh y l mt v d tm hiu v chng trnh m phng ny. Phn mch in cha tht s hon thin nhng nhng ai quan tm n vi iu khin PIC, cc mch hi tip dng p, mch Cuk v mch ngun cch ly u c th ly y lm v d tham kho. Mc d l kt qu tm huyt ca gn 3 thng lm vic nhng cng khng trnh c nhng sai xt, xin qu thy c v cc bn ng gp kin. Rt tic ti khng c thi gian v kh nng theo ui n cng ti ny, mong cc bn kha sau pht trin v hon thin hn na. Xin ng ngh y ch l mt lun vn, hy ngh n mt ngy c mt sn phm h thng pin mt tri mang thng hiu Vit Nam.

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MC LC mc: Trang ba......................................................................................................................................i Nhim v lun vn Li cm n..................................................................................................................................ii Tm tt lun vn ........................................................................................................................iii Mc lc ......................................................................................................................................iv Danh sch bng v hnh v ........................................................................................................vi CHNG 1: GII THIU V NNG LNG MT TRI V H THNG PIN MT TRI........................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Mt tri v ngun bc x Mt tri ........................................................................1 1.2 ng dng ca nng lng Mt tri.......................................................................41.3 Pin mt tri, cu to v nguyn l hot ng...6 1.3.1 Cu to.................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng .......................................................................................... 10 1.4 H thng pin mt tri 13 1.4.1 Thit k mt h thng pin mt tri ................................................................... 14 1.4.2 ng dng ca pin mt tri ................................................................................. 16 CHNG 2: M PHNG H THNG PIN MT TRI NUI TI DC BNG CHNG TRNH BOND-GRAPH........................................................................................................... 18

2.1 Gii thiu chng trnh Bond-Graph..................................................................18 2.1.1 Giao din v cc cng c c bn.19 2.1.2 Mt s m hnh c bn ca chng trnh Bond Graph..23 2.1.3 Mt s quy tc xy dng m hnh mch in trn Bond-Graph25 2.1.4 Cc quy c biu din ng lin kt .............................................................. 26 2.2 M phng pin mt tri ........................................................................................28 2.2.1 S tng ng ca pin mt tri ................................................................. 282.2.2 Dng ngn mch Isc............................................................................................... 29

2.2.3 in p h mch VOC ........................................................................................ 29 2.2.4 Mch in tng ng chnh xc ................................................................... 31 2.2.5 Tm pin mt tri.................................................................................................. 34 2.2.6 im cng sut cc i MPP ............................................................................ 36 2.2.7 H s lp y v hiu sut ca pin mt tri ..................................................... 38 2.2.8 M phng pin mt tri........................................................................................ 38 2.3 Mch bin i DC-DC ........................................................................................42 2.3.1 Mch Cuk converter ........................................................................................... 42 2.3.2 Tnh thng s chi tit mch Cuk ....................................................................... 44 2.3.3 M phng mch Cuk bng chng trnh Bond-Graph................................... 46 2.4 Acquy ..................................................................................................................48 2.4.1 Gii thiu v Acquy............................................................................................ 48 2.4.2 Cc phng php phng v np Acquy ........................................................... 505

2.4.3 Cc ch vn hnh ........................................................................................... 51 2.4.4 M hnh Bond Graph ca Acquy ...................................................................... 51 2.5 M phng mch np Acquy trong h thng pin mt tri c lp .......................53CHNG 3: THI CNG MCH IN V CHNG TRNH IU KHIN NP ACQUY T PIN MT TRI .............................................................................................. 57

3.1 Thi cng mch np Acquy t ngun pin mt tri ...............................................57 3.1.1 Mch iu khin .................................................................................................. 58 3.1.2 Mch Cuk converter ........................................................................................... 61 3.1.3 Cc mch hi tip dng p................................................................................. 63 3.1.4 Cc mch ngun .................................................................................................. 67 3.2 Chng trnh iu khin .....................................................................................71CHNG 4: TM HIU VN HNH H THNG PIN MT TRI C LP AA-121107_ISOLE ..74 4.1 Gii thiu v h thng pin mt tri c lp AA10-121107_ISOLE...................74 4.2 Vn hnh h thng pin mt tri c lp AA10-121107_ISOLE ........................84 4.2.1 Trnh t vn hnh t iu khin ........................................................................ 85 4.2.2 Gii thiu v b iu khin BP-GM ................................................................. 86 4.2.3 Vn hnh bng Datapex ..................................................................................... 94 Chng 5: KT QU, HNG PHT TRIN CA TI ............................................ 106

5.1 Kt qu: .............................................................................................................106 5.1.1 Kt qu kho st pin mt tri........................................................................... 106 5.1.2 Kt qu phn thi cng mch ............................................................................ 110 5.2 Nhn xt ............................................................................................................112 5.3 Hng pht trin ...............................................................................................112TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................................... 114 PH LC : DATASHEET CA PIC 18F8722..................................................................... 115

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DANH SCH BNG V HNH NH.Bng 4.1 Thng s ca tm pin mt tri. Bng 4.2 Thng s Acquy. Bng 4.3 Tnh cht v chc nng ca thit b. Bng 4.4 Thng s b nghch lu. Bng 4.5: Cc k hiu hin th trn mn hnh BP GM. Bng 4.6 Cc menu chnh trong BP-GM. Bng 5.1 Kt qu kho st ln 1(10h, ngy 29/5/08). Bng 5.2 Kt qu kho st ln 2(10h 30, ngy 29/5/08). Bng 5.3 Kt qu kho st ln 3(11h, ngy 29/5/08). Bng 5.4 Kt qu kho st ln 4(11h 30, ngy 29/5/08). Bng 5.5 Kt qu kho st ln 5(12h, ngy 29/5/08). Bng 5.6 Kt qu kho st ln 6(12h 30, ngy 29/5/08). Hnh 1.1 Cu trc ca mt tri. Hnh 1.2 Di bc x in t. Hnh 1.3 Cc tuc bin gi pht in nh sc gi v thy triu, tn thu mt cch gin tip nng lng Mt Tri. Hnh 1.4 Nh my in mt tri. Hnh 1.5 Mt cell pin mt tri. Hnh 1.6 Cu to ca pin mt tri. Hnh 1.7 Cc loi cu trc tinh th ca pin mt tri. Hnh 1.8 Mt s loi panel pin mt tri. Hnh 1.9 Qu trnh to mt panel pin mt tri. Hnh 1.10 Nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri. Hnh 1.11 H thng 2 mc nng lng trong E1 < E2. Hnh 1.12 Cc vng nng lng. Hnh 1.13 Nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri. Hnh 1.14 S khi h thng pin mt tri c lp. Hnh 1.15 S khi h thng pin mt tri. Hnh 1.16 B Acquy ca hng KesslerSun. Hnh 1.17 B iu khin. Hnh 1.18 Inverter ca Sunny Boy. Hnh 1.19 Trm v tr ISS. Hnh 1.20 Robot t hnh trn sao ha v v tinh nhn to. Hnh 1.21 Pin mt tri c ng dng ti cc h gia nh v trong nng nghip. Hnh 2.1 Chng trnh m phng 20-SIM.

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Hnh 2.2 Ca s 20-Sim Editor. Hnh 2.3 Ca s Editor vi m hnh Central Heating System. Hnh 2.4 Ca s Icon Editor. Hnh 2.5 Ca s Type Editor. Hnh 2.6 Ca s m phng. Hnh 2.7 Ca s Parameter/Initial Values Editor. Hnh 2.8 Ca s Variable Chooser. Hnh 2.9 Ca s Run Properties. Hnh 2.10 Ca s Plot Properties. Hnh 2.11 S mch in cn c m phng v m hnh cha c rt gn. Hnh 2.12 Cch biu din th hai ca v d trn. Hnh 2.13 V d mt ngun pin cp cho ti. Hnh 2.14 S tng ng ca pin mt tri. Hnh 2.15 S tng ng n gin ca pin mt tri gm mt ngun dng mc song song vi mt diode l tng. Hnh 2.16 th V-A ca pin mt tri. Hnh 2.17 th V-A ca v d trn. Hnh 2.18 M hnh n gin vi mt pin b khut sng. Hnh 2.19 S tng ng n gin vi Rsh mc song song. Hnh 2.20 th V-A ca s tng ng c Rsh mc song song. Hnh 2.21 S tng ng n gin vi Rs mc ni tip. Hnh 2.22 th V A ca mch in tng ng c Rs mc ni tip. Hnh 2.23 S tng ng gm Rsh v Rs. Hnh 2.24 th V A ca s tng ng trn vi Rsh = 1, Rs = 0,05. Hnh 2.25 Mc ni tip hoc song song cc pin mt tri to thnh tm hay kt ni cc tm pin li to thnh mng t cng sut cao hn. Hnh 2.26 th V - A ca mt tm pin mt tri. Hnh 2.27 Khi mc ni tip cc tm pin mt tri, dng ngn mch ca h thng s bng dng ngn mch ca mt tm, p h mch ca h thng bng tng p h mch ca tt c tm pin mt tri trong h thng. Hnh 2.28 Khi mc song song cc tm pin mt tri, dng ngn mch ca h thng s bng tng dng ngn mch ca tt c tm pin mt tri trong h thng, p h mch ca h thng bng p h mch ca mt tm. Hnh 2.29 Pin mt tri khi h mch, ngn mch v mc vi ti. Hnh 2.30 th V A v th cng sut ca pin mt tri. Hnh 2.31 Xc nh im MPP. Hnh 2.32 M hnh Bond-Graph ca pin mt tri. Hnh 2.33 M hnh ngun dng v ti.8

Hnh 2.34 c tuyn V-A ca pin mt tri. Hnh 2.35 ng c tuyn V-A, th cng sut v im cc i cng sut MPP. Hnh 2.36 th V A vi s thay i ca cng nh sng. Hnh 2.37 c tuyn V A di s thay i ca nhit . Hnh 2.38 th V A khi mc ni tip cc pin li vi nhau. Hnh 2.39 th V A khi cc pin c mc song song. Hnh 2.40 S mch sc acquy t h thng pin mt tri dng mch Cuk Converter. Hnh 2.41 S mch nguyn l. Hnh 2.42 S tng ng ca mch Cuk khi Q dn. Hnh 2.43 S tng ng ca mch Cuk khi Q ngt. Hnh 2.44 Kho st ch dng ti lin tc. Hnh 2.45 S nguyn l mch Cuk. Hnh 2.46 S Bond Graph ca mch Cuk Converter. Hnh 2.47 th Vin, Vout ca mch Cuk converter. Hnh 2.48 th Iin, Iout ca mch Cuk converter. Hnh 2.49 Cu to ca Acquy ch. Hnh 2.50 S tng ng ca Acquy. Hnh 2.51 M hnh Bond Graph ca Acquy. Hnh 2.52 th in p v dng in ca Acquy khi ni ti 30. Hnh 2.53 th in p v dng in ca Acquy khi np t ngun 30V. Hnh 2.54 S nguyn l mch np acquy t pin mt tri. Hnh 2.55 S chu trnh hot ng ca mch. Hnh 2.56 Chu trnh kn ca dng IL2. Hnh 2.57 S khi qut chu trnh in p. Hnh 2.58 S iu khin vng kn mch np Acquy. Hnh 2.59 M hnh Bond Graph mch np acquy t h thng pin mt tri. Hnh 3.1 M hnh h thng. Hnh 3.2 S khi mch in. Hnh 3.3 S chn ca PIC 18F8722. Hnh 3.4 S nguyn l mch iu khin. Hnh 3.5 Mch chnh in p chun cho b ADC. Hnh 3.6 Mch giao tip my tnh dng MAX232. Hnh 3.7 S chn MAX232. Hnh 3.8 S nguyn l mch Cuk converter. Hnh 3.9 S chn ca FGA25N120 ANTD.

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Hnh 3.10 S nguyn l mch kch IGBT. Hnh 3.11 S chn HCPL 2231. Hnh 3.12 S chn HEF40106BP. Hnh 3.13 S chn ca OP07. Hnh 3.14 S nguyn l mch hi tip p ng vo. Hnh 3.15 S chn LM393. Hnh 3.16 S nguyn l mch hi tip p ng ra. Hnh 3.17 Cm bin dng LTS25-NP. Hnh 3.18 S chn ca LTS25-NP. Hnh 3.19 S nguyn l mch hi tip dng ng vo. Hnh 3.20 Mch hi tip dng ng ra. Hnh 3.21 Mch ngun DC 5V. Hnh 3.22 S chn ca 205S24FR. Hnh 3.23 S mch ngun DC 12V. Hnh 3.24 S mch ngun DC 15V. Hnh 3.25 S chn ca B688. Hnh 3.26 S chn ca LM78XX Hnh 3.27 S chn 0515. Hnh 3.28 Mch in sau khi hon thnh. Hnh 3.29 Giao din chng trnh MPLAB. Hnh 3.30 Giao din chng trnh WinPic800. Hnh 3.31 Lu gii thut. Hnh 3.32 Chng trnh iu khin giao tip vi my tnh. Hnh 4.1 S khi h thng pin mt tri c lp AA10 121107_Isole. Hnh 4.2 T in h thng pin mt tri c lp. Hnh 4.3 H thng pin mt tri c lp AA10 121107_ISOLE. Hnh 4.4 Acquy dng trong h thng. Hnh 4.5 B bin tn s dng trong h thng. Hnh 4.6 S u dy ca t iu khin. Hnh 4.7 S u dy b BP controller. Hnh 4.8 B iu khin BP-GM. Hnh 4.9 Giao din u tin ca BP GM. Hnh 4.10 Giao din menu A. Hnh 4.11 Giao din menu C. Hnh 4.12 Giao din menu D. Hnh 4.13 Giao din menu E. Hnh 4.14 Giao din menu F.

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Hnh 4.14 Giao din menu F. Hnh 4.16 ng nhp v chn ng dn. Hnh 4.17 Ca s lm vic chnh. Hnh 4.18 Nhp site number, site name, a ch, s in thoi, ngy thng nm. Hnh 4.19 Nhp cc thng s k thut ca acquy. Hnh 4.20 Chn thit b,nhp s seri ca BP- GM. Hnh 4.21 Pin quang in, acquy, ti, BP-GM kt ni. Hnh 4.22 Chn cng kt ni. Hnh 4.23 Chn tc bauds. Hnh 4.24 Kt ni BP-GM. Hnh 4.25 Kt ni thnh cng. Hnh 4.26 Cc gi tr Ip1, P, Iu1, P ca pin v ti. Hnh 4.27 Ngt kha S3, S7. Hnh 4.28 Chn kiu in p acquy, ngy gi. Hnh 4.29 Chn kiu acquy S3, S7. Hnh 4.30 Chn gi tr dng I1, I3. Hnh 4.31 Xem ci t BP-GM. Hnh 4.32. Chn ngy gi bt u v kt thc vn hnh. Hnh 4.33. Kt ni d liu. Hnh 4.34 Chn ngy, thng, nm hin th. Hnh 4.35 th in p acquy. Hnh 4.36 th dng in ca pin quang in. Hnh 4.37 th dng in pin quang in v ti. Hnh 4.38 th dng np, dng phng in, dng bo ha ca acquy. Hnh 5.1 th V A kho st ln 1. Hnh 5.2 th V A kho st ln 2. Hnh 5.3 th V A kho st ln 3. Hnh 5.4 th V A kho st ln 4. Hnh 5.5 th V A kho st ln 5. Hnh 5.6 th V A kho st ln 6. Hnh 5.7 Mch np Acquy sau khi hon thin. Hnh 5.8 Tn hiu kch IGBT sau khi qua b m. Hnh 5.9 p trn cun cm L1. Hnh 5.10 p trn cun cm L2. Hnh 5.11 in p ng ra trn t C2. Hnh 5.12 in p trn t C1.

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Chng 1: GII THIU V NNG LNG MT TRI V H THNG PIN MT TRI.1.1 Mt tri v ngun bc x Mt tri : Mt tri l mt khi kh hnh cu c ng knh 1,390.106km (ln hn 110 ln ng knh tri t), cch xa tri t 150.106km (bng mt n v thin vn AU nh sng mt tri cn khong 8 pht vt qua khong ny n tri t). Khi lng mt tri khong Mo = 2.1030kg. Nhit T trung tm mt tri thay i trong khong t 10.106K n 20.106K, trung bnh khong 15600000 K. nhit nh vy vt cht khng th gi c cu trc trt t thng thng gm cc nguyn t v phn t. N tr thnh plasma trong cc ht nhn ca nguyn t chuyn ng tch bit vi cc electron. Khi cc ht nhn t do c va chm vi nhau s xut hin nhng v n nhit hch. Khi quan st tnh cht ca vt cht ngui hn trn b mt nhn thy c ca mt tri, cc nh khoa hc kt lun rng c phn ng nhit hch xy ra trong lng mt tri. Mt Tri khng c ranh gii r rng nh cc hnh tinh c t . Ngc li, mt cc kh gim dn xung theo quan h s m theo khong cch tnh t tm Mt Tri. Bn knh ca Mt Tri c o t tm ti phn ra ngoi ca quang quyn.

Hnh 1.1 Cu trc ca mt tri. Nhit To ti trung tm mt tri thay i trong khong t 10.106K n 20.106K, trung bnh khong 15600000 K. nhit nh vy vt cht khng th gi c cu trc trt t thng thng gm cc nguyn t v phn t. N tr thnh plasma trong cc ht nhn ca nguyn t chuyn ng tch bit vi cc electron. Khi cc ht nhn t do c va chm vi nhau s xut hin nhng v n nhit hch. Khi quan st tnh cht ca vt cht ngui hn trn b mt nhn thy c ca mt tri, cc nh khoa hc kt lun rng c phn ng nhit hch xy ra trong lng mt tri.12

V cu trc, mt tri c th chia lm 4 vng, tt c hp thnh mt khi cu kh khng l. Vng gia gi l nhn hay li c nhng chuyn ng i lu, ni xy ra nhng phn ng nhit ht nhn to nn ngun nng lng mt tri, vng ny c bn knh khong 175.000km, khi lng ring 160kg/dm3, nhit c tnh t 14 n 20 triu , p sut vo khong hng trm t atmotphe. Vng k tip l vng trung gian cn gi l vng i ngc qua nng lng truyn t trong ra ngoi, vt cht vng ny gm c st (Fe), can xi (Ca), nt ri (Na), stronti (Sr), crm (Cr), kn (Ni), ccbon ( C), silc (Si) v cc kh nh hir (H2), hli (He), chiu dy vng ny khong 400.000km. Tip theo l vng i lu dy 125.000km v vng quang cu c nhit khong 6000K, dy 1000km vng ny gm cc bt kh si sc, c ch to ra cc vt en, l cc h xoy c nhit thp khong 4500K v cc tai la c nhit t 7000K -10000K. Vng ngoi cng l vng bt nh v gi l kh quyn ca mt tri. nh sng ni ring, hay bc x in t ni chung, t b mt ca Mt Tri c xem l ngun nng lng chnh cho Tri t. Hng s nng lng mt tri c tnh bng cng sut ca lng bc x trc tip chiu trn mt n v din tch b mt Tri t, bng khong 1370 W/m2. nh sng Mt Tri b hp th mt phn trn bu kh quyn Tri t, nn mt phn nh hn ti c b mt Tri t, gn 1000 W/m nng lng Mt Tri ti Tri t trong iu kin tri quang ng. Nng lng ny c th dng vo cc qu trnh t nhin hay nhn to. Qu trnh quang hp trong cy s dng nh sng mt tri v chuyn i CO2 thnh xy v hp cht hu c, trong khi ngun nhit trc tip l lm nng cc bnh un nc dng nng lng Mt Tri, hay chuyn thnh in nng bng cc pin nng lng Mt Tri. Nng lng d tr trong du m c gi nh rng l ngun nng lng ca Mt Tri c chuyn i t xa xa trong qu trnh quang hp v phn ng ha sinh ca sinh vt c. Trong ton b bc x ca Mt tri, bc x lin quan trc tip n cc phn ng ht nhn xy ra trong Mt tri khng qu 3%. Bc x ban u khi i qua 5.105 km chiu dy ca lp vt cht Mt tri ca bin i rt mnh. Tt c cc dng ca bc x in t u c bn cht sng v chng khc nhau bc sng. Bc x l sng ngn nht trong cc sng , t tm Mt tri i ra cho s va chm hoc tn x m nng lng ca chng gim i v by gi chng ng vi bc x c bc sng di. Nh vy bc x chuyn thnh bc x Rnghen c bc sng di hn. Gn n b mt Mt tri ni c nhit thp c th tn ti vt cht trong trng thi nguyn t v cc c ch khc bt u xy ra.

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Hnh 1.2 Di bc x in t. c trng ca bc x Mt tri truyn trong khng gian bn ngoi Mt tri l mt ph rng trong cc i ca cng bc x nm trong di 10-1 10 m v hu nh mt na tng nng lng Mt tri tp trung trong khong bc sng 0,38 0,78 m l vng nhn thy ca ph. Chm tia truyn thng t Mt tri gi l bc x trc x.Tng hp cc tia trc x v tn x gi l tng x. Mt dng bc x trc x ngoi lp kh quyn, tnh i vi 1m2 b mt t vung gc vi tia bc x, c tnh theo cng thc: q = D-T.C0(T/100)4 (1.1) Trong : D-T : h s gc bc x gia Tri t v Mt tri. D-T = 2/4 (1.2) : gc nhn mt tri, 32 C0 = 5,67 W/m2.K4 h s bc x ca vt en tuyt i. T 57620K nhit b mt Mt tri. q 1353 W/m2.

Do khong cch gia Tri t v Mt tri thay i theo ma trong nm nn cng thay i, do q cng thay i nhng thay i khng ln lm nn c th xem q l khng i v c gi l hng s Mt tri. Khi truyn qua lp kh quyn bao bc quanh Tri t, cc chm tia bc x b hp th v tn x tng ozon, hi nc v bi trong kh quyn, ch mt phn nng lng c truyn trc tip n Tri t.Ton b bc x t ngoi c s dng duy tr qu trnh phn ly v hp nht ca O,O2 v O3 l qu trnh n nh. Do qu trnh ny, khi i qua kh quyn, bc x t ngoi bin i thnh bc x vi nng lng nh hn. Cc bc x vi bc sng ng vi cc vng nhn thy v vng hng ngoi ca ph tng tc vi cc phn t kh v cc ht bi ca khng kh nhng khng ph v

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cc lin kt ca chng, khi cc photon b tn x kh u theo mi hng v mt s photon quay tr li khng gian v tr. Bc x chu dng tn x ch yu l bc x c bc sng ngn nht. Sau khi phn x t cc phn khc nhau ca kh quyn bc x tn x i n chng ta mang theo mu xanh lam ca bu tri trong sng v c th quan st c nhng cao khng ln. Cc git nc cng tn x rt mnh bc x mt tri. Bc x mt tri khi i qua kh quyn cn gp mt tr ngi ng k na l do s hp th ca cc phn t hi nc, kh cacbnic v cc hp cht khc, mc ca s hp th ny ph thuc vo bc sng, mnh nht khong gia vng hng ngoi ca ph. Phn nng lng bc x mt tri truyn ti b mt tri t trong nhng ngy quang ng (khng c my) thi im cao nht vo khong 1000W/m2. 1.2 ng dng ca nng lng Mt tri: i vi cuc sng ca loi ngi, nng lng Mt Tri l mt ngun nng lng ti to qu bu. C th trc tip thu ly nng lng ny thng qua hiu ng quang in, chuyn nng lng cc photon ca Mt Tri thnh in nng, nh trong pin Mt Tri. Nng lng ca cc photon cng c th c hp th lm nng cc vt th, tc l chuyn thnh nhit nng, s dng cho bnh un nc Mt Tri, hoc lm si nc trong cc my nhit in ca thp Mt Tri, hoc vn ng cc h thng nhit nh my iu ha Mt Tri. Nng lng ca cc photon c th c hp th v chuyn ha thnh nng lng trong cc lin kt ha hc ca cc phn ng quang ha. Mt phn ng quang ha t nhin l qu trnh quang hp. Qu trnh ny c cho l tng d tr nng lng Mt Tri vo cc ngun nhin liu ha thch khng ti sinh m cc nn cng nghip ca th k 19 n 21 v ang tn dng. N cng l qu trnh cung cp nng lng cho mi hot ng sinh hc t nhin, cho sc ko gia sc v ci t, nhng ngun nng lng sinh hc ti to truyn thng. Trong tng lai, qu trnh ny c th gip to ra ngun nng lng ti to nhin liu sinh hc, nh cc nhin liu lng (diesel sinh hc, nhin liu t du thc vt), kh (kh t sinh hc) hay rn. Nng lng Mt Tri cng c hp th bi thy quyn Tri t v kh quyn Tri t sinh ra cc hin tng kh tng hc cha cc dng d tr nng lng c th khai thc c. Tri t, trong m hnh nng lng ny, gn ging bnh un nc ca nhng ng c nhit u tin, chuyn ha nhit nng hp th t photon ca Mt Tri, thnh ng nng ca cc dng chy ca nc, hi nc v khng kh, v thay i tnh cht ha hc v vt l ca cc dng chy ny. Th nng ca nc ma c th c d tr ti cc p nc v chy my pht in ca cc cng trnh thy in. Mt dng tn dng nng lng dng chy sng sui15

c trc khi thy in ra i l ci xay nc. Dng chy ca bin cng c th lm chuyn ng my pht ca nh my in dng dng chy ca bin.

Hnh 1.3 Cc tuc bin gi pht in nh sc gi v thy triu, tn thu mt cch gin tip nng lng Mt Tri. Dng chy ca khng kh, hay gi, c th sinh ra in khi lm quay tuc bin gi. Trc khi my pht in dng nng lng gi ra i, ci xay gi c ng dng xay ng cc. Nng lng gi cng gy ra chuyn ng sng trn mt bin. Chuyn ng ny c th c tn dng trong cc nh my in dng sng bin. i dng trn Tri t c nhit dung ring ln hn khng kh v do thay i nhit chm hn khng kh khi hp th cng nhit lng ca Mt Tri. i dng nng hn khng kh vo ban m v lnh hn khng kh vo ban ngy. S chnh lch nhit ny c th c khai thc chy cc ng c nhit trong cc nh my in dng nhit lng ca bin. Khi nhit nng hp th t photon ca Mt Tri lm bc hi nc bin, mt phn nng lng c d tr trong vic tch mui ra khi nc mn ca bin. Nh my in dng phn ng nc ngt - nc mn thu li phn nng lng ny khi a nc ngt ca dng sng tr v bin.

Hnh 1.4 Nh my in mt tri. in nng cn c th to ra t nng lng mt tri da trn nguyn tc to nhit cao bng mt h thng gng phn chiu v hi t gia nhit cho mi cht lm vic truyn ng cho my pht in.

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Hin nay trong cc nh my nhit in s dng nng lng mt tri c cc loi h thng b thu ch yu sau y: H thng dng parabol tr tp trung tia bc x mt tri vo mt ng mi cht t dc theo ng hi t ca b thu, nhit c th t ti 400oC. H thng nhn nhit trung tm bng cch s dng cc gng phn x c nh v theo phng mt tri tp trung nng lng mt tri n b thu t trn nh thp cao, nhit c th t ti trn 1500oC. Trong thi i khoa hc k thut pht trin, nhu cu v nng lng ngy cng tng. Trong khi cc ngun nhin liu d tr nh than , du m, kh thin nhin v ngay c thy in th c hn khin cho nhn loi ng trc nguy c thiu ht nng lng. Vic tm kim v khai thc cc ngun nng lng mi nh nng lng ht nhn, nng lng a nhit, nng lng gi v nng lng mt tri l mt trong nhng hng quan trng trong k hoch pht trin nng lng, khng nhng i vi nhng nc pht trin m ngay c vi nhng nc ang pht trin. Nng lng mt tri - ngun nng lng sch v tim tng nht - ang c loi ngi thc s c bit quan tm. Do vic nghin cu nng cao hiu qu cc thit b s dng nng lng mt tri v trin khai ng dng chng vo thc t l vn c tnh thi s. Vit Nam l nc c tim nng v nng lng mt tri, tri di t v 8 Bc n 23 Bc, nm trong khu vc c cng bc x mt tri tng i cao, vi tr s tng x kh ln t 100-175 kcal/cm2.nm (4,2 -7,3GJ/m2.nm) do vic s dng nng lng mt tri nc ta s em li hiu qu kinh t rt ln. 1.3 Pin mt tri, cu to v nguyn l hot ng : Pin nng lng mt tri (hay pin quang in, t bo quang in), l thit b bn dn cha lng ln cc diod p-n, dui s hin din ca nh sng mt tri c kh nng to ra dng in s dng c. S chuyn i ny gi l hiu ng quang in. Cc pin nng lng mt tri c nhiu ng dng. Chng c bit thch hp cho cc vng m in nng trong mng li cha vn ti, cc v tinh quay xung quanh qu o tri t, my tnh cm tay, cc my t xa, thit b bm nc... Pin nng lng mt tri (to thnh cc module hay cc tm nng lng mt tri) xut hin trn nc cc ta nh ni chng c th kt ni vi b chuyn i ca mng li in.

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Hnh 1.5 Mt cell pin mt tri. Hiu ng quang in c pht hin u tin nm 1839 bi nh vt l Php Alexandre Edmond Becquerel. Tuy nhin cho n 1883 mt pin nng lng mi c ch to thnh cng, bi Charles Fritts, ng ph ln mch bn dn selen mt lp cc mng vng to nn mch ni. Russell Ohl c xem l ngi to ra pin nng lng mt tri u tin nm 1946 tuy nhin n ch c hiu sut 1%. Pin mt tri ln u tin c ng dng l trn v tinh Vangaurd 1 ca M, c phng nm 1958. Ngy nay pin mt tri c sn xut trn ton th gii t bit l cc nc tin tin nh M, c, Ty Ban Nha 1.3.1 Cu to : Cu to ca pin mt tri l mt lp tip xc bn dn p-n c kh nng bin i trc tip nng lng bc x mt tri thnh in nng nh hiu ng quang in bn trong.

Hnh 1.6 Cu to ca pin mt tri.

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Cho ti hin ti th vt liu ch yu cho pin mt tri (v cho cc thit b bn dn) l cc silic tinh th. Pin mt tri t tinh th silic chia ra thnh 3 loi: - Mt tinh th hay n tinh th module sn xut da trn qu trnh Czochralski. Pin mt tri dn tinh th c th t hiu sut t 11% - 16% . Chng thng rt mc tin do c ct t cc thi hnh ng, cc tm n th ny c cc mt trng gc ni cc module. - a tinh th lm t cc thi c c t silic nung chy cn thn c lm ngui v lm rn. Cc pin ny thng r hn cc n tinh th, tuy nhin hiu sut km hn, t 8% - 11%. Tuy nhin chng c th to thnh cc tm vung che ph b mt nhiu hn n tinh th b li cho hiu sut thp ca n. - Di silic to t cc ming phim mng t silic nng chy v c cu trc a tinh th. Loi ny c hiu sut thp nht, t 3% - 6%, tuy nhin loi ny r nht trong cc loi v khng cn phi ct t thi silicon.

Hnh 1.7 Cc loi cu trc tinh th ca pin mt tri. Silic thuc nhm IV, tc l c 4 electron lp ngoi cng. Silic c th kt hp vi silicon khc to nn cht rn. C bn c 2 loi cht rn silicon, a th hnh (khng c trt t sp xp) v tinh th (cc nguyn t sp xp theo th t dy khng gian 3 chiu). Pin nng lng mt tri ph bin nht dng a tinh th silicon. Silic l cht bn dn. Tc l th rn silic, ti mt tng nng lng nht nh, electron c th t c, v mt s tng nng lng khc th khng c. Cc tng nng lng khng c php ny xem l tng trng. L thuyt ny cn c theo thuyt c hc lng t. nhit phng, Silic nguyn cht c tnh dn in km. Trong c hc lng t, gii thch tht t ti mc nng lng Fermi trong tng trng. to ra silic c tnh dn in tt hn, c th thm vo mt lng nh cc nguyn t nhm III hay V trong bng tun hon ha hc. Cc nguyn t ny chim v tr ca nguyn t silic trong mng tinh th, v lin kt vi cc nguyn t silic bn cnh tng t nh l mt silic. Tuy nhin cc phn t nhm III c 3 electron ngoi cng v nguyn t nhm V c 519

electron ngoi cng, v th nn c ch trong mng tinh th c d electron cn c ch th thiu electron. V th cc electron tha hay thiu electron (gi l l trng) khng tham gia vo cc kt ni mng tinh th. Chng c th t do di chuyn trong khi tinh th. Silic kt hp vi nguyn t nhm III (nhm hay gali) c gi l loi bn dn p bi v nng lng ch yu mang in tch dng (positive), trong khi phn kt hp vi cc nguyn t nhm V (pht pho, asen) gi l bn dn n v mang nng lng m (negative). Lu rng c hai loi n v p c nng lng trung ha, tc l chng c cng nng lng dng v m, loi bn dn n, loi m c th di chuyn xung quanh, tng t ngc li vi loi p. Cc tinh th silic (Si) hay gali asenua (GaAs) l cc vt liu c s dng lm pin mt tri. Gali asenua c bit to nn dng cho pin mt tri, tuy nhin thi tinh th silic cng c th dng c vi gi thnh thp hn, sn xut ch yu tiu th trong cng nghip vi in t. a tinh th silic c hiu qu km hn nhng gi tin cng thp hn. Khi trc tip di nh sng mt tri, mt pin silic c ng knh 6 cm c th sn xut dng in khong 0,5 ampe 0,5 volt. Cc tm tinh th mng hnh a, c nh bng loi b cc khuyt tt trong qu trnh ct, cht kch thch c dng cho cc pin, v cc tm kim loi dn truyn t vo mt mt: mt li mng trn b mt chiu nh sng mt tri, v mt phng trn mt cn li. Tm nng lng mt tri to thnh t cc pin nh vy ct theo hnh dng thch hp, c bo v khi tia bc x v h hi trn mt trc bng cc ming gng, dn vo cht nn. S lin mch c to nn thnh cc dy song song quyt nh nng lng to ra. Cht keo v cht nn phi c tnh dn nhit, v khi cc pin c lm nng khi hp th nng lng hng ngoi, vn khng th chuyn ha thnh nng lng. Mt khi cc pin b lm nng th gim hiu sut hot ng v th nn phi lm gim thiu nhit nng.

Hnh 1.8 Mt s loi panel pin mt tri.

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Hnh 1.9 Qu trnh to mt panel pin mt tri. 1.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng :

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Hnh 1.10 Nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri.

Hnh 1.11 H thng 2 mc nng lng trong E1 < E2. Bnh thng in t chim mc nng lng thp hn E1 .Khi chiu sng h thng, lng t nh sng (photon) mang nng lng hv (h l hng s Plank v v l tn s nh sng) b in t hp th v chuyn ln mc E2. Phng trnh cn bng nng lng: hv = E1-E2 (1.3) Trong cc vt rn ,do tng tc rt mnh ca mng tinh th ln in t vnh ngoi , nn cc nng lng ca n b tch ra nhiu mc nng lng con rt st nhau v to thnh vng nng lng. Vng nng lng thp b cc in t chim y khi trng thi cn bng gi l vng ho tr m bn trn ca n c nng lng EV. Vng nng lng pha trn tip hon ton trng hoc ch b chim mt phn gi l vng dn, bn di ca vng c nng lng l EC, cch ly gia vng ha tr v vng dn gi l mt vng cm c rng nng lng l Eg, trong khng c mc nng lng cho php no ca in t. Khi nh sng chiu n vt rn c vng nng lng ni trn, photon c nng lng hv ti h thng , b in t ca vng ho tr hp th v n c th chuyn ln vng dn tr thnh in t t do e-,lc ny vng ho tr s c mt l trng c th di chuyn nh ht mang in tch dng nguyn t (k hiu h+). L trng ny c th di chuyn v tham gia vo qu trnh dn in.

Hnh 1.12 Cc vng nng lng. Phng trnh hiu ng lng t: eV+hv e- + h+22

(1.4)

iu kin in t c th hp th nng lng ca photon v chuyn t vng ho tr ln vng dn, to ra cp in t l trng l: hv > Eg = EC - EV (1.5) + Suy ra bc sng ti hn C ca nh sng c th to ra cp e - h l: (1.6) C = hc/( EC EV) Vy khi chiu sng vo vt rn, in t vng ho tr hp th nng lng photon hv v chuyn ln vng dn to ra cp ht dn in t l trng e- - h+, tc l to ra mt in th. Hin tng gi l hin tng quang in bn trong. Nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri chnh l hin tng quang in xy ra trn lp tip xc p-n. in t

Ec

(vng dn)

photon Vng cm

EvL trng

(vng ha tr)

Khi mt photon chm vo mnh silic, mt trong hai iu sau s xy ra: Photon truyn trc xuyn qua mnh silic. iu ny thng xy ra khi nng lng ca photon thp hn nng lng a cc ht electron ln mc nng lng cao hn. Nng lng ca photon c hp th bi silic. iu ny thng xy ra khi nng lng ca photon ln hn nng lng a electron ln mc nng lng cao hn. Khi photon c hp th, nng lng ca n c truyn n cc ht electron trong mng tinh th. Thng thng cc electron ny lp ngoi cng, v thng c kt dnh vi cc nguyn t ln cn v th khng th di chuyn xa. Khi electron c kch thch, tr thnh dn in, cc electron ny c th t do di chuyn trong bn dn. Khi nguyn t s thiu 1 electron v gi l l trng. L trng ny to iu kin cho cc electron ca nguyn t bn cnh di chuyn n in vo l trng, v iu ny to ra l trng cho nguyn t ln cn c "l trng". C tip tc nh vy l trng di chuyn xuyn sut mch bn dn. Mt photon ch cn c nng lng ln hn nng lung kch thch electron lp ngoi cng dn in. Tuy nhin, tn s ca mt tri thng tng ng 6000K,

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v th nn phn ln nng lng mt tri u c hp th bi silic. Tuy nhin hu ht nng lng mt tri chuyn i thnh nng lng nhit nhiu hn l nng lng in s dng c.

Hnh 1.13 Nguyn l hot ng ca pin mt tri. 1.4 H thng pin mt tri : H thng pin mt tri l mt h thng bao gm mt s cc thnh phn nh: cc tm pin mt tri, cc ti tiu th in, cc thit b lu tr in nng (acquy) v cc thit b iu phi in nng

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Hnh 1.14 S khi h thng pin mt tri c lp. 1.4.1 Thit k mt h thng pin mt tri: Thit k mt h thng pin mt tri l xy dng mt quan h tng thch gia cc thnh phn ca h v mt nh tnh v nh lng m bo hiu qu cao. Cc bc thit k: 1.4.1.1 La chn s khi: T s phn tch cc yu cu v cc c trng ca cc ph ti in ta s chn mt s khi thch hp.

Hnh 1.15 S khi h thng pin mt tri. Hnh 1.12 l mt s khi thng dng i vi cc h thng pin mt tri. 1.4.1.2 Tnh ton h ngun in pin mt tri: C nhiu phng php tnh ton nhng thng dng nht ch yu da trn s cn bng in nng trung bnh hng ngy. 1 Tnh ph ti in theo yu cu: Gi s h cn cp in cho cc ti T1, T2, T3, c cc cng sut tiu th tng ng P1, P2, P3, v thi gian lm vic hng ngy ca chng l t1, t2, t3, Tng in nng phi cp hng ngy cho cc ti: . (1.7) Eng = P1t1+P2t2+P3t3+=25

T Eng nu nhn vi s ngy trong thng hoc trong nm ta s tnh c nhu cu in nng trong cc thng hoc c nm. 2 Tnh nng lng in mt tri cn thit Ec : Nng lng hng ngy dn pin mt tri cn phi cp cho h c xc nh theo cng thc : Ec = (1.8)

Trong l hiu sut ca c h thng. 3 Cng sut ca dn pin mt tri : Cng sut ca dn pin mt tri thng c tnh ra cng sut nh hay cc i (Peak Watt, Wp), l cng sut ca dn pin trong iu kin chun. E(Wp) = (1.9)

Trong E cng bc x trn mt phng t nghing mt gc so vi mt phng ngang. m l hiu sut ca pin nhit T. 4 Tnh s module mc song song v ni tip : Cc gi tr c trng c bn ca module : - Th lm vic ti u : Vm. - Dng lm vic ti u : Im. - Cng sut nh : Pm. S module cn dng trong h thng : N= vi N = Ns.Np (1.10) S module mc ni tip: Ns = V: in th yu cu ca h. S module mc song song: Np = I: in th yu cu ca h. 5 Tnh dung lng ca b acquy: Dung lng ca b acquy c tnh theo cng thc: C= (A.h) (1.13) (1.12) (1.11)

D: s ngy cn d tr nng lng (s ngy khng c nng) b: hiu sut np phng in ca acquy.

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DOS: su phng in thch hp (khong 0,6

0,7).

Hnh 1.16 B Acquy ca hng KesslerSun. 1.4.1.3 Cc b iu phi nng lng: Cc b iu phi nng lng gm b iu khin qu trnh np, phng in cho Acquy v b bin i DC/AC. B iu khin l thit b c chc nng kim sot t ng cc qu trnh np v phng in ca b acquy. B iu khin theo di trng thi ca acquy thng qua hiu in th trn c in cc ca n.

Hnh 1.17 B iu khin. B bin i in c chc nng bin i dng in mt chiu t dn pin mt tri hoc t b acquy thnh dng in xoay chiu.

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Hnh 1.18 Inverter ca Sunny Boy. 1.4.2 ng dng ca pin mt tri: Pin mt tri c u im l gn nh c th lp bt k u c nh sng mt tri, c bit l trong lnh vc hng khng v tr. ng dng ca pin mt tri pht trin rt nhanh, nht l cc nc pht trin. Ngy nay pin mt tri c ng dng trong nhiu dng c c nhn nh my tnh, ng h v cc dng hng ngy. Pin mt tri cn c dng chy xe t thay th dn cc ngun ngn lng truyn thng, dng thp sng n ng, n sn vn v s dng trong tng h gia nh.

Hnh 1.19 Trm v tr ISS.

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Hnh 1.20 Robot t hnh trn sao ha v v tinh nhn to. Hin gi thnh thit b ca pin mt tri cn kh cao, trung bnh hin nay khong 5USD/Wp, nn cc nc ang pht trin pin mt tri hin mi ch c kh nng duy nht l cung cp nng lng in s dng cho cc vng su, vng xa m ng in quc gia cha c.

Hnh 1.21 Pin mt tri c ng dng ti cc h gia nh v trong nng nghip. Vit Nam, vi s h tr ca mt s t chc quc t thc hin xy dng cc trm in dng pin mt tri phc v nhu cu sinh hot v vn ha ca cc a phng vng su, vng xa nht l ng bng sng Cu Long v Ty Nguyn. Tuy nhin gi thnh ca pin mt tri cn qu cao so vi thu nhp ca ngi dn.

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Chng 2: M PHNG H THNG PIN MT TRI NUI TI DC BNG CHNG TRNH BOND-GRAPH.2.1 Gii thiu chng trnh Bond-Graph: Chng trnh Bond-Graph c pht minh bi H. Paynter ti Hc Vin K Thut Massachusetts MIT (Boston, M) vo nm 1961v c cng b bi D. Karnopp et R. Rosenberg. Chng trnh c du nhp vo Chu u vo cui thp nin 70(i Hc Twente, H Lan; Alstom, Php). Phn mm m phng 20-Sim c pht trin bi nhm iu khin t ng ti trng i Hc Twente, H lan. 20-Sim c s dng m hnh ha v m phng cc h thng C in t. 20-Sim cho php m hnh ha h thng theo cc cch sau: - Equation models - Block Diagram models - Bond Graph models (Matlab cha c chc nng ny) - Iconic Diagram models (Matlab cha c chc nng ny) - Kt hp cc dng trn

Hnh 2.1 Chng trnh m phng 20-SIM. Hin nay chng trnh c s dng bi nhiu cng ty sn xut t v ng c hng u th gii nh PSA, Renault, Ford, Toyota, EDF, Thomson, CEA, Airbus, GM, Hlion, CNES,30

2.1.1 Giao din v cc cng c c bn: Chng trnh 20-Sim gm hai ca s chnh l ca s Thit k m hnh (Editor) v ca s M phng (Simulator).

Hnh 2.2 Ca s 20-Sim Editor. Ca s Editor gm 4 ca s chng trnh con: -Hierachi: lit k cc linh kin, m hnh, cc submodel ang s dng. -Implementation: ca s workspace, ni ngi dng thit k cc s , m hnh m phng. -Icon: h tr ngi dng thit k hoc chnh sa icon ca cc m hnh. -Type: chnh sa cc cng giao tip v thng s ca cc m hnh.

Hnh 2.3 Ca s Editor vi m hnh Central Heating System.31

V d trn l m hnh m phng thit b iu khin nhit . Ta thy chc nng ca tng ca s th hin rt r: -Hierachi: lit k cc linh kin, m hnh ang s dng trong s thit k. Khi ngi dng mun xem hoc thay i thuc tnh ca chi tit no ch cn click vo biu tng ca chi tit trong ca s Hierachi. -Implementation: cc chi tit ang biu din c lin kt vi nhau to thnh s m phng. -Icon: th hin icon ca chi tit, khi mun chnh sa icon, ngi dng ch cn click vo icon ca chi tit ca s Icon, ca s Icon Editor xut hin cho ngi dng thit k li.

Icon cn chnh sa

Hnh 2.4 Ca s Icon Editor. -Type: chnh sa cc cng giao tip ca chi tit, click vo cng cn chnh sa, ca s Type Editor hin ra.

Hnh 2.5 Ca s Type Editor.32

Parameters: chnh sa thng s m phng Variables: gi tr cc thng s ca m hnh Run Properties: t thi gian kho st Plot Properties: chn cc thng s, i lng cn kho st Run Simulation: khi ng qu trnh m phng Numerical Values: kho st gi tr trn th

Hnh 2.6 Ca s m phng. Khi cn chnh sa thng s no , click vo nt Parameters, ca s Parameter/ Initial Value Editor hin ra. Chn thng s cn chnh sa v in gi tr vo Value.

Hnh 2.7 Ca s Parameter/Initial Values Editor.33

Khi cn bit gi tr cc thng s vo cui qu trnh m phng, click vo nt Variables, tt c cc gi tr u c th hin trong ca s Variable Chooser:

Hnh 2.8 Ca s Variable Chooser. t thi gian kho st,click vo nt Run Properties,ta s c ca s Run Properties nh sau:

Hnh 2.9 Ca s Run Properties.34

chn cc thng s cn biu din trn th m phng, click vo nt Plot Properties ta c ca s sau:

Hnh 2.10 Ca s Plot Properties. Trn ca s ny ta c th chn thng s cn biu din trn hai trc xy,mu sc ca th, m ca ng biu din, khong gi tr cn kho st 2.1.2 Mt s m hnh c bn ca chng trnh Bond Graph:- Ngun dng:

-Ngun p:

-in tr:

e=R1.f

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-T in:

p.e = int(p.f)/C-Cun cm:

p.f = int(p.e)/I-im ni song song:

e1 = e2 = e3 f1 = f2 + f3-im ni ni tip:

e1 = e2 + e3 f1 = f2 = f3-Transformer:

-Gyrator GY :

2.1.3 Mt s quy tc xy dng m hnh m phng mch in trn BondGraph:36

- Quy c r chiu dng in ca tng linh kin trong m hnh. - Chn in th gc. - nh s th t cho mi nt trn mch in v biu din n trn Bond-Graph bng im ni 0. - Biu din in p ri trn mi linh kin bi mt im ni 1 vi 3 lin kt, trong c hai mi lin kt vi hai im ni 0 ca hai nt ni vi n trong s mch in. - Cc linh kin t trn mi lin kt t do ca cc im ni 1. - Rt gn li m hnh va c xy dng: loi b cc im ni 0 lin kt vi in th gc. B cc mi lin kt t do ni vi cc nt gc trn. Cui cng ta b tt c cc im ni 0 v 1 ch c hai lin kt v c dng: V d:

Hnh 2.11 S mch in cn c m phng v m hnh cha c rt gn. Cc im ni v cc lin kt b gch cho l cc thnh phn b loi b. Sau khi rt gn, ta c m hnh c xy dng hon chnh nh sau:

Ch :

Mt cch xy dng m hnh cho mch in trn n gin hn: ban u ta xem hai linh kin mc song song C, L l mt tr khng ZL//C. Lin kt 3 linh kin Se, R v ZL//C vi nhau bng mi ni 1. Cui cng, ta chuyn ZL//C v L v C bng cch lin kt 3 nhnh Se-R, C v L bng mi ni 0.

37

Hnh 2.12 Cch biu din th hai ca v d trn. 2.1.4 Cc quy c biu din ng lin kt: Ta xt 2 linh kin A v B, trong A cp cho B mt in p e v B tr li A mt gi tr dng in f.

Xt ngc li, B cp in p e cho A v A tr li dng f cho B:

Vch ngang cui ng lin kt c quy c nm v pha linh kin nhn in p v tr li gi tr dng cho linh kin lin kt vi n. Khng c nhm ln gia ng dn lin kt v ng nh hng truyn nng lng.

Hnh 2.13 V d mt ngun pin cp cho ti. Quy c biu din ng lin kt ca mt s linh kin c bn: - Ngun p v ngun dng:

38

- Cun cm I v t in C:

- in tr R:

- im ni 0:

Ch c 1 vch ngang ca lin kt nm gn im ni 0. - im ni 1:

Ch c 1 vch ngang ca lin kt nm xa im ni 1. - Transformer:

Ch c 1 vch ngang ca lin kt nm gn TF. - GY:

0 hoc 2 vch ngang ca lin kt nm gn GY. 2.2 M phng pin mt tri: 2.2.1 S tng ng ca pin mt tri:39

C th thy rng khi c chiu sng, nu ta ni cc bn dn p v n ca mt tip xc p-n bng mt dy dn, th pin Mt Tri pht ra mt dng quang in Iph. V vy trc ht pin mt tri c th xem nh mt ngun dng. Lp tip xc bn dn p-n c tnh chnh lu tng ng nh mt diode. Tuy nhin, khi phn cc ngc, do in tr lp tip xc c gii hn, nn vn c mt dng in c gi l dng r qua n. t trng cho dng r qua lp tip xc p-n ngi ta a vo i lng in tr shunt Rsh. Dng quang in chy trong mch phi i qua cc lp bn dn p v n, cc in cc, cc tip xc,t trng cho tng cc in tr ca cc lp l mt in tr RS ni tip trong mch (c th coi l ni tr ca pin mt tri).

Hnh 2.14 S tng ng ca pin mt tri. Dng qua diode: Id = IS(exp Trong :

1)

(2.1)

(A/m2) Id : dng qua diode IS : dng bo ha ca diode (A/m2) q : in tch electron, q = 1,602 . 10-19 (C) (J/K) k : hng s Boltzmanns, k = 1,381 . 10-23 T : nhit lp tip xc (K) n : h s l tng ca diode ph thuc vo cc mc hon thin cng ngh ch to pin Mt Tri .Gn ng c th ly n = 1. Phng trnh c trng Volt Ampere ca pin mt tri: I = Iph Id Ish = Iph IS[exp 1] (2.2)

RS: ni tr ca pin mt tri (ohm) Rsh: in tr shunt (ohm) 2.2.2 Dng ngn mch Isc:

40

Hnh 2.15 S tng ng n gin ca pin mt tri gm mt ngun dng mc song song vi mt diode l tng.

Dng ngn mch ISC l dng in trong mch ca pin mt tri khi lm ngn mch ngoi (chp cc cc ra ca pin). Lc hiu in th mch ngoi ca pin bng V = 0 .t gi tr V = 0 vo phng trnh (2.2) ta c: ISC = Iph IS(exp

1)

(2.3)

cc iu kin chiu sng bnh thng (khng c hi t) th hiu ng in tr ni tip RS c th b qua, v Id =0 v do c th suy ra : (2.4) ISC =Iph = .E Trong : E :l cng sng :l h s t l iu kin bnh thng dng ngn mch ca pin mt tri t l thun vi cng bc x chiu sng. 2.2.3 in p h mch VOC :

p h mch VOC l hiu in th c o khi mch ngoi ca pin mt tri h (R=). Khi dng mch ngoi I = 0 .t gi tr ca dng mch ngoi vo (2.2) v gi thit Rsh rt ln ta c biu thc xc nh VOC nh sau :41

VOC =

ln

(2.5)

Hnh 2.16 th V-A ca pin mt tri. V d: xt pin mt tri c : Tit din 100cm2 Dng bo ha ca diode I0 = 10-12 A/cm2 Dng ngn mch ISC = 40 mA/cm2 250C Dng bo ha: Is = 10-12 . 100 = 10-10 A -3 Dng ngn mch: ISC = 40.10 .100 = 4 A (full sun, 100% bc x) ISC = 2 A (half sun, 50% bc x) T cng thc (2.5), ta c p h mch: VOC = sun) = 0.627 (V) VOC = 0.610 (V) (half sun). ln = ln (full

42

Hnh 2.17 th V-A ca v d trn. 2.2.4 Mch in tng ng chnh xc: Vi m hnh nh khi ta ang kho st hai gi tr dng ngn mch Isc v p h mch Voc th trong mt vi trng hp m hnh khng cn ng na. V d nh trng hp sau :

Hnh 2.18 M hnh n gin vi mt pin b khut sng. Nh hnh 2.18 l m hnh n gin ca 2 pin mt tri mc ni tip nhau nhng ch c 1 pin c chiu sng, pin cn li b khut hn. Khi ch c mt pin c dng, pin b khut sng th hon ton khng c (I=0). Mt khc, diode ca cc m hnh trn ngn khng cho dng chy ngc qua tm pin b khut sng nn dng qua ti lc ny I=0. iu ny i hi ta phi xy dng mt m hnh hon chnh hn, ph hp vi tt c cc trng hp kho st thc t.Qua nghin cu ngi ta xy dng cc s tng ng sau : - S c in tr Rsh mc song song vi diode. - S c in tr Rs mc ni tip. - S c c hai in tr trn.43

Hnh 2.19 S tng ng n gin vi Rsh mc song song. Ta c : I = (ISC Id) (2.6)

T cng thc trn ta thy dng in l tng m pin mt tri cp cho ti b gim di mt lng bng V/Rsh. tn hao trn pin nh hn 1% th gi tr ca Rsh tha iu kin: Rsh > nht. (2.7)

Vi ISC = 4A, VOC khong 0,6V th in tr Rsh c gi tr khong 16 l tt

Hnh 2.20 th V-A ca s tng ng c Rsh mc song song.

Hnh 2.21 S tng ng n gin vi Rs mc ni tip.44

Vi s tng ng nh hnh 2.21 ta c : I = ISC Id = ISC I0(eqVd/KT 1) Vd = V + I.RS Th Vd vo cng thc 2.8 ta c : I = ISC I0{exp[ ] 1}

(2.8) (2.9) (2.10)

Hnh 2.22 th V A ca mch in tng ng c Rs mc ni tip. T hnh 2.22 ta thy th V A b lch nghing v pha bn trin vi mt lng l V = I.Rs. tn hao ca pin mt tri nh hn 1% th Rs phi tha iu kin: Rs < nht. Cui cng, ta xt s tng ng gm c in tr mc song song Rsh v in tr mc ni tip Rs. (2.11)

Vi ISC = 4A, VOC khong 0,6V th in tr Rsh c gi tr khong 0.0015 l tt

Hnh 2.23 S tng ng gm Rsh v Rs.45

T cc cng thc 2.6, 2.9 v 2.10 ta c cng thc : I = ISC I0{exp[ I = ISC I0[e38,9(V + I.Rs)

] 1} 1] (V + I.Rs) / Rsh

(2.12) (2.13)

iu kin chun l 250C :

Hnh 2.24 th V A ca s tng ng trn vi Rsh = 1, Rs = 0,05. Trong thc t pin mt tri c Rsh cao hn nhiu, vo khong 300, Rs c gi tr khong 0,01. Khi ng biu din th V A s c ci thin hn. Ta s kho st th ny trong phn m phng. 2.2.5 Tm pin mt tri:

Hnh 2.25 Mc ni tip hoc song song cc pin mt tri to thnh tm hay kt ni cc tm pin li to thnh mng t cng sut cao hn.

46

Hnh 2.26 th V - A ca mt tm pin mt tri. Tm pin mt tri trn gm 36 cell xp thnh 9 ct v 4 hng. Trong ,4 cell trong ct mc ni tip vi nhau v 9 ct mc song song vi nhau.

Hnh 2.27 Khi mc ni tip cc tm pin mt tri, dng ngn mch ca h thng s bng dng ngn mch ca mt tm, p h mch ca h thng bng tng p h mch ca tt c tm pin mt tri trong h thng.47

Hnh 2.28 Khi mc song song cc tm pin mt tri, dng ngn mch ca h thng s bng tng dng ngn mch ca tt c tm pin mt tri trong h thng, p h mch ca h thng bng p h mch ca mt tm. 2.2.6 im cng sut cc i MPP (max power point) :

Hnh 2.29 Pin mt tri khi h mch, ngn mch v mc vi ti. Ta xt mt tm pin mt tri trong iu kin chun. Trong trng hp h mch, p ra ca pin mt tri l p h mch VOC, nhng dng I=0 nn cng sut ca pin P = 0. Trong trng hp ngn mch, V = 0, I = ISC nn cng sut ca pin P = 0. Khi mc ti vo pin th gi tr dng, p khc 0 hay pin cp ngun cho ti vi cng sut l P.

Hnh 2.30 th V A v th cng sut ca pin mt tri.48

T th trn ta thy, ti hai im u cui ca th V A ng vi hai im ISC v VOC , P = 0. im cng sut cc i (MPP) nm gn on gp khc ca th V A, l im m ti tch ca gi tr in p v dng in l cc i. Gi tr in p v dng in ti im cng sut cc i c k hiu l Vm v Im trong tt c cc iu kin kho st, VR v IR (rated voltage : p nh mc v rated current : dng nh mc) trng iu kin kho st l tng.

Hnh 2.31 Xc nh im MPP. Mt cch khc hnh dung ra c v tr ca im cng sut cc i l i tm hnh ch nht nm di ng th V A c din tch ln nht c th nh hnh 2.31. Din tch ca nhng hnh ch nht chnh l cng sut ng vi mt nh nm trn ng th V A. Cng chc tnh cng sut ca pin mt tri : P = V.I = V.[ISC I0.(exp Ti im cng sut cc i : = 0 = ISC I0.[exp 1] 1)] (2.14)

. I0. exp

(2.15)

T cng thc trn ta c gi tr dng in v in p ti im cc i l: Im = ISC I0.[exp Vm = VOC 1] ln( 1+ ) (2.16) (2.17)

49

2.2.7 H s lp y v hiu sut ca pin mt tri: Mt thng s c trng khc ca pin mt tri vn thng c s dng, l h s lp y. H s lp y FF (fill factor) l t s gia cng sut cc i PR = VR.IR v tch s VOC.ISC : (2.18) FF = (VR.IR) / ( VOC.ISC ) Nh hnh 2.31, h s lp y l t s din tch ca hai hnh ch nht ng vi im MPP v hnh ch nht ng vi im (VOC,ISC). Hiu sut ca pin mt tri l t s gia cng sut cc i ca pin v cng sut bc x mt tri trn din tch b mt ca pin. = Trong

= FF.

=FF.

(2.19)

E: cng bc x mt tri (W/m2) A: din tch b mt ca pin mt tri (m2)

2.2.8 M phng pin mt tri: Phng trnh c trng Volt Ampere ca pin mt tri : I = Iph Id Ish = Iph IS[exp 1]

T s tng ng v cng thc trn ta xy dng s m phng sau bng chng trnh Bond-Graph:

Hnh 2.32 M hnh Bond-Graph ca pin mt tri.

Cng thc ca m hnh Diode:

p.f =I0*[exp(p*p.e / n*K*Temp) - 1]

50

Hnh 2.33 M hnh ngun dng v ti. Chn cc thng s ca pin: (kho st trong iu kin chun E = 1000W/m2) (A) Dng bo ha IS = 10-10 0 Nhit t = 25 C, T = 298K Diode xem nh l tng vi n = 1 Dng ngn mch ISC = Sf = 4 (A) RS = 0.01 Rsh = 300, T cc thng s chn, ta c gi tr in p h mch: VOC = ln = = 0.627 (V) ln

Hnh 2.34 c tuyn V-A ca pin mt tri.

51

Hnh 2.35 ng c tuyn V-A, th cng sut v im cc i cng sut MPP. kho st s ph thuc ca pin mt tri vo cng nh sng, ta ln lt thay i cc gi tr cng nh sng mt tri t 1000, 800, 500, 300 v 150 (W/m2). Ta c kt qu m phng nh sau:

Hnh 2.36 th V A vi s thay i ca cng nh sng. T th 2.36 ta thy cng dng in I cung cp cho ti gim tuyn tnh theo cng nh sng E khi E gim, ng theo cng thc 2.4: ISC = .E.

52

Nhit mi trng nh hng rt ln n in p , dng in v cng sut ca pin mt tri. Cc i lng trn ph thuc vo nhit theo cc cng thc sau: I = I25C(1 + I.T) (2.21) V = V25C V.T (2.22) P = P25C(1 + I.T) (2.23) Khi m phng ta c kt qu sau:

Hnh 2.37 c tuyn V A di s thay i ca nhit . T th 2.37 ta thy khi nhit tng th in p gim kh ln trong khi dng in tng khng ng k.

Hnh 2.38 th V A khi mc ni tip cc pin li vi nhau.53

Hnh 2.39 th V A khi cc pin c mc song song.

2.3 Mch bin i DC-DC:

Hnh 2.40 S mch sc acquy t h thng pin mt tri dng mch Cuk Converter. 2.3.1 Mch Cuk converter: Mch bin i DC DC l b phn nhn ngun vo DC v cho ngun ra cng DC nhng in p u vo v u ra khc nhau. Mch bin i DC-DC c s dng iu khin cng sut. C rt nhiu loi mch DC DC, mi loi thin v mt ng dng khc nhau: - Buck converter: b gim p, in p ng ra nh hn in p ng vo. - Boost converter: b tng p, in p ng ra ln hn in p ng vo. - Buck Boost converter: b tng gim p, in p ng ra c th ln hn hay nh hn in p ng vo ty ngi s dng.

54

iu khin np acquy t h thng pin mt tri ta s dng mch Cuk l mch bin i DC-DC tng - gim p.

Hnh 2.41 S mch nguyn l. Khi MOSFET dn, in p ng vo t ln cun cm L1,dng qua L1 tng dn theo thi gian, nng lng c tch li trn L1. Khi Q1 ngt, in cm c khuynh hng duy tr dng in qua n s to in p cm ng diode phn cc thun, dng in ny s np cho t C1. Khi Q1 ng tr li, C1 phng in qua L2 cung cp cho ti. L2 v C2 ng vai tr nh b lc. C nh vy, nng lng c tch tr li trong cun L1 v sn sng cho chu k tip theo.

Hnh 2.42 S tng ng ca mch Cuk khi Q dn. Tnh gn ng: Khi Q1 dn: vL1 = Vg vL1 = Vg vL2 = -V1 V2 vL2 = -v1 V2 iC1 = I2 iC1 = i2 iC2 = I2 iC2 = i2

(2.24) (2.25) (2.26) (2.27)

Hnh 2.43 S tng ng ca mch Cuk khi Q ngt. Khi Q1 ngt, diode D1 dn: Tnh gn ng: vL1 = Vg V1 vL1 = Vg v1 vL2 = -v2 vL2 =-V2 iC1 = I1 iC1 = i1 iC2 =i2 iC2 = i2 55

(2.28) (2.29) (2.31) (2.32)

Hnh 2.44 Kho st ch dng ti lin tc. Ts: chu k ng ngt ca MOSFET DTs: thi gian dn ca MOSFET trong mt chu k DTs: thi gian ngt ca MOSFET trong mt chu k D + D = 1 iu kin lin tc, cng dng in trung bnh qua cun cm L1, L2 bng zero. Nn t th hnh 4 ta c: (2.33) Vi L1 Vg.DTs + (Vg V1).DTs = 0 (2.34) Vi L2 DTs(-V1 V2) V2DTs = 0 (2.34) DTsV1 = (D + D)TsV2 Trong : Th vo (2.33): Hay V1 = (D + D)TsVg + DTs = 0

= = = = =

=(2.35)

Theo nh lut bo ton cng sut ta c: VgI1 = V2I2 (2.36)

Ty vo t l gia thi gian ng ngt ca Mosfet m gi tr in p ra c th nh hn, bng, hay ln hn gi tr in p vo. Trong mi trng hp th du ca in p ra l ngc vi du ca in p vo, do dng in i qua in cm s gim dn theo thi gian. 2.3.2 Tnh thng s chi tit mch Cuk: Mc tiu cn thit k mch Cuk c tnh nng nh sau: - Nhn in p vo t pin mt tri t 12 21 V. - in p ra n nh c th iu chnh trong khong 2630 V. - Cng sut ti a 70W. - Lm vic vi tn s iu khin fs = 20 kHz. - Sai s in p ng ra cho php 1 %. - Bo v qu p, qu dng cho mch. Xt v ln:

56

Chu k lm vic:D=

Vout D D = = Vin D' 1 DVout Vout min Vout max D Vin + Vout Vin max + Vout min Vin min + Vout max

26 30 D 0,553 D 0,714 21 + 26 12 + 30

Dng in cho php:Pmax P 70 70 I out max I out 2,5 A I out 2,692 A Vout max Vout min 28 26

Dng ng vo:

I in =

I out .D 1 D

I out min .Dmin I .D I in out max max 3,093 A I in 6,72 A 1 Dmin 1 Dmax

Tnh gi tr cun cm: Chn dn sng dng khong 10 %. L1 = 0,1.IL1 max = 0,1.Iin max = 0,1.6,72 = 0,672 A L2 = 0,1.IL2 max = 0,1.Iout max = 0,1.2,692 = 0,269 AL1 L2 Vin max .Dmax 21.0,714 = = 1,112 mH 20000.0,672 f s i L1 Vin max .Dmax 21.0,714 = = 2,787 mH f s i L 2 20000.0,269

Tnh gi tr t in: Chn dn p trn t C1 khong 5 %. in p b nht t ln t l: VC1 = Vin min + Vout min = 12+26 = 38 V VC1 = 0,05.38 = 1,9 V Rmin = V2out min/Pmax = 262/70 = 9,66C1 Vout max .Dmax 30.0,714 = = 58,4 F Rmin f s vC1 9,66.20000.1,9

T lc C2 c s dng gim tn hiu gai trn in p ra, c tnh nh sau: Chn dn p ra khong 1 %C2 1 Dmin 1 0,553 = = 150,4 F 2 (vout Vout ).8L2 f s (0,01 / 30).8.2,787.10 3.20000 2

2.3.3 M phng mch Cuk bng chng trnh Bond-Graph:

57

Hnh 2.45 S nguyn l mch Cuk. T s nguyn l ca mch Cuk v t cc thng s tnh trn ta xy dng m hnh Bond-Graph nh sau: Ngun Se = 17V (in p m pin mt tri BP275 cho cng sut cc i). Cun cm: L1 = 1mH, L2 = 2,5mH. T in : C2 = 100 F, Cs = 1000 F. in tr ti: RLoad = 30. Mosfet, cun cm L1, t C1 v diode tch hp thnh b MTF. MTF l b bin i dng p theo cng thc: p.e2 = m*p.e1 p.f1 = m*p.f2 Trong : m l h s t l, ta chn m = -Vout / Vin. p.e1, p.f1 : in p v dng in ng vo ca MTF. p.e2, p.f2 : in p v dng in ng ra ca MTF. Trong m hnh ta dng mt ngun tn hiu khng i c gi tr tn hiu ng ra l -Vout/Vin a vo chn signal input ca MTF. Khi mun thay i gi tr in p v dng in ng ra ta ch cn thay i gi tr ca ngun tn hiu.

Hnh 2.46 S Bond Graph ca mch Cuk Converter. Chn p ra Vout = 30V

=

= 1,765 = 0,638

58

T cng thc 2.35 v t kt qu tnh trn ta chn h s t l m = -1,765, kt qu m phng nh sau:

Hnh 2.47 th Vin, Vout ca mch Cuk converter.

Hnh 2.48 th Iin, Iout ca mch Cuk converter.59

2.4 Acquy: 2.4.1 Gii thiu v Acquy: Bnh Acquy l mt dng ngun in ha hc, dng lu tr in nng di dng ha nng. Acquy ch:

Hnh 2.49 Cu to ca Acquy ch. Acquy ch gm c cc bn cc bng ch v xt ch ngm trong dung dch Acid Sulfuric. Cc bn cc thng c cu trc phng, dp, dng khung li, lm bng hp kim Ch - Antimone, c nhi cc ht ha cht tch cc. Cc ha cht ny khi c np y l Dioxit ch cc dng, v ch nguyn cht cc m. Cc bn cc c ni vi nhau bng nhng thanh ch pha trn, bn cc dng ni vi bn cc dng, bn cc m ni vi bn cc m. Chiu di, chiu ngang, chiu dy v s lng cc bn cc s xc nh dung lng ca bnh Acquy. Thng thng, cc bn cc m c t bn ngoi, do s lng cc bn cc m nhiu hn bn cc dng. Cc bn cc m ngoi cng thng mng hn, v chng s dng din tch tip xc t hn. Cht lng dng trong bnh Acquy ny l dung dch Acid Sulfuric. Nng ca dung dch biu trng bng t trng o c, tu thuc vo loi bnh Acquy, v tnh trng phng np ca bnh. Tr s t trng ca bnh Acquy khi c np y c quy ra 25o c cho bng sau: Loi bnh Acquy Bnh Acquy lm vic ch ti nng, th d cc xe ti in cng T trng cht in phn 1,275

60

nghip ln. Bnh Acquy dng cho xe t, my bay. Bnh Acquy dng cho ti khng nng lm: th d nh soi sng tu in, hoc khi ng cc ng c ln Bnh Acquy tnh, hoc dng cho cc ng dng d phng 1,260 1,245 1,215

Trc khi dng lm ngun in ta phi np in cho Acquy. Lc ny Acquy ng vai tr mt my thu, tch tr in nng di dng ha nng. Khi np in cho Acquy ngi ta cho dng in mt chiu i vo Acquy. Dung dch axit sunfuric b in phn, lm xut hin hir v xit hai bn ch. bn ni vi cc m ca ngun in ch xit PbO2 b kh mt xi v thnh ch Pb. Bn ny s thnh cc m ca Acquy. Cn bn ni vi cc dng ca ngun in th c xit bm vo, xi ha Pb3O4 thnh ch ixit PbO2. Bn ny s tr thnh cc dng ca Acquy. Khi hai cc tr thnh Pb v PbO2 th gia chng c mt hiu in th. Acquy tr thnh ngun in v by gi t n c th pht ra dng in. Nu ta ni hai cc ca acquy c np in bng mt dy dn th dng in chy trong dy s c chiu ngc vi dng in lc np vo Acquy. Dng in ny s gy ra qu trnh ha hc ngc li, dung dch axit li b in phn nhng ln ny cc in chuyn di ngc chiu vi lc u: hir s chy v bn PbO2 v kh xi, lm cho bn ny ch thnh ch xit PbO. Cho n khi hai cc hon ton ging nhau th dng in tt. By gi mun Acquy li pht in, ta phi np in cho n hai cc tr thnh Pbv PbO2. Dung lng ca Acquy l lng in (in tch) m Acquy sau khi c np y s pht ra c trc khi hiu in th gim xung n mc ngng. Mc ngng l mc m khng nn bt Acquy pht in tip, nu c Acquy pht in di mc ngng th s gim tui th ca Acquy, thm ch c th lm Acquy cht ngay lp tc. l trng hp dng nhiu Acquy mc ni tip nhau khi 1 Acquy pht ht in m nhng ci khc cha ht in v ta tip tc dng th ci ht in trc s b o cc v hng hon ton. Vi Acquy ch thng thng th mc ngng l 1,67V cho mi ngn; hay l 10V cho c 6 ngn. n v o in tch trong vt l l Coulomb. i lng in tch khng ph thuc vo in th ca Acquy. 1 Coulomb = 1 Ampere * 1 sec: nh vy cng c th dng Ampere * second ch i lng in tch. Dung lng ca bnh Acquy thng c tnh bng Ampe gi (AH). AH n gin ch l tch s gia dng in phng vi thi gian phng in. Dung lng ny thay i ty theo nhiu iu kin nh dng in phng, nhit cht in phn, t

61

trng ca dung dch, v in th cui cng sau khi phng. Nh sn xut thng t s dung lng trong k hiu ca Acquy. V d N100 l Acquy 100Ah. Thng s dung lng ca Acquy do nh sn xut cng b thng c tnh khi pht in vi dng in nh trong 20 gi. V d Acquy 100Ah pht in vi dng in 5A s dng c trong 20 gi. Khi dng in pht ra cng ln th thi gian pht in cng nh nhng thi gian gim rt nhanh ch khng theo t l nghch vi dng in. Ngha l dng in cng ln th in tch pht ra cng gim. 2.4.2 Cc phng php phng v np Acquy: 2.4.2.1 Phng in Acquy: Phng in c th tin hnh vo bt k thi im no v bt k dng in no nh hn tr s ghi trong bng ch dn ca nh ch to. Khi phng in bng ch 3 gi hoc di hn, c th phng lin tc cho n khi in th mi ngn gim xung n 1,8V. Khi phng vi ch 1, 2 gi, th ngng phng khi in th mi ngn xung n 1,75V. Khi phng vi dng in nh th khng xc nh vic kt thc phng theo in th. Trong trng hp ny, vic kt thc phng c xc nh theo t trng cht in phn. Vic phng c kt thc khi t trng gim i t 0,03 n 0,06 g/cm3 so vi t trng ban u. (Nhng cng khng c in th mi ngn gim xung thp hn 1,75V.) Vic np Acquy ln sau c tin hnh sau khi phng th dung lng Acquy nhng khng c qu 12 gi tnh t lc ngng phng. Tu theo phng php vn hnh Acquy, thit b np v thi gian cho php np, phng php np, vic np c th c thc hin theo cc cch nh sau: Np vi dng in khng i. Np vi dng in gim dn. Np vi in th khng i. Np thay i vi in th khng i 2.4.2.2 Np vi dng in khng i: Vic np c th tin hnh theo kiu 1 bc hoc 2 bc. - Np kiu 1 bc: dng np khng vt qu 12 % ca dung lng phng mc 10 gi tc l 0, 12 x C(10). - Np kiu 2 bc:

62

Bc 1: dng in np bng dng in nh mc ca thit b np, nhng khng vt qu 0,25 x C(10). Khi in th tng ln n 2,3V - 2,4V th chuyn sang bc 2. Bc 2: dng in np khng vt qu 0,12 C x (10). n cui thi gian np, in th Acquy t n 2,6V - 2,8V, t trng Acquy tng ln n 1,200 -1,210 g/cm3, gia cc bn cc Acquy qu trnh bc kh xy ra mnh lit. Vic np c coi l kt thc khi in th v t trng ca Acquy ngng tng ln trong khong 1 gi, v cc Acquy sau khi ngh np 1 gi khi np li s si ngay tc th. Thi gian np i vi Acquy c phng hon ton theo kiu np 1 bc vi dng 0,12 x C(10) mt khong 12 gi, cn np 2 bc vi dng 0,25 x C(10) v 0,12 x C(10) mt khong 7-8 gi. cc gi tr m dng in np b hn th thi gian np phi tng ln tng ng. 2.4.2.3 Np vi dng in gim dn: Tin hnh np ging nh phn trn, nhng vi dng in gim dn, ban u 0,25 C(10) v sau 0,12 x C(10). gi tr dng np nh: thi gian tng ng c tng ln. Du hiu kt thc np cng ging nh trng hp np vi dng in khng i. 2.4.2.4 Np vi in th khng i: Np vi in th khng i c tin hnh vi thit b np lm vic vi ch n p. in th c chn trong gii hn t 2,2V- 2,35 V v c duy tr n nh trong sut qu trnh np. Thi gian np vi ngy m. Trong 10 gi np u tin, Acquy c th nhn c ti 80% dung lng b mt khi phng. Khi t trng cht in phn gi nguyn trong 10 gi th c th kt thc vic np. 2.4.2.5 Np thay i vi in th khng i: Vic np c tin hnh theo 2 bc: Bc 1: dng in np c hn ch 0,25xC(10), cn in th thay i t do cho n khi tng ln n 2,2V-2,35V th chuyn sang bc 2. Bc 2: np vi in th khng i. 2.4.3 Cc ch vn hnh: 2.4.3.1Ch np thng xuyn: i vi cc loi bnh Acquy tnh in, vic vn hnh Acquy c tin hnh theo ch ph np thng xuyn. Acquy c u vo thanh ci mt chiu song song vi thit b np. Nh vy, tui th v tin cy ca Acquy tng ln v h thp cho ph bo dng. bo m cht lng Acquy, trc khi a vo ch ph np thng xuyn phi phng np tp dt 4 ln. Trong qu trnh vn hnh Acquy ch ph np thng xuyn, Acquy khng cn phng tp dt cng nh np li. Trng hp sau mt thi gian di lm vic ch ph np thng xuyn m thy cht lng Acquy b gim th phi thc hin vic phng np t xut.63

ch ph np thng xuyn cn duy tr in th trn mi Acquy l 2,20,5V b tr s t phng v duy tr Acquy trng thi lun c np y. Dng in ph np thng thng c duy tr t 50-100 mA cho mi 100Ah dung lng. ch ph np ny, in th trn Acquy phi dc duy tr t ng trong khong 2%.

64

Vic phng th dung lng thc t ca Acquy c tin hnh 1-2 nm mt ln hoc khi c nghi ng dung lng ca Acquy km. Dng in phng c gii hn ch mc 3-10 gi. nh gi chnh xc dung lng phng ca Acquy nn tin hnh cng mt ch phng nh nhau trong nhiu ln phng. Dung lng quy i c tnh theo cng thc: C20 = Ct / [1+(0,008(t-20))] dung lng 20oC. C20 : dung lng toC. Ct : 2.4.3.2 Ch phng np xen k: Acquy lm vic ch phng np xen k l Acquy thng xuyn cp vo ph ti sau khi ngng np. Sau khi phng n mt gi tr no th phi np tr li. Trng hp s dng Acquy khng nhiu th mi thng phi tin hnh ph np vi dng in khng i l 0,1 x C(10). Vic np li ny nhm loi tr vic Sunfat ha cc bn cc. 2.4.4 M hnh Bond Graph ca Acquy: Acquy l mt ngun p c kh nng np nh mt t in, t ta c th tng ng Acquy bng m hnh mt ngun p mc ni tip vi mt t in v mt in tr (ni tr ca Acquy).

Hnh 2.50 S tng ng ca Acquy.

Hnh 2.51 M hnh Bond Graph ca Acquy.

65

Hnh 2.52 th in p v dng in ca Acquy khi ni ti 30.

Hnh 2.53 th in p v dng in ca Acquy khi np t ngun 30V. 2.5 M phng mch np Acquy trong h thng pin mt tri c lp:

Hnh 2.54 S nguyn l mch np acquy t pin mt tri.

66

t

=

=

( Ip(t) IL2(t) ) ( Vp(t) Vbat )

(2.37) (2.38)

T s nguyn l v t cc cng thc trn ta c chu trnh hot ng ca mch nh sau:

Hnh 2.55 S chu trnh hot ng ca mch. in p t pin mt tri Vp qua b nhn Vbat / Vp-ref s cho in p trn diode Vs = .Vp. T cng thc 2.38 ta c gi tr dng in qua cun cm L2 c c bng cch cho tn hiu p VL2 qua b nhn 1/L2p, vi VL2 = Vs Vbat. Trn s nguyn l (hnh 2.52) ta thy Ie = .IL2 .V vy, Ie c c khi ta cho IL2 qua b nhn Vbat / Vp-ref. T cng thc 2.38 ta c gi tr in p t pin mt tri c c khi ta cho tn hiu dng ICpv qua b nhn 1/Cpvp, vi ICpv = Ie Ip.

Hnh 2.56 Chu trnh kn ca dng IL2. c gi tr in p trn VL2 ta cho IL2-ref IL2 qua b PI c h s t l v h s thi gian tch phn nh sau: = R1(p) R1(p) = Kp1(1+ )

H s t l Kp1 = 2...L2 H s thi gian tch phn Ti1 = 2. / Chn: Cun cm L2 = 2,4mH. H s tt dn = 1. Tn s hot ng f = 1kHz. Ta c: Kp1 = 30,16 Ti1 = 318s

67

Vs = Vbat+VL2 qua b nhn Vp-ref / Vbat s cho ta gi tr Vp. Phn chu trnh cn li ging nh hnh 2.53.

Hnh 2.57 S khi qut chu trnh in p. Gi tr ICpv-ref c c khi ta cho Vp-ref Vp qua b PI c h s t l v h s thi gian tch phn nh sau: Vp VP = R2(p) Vi R2(p) = Kp(1 + = H s t l Kp2 = 2...Cpv H s thi gian tch phn Ti2 = 2. / Chn: T Cpv = 1000F. H s tt dn = 0,7. Tn s hot ng f = 100Hz. Ta c: Kp1 = 0,88 Ti1 = 2,23ms T cc s v cc kt qu tnh trn ta c s qu trnh iu khin mch np nh sau : )

Hnh 2.58 S iu khin vng kn mch np Acquy.

68

in p h mch VOC t pin mt tri qua b nhn c h s Kv cho ta gi tr ca Vp-ref. Khi Vp-ref Vp qua b PI s cho ICpv-ref. Ie = Ip ICpv-ref. Theo nh lut bo ton cng sut ta c: Ie.Vp-ref = Vbat.IL2-ref . Nn khi cho Ie qua b nhn ta c : IL2-ref = Ie .

VL2 c c khi ta cho IL2-ref IL2 qua b PI. VL2 + Vbat = Vs. H s iu khin : =

c c h s ta cho VL2 + Vbat qua b nhn 1/Vp-ref. T s iu khin nh trn ta xy dng c m hnh m phng bng chng trnh Bond-Graph nh hnh 2.57. Thng s cc thnh phn trong m hnh Bond-Graph ca h thng pin mt tri nui ti DC: - M hnh pin mt tri c thng s nh ca pin BP275: Dng ngn mch ISC = 4,75 A. in p h mch VOC = 21,4 V. Cng sut cc i Pmax = 75 W. Vm = 17V. Im = 4,45A. - Cuk converter: T in: Cpv = 1000F, C2 = 100 F. Cun cm: L2 = 2,4 mH. - Acquy: 24V, dung lng 100Ah.

Hnh 2.59 M hnh Bond Graph mch np acquy t h thng pin mt tri.

69

Chng 3: THI CNG MCH IN V CHNG TRNH IU KHIN NP ACQUY T PIN MT TRI.3.1 Thi cng mch np Acquy t ngun pin mt tri:

Hnh 3.1 M hnh h thng. Da vo kt qu m phng thc hin chng 2, mch np Acquy c thit k t s nguyn l ca mch Cuk converter c iu khin bi vi iu khin PIC 18F8722.

Hnh 3.2 S khi mch in.

70

T s khi ta xc nh c mch in cn thi cng gm cc mch chnh sau: - Mch iu khin. - Mch Cuk converter. - Mch hi tip dng in v in p ng vo. - Mch hi tip dng in v in p ng ra. V ngun in nui mch ly t chnh Acquy m ta cn np nn ta cn c thm cc mch ngun cch ly. 3.1.1 Mch iu khin: Vi iu khin ta s dng trong mch iu khin l PIC 18F8722 (datasheet s c trnh by trong phn ph lc). T s chn hnh 3.3 v s nguyn l hnh 3.4 ta c cc chn Pic c s dng: - Cc chn nhn gi tr hi tip dng p l cc chn analog AN5, AN6, AN7, AN8. Trong : AN5 (chn 24): o p ng vo (VOL_CELL). AN6 (chn 23): o p ng ra (VOL_BATT). AN7 (chn 18): o dng ng vo (CURRENT_CELL). AN8 (chn 17): o dng ng ra (CURRENT_BATT). - Port G gm cc chn RG0, RG1, RG2, RG3, RG4, RG5, GND v Vcc c ni vi Jack cm J34 l cc chn digital I/O c s dng lm port iu khin. Trong chn RG3, RG4 (chn 8 v 10) c dng kch Mosfet ca mch Cuk (PWM_CHARGE v PWM_MPPT). - Jack cm J37 l jack giao tip vi mch np chng trnh cho PIC t my tnh. Jack c ni vi cc chn PGC (52), PGD (47), chn Reset (9), GND v chn Vcc. - TX1 (37) v RX1 (38) l cc chn giao tip vi my tnh qua MAX232. - Chn INT0 (58) v INT1 (57) c mc vi chn tn hiu qu p v qu dng ng ra t mch hi tip. - Hai chn Vref+ (27) v Vref- (28) c s dng chnh in p chun cho cc b ADC khi c cc gi tr dng p hi tip.

71

Hnh 3.3 S chn ca PIC 18F8722.

72

VREF+ VREF-

49 50 33 34 27 28 29 30 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 47 36 35 43 44 45 46 37 38

OSC1 / CLKI / RA7 OSC2/ CLK0 / RA6 HLVDIN / AN4 / RA5 TOCKI / RA4 RA3 / AN3 / VREF+ RA2 / AN2 / VREFRA1 / AN1 RA0 / AN0 RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB5 RB6 RB7 / / / / / / / / INT0 INT1 INT2 INT3 / ECCP2 / P2A KBI0 KBI1 / PGM PGC KBI3 / PGD

RJ0 / ALE RJ1 / *0E RJ2 / *WRL RJ3 /* WRH RJ4 / BAO RJ5 / *CE RJ6 / *LB RJ7 / *UB

62 61 60 59 39 40 41 42

OVER_VOL_BATT OVER_CURRENT_BATT

PGC PGD

TX1 RX1

RC0 / T1OSO / T13CKI RC1 / T1OSI / ECCP2 / P2A RC2 / ECCP1 / P1A RC3 / SCK1 / SCL1 RC4 / SDI1 / SDA1 RC5/ SDO1 RC6 / TX1 / CK1 RC7 / RX1 / DT1

RH0 / A16 RH1 / A17 RH2 / A18 RH3 / A19 RH4 / AN12 / PC3 RH5 / AN13 / P3B RH6/AN14/P1C RH7 / AN15 / P1B

79 80 1 2 22 21 20 19 J34

RG4 / CCP5 / P1D RG5 / *MCLR / VPP RG3 / CCP4 / P3D RG2 / RX2 RG1 / TX2 / CK2 RG0 / ECCP3 / P3A

10 9 8 7 6 5

PWM_MPPT RESET PWM_CHARGE

R39 5V

72 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 10 25 12 32 71 48 5V 26 70 31 51 11

RD0 RD1 RD2 RD3 RD4 RD5 RD6 RD7

/ / / / / / / /

AD0 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7

/ / / / / / / /

PSP0 PSP1 PSP2 PSP3 PSP4 PSP5 PSP6 PSP7

5V RF0 / AN5 RF1 / AN6 / C2OUT RF2 / AN7 / C1OUT RF3 / AN8 RF4 / AN9 RF5 / AN10 / CVREF RF6 / AN11 RF7 / *SS1 24 23 18 17 16 15 14 13 VOL_CELL VOL_BATT CURRENT_CELL CURRENT_BATT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CON8

/ / / /

SDO2 SDI2 / SDA2 SCK2 / SCL2 *SS2

C54 + 1u

AVDD VDD VDD VDD VDD AVSS VSS VSS VSS VSS

RE7 / AD15 / ECCP2 / P2A RE6 / AD14 / P1B RE5 /AD13 / P1C RE4 / AD12 / P3B RE3 / AD11 / P3C RE2 / AD10 / *CS / P2B RE1 / AD9 / *WR / P2C RE0 / AD8 / *RD / P2D

73 74 75 76 77 78 3 4

J27 PGC PGD RESET 5V 1 2 3 4 5 CON5

Hnh 3.4 S nguyn l mch iu khin.J26 TEST_POINT 5V R30 1K 1 1 1 VREF+ + C50 10U 1 RV6 20k VREF+ C56 10U 2 3 J24 TEST_POINT J25 TEST_POINT

1

2 3

+

C48 10U

Hnh 3.5 Mch chnh in p chun cho b ADC.

73

3

1 2

RV3 20k

U18 TL431

RV5 20k

Mch iu khin giao tip vi my tnh qua cng COM c thc hin thng qua IC MAX232. MAX232 l b chuyn mc logic t TTL sang RS232 v ngc li. Cng COM c s dng trong mch l cng DP9.5V C11 10U

V+

2

U5 RX1 12 9 11 10 1 + 3

R1OUT R2OUT T1IN T2IN C1+ C1MAX232

TX1

C8 10U C2+ VC24 5

+

6

Hnh 3.6 Mch giao tip my tnh dng MAX232.

Hnh 3.7 S chn MAX232. 3.1.2 Mch Cuk converter:V_CELL J1 1 2 CON2 1,2mH 100u/100V 2,4mH D3 DIODE F1 FUSE L3 C1 L2 F2 FUSE 1 2 3 CON3 J36

Q1C2 G_FET FGA25N120ANTD 1 2 CON2 D1 DIODE 1000uF/100V

SOLAR CELLJ3

CURRENT SENSOR IN

Hnh 3.8 S nguyn l mch Cuk converter.

+ +

R1IN R2IN T1OUT T2OUT

13 8 14 7 C10 10U

P1DCD DSR RXD RTS TXD CTS DTR RI GND

1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 Female

C9 10U

LOADJ4 1 2 CON2

CURRENT SENSOR OUT

74

Thng s linh kin trong mch: Cun cm: L1 = 1,2 mH, L2 = 2,4mH. T in: C1 = 100F, C2 = 1000 F. Q1 c s dng trong mch l mt IGBT: FGA25N120 ANTD

Hnh 3.9 S chn ca FGA25N120 ANTD.12V 330 1 2 CON2 4 3 U12 8 J5 1 2 R2 HCPL-2231 VO1 7 1 12V 14 14 U13A 2 HEF40106BP 7 GND VO2 6 7 3 U13B R5 10 4 HEF40106BP G_FET

+VF1 -VF1 +VF2 -VF2

VDD

5

5

14

U13C 6 HEF40106BP

7

9

14

U13D 8 HEF40106BP

7

11

14

U13E 10 HEF40106BP

7

13

14

U13F 12 HEF40106BP

Hnh 3.10 S nguyn l mch kch IGBT. Tn hiu kch a t chn PWM_CHARGE ca vi iu khin qua mch kch qua jack cm J5.

Hnh 3.11 S chn HCPL 2231.75

7

HCPL 2231 l mt Opto dng cch ly gia tn hiu kch a t PIC xung v in p dng kch IGBT. HCPL 2231 gm 2 Opto nhng trong mch trn ta ch cn cch ly tn hiu PWM_CHARGE nn ch cn s dng Opto1 gm: chn 1 nhn tn hiu PWM_CHARGE, chn 2 ni vi GND ca PIC, ng ra l chn 7.

Hnh 3.12 S chn HEF40106BP. HEF40106BP c 6 b m o, nhng mch ch cn m cho 1 tn hiu i ra t chn s 7 ca b cch ly HCPL 2231 nn ta ch s dng chn 1 v 2, y l 2 chn ca b m o 1. V tn hiu ra b o nn ta dng 5 b cn li o li v m to thnh tn hiu kch cho IGBT. 3.1.3 Cc mch hi tip dng p: 3.1.3.1 Mch hi tip p ng vo:

Hnh 3.13 S chn ca OP07.

-15V U19 OP-07 2 100K 1 R32 10k + C57 0.1u 2 3 3 R35 RV4 100K 1 2 CON2

R45 VOL_CELL

6

+

C65 0.1u

1 7

15V

Hnh 3.14 S nguyn l mch hi tip p ng vo.

+

1k

8 4

V_CELL J1

SOLAR CELL

76

Mch o in p mc song song vi ng vo ca pin mt tri trn mch Cuk (jack cm J1). Tn hiu VOL_CELL t ng ra ca OP 07 a v PIC c ln: VOL_CELL = V- = V+ = V_CELL. 3.1.3.2 Mch hi tip p ng ra:

Hnh 3.15 S chn LM393. LM393 l opamp so snh bao gm 2 b so snh hot ng c lp. C th hot ng vi ngun n hoc i. 2V-36V hoc 1V- 18V. Output = 0 nu Vs > Vref. Output = 1 nu Vs < Vref.R57 10k -15V -15V U21 OP-07 2 3 1 7 U20 OP-07 2 RV7 1 2 3 100K 3 8 4 R56 15V 15V + 10k 6

R46 VOL_BATT

8 4

6

+

C66 0.1u

1 7

5V

8

OVER_VOL_BATT

7

+ 4

5 R7 1K 6 LM393 U55B + R8 10k C70 1u

Hnh 3.16 S nguyn l mch hi tip p ng ra. Cng tng t nh mch hi tip p ng vo, mch hi tip p ng ra cng s dng Op-Amp OP07 lm mch khuch i. Khc vi mch hnh 4.13, tn hiu ng ra

3

R6 10k

1

+

1k

R36

100K 1 2

J5

CON2 R34 10k + C58 0.1u

LOAD

2

RV11 100K

77

Op-Amp th nht s c khuch i thm 10 ln khi qua Op-Amp th hai, OpAmp th hai l mt mch nhn c h s l R57/R46. Ngoi ra cn c mch pht hin qu p. Tn hiu ra Op-Amp th hai c a vo Op-Amp LM393 c thit k l mt b so snh. in p chun t trn chn V+ c iu chnh bi bin tr RV11. Khi p vo vt qu in p chun, mch s xut tn hiu OVER_VOL_BATT v vi iu khin. 3.1.3.3 Mch hi tip dng ng vo:

Hnh 3.17 Cm bin dng LTS25-NP.

Hnh 3.18 S chn ca LTS25-NP.

78

5V -15V U26 OP-07 2 3 RV8 U25 20k TL431 + C62 10u R44 1k

6 -15V U24 OP-07 2 3 R40 1k R41 20k J29 1 2 CON2

1 7

8 4

15V

CURRENT_CELL 2 1 + C61 1u

6

J28 CON2

1 7

15V

2 1

J30 CON2 C63 + 1u

3

2 IN2

IN3

+5V OV

IN1

9 8 7

1

IN6

IN5

OUT U2

IN4

6

5

Hnh 3.19 S nguyn l mch hi tip dng ng vo. Dng in t pin mt tri vo mch Cuk s qua cm bin dng LTS25-NP, cm bin dng s xut ra in p Vd = 2,5 0,625.I chn OUT (7). Trong mch dng 2 cch a gi tr p Vd v b ADC: - a trc tip Vd v PIC khi ta h mch J28, J29 v ngn mch J30. - Ngc li, nu ta h mch J30 v ngn mch J28, J29, Vd s c khuch i ln 20 ln b khuch i U24. U26 l Op-Amp to ra p 2,5V Vd c tr di lng 2,5V trong cng thc. CURRENT_CELL = 20( Vd 2,5 ). 3.1.3.4 Mch hi tip dng ng ra: Tng t nh mch hi tip dng ng vo trn, mch hi tip dng ng ra cng dng cm bin dng l LTS25-NP v OP07 lm mch khuch i. Ngoi ra mch cn c phn mch cm pht hin dng, mch ny cng tng t nh mch pht hin qu p mch hi tip p ng ra. Mch so snh in p trong phn mch ny l b so snh cn li ca IC LM393 s dng trong mch hi tip p ng ra.

79

4

-

R1 1K

5V

R37 10 LTS25-NP

3

1 2 +

+

R43

20k

R42

1k

8 4

J2 1 2 CON2

5V -15V U28 OP-07 2 3 RV9 U29 20k TL431 + C68 10u R51 1k

6 -15V U27 OP-07 2 3 R47 1k J32 J31 CON2 1 7 R48 20k 1 2 CON2

1 7

8 4

15V

CURRENT_BATT 2 1 + C67 1u

6

15V

2 1

J33 CON2

5V

1

R5 10k 8 3

2 3

RV10 100K

3

2 IN2

1u 9 +5V OV 8

IN3

IN1

1

OVER_CURRENT_BATT

1

+ 4

IN6

IN5

2 LM393 U55A + R4 10k C69 1u

7

OUT U3

IN4

6

5

Hnh 3.20 Mch hi tip dng ng ra. 3.1.4 Cc mch ngun: V ngun in cung cp cho mch l Acquy m mch iu khin np nn cn phi c b ngun cch ly cp cho vi iu khin.

80

4

-

R2 1K

5V

R38 10 C64 +

LTS25-NP

3

1 2 +

R3 1K

+

R50

20k

R49

1k

8 4

J3 1 2 CON2

VBAT+ 1 24 12 13 VBAT205S24FR

U1 VIN+ VIN+ VINVINVOUT+ VOUT+ VOUTVOUT11 14 C11 10 15 100uF/35V 1 1

5V L4 120uH 2 100uF/35V C14 L5 120uH 2 1N5819 D2

2322 2 3 NC NC NC NC

VBAT+ 1 24 12 13 VBAT205S24FR


L7 120uH 2 100uF/35V C16 L9 120uH 2

D8 1N5819


VBAT+ 1 24 12 13 VBAT205S24FR


L10120uH 2 100uF/35V C23 L12120uH 2

D9 1N5819


Hnh 3.21 Mch ngun DC 5V. Hnh trn l mch ngun 5V cp cho mch iu khin. Mch trn dng 3 b DC-DC converter 205S24FR lm ngun cch ly.

Hnh 3.22 S chn ca 205S24FR. V ngun 5V nui kh nhiu linh kin trong mt iu khin nn phi dng 3 IC 205205S24FR mc song song vi nhau trnh trng hp thiu dng gy tt p trn

81

mch. Nu trng hp tt p xy ra, PIC s hot ng khng n nh v cc gi tr dng, p hi tip khng cn chnh xc do in p chun b thay i.VBAT+ 1 24 12 13 VBAT205S24FR U2 VIN+ VIN+ VINVINVOUT+ VOUT+ VOUTVOUT11 14 10 15 J4 2322 2 3 NC NC NC NC 1 C18 0.1 2 VBAT+ 1 24 12 13 VBAT205S24FR U5 VIN+ VIN+ VINVINVOUT+ VOUT+ VOUTVOUT11 14 10 15 1 100uF/35V CON2 L11120uH 2 C22 1 2 1 12V L8 120uH 2 100uF/35V C19


Hnh 3.23 S mch ngun DC 12V. Dng 2 IC 205S24FR mc ni tip ng ra nh hnh 3.21 to thnh ngun cch ly cp cho mch kch IGBT. V mch kch ch c 2 IC l HCPL 2231v HEF40106BP nn ch cn mch nh trn l cng sut.VBAT+ R9 4.7/3W Q2 B688 Q1 D688

U9 R8 15/3W GND 1 IN OUT 3 C21 100uF/35V

R6

U8 15/3W IN GND 1 OUT 3

2

LM7812/TO

LM7805C/TO

VBAT-15V 1 C28 100uF/35V 1 C10 100uF/35V 15V 1 120uH 120uH L1 2 L3 2 C12 100uF/35V L2 120uH 2 C27 100uF/35V 3 4 5

U3 -15V 0V 0V 5V 15V 4.7/3W DC/DC CONVERTER 2 1 R7

Hnh 3.24 S mch ngun DC 15V.

82

2

100uF/35V C20

Hnh 3.25 S chn ca B688.

Hnh 3.26 S chn ca LM78XX. B688, LM7812 v LM7805 to thnh mch n p 5V cp cho IC 0515. 0515 l b DC/DC converter bin i in p 5V thnh 15V. y chnh l mch to ngun i cch ly 15V dng nui cc Op-Amp OP07 trong cc mch hi tip dng, p.

.

Hnh 3.27 S chn 0515.

83

Hnh 3.28 Mch in sau khi hon thnh. 3.2 Chng trnh iu khin: Chng trnh lp trnh c vit bng ngn ng lp trnh C trn trnh bin dch MPLAB dnh ring cho PIC. Sau dng chng trnh WinPic np chng trnh lptrnh cho PIC.

Hnh 3.29 Giao din chng trnh MPLAB.

84

Hnh 3.30 Giao din chng trnh WinPic800.

Hnh 3.31 Lu gii thut.

85

Hnh 3.32 Chng trnh iu khin giao tip vi my tnh.

86

Chng 4: TM HIU VN HNH H THNG PIN MT TRI C LP AA10-121107_ISOLE.4.1 Gii thiu h thng pin mt tri c lp AA10 121107_Isole:

Hnh 4.1 S khi h thng pin mt tri c lp AA10 121107_Isole. Nguyn tc hot ng: Ngun in t cc tm pin mt tri s c np v acquy hoc nui ti DC s c iu khin bi b iu khin cng sut BP-GM. Sau ngun in t acquy hoc t pin mt tri c th qua b nghch lu DC/AC thnh ngun in 230V cp cho ph ti in xoay chiu.

87

Hnh 4.2 T in h thng pin mt tri c lp.

88

Hnh 4.3 H thng pin mt tri c lp AA10 121107_ISOLE.

BP3160 Pmax / P Vm Vmax /Imax Voc / Isc Kch thc: L x l x h Din tch Trng lng Hiu sut 160W / 155W 24V 34.5V / 4.5A 44.2V / 4.8A 1593 x 790 x 50(mm) 1.25m2 15kg 12.7%

Bng 4.1

Thng s ca

tm pin mt tri.

Hnh 4.4 Acquy dng trong h thng.

89

M hiu :ST 1300 in p-dung lng 12V 129Ah Kch thc : L x l x h 410 x 177 x 225(mm) Trng lng 37.6 kg Dng in ngn mch 3 KA Bng 4.2 Thng s Acquy. Tn R1 R2 KA1 KA2 KA3 Tnh cht Chc nng in tr Shunt c mc ni Hi tip gi tr dng in u vo t pin mt tip vi ngun DC t pin mt tri sau khi c ni suy t gi tr in p tri. bi b iu khin BP. in tr Shunt c mc ni Hi tip gi tr dng in u ra t pin mt tip vi ngun DC t pin mt tri v acquy sau khi c ni suy t gi tr tri v acquy in p bi b iu khin BP. Relay thy ngn c iu Thc thi lnh ng ngt ngun DC t pin khin bi b iu khin BP. mt tri t b iu khin BP Relay t c iu khin bi Thc thi lnh ng ngt ngun AC phn b iu khin BP. phi cho ph ti t b iu khin BP. Relay t c iu khin bi Thc thi lnh ng ngt ngun DC phn b iu khin BP. phi cho ph ti t b iu khin BP. Thit b qun l t ng c kh nng iu khin nhiu thnh Ci t cc thng s ca h thng, iu phn chc nng ca h thng chnh cc kha ng ngt ca h thng, SO. mch np acquy, ngy vn hnh, b duy tr im cng sut cc i, dng in v cng sut,

BP-GM

H1

n trng nhn tn hiu

Bo hiu in p ca panel

Q1

L kha ng ngt 40A c ng ngt ngun in DC a t pin mt tri ngun t gi 24V c ngt vo t in. bi kha S0 v kha bo v

90

qu p U

vẬn hÀnh hỆ thỐng pin mẶt

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