vidikaalai vasantham

]ythj;jpd; rpwg;G

fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;

vtnuhUtu; vd;kPJ gj;J jlitfs; ]ythj; $WthNuh

my;yh`{jMyh mtu;kPJ E}W u`;kj;Jfis ,wf;F

fpd;whd;.

Gdpj ugPcd;E}updugPcd;E}updugPcd;E}updugPcd;E}updugPcd;E}upd; khjk; te;J tpl;lhy; NghJk; vy;yh

jpirfspypUe;Jk; tre;jf;fhw;W tPRfpd;wJ. ,d;Dapu;

K];j/gh md;dtu;fspd; mu;g;gzpg;ghsu;f

spilNa kfpo;r;rp nts;sk; ngUf;nfLj;J XLfpd;wJ.

tNahjpguhfl;Lk;> thypguhfl;Lk; xt;nthU cz;ik

K];ypKk; cs;sj;jpd; ehtpypUe;J $Wfpd;whd;........

cdJ Mapuk; ngUehl;fspd; FJ}fyk;xU ugPcy; mt;ty; kPJ mu;g;gzk;

,g;yPi]j;jtpu cyfj;jpy; midtUk;

kfpo;r;rp nfhz;lhLfpd;wdu;.

gpugQ;rj;jpy; epuhfupj;jy;> ,izitj;jy;> nfhLik>

muh[fk;> vDk; fLk; ,Us; #o;e;J ,Ue;jJ. mg;NghJ

ugPcd;E}upd;ugPcd;E}upd;ugPcd;E}upd;ugPcd;E}upd;ugPcd;E}upd; gd;dpnuz;lhtJ ehsd;W kf;fkh efupNykf;fkh efupNykf;fkh efupNykf;fkh efupNykf;fkh efupNy

]a;apjJdh Mkpdh mtu;fspd; ,y;yj;jpypUe;J

xU Ngnuhsp gpufhrpj;jJ. mt;nthspahdJ mizj;J

cyifAk; gpufhrpf;fr; nra;jJ.

mOJ Gyk;gpf; nfhz;bUe;j kdpj eadq;fs; vjpu;ghu;j;j

J}Jj;Jt kd;du;> egpj;Jt Nte;ju;> mUl;nfhilapd; fUT+yu;>

mwnewpfspd; KO tbthdtu;> my;yh ;` ug;Gy; ,];]j;jpd;

md;G Neru;>kdpjj;Jt eyd; tpUk;Gk; khegp

md;dtu;fs; mizj;Jyfpw;Fk; mUshf ,k;kz;ZyfpNy

mtjupj;jhu;fs;.

tho;j;Jf;fs; ,Wjpj;J}ju; tUif je;jhu;fs;.

ghtpfis gupe;Jiu nra;gtu;> vopNahu;fspd; Ve;jyu;> ug;Gy;

MykPdpd; md;gpw;Fupatu;> Neu;ikf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdtu;>

md;dtu;fs; Jd;GWk; ,jaq;fis ,jkhf;f

ugPcd;E}upd; gd;dpnuz;lhk; ehsd;W tpbfhiy NtiyapNy

,t;Tyfpw;F tUif je;jhu;fs;. te;J Mjutw;wtu;fSf;F

MjuTje;J> NtjidAilNahu;fSf;F itfiw je;J>

gytPdu;fSf;F gyj;ij je;J> Nfhilapd; khiyia

tre;jj;jpd; tpbfhiyahf;fp tpl;lhu;fs;.

K];ypk;fNs! tpbfhiy tre;jj;jpd; tho;j;Jf;fs;

E}iu nghope;j thNu ngUkhdhu; tUif je;jhu;fs;.

tpbfhiy tre;jk;

fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; Kd;dpiyapy; vd; ngau;

$wg;gl;L mtu; vd; kPJ ]ythj; Xjtpy;iyNahmtu; xU Ju;g;ghf;fparhypNa.

! !

01 02

mw;Gjq;fs;

ugPcd;E}upd; gd;dpnuz;lhk; ehs; my;yh`; tpd;

jpUnthsp md;dtu;fspd; mtjupg;G Vw;gl;l

clNd me;jfhu Nkfq;fs; mfd;Wtpl;ld. mtd;

fUiziaAk;> mtw;iw nfhz;L mtu;fs; kfpo;r;rp ngwl;Lk;>

mit mtu;fSila nry;t> nropg;G midj;ijAk; tpl NkyhdJ.

my;yh`{ mf;gu;my;yh`{ mf;gu;my;yh`{ mf;gu;my;yh`{ mf;gu;my;yh`{ mf;gu; !my;yh`{jMyhtpd; mUspd; kPJ

kfpo;r;rp nfhz;lhl jpUf;Fu;MNd fl;lisapLfpwJ. NkYk;

ekJ md;gpw;Fupa Nfhkhd; md;dtu;fis

tpl Nkyhd VjhtJ NguUs; xd;W ,Uf;fpwjh? ghUq;fs;

Gdpjj; jpUf;Fu;Md; vt;tsT njspthf mwptpf;fpwJ.

ju;[{kh fd;[{y;

md;dtu;fs; midtUf;Fk; mjpgjpahf

cjakhftpy;iynad;why; ve ;jnthU ngUehSk;

ngUehshf ,Uf;fhJ. ve;jnthU ,uTk; Gdpj ,uthf

(guhmj;jhf) mikahJ. mfpyj;jpd; capu;ehbahd>

kp/uh[py; my;yh`; it

fz;ltu;fshd> my;yh`; tpd; k`;G+g;

md;dtu;fSila fhyb J}rpapd; nghUl;lhy; jhd; cyfk;

KOf;f ,e;j ngUkpjk; Nfhyhfykhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

md;dtu;fs; ,y;yhjpUe;jhy; xd;Wkpy;iy>md;dtu;fs; ,y;iynad;why; xd;Wkpy;iy-

md;dtu;fs; cyfpw;F capu;ehbahFk;capu;ehb ,Ue;jhy;jhd; cyfk; ,Uf;Fk;.;

mG+y`g; ,we;j gpd;dhy; mtd; FLk;gj;jpdu;fs; mtd;

kpfTk; f\;lj;jpy; ,Ug;gij fdtpy; fz;ldu;. vd;d

MdJ vd;W Nfl;ljw;F cq;fisg; gpupe;J vdf;F

ve;jnthU eyTkpy;iy. vdf; $wptpl;L jdJ ngUtpuypd;

fPo; cs;s Xl;ilapd; gf;fk; irf;fpid nra;jtdhf

mbikg; ngz;zhd ]{itghit tpLjiy nra;j ,e;j

tpuypy; ,Ue;Nj vdf;F jz;zPu;fpilf;fpwJ vdf; $wpdhd;.

ò;uj; my;yhkh gj;Uj;jPd; ma;dp mtu;fs;

mwpt pf ;f pwhu ;fs ; . ,e ;j irf ;f pidapd ; mu ;j ;jk ;

vd;dntd;why; mjhtJ vdf;F nfhQ;rk; jz;zPu;jhd;

toq;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gjhFk;.

K];ypKk; kPyhJk;

,e;j upthaj;ijf; nfhz;L ]a;apJdh N\f;

mg;Jy; `f; K`j;jp]; nj`;ytp mtu;fs;

mwptpf ;fpwhu ;fs;. ,e;j rk;gtj;jpNy kPyhj; \uPg ;

nfhz;lhLgtu;fSf;F khngUk; Mjhuk; cs;sJ. vtu;fs;

ngUkhdhu; md;dtu;fspd; gpwe;j jpdj;jpNy

re;Njh\k; nfhz;lhLfpwhu;fNsh> gzk; nrytopf;

fpwhu;fNsh mjhtJ mG+yìgg; Nghd;w xU fh/

gpuhdtd; mz;zyhu; md;dtu;fs; gpwe;j

nra;jpiaf; Nfl;L> re;Njh\k; mile;J jdJ mbikg;

ngz;zhd ]{itghit ghY}l;Ltjw;fhf tpLjiy

nfhLj;jjd; fhuzkhf $yp ngw;Ws;shd; vd;why;

md;dtu;fSila kPyhjpw ;fhf re;Njh\kilfpd;w>

gzj;ij nrytopf;fpd;w xU K];ypKila epiy

vd;dthf ,Uf;Fk;..?

Mdhy; kPyhj; \uP/gpd; ,j;jifa epfo;r;rpfspy; ghl;L>

,ir epfo;r;rp Nghd;wij jLg;gJ mtrpakhFk;.

kPyhj; tpohit Muthukhf nfhz;lhLq;fs;

,dpikahd ,];yhkpa rNfhju;fNs ! kPyhj; tpohit

kdKte;J nfhz;lhLq;fs;. mG+yìgg;Nghd;w fh/

gpUf;Fk; md;dtu;fspd; gpwg;igf; nfhz;L re;Njh\k;

mile;jjw;fhf ntFkjp fpilj;jnjd;why;> ehNkh

my;`k;Jypy;yh`; K];ypk;fs;. mG+y`ghdtd;

my;yh`; tpd; u]{y; vd;w vz;zj;jpy;

khegp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; vd; kPJ nts;spf;fpoik ehspy;

]ythj; XJfpd;whNuh fpahkehsd;W ehd; mtUf;F \/ghmj; nra;Ntd;.

K];jgh md;dtu;fs; etpd;Ws;shu;fs;: ahUf;F Kd;dhy; vd; ngau;

$wg;gl;L mtu; vd;kPJ ]ythj; Xjtpy;iyNah mtu; mePjk; ,ioj;Jtpl;lhu;.

!

05 06

kfpo;r ;rp milatpy;iy. khwhf rNfhjuupd; kfd;

vd;gjw;;fhf kfpo;r;rp mile;jhd;. MdhYk; mtDf;F

ntFkjp fpilj;jJ. ehNkh my;yh`; tpd; jpUg;

nghUj;jw;jpw;fhf jiytu; Nfhkhd; md ;

dtu;fspd; cjajpd kfpo;it nfhz;lhLNthNk ahdhy;

vg;gb ew;ghf;fpak; fpl;lhky; Ngha;tpLk;?

Mkpdhtpd; tPl;by; ]a;apJy; mg;uhu; tUif je;jdu;ftiy nfhz;ltu;fNs re;Njh\k; milAq;fs;

ftiy jPu;g;gtu; te;Jtpl;ldu;

kPyhj; nfhz;lhLgtu;fNshL khegp

md;dtu;fs; kfpo;r;rp milfpwhu;fs;.;

xU Mypk; ]h`pg; mtu;fs;

mwptpf;fpwhu;fs;. my;` k;Jypy;yh ;` ehd; fz;kdp ehafk;

md;dtu;fis fdtpy; fz;L ahu#yy;yh`;!

xt;nthU tUlKk; K];ypk;fs; jhq;f

Sila kPyhij nfhz;lhLtij jhq;fs; tpUk;GfpwPu;fsh?

vd;W Nfl;Nld;.mjw;F mz;zyhu; md;dtu;fs;

jpUTskhdhu;fs;: ahu; ek;ikf; nfhz;L kfpo;r;rp mil

fpwhu;fNsh ehk; mtiuf; nfhz;L kfpo;r;rp milfpNwhk;.

cjajpd kfpo;tpNy nfhbfs;]a;apjJdh Mkpdh mtu;fs; mwptpf;fpwhu;fs;.

%d;W nfhbfs; el;lg;gl;lij ehd; ghu;j;Njd; xd;W

fpof;fpNy>,uz;lhtJ Nkw;fpNy> %d;whtJ f/gJy;yh`;

tpd; $iwapNy mg;NghJ mz;zy; egp

md;dtu;fs; mtjupj;jhu;fs;.

[pg;uPNy mkPd; nfhbia el;bdhu;fs; f/ghtpd; $iwapNymu;\; tiu nfhb gwe;jJ cjajpdj;jpNy

nfhbAld; Cu;tyk;

u`;kJy;ypy; MykPd; md;dtu;fs; Gdpj

kjPdhit Nehf;fp `p[;uj; nra;J kjPdhtpd; mUfpNy

GfkPk; vDk; Ciu mile;jNghJ BGiujh m];ykp

vd;gtu; gzP]`k; Nfhj;jpuj;jhupd; vOgJ gilfisj;

jpul;bf; nfhz;L ngUkhdhu; md;dtu;fis

ifJ nra;a te;jhu;>Mdhy; fz;kdp ehafk;

md;dtu;fspd; mUs; ghu;itahy;> md;d

tu;fspd; md;gpNy ifjhfp midtUNk ,];yhkpa

nfhs;ifia Vw;W K];ypkhf khwptpl;ldu;. gpd;G mtu;fs;

ahu]{yy;yh`;! kjPdh Kdt;tuh

efuj;jpNy jhq;fs; gpuNtrk; nfhbAlNdNa

,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W $wp jiyg;ghifia fyl;b xU

,jaj;jpw;F ,jkhd

khegp md;dtu;fSf;F Kd;Nd nrd;whu;.

,iwtdpd; k`;G+g; tUif jUfpwhu;fs; ,d;W

egpkhu;fspd; jiytu; tUif jUfpwhu;fs;

khegp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; vd; kPJ nts;spf;fpoik ehspy;]ythj; XJfpd;whNuh fpahkehsd;W ehd; mtUf;F \/ghmj; nra;Ntd;.

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: vd; kPJ ]ythj; XJtijmjpfg;gLj;Jq;fs;> epr;rakhf ,J cq;fSf;F gupRj;jkhFk;

!

!

07 08

VNdh #oy; kdkdf;fpwJ

VNdh tPl;Lf;FtPL n[hyp n[hypf;fpwJ

Mkhk; ,iwtdpd; Neru; tUif jUfpwhu;fs;

ngUehl;fSf;nfy;yhk; ngUehs; te;jJ

,iwtdpd; mUis nfhz;L te;jJ

thup toq;Fk; ty;yy; md;dtu;fs; tUif jUfpwhu;fs;

`{u;yPd;fs; egpGfo; ghlj; Jtq;fpdhu;fs;

`{u; kw;Wk; kyf;Ffspd; jiytu; tUif jUfpwhu;fs

mfpyj;jpd; mjpgjp egpkhu;fspd; jiytu; md;dtu;fs;

Mkpdh ckJ tPl;Lf;F tUif jUfpwhu;fs;

mj;jhu; ,d;W Mde;jj;jpy; %o;fp cs;shu;fs; Jd;ahtpy;

mtu;fspd; cs;sk; ftu;e;jtu;fs; tUif jUfpwhu;fs;

kPyhj;tpoh nfhz;lhLk; FLk;gk;

kjPdh Kdt;tuhtkjPdh Kdt;tuhtkjPdh Kdt;tuhtkjPdh Kdt;tuhtkjPdh Kdt;tuhtpNypNypNypNypNy fz;kdp

ehafk; md;dtu;fs; kPJ msT fle;j Nerk;

itj;j ,g;uh`Pk; vDk; xUtu; tho;e;J te;jhu;. mtu;

vg;NghJNk `yhyhd (MFkhd) up];ifNa rk;ghjpj;jhu;.

jdJ rk;ghj;jpaj;jpy; ghjp ghfj;ij kPyhj; nfhz;lhL

tjw;fhf Ntz;bNa jdpahf Nrkpj;J te;jhu;. (M`; !

ehKk; ekJ rk;ghj;jpaj;jpy; ghjpia ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;

gd;dpnuz;L tPjkhtJ my;yJ xU tPjkhtJ kPyhjpw;fhf

xJf;fp mjid jPDila Ntiyfspy; nryT nra;a cWjp

nfhz;lhy; .......) ugPcd;E}u;ugPcd;E}u;ugPcd;E}u;ugPcd;E}u;ugPcd;E}u; khjk; cjakhdJNk ngUq;

nfhz;lhl;lkhf mNj rkak; \uPmj;jpw;F cl;gl;L kPyhj;kPyhj;kPyhj;kPyhj;kPyhj;

tpohittpohittpohittpohittpohit mjptpkupirahf elj;jp te;jhu;. my;yh`{jMyh

tpd; Neruhd fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fspd;

kPjp ,Uf;Fk; gzj;ijAk; Kbe;j msT

ey;y fhupaq;fspy; nryT nra; vd;W $wpa gpd; mtu;

fypkh ja;apghit Xjpdhu;. gpd;G mtupd; cliy tpl;Lk;

capu; gpupe;J tpl;lJ. je;ijapd; t]pa;aj; gpufhuk; kfd;

mtiu mlf;fk; nra;J tpl;lhd;. ,g;nghOJ Ik;gJ

jpu;`k;fisAk; ey;y fhupaq;fspy; vt;thW nrytopg;g

njd;W mtDf;F Gupatpy;iy. mNj epidthf mtd;

,Ue;jNghJ mtDf;F cwf;fk; te;Jtpl;lJ. cwf;fj;jpNy

mtd; xU fdT fz;lhd;. fdtpNy fpahkj; ehs; te;J

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; etpd;Ws;shu;fs;: ePq;fs; vq;fpUe;jhYk; vd; kPJ]ythj; $Wq;fs;> Vnddpy; cq;fs; ]ythj; vd;id te;jilfpd;wJ.

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; vd; kPJ gj;J Kiw ]ythj;XJfpwhNuh my;yh`; mtupd; kPJ E}W u`;kj;Jf;fis mUSfpd;whd;.

!

09 10

tpl;bUe;jJ. vy;NyhUNk eg;]P> eg;]P vd;W gupjtpj;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ghf;fparhypfs; Rtdj;ij Nehf;fp nrd;Wf;

nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Fw;wthspfis ,Oj;J> ,Oj;J eufj;jpd;

gf;fk; nrYj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,td; jdpahf epd;W

jtpj;Jf;nfhz;L mtDf;F vd;d jPu;g;G toq;fg;gLNkh

vd;W gae;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhd;. jpBnud kiwthd mruPup

xd;W Nfl;lJ. ,e;j thypgid Rtu;f;fj;jpw;F mDg;Gq;fs;.

vdNt me;j thypgd; kpfTk; re;Njh\j;Jld; Rtu;f;fj;jpw;F

nrd;Wtpl;lhd;. Rtu;fj;jpNy re;Njh\khf miye;J jpupa

Muk;gpj;jhd;. VO tifahd Rtu;f;fj;ijAk; Rw;wpg;ghu;j;J

tpl;L mtd; vl;lhtJ Rtu;f;fj;ij mile;j NghJ mjd;

fhtyhspahd upo;thd; mtu;fs; ugPcd;E}upd;ugPcd;E}upd;ugPcd;E}upd;ugPcd;E}upd;ugPcd;E}upd; khj

j;jpNy ehafk; md;dtu;fSila kPyhij

ahu; kpfTk; re;Njh\khf nfhz;lhbdhu;fNsh mtu;fs;

kl;LNk ,e;j Rtu;f;fj;jpNy Eioa KbAk; vd;W

$wpdhu;fs;. mijf; Nfl;lJk; mtDila ngw;Nwhu;fs;

(ku;`{ikd;) ,Nj Rtu;f;fj;jpy; jhd; ,Ug;ghu;fs; vd;W

mtDf;F Njhd;wpaJ. mjw;Fs; xU rj;jk; Nfl;lJ ,e;j

thypgid cs;Ns tutpLq;fs;> mtDila ngw;Nwhu;fs;

mtid re;jpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;wdu; vdNt mtd; cs;Ns

GFe;jhd;. mq;Nf mtd; fz;l fhl;rp mtDila jha;

nfs]u; vDk; ejpf;fUfpy; mku;e;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. gf;fj;jp

NyNa rpk;khrdk; xd;W ,Ue;jJ. mjpy; xU mjp

Nkd;ikahd ngz;kdp mku;e;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. mtiu

Rw;wpYk; ehw;fhypfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mjpNy gy

fk;gPukhd ngz;kzpfs; mku;e;jpUe;jdu;. ,td; thdtu;

xUtiu Nfl;fyhdhd;> ,e;j ngz;kdpfs; ahu;? mtu;

$wpdhu;. mNjh rpk;khrdj;jpNy mku;e;jpUf;fpwhu;fNs

mtu;fs; jhd; Rtu;f;fj;Jg; ngz;kzpfspd; jiytp

]a;apjJdh /ghj;jpkh z] ;`uh Mthu;fs;.kw;w

ehl;fhypfspy; mku;e;jpUg;gtu;fs; ]a;apjJdh fjP[Jy;

Fg;uh>]a;apjJdh Map\h ehafp >]a;apjJdh ku;ak;>

]a;apjJdh M]pah>]a;apjJdh ]huh>]a;apjJdh

`h[uh> ]a;apjJdh uhgpah> ]a;apjJdh z]{igjh

Mthu;fs;.mijf; Nfl;l mtd; kpfTk;

kfpo;r;rp mile;jhd;. gpd;G mtd; NkYk; Kd;Ndwpr;

nry;yyhdhd;. mq;Nf ,d;DnkhU fhl;rp njd;gl;lJ.

khngUk; rpk;khrdk; xd;W mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ> mjpy;

kjPdj;J khNte;ju;> Nfs;tp fzf;F

ehspy; \/ghmj; nra;Ak; Ve;jy;> my;yh ;`

tpd; `gPg;> m`;kNj Kf;jhu; md;d

tu;fs; jkJ xspnghUe;jpa jpU Kfj;Jld; mq;Nf mku;e;

jpUe;jhu;fs;. md;dtu;fis Rw;wpYk; ehd;F ehl;fhypfs;

Nghlg;gl;bUe;jd. mitfspy; Fy/ghNa uh\pjPd;fs;

mku;e;jpUe;jdu;. tyJ gf;fj;jpy; jq;f ehl;

fhypfspy; rq;ifahd egpkhu;fs; mku;e;jpUe;jdu;>

,lJ gf;fj;jpy; fz;zpakpf;f \{`jhf;fs; mku;e;

;jpUe;jdu;. ,jw;fpilapy; kuzpj;j jd;Dila je;ij

,g;uh`Pk;>fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fSf;F

mUfhikapy; $l;lj;Jld; mku;e;jpUg;gij fz;lhd;. jd;

kfidg; ghu;j;jJk; je;ijahu; mtid khu;NghL Nru;j;J

midj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. mtd; kpfTk; re;Njh\k; mile;J

jdJ je;ijia Nehf;fp Nfl;fyhdhd;> vd; mUik

je;ijNa! jq;fSf;F ,e;j cau;e;j me;j];J vg;gb

fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs; : ahUf;F Kd;dhy; vd; ngau; $wg;gl;L>

mtu; vd; kPJ ]ythj; $wtpy;iyNah mtu; kdpju;fspNy kpfTk; fQ;rdhthd;.

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; etpd;Ws;shu;fs;: nts;spf;fpoik jpdk; ahu; vd; kPJ ,UE}W

Kiw ]ythj; XJfpd;whNuh mtuJ ,UE}W Mz;L ghtq;fs; kd;dpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

"#$

%& ' ()

&' ()"#$ &

&' ()

11 12

fpilj;jJ ? mjw;F mtu; my;`k;Jypy;yh`; ,J

kPyhij nfhz;lhbajw;fhd gpujpgyd; vd;W gjpyspj;jhu;.

mjw;f;Fg;gpd; me;j thypgd; tpopj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;.

fhiyapNyNa mtd; jd; tPl;il kpfTk; Fiwe;j

tpiyf;F tpw;Wtpl;lhd;. mtDila je;ij tpl;Lr; nrd;w

Ik;gJ jpu;`k;fSld; jdJ gzj;ijAk; Nru;j;J tpUe;J

Vw;ghL nra;J> gy cykhf;fisAk;> Nguwpthsu;fisAk;

mioj;J tpUe;Jgrhuk; nra;jhd;. mtDila cs;sk;

Jd;ahit tpl;Lk; Nrhu;T mile;Jtpl;lJ. mjpfkhd

Neuj;ij gs;sp thrypNyNa ,ghjj; nra;tjpYk;> mjpy;

gzptpil nra;tjpYk; ehd; kPyhij nfhz;lhbehd; kPyhij nfhz;lhbehd; kPyhij nfhz;lhbehd; kPyhij nfhz;lhbehd; kPyhij nfhz;lhb

FJ}fyk; mile;jjhy; Rtu;f;fj;jpNy vd; je;ij Ald;FJ}fyk; mile;jjhy; Rtu;f;fj;jpNy vd; je;ij Ald;FJ}fyk; mile;jjhy; Rtu;f;fj;jpNy vd; je;ij Ald;FJ}fyk; mile;jjhy; Rtu;f;fj;jpNy vd; je;ij Ald;FJ}fyk; mile;jjhy; Rtu;f;fj;jpNy vd; je;ij Ald;

,Uf ;f pd ;w ghf ;f paj ;ij ngw ;Wf ;nfhz;Nld ;,Uf ;f pd ;w ghf ;f paj ;ij ngw ;Wf ;nfhz;Nld ;,Uf ;f pd ;w ghf ;f paj ;ij ngw ;Wf ;nfhz;Nld ;,Uf ;f pd ;w ghf ;f paj ;ij ngw ;Wf ;nfhz;Nld ;,Uf ;f pd ;w ghf ;f paj ;ij ngw ;Wf ;nfhz;Nld ; vd

gjpyspj;jhd;.

my;yh`; tpd; NguUs; mtu; kPJ nghspal;Lk;. mtupd;nghUl;lhy; ekJ ghtq;fs; kd;dpf;fg;gll;Lk;.

vdJ gl;Nlhiy ghtj;jhy; epuk;gp cs;sd,iwth kd;dpj;jUs;thahf kPyhjpd; nghUl;lhy;.

kPyhj; tpoh nfhz;lhLtjd; ed;ik.

N\f; mg;Jy; ` f; K`j;jp]; nj`;ytp mtu;fs;

mwptpf;fpwhu;fs;.fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fs;

gpwe;j ,utpy; re;Njh\k; nfhz;lhLgtu;fSf;F fpilf;Fk;

gpujpgyd; vd;dntd;why;>my;yh`{jMyh jdJ fUiz

iaf; nfhz;L [d;dhJd; e rhg;ghL Vw;ghL nra;gtu;fshfTk;> ]jfhf;fSk;>

jhdjUkq;fSk; nfhLg;gtu;fshfTk;>re;Njh\j;ij

ntspg;gLj;Jgtu;fshfTk;> kdk; jpwe;J nrytopg;

;gtu;fshfTk; NkYk; fz;kdp ehafk;

md;dtu;fs; gpwe;j jpdj;ij Qhgfk; nra;Ak; epfo;r;rpfis

Vw;ghL nra;tNjhL jdJ ,y;yq;fisAk; myq;fupf;fp

d;whu;fs;. ,t;thwhd ey;y tplaq;fspd; gufj;jhy;

,g;gbahd kdpju;fs; kPJ my;yh`; tpd; u`;kj;

,wq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

a`{jpfSf;Fk; my;yh`; cq;fs; kPJ u`;kj; nghopthd;.

fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs; : vd; kPJ mjpfkhf ]ythj; $Wq;fs;>

epr;rakhf ePq;fs; vd; kPJ $Wk; ]ythj; cq;fSila ghtq;fSf;F kd;dpg;ghFk;.

13 14

!

* +,)

Vd; Vw;ghL nra;fpwhu;fs;? mjw;F me;j A+jd; $wpdhd;

,e;j khjj;jpy; jhd; mtu;fSila egpfs; ehafk;

md;dtu;fs; gpwe;jhu;fs;> mjdhy; mtu;fs;

ehafk; md;dtu;fs; gpwe;j jpdj;ij

nfhz;lhLfpwhu;fs; NkYk; K];ypk;fs; ,e;j khjj;ij

kpfTk; fz;zpag;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;.mjw;F me;j A+jdpd;

kidtp $wpdhs;> K];ypk;fspd; topKiw vt;tsT ed;whf

cs;sJ.jq;fSila egpfs; ehafk; md;

dtu;fspd; gpwe;j jpdj;ij xt;nthU tUlKk; nfhz;lhL

fpwhu;fs;. ,t;thW $wp me;j me;j A+jg; ngz; md;wpuT

gLf;iff;Fr; nrd;w NghJ mts; jiytpjpNa khwptpl;lJ.

mts; ,t;thW fdT fz;lhs; xU mofpa ngupahu; tUif

jUfpwhu;fs;. md;dtu;fis Rw;wpYk; kf;fs; $l;lk;

epuk;gpapUe;jJ.mts; Kd;Nd nrd;W xUtuplk; Nfl;lhs;

,e;j ngupatu;fs; ahu;?mjw;F mtu; md;dtu;fs; jhd;

,Wjpj;J}ju;> cq;fs; gf;fj;J tPl;Lf;fhuuhd

K];ypk; kPyhj; tpohkPyhj; tpohkPyhj; tpohkPyhj; tpohkPyhj; tpoh nfhz;lhLtjd; fhuzj;jhy; mt

Uf;F ed;ikAk;> gufj;Jk; toq;fp mtiu re;jpj;J re;Njh

\j;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf vd;W gjpyspj;jhu;. me;j

A+jg; ngz; kPz;Lk; Nfl;fyhdhs;> ehd; VjhtJ Nfl;lhy;

cq;fs; egp md;dtu;fs; gjpyspg;ghu;fsh?

mtu; $wpdhu;> epr;rakhf gjpyspg;ghu;fs;>vdNt me;j

A+jg; ngz;zhdts; ngUkhdhu; md;dtu;

fis miof;fyhdhs;>clNd ehafk; md;d

tu;fs; yg;igf;yg;igf;yg;igf;yg;igf;yg;igf; vd gjpyspj;jhu;fs;> mjw;F mts; kpfTk;

kfpo;e;jtsha; ehd; xU K];ypk; ,y;iyNa! ,Ug;gpDk;

ehafk; md;dtu;fs; yg;igfyg;igfyg;igfyg;igfyg;igf; vd gjpyspj;

jhu;fs;.gpd;G kjPdj;J Nfhkhd; md;dtu;fs;

jpUTskhdhu;fs;. vdf;F my;yh`; tplkpUe;J eP

xU K];ypkhfg; Nghfpwha; vd;gjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mijf; Nfl;lTld; cldbahf mts; $wpdhs; epr;rakhf

jhq;fs; rq;ifahd egpahfTk;> ew;FzKilatu;fshfTk;

,Uf;fpd;wPu;fs;. ahu; jhq;fspd; nrhw;gb elf;ftpy;iyNah

mtu;fs; ehrkhfp tpLthu;fs; NkYk; ahu; jhq;fspd;

me;j];ij Gupe;J nfhs;stpy;iyNah mtu;fs; epr;rakhf

e\;lthspfs; vd $wp \`hjj; fypkhit nkhope;jhs;.

gpd;G mtSf;F tpopg;G Vw;gl;L clNd mts; cz;ikahd

cs;sj;NjhL K];ypkhfptpl;lhs;. gpwF mts; jdJ

midj;J nrhj;Jf;fisAk; my;yh`; tpd; ,dpa

Neruhd> ,d;Dapu; K];j/gh md ;dtu ;

fspd; gpwe;j jpd tpohtpy; nrytopg;gjw;fhfTk; ,d;Dk;

epiwa tpUe;Jgrhuk; (fe;J}up) nra;tjw;fhfTk; epidj;Jf;

nfhz;lhs;. fhiyapy; ghu;j;jNghJ mtspd; fztd;

tpUe;J gilg;gjpy; Kk;Kukhf fhzg;gl;lhd;. mijf; fz;l

mts; Mr;rupag;gl;ltshf mtdplk; ePq;fs; vd;d

nra;fpwPu;fs;? vd Nfl;lhs;. mtd; $wpdhd;. eP K];ypkhd

re;Njh\j;jpy; jhd; ,e;j tpUe;Jgrhuj;ijr; nra;fpNwd;.

mjw;F mts; mJ cq;fSf;F vg;gb njupAk;? vdf;

Nfl;lhs;. mtd; gjpyspj;jhd;> ehDk; ,uT mz;zyhu;

md;dtu;fspd; Kghuf;fhd fuq;fspy;

mtupd; nghUl;lhy; ekJ ghtq;fs; kd;dpf;fg;gll;Lk;.

ngUkhdhupd; tUif fz;L me;j fhuk; mfd;wJ

G+kpnad;d> thdnkd;d Rw;wpYk; gpufhrk; gbe;jJ

j/tNj ,];yhkpAk; kPyhj; tpohTk;

my;` k;Jypy;yh ;` Fu;Md; Rd;dhitg; Nghjpf;fpd;w>

murpay; rhu;gw;w j/tNj ,];yhkpapy; kPyhj; tpoh

nfhz;lhLk; tpjNkh jdpg;gl;l xU Kiwahf ,Uf;fpwJ.

cyfj;jpy; vj;jidNah ehLfspy; j/tNj ,];yhkpapd;

jiyikapy; kPyhJd; egp (gpwe;j jpd)

,utpy ; g puk ;khz;lkhd k Pyhj ; ,[;j pkhk Pyhj ; ,[;j pkhk Pyhj ; ,[;j pkhk Pyhj ; ,[;j pkhk Pyhj ; ,[;j pkh Vw ;ghL

nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghYk; cyfj;jpd; kpfg;ngupa kPyhj;kPyhj;kPyhj;kPyhj;kPyhj;

,[;jpkh,[;jpkh,[;jpkh,[;jpkh,[;jpkh BghGy; kjPdh - fuhr;rpapy; (ghfp];jhd;) eil

ngWfpwJ. ,jd; rpwg;Gf;fis vt;thW $WtJ ! ,jpy;

fye;J nfhs;Sk; vj;jidNah ghf;fparhypfspd; tho;f;

;ifapy; kjdp khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ijg; gw;wpa

ehd;F kjdp tre;jq;fisehd;F kjdp tre;jq;fisehd;F kjdp tre;jq;fisehd;F kjdp tre;jq;fisehd;F kjdp tre;jq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;.

(1) ghtj;jpw;F gupfhuk; fpilj;jJ.

fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fspd; Neru;

(M\pf;) xUtu; ,t;thW $Wfpwhu;. `p[;up (1426)y; ff;up

ikjhdk; - BghGy; kjPdh fuhr;rpapy; eilngw;w kPyhj;

,[;jpkhtpy; vdf;F njupe;j njhOifapy;yhj (MODERN)

thypgUk; fye;J nfhz;lhu;. tpbfhiy tre;jj;ij

(ngUkhdhu; md;dtu;fs; gpwe;j Neuk;)vjpu;g;

ghu;j;J> ]ythj;Jk; ]yhKk; ,d;Dk; ku;`gh ah K];j/

ghtpd; Kof;fq;fisf; Nfl;Fk; NghJk; mtupd; cs;sk;

khwptpl;lJ. ed;ikapd; gf;fk; MirAk;> ghtj;ij

ntWf;Fk; Mu;tKk; Vw;gl;lJ. me;j Neuj;jpNyNa njhO

ifia NgZtjw;Fk;> jhb itg;gjw;Fk; epa;aj; itj;J

tpl;lhu;. cz;ikapy; njhOifahspahfTk;> jhb itj;j

tuhfTk; Mfptpl;lhu;. mNj Nghd;W mtuplk; xU nfl;l

gof;fKk; ,Ue;jJ. mij Fwpg;gpLtJ ey;yjy;y> kPyhj;kPyhj;kPyhj;kPyhj;kPyhj;

,[;jpkh,[;jpkh,[;jpkh,[;jpkh,[;jpkhtpd; gufj;jhy; my;`k;Jypy;yh`; mJTk;

ePq;fptpl;lJ. NtnwhU thu;j;ijapy; nrhy;tjhdhy;> kPyhj;

,[;jpkhtpy; fye;Jnfhz;l ghf;fpaj;jhy; ghtk; vDk;

Neha;f;F ghtq;fspd; rpfpr;ir fpilj;Jtpl;lJ.

NfSq;fs; NfSq;fs; md;dtu;fis

epidj;Njq;Fk; cs;sj;ij NfSq;fs;

mUs; ghu;itia NfSq;fs;

ghtj;jpd; gupfhuj;ij epr;rak; NfSq;fs;

Nfl;Fk; jUzNkh ,d;iwa ,uT jhd;.

(2) cs;sj;jpd; mOf;F fOtg;gl;lJ.

tlf;F fuhr;rpia Nru;e;j xU ,];yhkpa rNfhjuu; vOjp

mDg;gpa tplaj;ij vdJ Kiwapy; $Wfpd;Nwd;.

ugpcd;E}uugpcd;E}uugpcd;E}uugpcd;E}uugpcd;E}u; khjj;jpd; Muk;g ehl;fspy; fz;kdp ehafk;

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; vd; kPJ xU jlit ]ythj;XJfpwhNuh my;yh`; mtu; kPJ gj;J mUl;nfhilfis mUSfpd;whd;.

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; vd; kPJ xU jlit ]ythj;XJfpwhNuh my;yh`; mtu; kPJ gj;J mUl;nfhilfis mUSfpd;whd;.

17 18

!

!

md ;dtu ;fs pd ; Neru ;fs py ; r pyu ; >

ghtq;fspy; %o;fp fplf;Fk; vd; kPJ jdpg;gl;l Kaw;r;rpjdpg;gl;l Kaw;r;rpjdpg;gl;l Kaw;r;rpjdpg;gl;l Kaw;r;rpjdpg;gl;l Kaw;r;rp

nra;J ff;up ikjhdk;- BghGy; kjPdh fuhr;rpapy;

eilngwTs;s j/tNj ,];yhkpapd; kPyhj; ,[;jpkhkPyhj; ,[;jpkhkPyhj; ,[;jpkhkPyhj; ,[;jpkhkPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpy;

fye;J nfhs;SkhW j/tj; nfhLj;jhu;fs;. vd;Dila

ghf;fpak; ehDk; cWjp nfhz;Nld;. 12Mk; ,uT te;jTld;

thf;FWjp mspj;jthNw kPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpy; fye;J

nfhs;tjw;fhf kjdp fh/gpyhTld; Ng&e;jpy; (Bus)

gpuahzk; nra;Njd;.fz;kdp ehafk; md ;

dtu;fspd; Neru; xUtu; r;rk; r;rk; vd;W nrhy;yf;$ba

xUtif ,dpg;Gg; gz;lj;ij Rkhu; Kg;gJ ,];yhkpa

rNfhjuu;fSf;F gq;fPL nra;J nfhLj;jhu;. gq;fPL

nra;jtupd; ghrk; epiwe;j me;j Kiw vdJ cs;sj;ij

ftu;e;jJ. gpd;G ehk; kPyhj; ,[;jpkhkPyhj; ,[;jpkhkPyhj; ,[;jpkhkPyhj; ,[;jpkhkPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpy; fye;J nfhz;

Nlhk;. vdJ tho;ehspNy Kjy; jlit ,t;thW rpwg;ghd

epfo;it ehd; ghu;j;Njd;. f]Pjhf;fSk;>]ythj;Jk;>

]yhKk; ,d;Dk; ku;`gh ahK];j/gh

tpd; ,d;gfukhd XirfSk; vdJ cs;sj;jpd; mOf;ifvdJ cs;sj;jpd; mOf;ifvdJ cs;sj;jpd; mOf;ifvdJ cs;sj;jpd; mOf;ifvdJ cs;sj;jpd; mOf;if

Rj;jg;gLj;jp tpl;ldRj;jg;gLj;jp tpl;ldRj;jg;gLj;jp tpl;ldRj;jg;gLj;jp tpl;ldRj;jg;gLj;jp tpl;ld. my;`k;Jypy;yh`; me;j

Neuj;jpNy ehd; j/tNj ,];yhkpapd; kjdp #oNyhL

xd;whfptpl ;Nld; . ,g ;NghJ Kfj;j py ; Kghuf ;fhd

jhbapdJk;> jiyapy; gr;ir epw jiyg;ghifapdJk;

tre;jk; cs;sJ my;`k;Jypy;yh`; > NkYk; xU

gpuNjr K\htuj;jpd;gpuNjr K\htuj;jpd;gpuNjr K\htuj;jpd;gpuNjr K\htuj;jpd;gpuNjr K\htuj;jpd; gzpahsdhf (jiytu;) ,Ue;J

]{d;dj;Jf;fis gug;Gfpd;w ghf;fpaKk; fpilj;Js;sJ.

my;yh`;tpd; `gPgpd; nghUl;lhy;fpilj;Js;sJ kjdp #oy;

nfs]{y; m/yk;> m`;kj; uz]h md;dtu;fspdJk;Mrp cs;sJ kjdp #oypy;

,q;F ]{d;dj;Jf;fisAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;,iwar;rj;ijAk; cz;lhf;Fk; kjdp #oy;

epr;rakhf mtu; kpfg; ngupa ghf;fparhypNa

vtUf;F fpilj;jtpl;lNjh kjdp #oy;

(3) xsp kio

vy;yhtUlq;fisg; NghYk; `p[;up 1417 y; kPyhJd; egp

eilngw;w NghJ gfy; Neuk; S`Uf;Fg;

gpd; j/tNj ,];yhkpapd; ehz]pkhghj; `y;fh BghGy;

kjPdh> fuhr;rpapd; kjdp Cu;tyk; ]u;fhupd; tUif

ku;`gh vd;w rj;jj;Jld; ,d;Dk; ku;`gh ah K];j/gh

vd;W $wpf;nfhz;L ghijapy; nrd;Wf;

nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,lj;jpw;fplk; Cu;tyj;ij epWj;jp kf;fis

mkuitj;J NefPfp j/tj;NefPfp j/tj;NefPfp j/tj;NefPfp j/tj;NefPfp j/tj; (eytpd;ghy; miog;G ) nfhLf;

fg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,ilapy; Xuplj;jpy; fpl;lj;jl;l

10 taJila rpWtu; eytpd; ghy; miog;G tpLj;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;jhu;> me;Neuk; Cu;tyj;jpy; nksdk; Vw;gl;

bUe;jJ. gahd; Kbe;jJk; xU kdpju; vOe;J mg;gFjpapd;

nghWg;ghsu; ,Uf;Fkplj;ij Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Nl mtuplk;

nrd;W jpifj;Jg;Ngha; $wyhdhu;> gahd; eilngw;Wf;

;nfhz;bUe;j NghJ jq;fspd; me;j rpwpatu; cl;gl Cu;

;tyj;jpy; ,Ue;j midtu;fs; kPJk; xsp kio nghope;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;jij ehd; vdJ fz;fshy; ghu;j;Njd;>

fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; Kd;dpiyapy; vd; ngau;$wg;gl;L mtu; vd; kPJ ]ythj; Xjtpy;iyNahmtu; xU Ju;g;ghf;fparhypNa.

19 20



!

kd;dpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs; ehd; xU K];ypk; my;y jaT

nra;J vd;id ,];yhj;jpy; Eioj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

ku;`ghtpd; Nfh\j;jpy; #oNyh mjpu;e;jJ. 3 Foe;ijfs; mNjNghy; mtupd;

je;ijAk; jPDy; ,];yhj;ij jOtpf;nfhz;lhu;fs;.

kPyhJe; egp ngUehshfpwJ

cs;sk; kpf kfpo;r;rp milfpwJ.

M\pfPd;fspd; ngUehNsh ugpcd;D}upd;

gd;dpnuz;lhk; ehshfpwJ

vy;yh kyf;FfSk;> `{u;yPd;fSk;

,d;W kfpo;r;rpapy; cs;sdu;

Mk;! Mdhy; i\j;jhd; jdJ $l;lj;NjhL

Nrhfj;jpy; cs;shd;

(4) ,d;Wk; juprdk; nghJthdJ

xU M\pNf u]{y; (ehafj;ij Nerpg;gtu;) ,t;thW

$wpdhu;. ff;up ikjhdk;> BghGy; kjPdh> fhuhr;rpapy;

j/tNj ,];yhkpapdhy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l kPyhJe; egp

khngUk; epfo;tpy;> ngUk;ghYk; Jd;ahtpd;

kpfg; ngupa kPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpy; rpy ,];yhkpa rNfhjuu;fs;

fye;J> fijf;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ xU ,];yhkpa

rNfhjuu; $wpdhu;. Muk;gj;jpy; j/tNj ,];yhkpapd; kPyhj;

,[;jpkhtpy; kpfTk; cs;sr;rk; Vw;gLk;> ,g;NghJ mt;thW

,y;iy. ,ijf; Nfl;l ,d;ndhU ,];yhkpa rNfhjuu;

$wpdhu;. ez;gNu! ePq;fs; $WtJ jtW kPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpd;

epiy mg;gbNajhd; cs;sJ. Mdhy; ekJ cs;sq;fspd;

epiyjhd; Kd; Nghy; ,y;iy. ehafj;jpd; jpf;u; (Qhgfk;)

vt;thW khWk;! ekJ vz;zq;fs; jhd; khwptpl;lJ. ,d;Wk;

ehq;fs; mijg;gw;wp jtwhf tpku;rpj;J topjtwptplhky;>

cz;ikahd mfPjhNthL fz;kdp ehafk;

md;dtu;fspd; mofhd rpe;jidapy; %o;fpatu;fshf

f]Pjhf;fis Nfl;lhy; ,d;\h my;yh`; fpUig

epr ;rak; cz;lhFk;. KjyhtJ Ngrpa ,];yhkpa

rNfhjuupd; Ngr;R i\j;jhdhy; Nghlg;gl;l re;Njfq;fis

cz;lhf;fp nghWg;gw;w Kiwapy; Ml;Nrgid njuptpj;J

kPyhj; tpohtpy; fye;Jf; nfhs;shky; tPl;bw;F jpUg;gp

mDg;gf;$bajhf ,Ue;jhYk; ,uz;lhtJ Ngrpatupd; gjpy;

kpfTk; tuNtw;f;fg;gl;ljhFk;. mjhtJ eg;]{y; yt;thkh

it ntspg;gLj;jp i\j;jhid Xl itj;jjhFk;. ed;ikia

ehb $wpa mtupd; gjpy; (mk;igg; Nghd;W) vdJ

cs;sj;jpy; gjpe;J nfhz;lJ. gpd;G ehd; Kaw;rp nra;J

kPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpd;kPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpd;kPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpd;kPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpd;kPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpd; kj;jpapy; Ngha; ehafj;jpd; M\pfPd;

fNshL mku;e;J> ,dpikahd f]Pjhf;fspd; ,dpikapNy

%o;rp tpl;Nld;. mjpfhiy (]{g;N` rhjpf;) cila Neuk;

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; vd; kPJ fhiyapYk; khiyapYk; gj;J gj;J

jlitfs; ]thj; XJfpwhNuh mtUf;F fpahkehsd;W ehd; vdJ \/ghmj; fpilf;Fk;.

K];jgh md;dtu;fs; etpd;Ws;shu;fs;: ahUf;F Kd;dhy; vd; ngau;$wg;gl;L mtu; vd;kPJ ]ythj; Xjtpy;iyNah mtu; mePjk; ,ioj;Jtpl;lhu;.

21 22

!

neWq;fpaJ> ehafj;jpd; M\pfPd;fs; (Neru;fs;) midtUk;

tpbfhiy tre;jj;ij vjpu;g;ghu;j;J vOe;J epd;wdu;.

,[;jpkhtpy; xUtifahd t[;j; (jd;dpiy kwj;jy;)

Vw;gl;bUe;jJ> vy;yh jpirfspYk; ku;`ghtpd; rg;jk;

xspj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. kdpjg;Gdpjupd; jiytuhfpa fz;

kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fspd; re;epjhdj;jpy;

]ythj;Jk;> ]yhKk; $wpf;nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhu;fs;. ehafj;

jpd; Neru;fSila fz;fspypUe;J fz;zPu; Xbf; nfhz;bU

e;jd. vy;yhj; jpirfspypUe;Jk; tpk;kp mOk; rg;jq;fSk;

te;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jd. vdf;Fk; xUtifahd cskfpo;r;rp

Vw;gl;lJ. ghtk; epiwe;j vdJ fz;fSk; rpW rpW

Mde;jkhd J}uy; tpOtijAk; fz;ld;. KO ,[;jpkhTk;

u ;`kj;jpd; kioapy; eide;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.ehDk; vdJ

fz;fis %bf;nfhz;L ,d;Dapu; K];jgh

md;dtu;fspd; mofpa rpe;jidapy; %o;fp ]ythj;jpYk;>

]yhkpYk; ve;j ehaff;

Nfhkhd;>fz;kdp ehafk;

md;dtu;fspd; gpwe;j jpdj;ij nfhz;lhLfpNwhNkh mNj

,d;Dapu; K];jgh md;dtu;fs; vd;Nghd;w

ghtpf;F fUidf; fhl;b md;dtu;fis fhZk; ghf;fpa

j;ij mUspdhu;fs;. my;` k;Jypy;yh ;` ehafj;jpd;

juprdj;ijf; nfhz;L vdJ cs;sk;

Fspu;e;J tpl;lJ. epr;rakhf me;j ,];yhkpa rNfhjuu;

cz;ikia $wpdhu;. mjhtJ j/tNj ,];yhkpapd; kPyhj;

,[;jpkh Kd;Nghd;W cs;sr;rk; cilajhfNt cs;sJ.

Mdhy; ekJ epiyikfs; jhd; khwptpl;lJ. ehk; ftdk;

nrYj;jpdhy; ,d;Wk; md;dtu;fspd; juprdk; nghJthdJ.

mff;fd; cilatu;fs; jhq;fspd; j[y;ypia fhz;ghu;fs;mff;fz; mw;wtu;fs; vijj;jhd; fhz;ghu;fs;rpyu; te;J ngw;Wf; nfhz;L nrd;W tpl;lhu;fs;rpyu; tho;ehs; KOtJk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Kbahky; cs;shu;fs;

,J fUizapd; jPu;g;ghFk; ,J e]Pgpd; tplakhFk;

( vd;w gd;dpnuz;L vOj;Jf;fspd;njhlu;gpy; kPyhj; tpohtpd; 12 kjdp G+f;fs; )

kjPdh 1 :kjPdh 1 :kjPdh 1 :kjPdh 1 :kjPdh 1 : kPyhj; tpohtpd; re;Njh\j;jpy; k];[pj;fs;>

tPLfs;> filfs;> ,d;Dk; thfdq;fs; kw;Wk; cq;fs;

gpuNjrj;jpYk; gr;ir epw nfhbfis njhq;ftpLq;fs;.

ed;whf myq;fupj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. jkJ tPLfis

Fiwe;jJ 12 kpd;tpsf;Ffisf; nfhz;L ntspr;rkhf;

Fq;fs;. ugPcd;E}u;ugPcd;E}u;ugPcd;E}u;ugPcd;E}u;ugPcd;E}u; gd;dpnuz;lhtJ ,utpy; ed;ikia

ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w epa;aj;NjhL jpf;u;> f]Pjhf;fs;

eilngWk; ,[;jpkhtpy; fye;Jf; nfhz;L tpbfhiy Neuk;

gr;ir epw nfhbfis Ve;jpatu;fshf ]ythj;Jk;> ]yhKk;

$wpf; nfhz;Nl fz;zPu; ky;fpa fz;fNshL tpbfhiy

tre;jj;ij vjpu;ghu;j;J fhj;jpUq;fs;. ugPcd;E}u; khjj;jpd;

12k; ehs; KbAkhapUe;jhy; Nehd;G Nehw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

ekJ ,d;Dapu; K];j/gh md;dtu;fs;

jpq;fl;fpoikfspy; Nehd;G Nehw;W jdJ gpwe;j jpdj;ij

khegp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; vd; kPJ nts;spf;fpoik ehspy; ]ythj; XJfpd;whNuh fpahkehsd;W ehd; mtUf;F \/ghmj; nra;Ntd;.

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; vd; kPJ gj;J Kiw ]ythj;XJfpwhNuh my;yh`; mtupd; kPJ E}W u`;kj;Jf;fis mUSfpd;whd;

23 24

!

nfhz;lhbdhu;fs;. vt;thnwd;why; `o;uj; ]a;apJdh mG+

fjhjh mtu;fs; mwptpf;fpwhu;fs;. fz;kdp

ehafk; md;dtu;fsplk; jpq;fl;fpoikapd;

Nehd;igg; gw;wp Nfl;fg;gl;l NghJ ,e;j jpdj;jpy; jhd;

vdJ gpwg;G epfo;e;jJ NkYk; ,Nj jpdj;jpy; jhd; vdf;F

t`P ,wf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W $wpdhu;fs;.

]`P`; Gfhupapd; tpupTiuahsu; `o;uj; ]a;apJdh

,khk; f];jyhdp mtu;fs; mwptpf;fpd;whu;fs;.

kPyhj; jpd ehl;fspy; kPyhj; tpohf;fis nfhz;lhLtjd;

%yk; me;j tUlk; G+uhTk; epk;kjpahd tho;f;ifAk;>

mtuJ xt;nthU NjitAk; mtrukhf epiwT ngWtJk;

mDgtuPjpahf fhzg;gl;l tplakhFk;. vtnuy;yhk; kPyhj;

jpdj;ij ngUehshf Mf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;fNsh mtu;fs;

kPJ my;yh`; mUs;ghspg;ghdhf.

kjPdh 2 :kjPdh 2 :kjPdh 2 :kjPdh 2 :kjPdh 2 : f/gJy;yh`; Nghd;w tbtj;ij (MODEL)

mikj;J jth/gpd; epiyia fhz;gpg;gjw;fhf rpy

,lq;fspy;(,e;jpah>ghfp];jhd; Nghd;w ehLfspy;)

nghk;ikfis itg;ghu;fs;. ,t;thW nra;tJ ghtkhFk;.

[h`pypa;ahf; fhyj;jpy; f/gJy;yh`;tpy; 360 rpiyfs;

itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.ekJ capupYk; Nkyhd fz;kdp ehafk;

md;dtu;fs; kf;fh ntw;wpf;Fg; gpd; f/

gJy; K\u;u/ghit rpiyfis tpl;Lk; gupRj;jg;gLj;jp

dhu;fs;. vdNt tbtj;jpYk; (MODEL) $l rpiyfs;

(nghk;ikfs;) ,Uf;ff; $lhJ> mjd; ,lj;jpy; gpyh];bf;

G+f;fis itf;fyhk; (cUtq;fs; njspthf njd;glhj

jth/Ng f/ghtpd; fhl;rpfs; mlq;fpa glj;ij k];[pj;

my;yJ tPLfspy; njhq;ftpLtJ MFkhFk;. Mk; ve;j

glj;ij epyj;jpy; itj;J vOe;J epd;W ghu;g;gjhy; cUtk;

njspthf njd;gLNkh mij njhq;ftpLtJ $lhjJk;>

ghtkhd tplaKkhFk;.

kjPdh 3 :kjPdh 3 :kjPdh 3 :kjPdh 3 :kjPdh 3 : kapy; ,d;Dk; mJ Nghd;w cUtq;fs;

fPug;gl;bUf;Fk; bi]dpNy Eiothapy; (GATE) NghljPu;fs;.

kpUfq;fspd; cUtq;fisg; gw;wp fz;bj;J tUk; ,uz;L

`jP];fis ghu;j;J ,iwtid gae;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

(1) ve;j tPl;bNy eha; my;yJ cUtg;glq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w

Njh me;j tPLfspy; u`;kj;Jila kyf;Ffs; Eioa

khl;lhu;fs;.

(2) ahu; (capupdj;jpd;) cUtq;fis mikf;fpwhNdh

mjw;F capu; nfhLf;Fk; tiu mtDf;F my;yh`{jMyh

jz;lidia nfhLj;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghd;. ,d;Dk;

mtdhy; mjw;F xU NghJk; capu; nfhLf;fNt KbahJ.

kjPdh 4 :kjPdh 4 :kjPdh 4 :kjPdh 4 :kjPdh 4 : kPyhj; tpohtpd; re;Njh\j;jpy; rpy ,lq;fspy;

ghl;Lfs; ,irf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW nra;tJ khu;f;fj;

jpy; ghtkhFk;. ,ijg; gw;wpa ,uz;L `jP];fis

ftdpAq;fs;.

(1) fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fs; $wp

dhu;fs; : vdf;F Nlhy;> Gy;yhq;Foy; ,itfis

cilf;Fk;gb fl;lis gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; vd; kPJ gj;J Kiw ]ythj;XJfpwhNuh my;yh`; mtupd; kPJ E}W u`;kj;Jf;fis mUSfpd;whd;

fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs; : vd; kPJ mjpfkhf ]ythj; $Wq;fs;>epr;rakhf ePq;fs; vd; kPJ $Wk; ]ythj; cq;fSila ghtq;fSf;F kd;dpg;ghFk;.

25 26

' ()

(

+,)

!

(2) `o;uj; ]a;apJdh o`;`hf; mtu;fs;

upthaj; nra;fpwhu;fs; : ghl;L cs;sj;ij ehrg;gLj;jTk;>

,iwtid Nfhgg;gLj;jTk; nra;fpwJ.

kjPdh 5 :kjPdh 5 :kjPdh 5 :kjPdh 5 :kjPdh 5 : f]Pjhf;fspd; Nf]l;Lfis NghLq;fs; Mdhy;

rg;jk; Fiwthf itAq;fs;. Vndd;why; ,ghjj; (tzf;fk;)

Gupgtu;fSf;Fk;> J}q;Fgtu;fSf;Fk;> my;yJ Nehahsp

Nghd;wtu;fSf;Fk; ,ilA+W Vw;glhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf -

NkYk ; ghq ;F> njhOif Neuq ;fspYk ; ftdk ;

nrYj;Jq;fs;. (ngz;fspd; Fuy;fspy; f]Pjh Nf]l;LfisNghlhjPu;fs;)

kjPdh 6 :kjPdh 6 :kjPdh 6 :kjPdh 6 :kjPdh 6 : tPjpfspYk;> ghijfspYk; nry;yf;$ba my;yJ

thfdk; Xl;lf;$ba K];ypk;fSf;F ,ilA+W Vw;gLk;

tpjj;jpy; myq;fhuk; nra;aNth> my;yJ nfhbfis

el;lNth Ntz;lhk;. ,J MFkhd tplaky;y.

kjPdh 7 :kjPdh 7 :kjPdh 7 :kjPdh 7 :kjPdh 7 : myq;fhuq;fis ghu;g;gjw;f;fhf ngz;fs;

me;epa Mz;fNshL gu;jh ,d;wp nry;tJ `uhKk;

ntl;ff;Nflhd nraYkhFk;. NkYk; gu;jh mzpAk;

ngz;fSk; $l ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; eilngWtJ

Nghd;W Mz;fNshL (xUtUf;nfhUtu;) fye;Jf; nfhs;tJ

kpfTk; Nkhrkhd nrayhFk;.,ijg;Nghd;W kpd;rhuj;ij

jpULtJk; MFkhd nrayy;y. vdNt kpd;rhuj;Jf;F

nghWg;ghf ,Ufpd;wtu;fis re;jpj;J MFkhd Kiwapy;

kpd;Fkpy;fisf; nfhz;L myq;fupj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

kjPdh 8 :kjPdh 8 :kjPdh 8 :kjPdh 8 :kjPdh 8 : kPyhj; Cu;tyj;jpy; KbAkhd tiu TONthL

,Uq;fs;. [khmj;Jld; njhOk; fl;Lg;ghl;il Qhgfj;jpy;

itj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. ehafj;jpd; Neru;fs; [khmj;

;njhOifia tpLgtu;fs; my;y.

kjPdh 9 :kjPdh 9 :kjPdh 9 :kjPdh 9 :kjPdh 9 : kPyhj; Cu;tyj;jpy; Fjpiu tz;bNah my;yJ

xl;lif tz;bNah nfhz;L tuhjPu;fs;. vndd;why; Fjpiu>

xl;lfq;fspd; kyryj;jhy; ehafj;jpd; Neru;fSila

Milfs; mRj;jkila tha;g;Gfs; cz;L.

kjPdh 10 :kjPdh 10 :kjPdh 10 :kjPdh 10 :kjPdh 10 : Cu;tyj;jpy; up]hyhf;fis gq;fpLq;fs;>mjhtJ kf;jgJy; kjPdhtpdhy; mr;rplg;gl;l rpW E}y;fs;>

kjdp G+f;fspd; tpj;jpahrkhd fhu;l;fs; (CARDS) NkYk;

]{d;dj;Jf;fs; epiwe;j gahd; V.C.D f;fs; Nghd;wij

ed;whf gq;fpLq;fs;. ,d;Dk; goq;fs;> jhdpaq;fs; Nghd;w

tw;iw gq;fpLk; NghJ mij tPrhky; kdpju;fspd; iffspy;

nfhLq;fs;. G+kpapy; tpOtJk;> fhy;fspy; kpjpgLtJk;

mjd; fz;zpaf; FiwthFk;.

kjPdh 11 :kjPdh 11 :kjPdh 11 :kjPdh 11 :kjPdh 11 : gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLk; tpjj;jpYk;> mLj;j

tu;fis Nfhg%l;Lk; tpjj;jpYk; ele;J nfhs;tjhy; kPyhj;

Cu;tyj;jpd; moF rpije;J tpLfpd;wJ. mikjpahd

Kiwapy; ,Ug;gJ midtUf;Fk; ey;yJ.

kjPdh 12 :kjPdh 12 :kjPdh 12 :kjPdh 12 :kjPdh 12 : ,iwtd; ghJfhf;fNtz;Lk; ! vq;fpUe;jhtJnfhQ;rk; fy;ybfs; te;jhYk; Nfhgg;gl;L gjpyb

toq;fhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynad;why; kPyhj;

Cu;tyk; rpije;J tpNuhjpfspd; ehl;lk; epiwNtwptpLk;.

nkhl;L kyu;e;J G+ kde;Jvy;yh jpirfspYk; te;jNj tre;jk;

MdNj tpbfhiyapd; tre;jk;

kPyhj; tpohitg;gw;wp mj;jhupd; fbjk;.

(jho;ikahd Ntz;LNfhs;-xt;nthU ,lq;fspYk; ]gu;

khjj;jpd; filrp thu ,[;jpkhtpNy Qhgf%l;LKfkhf

mj;jhupd; fbjj;ij gbj;Jf; fhl;lTk;. ,];yhkpa rNfhju/

rNfhjupfs; jj;jkJ Kiwfspy; Vw;ghL nra;aTk;)

gp];kpy;yh`pu; u`;khdpu; u`Pk; - ]Nf kjPdh(mkPNu

m`;Y]; ]{d;dj; mtu;fs; kjPdh \uP/gpd;

K`g;gj;jpy; %o;fp jk;ikj; jho;j;Jk; tpjkhf jkf;Fj;jhNk

]Nf kjPdh (mjhtJ kjPdhtpd; eha;) vd;W mioj;Jf;

nfhs;thu;fs;.) K`k;kj; ,y;ah]; mj;jhu;> fhjpup> uz]tp>

mtu;fspd; Gwj;jpypUe;J ehafj;jpd; Neru;fshd

midj;J ,];yhkpa rNfhju/rNfhjupfSf;Fk; kPyhj; jpd

re;Njh\j;jpy; gr;irf; nfhbia Ml;batdhf> kpDkpD

f;Fk; gy;GfisAk;> rpW rpW xsp tpsf;Ffis Kj;jkpl;l

tdhf> Njid tpl ,dpaikahd kf;fp kjdp ]yhk;

ePq;fSk; md;dtu;fisg; Gfo;e;J jdJ cs;sj;ij

xspkakhf;fpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;;

cau;e;jjpYk; kpfTk; cau;e;jJ egpapd; nfhb

tPL tPlhf gwf;f tpLq;fs;

kjPdh 1 : KjyhtJ gpiwad;W ,e;j thu;j;ijfshy;

%d;W jlitfs; k];[pj ;fspy ; mwptpg ;G nra;a

nrhy;Yq;fs;. midj;J ,];yhkpa rNfhju/rNfhjup

fSf;Fk; tho;j;Jf;fs;. Vndd;why; ugPcd;E}uugPcd;E}uugPcd;E}uugPcd;E}uugPcd;E}u; khjj;jpd;

;gpiw njd;gl;Ltpl;lJ.

ugPcd;E}u; ek;gpf;if vDk; cyfj;ij

jd;NdhL nfhz;L te;jJ

JMf;fs; fG+y; Mtij ifNahL nfhz;L te;jJ

kjPdh 2 : Mz;fs; jhbia tspg;gJ my;yJ xU gpbia

tpl Fiwthf ntl;LtJ ùhkhFk;. ,];yhkpa

rNjhjupfs; gu;jh ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ ùhkhFk;. jaT

nra;J ugPcd;E}u; khjj;jpd; gufj;ijf; nfhz;L ,];yhkpa

rNfhjuu;fs; filrptiu xU gpb jhb itf;fTk;> ,d;Dk;

,];yhkpa rNfhjupfs; epue;jukhf khu;f;f Kiwapy; gu;jh

mzptjw;f;Fk; ghf;fparhypahd ngz;fs; kjdp Gu;fh

mzpaTk; epa;aj; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. (Mz;fs; jhb

tspg;gJk;> xU gpbia tpl Fiwthf ntl;LtJk; ,d;Dk;

ngz;fs; gu;jh ,d;wp ,Ug;gJk; ùhkhFk;- vdNt

mtrukhf jt;gh (ghtkd;dpg;G) nra;J ,e;j ghtq;fis

tpl;L ntspNaWtJ th[pghFk;)

f/gJy;yh`; gzpe;J epd;wJ

fw;rpiyfs; midj;JNk jiyf;fPohf ftpo;e;jJ

tUifapd; kfpo;r;rp jhd;

m`;yd; t]`;yd; ku;`gh

kjPdh 3 : ]{d;dj;Jf;fisAk;> ey;y fhupaq;fisAk;

nra;tjd; kPJ cWjpahd epiy ngWtjw;fhd top

vd;dntd;why; ehafj;jpd; Neru ;fshd midj;J

,];yhkpa rNfhju / rNfhjupfSk; jpdKk; /gpf;Nu kjPdh

29 30




jlitfs; ]ythj; XJfpwhNuh mtUf;F fpahkehsd;W vdJ \/ghmj; fpilf;Fk;.

+ &-./ 0 1

2' 32

(mky;fspd; kPJ fz;Nzhl;lk;) nra;jtu;fshf kjdpkjdpkjdpkjdpkjdp

,d;Mkhj,d;Mkhj,d;Mkhj,d;Mkhj,d;Mkhj; fhu;l;il epug;gp xt;nthU khjKk; nghWg;G

jhupaplk; xg;gilg;gjw;fhf epa;aj; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

iffis cau;j;jpf; $Wq;fs;! ,d;\h my;yh`;

u`;kj;jpd; Nkfq;fs; %z;ld

mUs;kioapd; J}uy; tpOe;jd

,g;nghOJ cs ehl;lq;fs; epiwNtwpd

kjPdj;J khkd;dupd; tUifNa..

kjPdh 4 : ehafj;jpd; Neru;fs; midtUk; jiytu;>

nghWg;Gjhupfs; cl;gl ugpcd;E}u;ugpcd;E}u;ugpcd;E}u;ugpcd;E}u;ugpcd;E}u; khjj;jpy; tpN\\khd

Kiwapy; Fiwe;jJ %d;W ehl;fs; kjdp fh/gpyhtpy;

gpuahzNkw;nfhs;Sk; ghf;fpaj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

,d;Dk; ,];yhkpa rNfhjupfs; 30 ehl;fs; tiu jpdKk;

tPl;bw;Fs; (tPl;bypUf;Fk; ,];yhkpa rNfhjupfSf;Fk;>

k`;ukhdtu;fSf;Fk; kl;Lk;) /ig]hNd ]{d;dj;jpd;

ju;i] nfhLj;J thUq;fs;. ,dpNkYk; jpdKk; toq;fp

tUNtd; vd;W epa;aj; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

u`;kj;jpid ms;spf;nfhs;s fh/gpyhtpy; nry;Yq;fs;

]{d;dj;Jf;fis fw;Wf;nfhs;s fh/gpyhtpy; nry;Yq;fs;!

kjPdh 5 : jkJ k];[pj;> tPL> fil> njhopw;rhiy ,JNghd;w ,lq;fspy; 12 my;yJ Fiwe;jJ 1 gr;ir epw

nfhbia ugpcd;E}u;ugpcd;E}u;ugpcd;E}u;ugpcd;E}u;ugpcd;E}u; khjj;jpd; KjyhtJ gpiwapypUe;J

KO khjKk; gwf;f tpLq;fs;. g];fs;> Ntd;fs;> buf;Ffs;>

nlf;]pfs;> Fjpiu tz;bfs; ,J Nghd;witfspy; jkJ

nrytpNy nfhbfis thq;fp fl;lhak; gwf;ftpLq;fs;.

jkJ irf;fps;> Nkhl;lhu; irf;fps;> fhu; ,itfspYk;

NghLq;fs;. ,d;\h my;yh`; vy;yh gf;fq;fspYk;

gr;ir epw nfhbfspd; tre;jq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. nghJthf

buf;Ffspd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; capupdq;fspd; ngupa ngupa

glq;fs; kw;Wk; Njitaw;w ftpfs; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;>

Mdhy; ,jw;Fg;gjpyhf buf;FfspYk;> g];fspYk;> Ntd;

fspYk;> nlf;]pfspYk;> fhu;fspYk; ,J Nghd;witfSf;Fg;

gpd;dhy; njspthd vOj;Jf;fspy; ehd; j/tNjehd; j/tNjehd; j/tNjehd; j/tNjehd; j/tNj

,];yhkpia Nerpf;fpNwd;,];yhkpia Nerpf;fpNwd;,];yhkpia Nerpf;fpNwd;,];yhkpia Nerpf;fpNwd;,];yhkpia Nerpf;fpNwd; vd;W vOjg;gLtJ vdJ

MirahFk;. g]; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fs; ,d;Dk; buhd;];Nghu;l;

nra;Ak; kdpju;fis re;jpj;J kjdp Vw;ghLfis nra;Aq;

fs;. ,d;Dk; ]Nf kjPdh tpd; cs;sj;jpd; JMf;fis

ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

Kf;fpakhd NgZjy; :Kf;fpakhd NgZjy; :Kf;fpakhd NgZjy; :Kf;fpakhd NgZjy; :Kf;fpakhd NgZjy; : nfhbapd; kPJ gupRj;jkhd

ghjzpapd; glk; (e/Ny ghf;)(e/Ny ghf;)(e/Ny ghf;)(e/Ny ghf;)(e/Ny ghf;) my;yJ VjhtJ vOjp

apUe;jhy; mitfspy; fe;jy;> fpspry; vJTk; ,Uf;ff;

$lhJ> NkYk; mitfs; G+kpapy; tpoTk; $lhJ vd;gij

Qhgfj;jpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. mNj Nghd;W ugPcd;ugPcd;ugPcd;ugPcd;ugPcd;

E}uE}uE}uE}uE}u; khjk; Kbtile;jjd; gpd;dhy; mitfis cldb

ahf fyl;b tpLq;fs;. ,t;thW Ngzp elf;f Kbatpy;iy

nad;why; ,d;Dk; xOq;fPdk; eilngWk; vd;wpUe;jhy;

ve;j tpj vOj;Jk;> glKk; ,d;wp ntWk; gr;ir epw nfhbia

gwf;f tpLq;fs;. (]Nf kjPdh md ;dtu ;fSk ;

KbAkhd msT igj;Jy; /gdh vDk; ngaUila jkJ

epue;jukw;w tPl;bYk; rhjhuz nfhbia jhd; gwf;f

tpLthu;fs;)

31 32





2 ' 32

2' 32

egpapd; nfhbia Ve;jpr; nry;Yq;fs;

cyfnkq;Fk; gug;gp tpLq;fs;

egpapd; nfhbNah rhe;jpapd; nfhb

tPL tPlhf guf;f tpLq;fs;

kjPdh 6 : jkJ tPl;by; 12 Nfhu;itfs; my;yJ Fiwe;jJ

12 kpd;Fkpo;fs; %ykhf mNjNghd;W jkJ k];[pj;

fisAk; Rw;Wg;Gwq;fisAk; 12 ehl;fs; tiu ey;y

Kiwapy; xspkakhf;Fq;fs;. (Mdhy; ,e;j Ntiy

fSf;fhf kpd;rhuk; jpULtJ `uhkhFk; - vdNt ,e;j

tplaj;jpy; kpd;rhurigNahL njhlu;G nfhz;L MFkhd

Kiwapy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Vw;ghL nra;Aq;fs;)midj;J

gFjpfisAk; gr;ir epw nfhbfisf; nfhz;Lk;>

tz;zkplg;gl;l kpd; Fkpo;fisf; nfhz;Lk; moq;fupj;Jf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;.

k];[pj;> tPl;Lf;$iu> re;jp Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ghijapy;

nry;yf;$batu;fSf;Fk;> thfdj;jpy; gpuahzpf;ff;$ba

tu;fSf;Fk; ,ilA+W Vw;glhky; `{$Fy; Mk;kh (nghJ

cupikfs;) it kPwhky; 12 kPl;lu; my;yJ Njitf;Nfw;w

mstpy; Ngdu;fis (Banners) njhq;ftpLq;fs;. ghij

eLtpy; nfhbfis el;lhjPu;fs;> ,jdhy; thfd neupry;

Vw;glyhk;. ,NjNghy; njU Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; K];ypk;

fSf;F jlq;fs; Vw;glhkYk;> cupikfis kPwhkYk;>

kdrQ;ryq;fs; Vw;glhj tifapYk; myq;fupj;Jf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;.

igj;Jy; mf;]h> f/ghtpd; $iu Mkpdhtpd;,y;yj;jpYk;

nfhb el;lg;gl;L tpl;lJ

m`;yd; t]`;yd; ku;`gh

kjPdh 7 : kjPdh 7 : kjPdh 7 : kjPdh 7 : kjPdh 7 : xt;nthU ,];yhkpa rNjhjuu;fSk; jkJ

trjpf;Nfw;g mjpfkhfTk; my;yJ Fiwe;jJ 12 &ghTf;F

kf;jgJy; kjPdhtpdhy; mr;rplg;gl;l rpW E}y;fisAk;>

kjdp G+f;fs; epiwe;j tpj;jpahrkhd gk;/g;yl; (njhq;ftpLk;

fhu;l;) fisAk; kPyhj; Cu;tyj;jpy; gq;fpl;Lf; nfhLq;fs;.

,d;Dk; ,];yhkpa rNfhjupfNs! ePq;fSk; gq;fpl

nra;Aq;fs;. ,Nj Nghd;W KOtUlKk; jkJ filfspy;

rpW E}y;fis itj;J mij gq;fPL nra;J NefPfp j/

tj;ij (eytpd; ghy; miog;ig) mjpfkhf nra;J

thUq;fs;. jpUkz itgtq;fspYk; ,d;Dk; kuzpj;j

tu;fSf;fhf mNj

Nghy; KbAkhf ,Ue;jhy; tpbfhiy tre;jktpbfhiy tre;jktpbfhiy tre;jktpbfhiy tre;jktpbfhiy tre;jk; vd;w

33 34

khegp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; vd; kPJ nts;spf;fpoik ehspy; ]ythj; XJfpd;whNuh fpahkehsd;W ehd; mtUf;F \/ghmj; nra;Ntd;.

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: vd; kPJ ]ythj; XJtijmjpfg;gLj;Jq;fs;> epr;rakhf ,J cq;fSf;F gupRj;jkhFk;

,e;j up]hyh 1212121212 I kf;jgJy; kjPdhtpypUe;J tpiy

nfhLj;J thq;fp gq;fPL nra;Aq;fs;.

Fwpg;ghf ahu; ahnuy;yhk; kPyhj; tpohit tpkupirahf

nfhz;lhLfpwhu;fNsh me;j ,af;fq;fspd; ngupatu;

fSf;Fk; Nru;j;JtpLq;fs;. ugPcd;E}u; khjj;jpNy 1200

&gha;>,J Kbahtpl;lhy; 112 &gha;>,JTk; Kbahnjd;why;

12 &gha; (gUtkile;j Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;) ahuhtJ xU

Rd;dj;ty;[khmj;ij rhu;e;j MypKf;F toq;Fq;fs; -

jkJ gs;spthaypd; ,khKf;F> Kmj;jpDf;F my;yJ

gzptpil nra;af;$batUf;F nfhLj;jhYk; rupNa. NkYk;

xt;nthU khjKk; nfhLg;gjw;F epa;aj; itj;jhy; kjPdh

kjPdh - [{k;MTila ehspy; toq;fpdhy; kpfTk; ey;yJ.

Vndd;why; [{k;MTila ehspy; xt;nthU ed;ikf;Fk;

vOgJ klq;F ]thg; fpilf;fpwJ.

my;`k;Jypy;yh`; ]{d;dj;Jf;fs; epiwe;j

gahd; Nf]l;Lf;fis Nfl;L gy kdpju;fs; rPu;jpUe;jpa

nra;jpfs; cs;sd. cq;fspy; rpy ghf;fparhypahd

kdpju;fSk; gahd; Nf]l;Lf;fisf; Nfl;L kjdp #oypNy

xd;wpide;J ,Ug;gPu;fs;. vdNt ,g;gbahd Nf]l;Lf;fs;>

V.C.D f;fis kdpju;fs; mstpy; vj;jpitg;gJ jPDf;F

nra;af;$ba fz;zpakhd gzptpilahfTk;> ,d;Dk;

mjpfkhd ed;ikia toq;ff;$bajhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

vdNt ahUf;F KbANkh thuj;jpy; my;yJ khjj;jpy;

Fiwe;jJ 12 XbNah ,d;Dk; tPbNah ]{d;dj;Jf;fs;

epiwe;j gahd; Nf]l;Lf;fis mtrpak; tpw;gid

nra;Aq;fs;. rf;jpngw;w ,];yhkpa rNfhjuu;fs; ,ytrkhf

gq;fPL nra;jhy; kjPdh kjPdh - kPyhj; jpd re;Njh\j;jpy;

gahd; Nf]l;Lf;fs; ,d;Dk; V.C.D f;fis ed;whf gq;fPL

nra;J jPid vj;jpitg;gjpy; gq;if (ghfj;ij) ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;. jpUkz re;ju;g;gj;jpy; jpUkz miog;gpjo;

(WEDDING CARDS) nfhLf;Fk; NghJ rpW E}iy ,d;Dk;

KbAkhapUe;jhy; gahdpd; Nf]l; my;yJ V.C.D I Nru;j;Jf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;. ngUehs; miog;gpjo; (EID CARDS) gof;fj;ij

epWj;jptpl;L mjw;f;Fg; gjpyhfTk; ,jidNa epiyepW

j;Jq;fs;. Vndd;why; nryT nra;fpd;w gzj;jpd; %ykhf

jPDf;Fk; gpuNah[dk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdf;F kdpju;fs;

ngWkjpahd ngUehs; miog;gpjo;fis mDg;Gfpd;whu;fs;.

,jdhy; cs;sk; re;Njh\kiltjw;Fg; gjpyhf vwpAk;.

ngUehs; miog;gpjo;fSf;fhf nryT nra;ag;gLk; gzk;

jPDila Ntiyf;fhf nryT nra;ag;gl;lhy; vt;tsT

ed;whf ,Uf;Fk;! mNjNghy; mjpy; ,Uf;Fk; njspj;jy;

(mjhtJ kpDkpDf;Fk; gTlu;) %ykhf fLe;Jauk;

Vw;gLfpwJ.

md;dtu;fis ehbatu;fSf;F

md;dtu;fNs NghJkhdtu;fs;

rpyu; GfuPg; eth]; vd;why;

rpyu; fd;[; gf;\; Mthu;fs;;

kjPdh 9 : ngupa efuj;jpd; xt;nthU gFjp K\htuj;jpd;jiytUk; (khtl;lj;jpYs;stu;fs; khtl;lj;jpy;) 12 ehl;fs;

tiu jpdKk; ntt;NtW k];[pj;fspy; cau;epiyahd

]{d;dj;Jf;fs; epiwe;j ,[;jpkhf;fis Vw;ghLnra;aTk;.

(nghWg;Gjhupahd ,];yhkpa rNfhjupfs; tPLfspy;

35 36

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; etpd;Ws;shu;fs;: ePq;fs; vq;fpUe;jhYk; vd; kPJ]ythj; $Wq;fs;> Vnddpy; cq;fs; ]ythj; vd;id te;jilfpd;wJ.

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; vd; kPJ gj;J Kiw ]ythj;XJfpwhNuh my;yh`; mtupd; kPJ E}W u`;kj;Jf;fis mUSfpd;whd;.

,[;jpkhf;fis Vw;ghL nra;aTk;) ugPcd;E}upy; eilngWk;

midj;J ,[;jpkhf;fspYk; ahUf;F KbANkh mtu;fs;

KOkhjKk; gr;ir nfhbia jd;Dld; vLj;Jr; nry;yTk;.

kjPdh 10 : gjpndhd;whk; khiyapy; my;yJ 12 k; ehs;

Fspj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs; - KbAkhf ,Ue;jhy; ,e;j ngU

ehl;fspd; ngUehl;fSf;F fz;zpak; nfhLf;Fk;

vz;zj;jpy; ntz;zpw Mil> jiyg;ghif> ]u;ge;j;

(jiyg;ghiff;F fPo; mzpAk; iff;Fl;il Nghd;wJ)

njhg;gp> jiyapy; mzpAk; ntz;zpw Nghu;it> kiwtpd;

kPJ kiwit Vw;gLj;j BROWN Nghu;it> kp];thf;> iff;

Fl;il> fhyzp> j];gP`;> mj;ju; Nghj;jy;> iff;fbfhuk;>

Ngid> fh/gpyh rpW Ngl; (PAD) ,JNghd;w jhk; ghtpf;Fk;

midj;J nghUl;fisAk; KbAkhdhy; Gjpajhf vLj;Jf;

;nfhs;Sq;fs;. (,];yhkpa rNfhjupfSk; jkf;Fj;

Njitahd nghUl;fis KbAkhdhy; Gjpajhf vLj;Jf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;)

kjPdh 11 : 12 k; ,uT kPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpy; fye;Jf;

nfhz;L ]{g;N` ]hjpf; (tpbfhiy) Neuj;jpy; jdJ

iffspy; gr;ir nfhbia cau;j;jpatu;fshf ]ythj;Jk;>

]yhKk; $wpf;nfhz;L fz;zPu; ky;fpa fz;fNshL

tpbfhiy tre;jj;ij tuNtw;W epy;Yq;fs;. ]{g;`{

njhOiff;Fg; gpd; ]yhKk;> ]yhkpdJk; G+f;fis nghope;j tz;zk;>

ghu;itfis jho;j;jpatu;fshf fz;zpakhd Kiwapy;

nry;Yq;fs;. Js;spf;Fjpj;Jf; nfhz;L nrd;W ahUk;

Ju;tpku;rdk; nra;a re;ju;g;gk; toq;fhjPu;fs;.

kPyhj; tpoh nfhz;lhLtjw;f;fhd epa;aj;Jf;fs;

Gfhup \uPgpd; KjyhtJ `jP]hfpwJ:

37 38

fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs; : ahUf;F Kd;dhy; vd; ngau; $wg;gl;L>

mtu; vd; kPJ ]ythj; $wtpy;iyNah mtu; kdpju;fspNy kpfTk; fQ;rdhthd;.



te;jJ GJ Ml;rp> .,uh[hq;fKk; GjpNj

mfpyk; tre;jk; fz;lJ> itfiw mz;zypd; cjak;

!

ugpcd;D}Nu! cd;dpy; m`;Y];]{d;dj;Vd; capuha; ,Uf;F

gd;dpnuz;L md;W me; epytpd; capu; te;jhu;fs;

mjhtJ nray;fs; vy;yhk; vz;zq;fs; gbahFk;.

Qhgfj;jpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;! MFkhd

midj;J nray;fspYk; ]thNg Mfpuj; (Mfpuj;jpd;

ed;ik) cila vz;zk; ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhFk;.

,y;yhtpl ;lhy; ed;ik fpilf;fhJ. k Pyhj ; tpoh

nfhz;lhLtjpYk; ed;ikia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

vd;w epa;aj; mtrpakhFk;. ed;ikia ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

vz;zkpUe;jhy; \uPmj;jpd; gpufhuk; me;j nraiy

nra;tJk; NkYk; ,f;yh]; (csj;J}a;ik) %ykhf mij

myq;fupg;gJk; \u;j;jhFk;. ahuhtJ kw;wtu;fSf;F fhz;gpg;

gjw;fhf my;yJ jd;id GfoNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;f;fhf kPyhj;

tpohit nfhz;lhbdhy;> mjw;fhf kpd;rhuj;ijj; jpU

bdhy;> gyte;jkhf ed;nfhil t#ypj;jhy;> khu;f;f mD

kjpapd;wp K];ypk;fSf;F Nehtpid nfhLj;jhy;> ` {$Fy;

Mk;kh (nghJ cupikfs;) it jl;bg;gupj;jhy;> Nehahspfs;>

epj;jpiu nfhs;sf;$batu;fs; ,d;Dk; ghy;Fb Foe;ij

fSf;F f\;lk; Vw;gLtij mwpe;jpUe;Jk; LOUD SPEAKERS

cila rg;jj;ij cau;j ;jp itj;jhy; ,g;gbahd

Neuq;fspy; ed;ikia ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w epa;aj;

mepahakhfp khwhf ghtpahfp tpLfpwhd;. ey;y ey;y

vz;zq;fs; ve;jsT mjpfkhf cs;sNjh me;jsT

mjpfkhf ed;ikAk; fpilf;Fk;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; 18

epa;aj;Jf;fs; gpd;dhy; $wg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,it

rk;G+uzk; my;y. epa;aj;ijg; gw;wpa mwpTilatu;fs;

Nkyjpfkhd ed;ikfis ngWtjw;f;fhf epa;aj;Jf;fis

,d;Dk; Nru ;j ;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ,g;nghOJ ,e;j

epa;aj;Jf;fis itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs; :

vd;gj pYs ;s 18 vOj ;Jf ;fs pd ;vd ;gj pYs ;s 18 vOj ;Jf ;fs pd ;vd ;gj pYs ;s 18 vOj ;Jf ;fs pd ;vd ;gj pYs ;s 18 vOj ;Jf ;fs pd ;vd ;gj pYs ;s 18 vOj ;Jf ;fs pd ;

njhlu;gpy; kPyhj; tpoh nfhz;lhLtjd; 18 epa;aj;Jf;fs;.njhlu;gpy; kPyhj; tpoh nfhz;lhLtjd; 18 epa;aj;Jf;fs;.njhlu;gpy; kPyhj; tpoh nfhz;lhLtjd; 18 epa;aj;Jf;fs;.njhlu;gpy; kPyhj; tpoh nfhz;lhLtjd; 18 epa;aj;Jf;fs;.njhlu;gpy; kPyhj; tpoh nfhz;lhLtjd; 18 epa;aj;Jf;fs;.

(1) Fu;Mdpd; rl;lk; :

(ju;[{kh fd;]{y;

gr;ir epw nfhbfisAk; ghu;j;J K];ypk;fs; jkJ egpapd;

gpwe;j jpdj;ij kpfTk; Nerpf;fpwhu;fs; vd;W fhgpu;fs;

epr;rakhf epidf;ff; $Lk;)

39 40

mz;zy; egp md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: vd; kPJ ]ythj;J $Wq;fs;>my;yh`; cq;fs; kPJ u`;kj; nghopthd;.

fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs; : vd; kPJ mjpfkhf ]ythj; $Wq;fs;>

epr;rakhf ePq;fs; vd; kPJ $Wk; ]ythj; cq;fSila ghtq;fSf;F kd;dpg;ghFk;.

"#$

(6) kPyhj; tpohit Muthug;gLj;jp i\j;jhid

f\;lg;gLj;JNtd;.

(7) ntspg;gilahd myq;fupg;Gld; njsgh> ,];jp/ghu;

%yk; jdJ cs;uq;fj;ijAk; myq;fupg;Ngd;.

(8) gd;dpnuz;lhk; ,uT kPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpYk;

(9) kPyhJe; egp ngUehsd;W ntspahFk;

kPyhj; Cu;tyj;jpy; fye;J ehadpd; jpf;iuAk;> ehafj;jpd;

jpf;iuAk; nra;Ak; ghf;fpaj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL

,d;Dk;

(10) cykhf;fisAk;

(11) ]hyp`Pd;fisAk; re;jpg;gJld;

( 12 ) ehafj ;j pd ; Neru ;fSila neUf ;fj ;j pd ;

gufj;Jf;fisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Ntd;.

(13) kPyhj; Cu;tyj;jpy; jiyg;ghif mzpe;jtdhf

,d;Dk; KbAkhd msT

(14) TSTld; ,Ug;Ngd;

(15) Cu;tyj;jpd; kj;jpapYk; k];[pJila [khmj;

njhOifia tplkhl;Nld;.

(16) KbAkhd msT rpWE}y; gq;fpLjy;rpWE}y; gq;fpLjy;rpWE}y; gq;fpLjy;rpWE}y; gq;fpLjy;rpWE}y; gq;fpLjy; Vw;ghL

nra;Ntd; (mjhtJ kf;jgJy; kjPdhtpdhy; mr;rplg;gl;l

rpW E}y;fs;> gk;fgyl; > ]{d;dj;Jf;fs; epiwe;j gahd;

Nf]l;Lf;fs; kPyhj; ,[;jpkhtpYk; ,d;Dk; Cu;tyj;jpYk;

gq;fPL nra;Ntd;)

(17) jdpg;gl;l Kaw;r;rpapdjdpg;gl;l Kaw;r;rpapdjdpg;gl;l Kaw;r;rpapdjdpg;gl;l Kaw;r;rpapdjdpg;gl;l Kaw;r;rpapd; %yk; Fiwe;jJ 12

,];yhkpa rNfhjuu;fSf;F kjdP fh/gpyhtpy; gpuahzk;

nra;AkhW miog;ig nfhLg;Ngd;.

(18) kPyhj; Cu;tyj;jpy; Kbe;jtiu ghij KOtJk;

ehtpYk;> fz;fspYk; kjPdj;Jg; G+l;ilkjPdj;Jg; G+l;ilkjPdj;Jg; G+l;ilkjPdj;Jg; G+l;ilkjPdj;Jg; G+l;il Nghl;ltdhf

(mjhtJ j/tNj ,];yhk pa pd ; kjdp #oypNy

fz;fisAk;> ehitAk; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;F kjPdj;Jg;

G+l;L vd;W $wg;gLk;) f]Pjhf;fis Nfl;ltdhf ,d;Dk;

mjpfkhf ]ythj;ijAk;> ]yhikAk; $wpf;nfhs;Ntd;.

K];jghtpd; ehaNd !vq;fSf;F re;Njh\

khd cs;sj;JlDk; ,d;Dk; ey;y ey;y epa;aj;Jf;fSlDk;

kPyhj; tpohit nfhz;lhLk; ghf;fpaj;ij toq;Fthahf.

NkYk; vq;fis kPyhj; tpohtpd; nghUl;lhy; Nfs;tp

fzf;fpd;wp [d;dJy; fgpu;njs]pNy Eioa itg;ghahf.

vdJ gl;Nlhiy ghtj;jhy; epuk;gp cs;sd

,iwth kd;dpj;jUs;thahf! kPyhjpd; nghUl;lhy ;

41 42



K];jgh md;dtu;fs; etpd;Ws;shu;fs;: ahUf;F Kd;dhy; vd; ngau; $wg;

gl;L mtu; vd;kPJ ]ythj; Xjtpy;iyNah mtu; mePjk; ,ioj;Jtpl;lhu;.

!

fz;kdp ehafk; md;dtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;: ahu; Kd;dpiyapy; vd; ngau;

$wg;gl;L mtu; vd; kPJ ]ythj; Xjtpy;iyNahmtu; xU Ju;g;ghf;fparhypNa.


jlitfs; ]ythj; XJfpwhNuh mtUf;F fpahkehsd;W vdJ \/ghmj; fpilf;Fk;.

4443

vidikaalai vasantham

Documents