VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES_______________********_______________

A TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE VIETNAMESE VERSION OF US FINANCIAL &

ACCOUNTING APPLICATION SOFTWARE

(ĐANH GIA CHÂT LƯƠNG DICH THUÂT BAN DICH TIÊNG VIÊT CAC PHÂN MÊM ƯNG DUNG VÊ TAI CHINH-KÊ TOAN MY)

M.A. THESISField: English Linguistics

BY: TRAN THI CAM TUSUPERVISOR: Assoc. Prof. Dr. LE HUNG TIEN

HANOI 2008

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATIONABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABBREVIATIONSPart A: INTRODUCTION 11. Reasons for Choosing The Topic 22. Aims of Study 33. Scope of Study 34. Research Method and Data 4Part B: DEVELOPMENT 5Chapter I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 5I.1. Translation 5I.1.1. Definition of Translation 5I.1.2. Types of Translation 6a. Technical Translation 6b. Form-based and Meaning-based translation 7I.2. Translation Equivalence 8I.3. Translation Quality Assessment 11I.3.1. Definition of Translation Quality Assessment 11I.3.2. Aspects of Translation Quality Assessment 12I.3.3. Steps in Translation Quality Assessment 12I.4. Technical Language 13I.4.1. Terminology 14I.4.2. Information Technology Terms 15a. Single terms 15b. Compound terms 16I.4.3. Application Software Terms 16I.4.4. Financial and Accounting terms 17I.5. Summary of Chapter's Findings 17Chapter II: SOURCE -TEXT ANALYSIS 18II.1. The author's Purpose 18II.2. Characteristic of the Readership 18II.3. The Topic 19II.4. Language Qualities of Source Text 19II.4.1. Features of SL Terms 20a. Sub-technical terms 21b. Highly technical terms 22

Single terms 23 Single terms as nouns, verbs and past participles 23

Single terms as acronyms 25 Compound terms 25

Compound terms as noun phrases 26 Compound terms as verb phrases 28II.4.2. Application Messeges 29II.5. Summary of Chapter's Findings 29Chapter III: COMPARISON OF THE TRANSLATION WITH THE ORIGINAL

32

III.1. The Translation of The Topic 33III.2. The Translation of Terms 34III.2.1. Sub-technical Terms 34III.2.2. Highly Technical Terms 35

Single terms 35 Single terms as nouns, verbs and past participles 36 Single terms as acronyms 38

Compound terms 38 The translation of Noun phrases 39 The translation of Verb phrases 40III.2.3. The Translation of Application Messeges 41III.3. The Evaluation of the Translation 42III.4. Sumary of Chapter's Findings 44Part C: CONCLUSION 451. Issues addressed in the study 452. Suggestions for further study 46REFERENCESAPPENDIX1. Screenshot of Enterprise Complete Business Application Suite2. Screenshot of example form of US F&A Application Software3. Term Type Classification

DECLARATION

I declare that this MA Thesis, entitled A Translation Quality Assessment of The Vietnamese Version of US Financial & Accounting Application, is entirely the result of my own work. The thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or tertiary institution, and to the best of my knowledge, neither does it contain material previously published or written by another person, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text.

Signature

Tran Thi Cam Tu

DEABSTRACT

This study investigates translation quality assessment of the Vietnamese version of US

Financial and Accounting application software translated by the pool of 20 translators

coming from VNLocalize, a big localization company in Vietnam with its head office in

Hanoi.

The introduction gives a rationale for the study and sets up aims, scope and methods of

the study.

Chapter I present the study’s theoretical background. It introduces the issues relevant to

the study including translation, translation equivalence, translation quality assessment,

technical language and terminology.

Chapter II analyzes the source language text with focus on the pragmatic accuracy, or in

other word the accuracy of meaning in context, of the US F& A application software.

The emphasis of the analysis will be on terminology meaning accuracy. Part of the

analysis will also deal with form of the SL text. The main group of terms will be divided

according to their meaning and the sub group of terms will be divided according to their

form.

Chapter III compares the original text with the translation and explores how the

translation has solved issues in the original text based on mostly the meaning and partly

the form aspects of the original text and then evaluation of the translation will be stated.

The conclusion summarizes the issues addressed in the study and gives suggestions for

further study.

ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

On the completion of this thesis, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my

supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Le Hung Tien for transferring me his specialized knowledge

in translation, his inspiring me the love in translation studies as well as his valuable

suggestions, advice and correction during my writing up the thesis.

I also wish to express my sincere thanks to my friend, Van Thi Thanh Binh M.A. and

Nguyen Thi Thu Trang, post-graduate student for their insightful comments and

suggestions.

I also take this opportunity to thank all my lecturers in the Post Graduate Department at

College of Foreign Language, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for many of their

interesting lectures, which have surely contributed to the foundation of my thesis.

I owe my debt of gratitude to my big managers Bettina Richard and Jeewon Kim from

Oracle Worldwide Product Translation Group (WPTG) who encouraged me to continue

my MA study after my accident by giving me favorable working condition.

Finally, I would like to show my deep gratitude to my parents, my son and my sister for

their support, encouragement and understanding and even my father's pushing, without

which my thesis would not have been accomplished.

Hanoi, March, 2008

Tran Thi Cam Tu

ABBREVIATIONS

SL: Source Language

TL: Target Language

F& A: Finance and Accounting

UI: User Interface

IT: Information Technology

N: Noun

GL: General Ledger

PART A: INTRODUCTION

Translating US F&A terms in application software into Vietnamese is in big need at the

moment as there are numerous IT companies who are implementing the localization of

US F&A software for both public sector like the Ministry of Finance and private one

covering many enterprises. FPT, for example, a famous IT company with thousands of

employees can only take responsibility for a small portion of the translation. In addition,

many of the terms here are used in the F&A world which is a very hot industry in

Vietnam at the moment, with the mushrooming participation of many foreign and

domestic banks, financial organizations etc. However, it is quite a challenging task as

the size of the translation is very big and the big volume of terminologies both in

information technology and in finance and accounting also causes a lot of difficulties.

Another reason is that localization, which means the translation of software products, is

quite a new industry in Vietnam with very few translation companies operating in the

field. This new industry also implies another difficulty for the translators, which is the

fact that many terms are new to the target language. In such cases, we need to invent

terminology in the translation for complex business flows that are mostly a new concept.

To verify the huge scope and complexity of the translation project, I would like to have a

brief introduction about what US financial and accounting software is. Looking at the

graph in Appendix 1, we can see financial and accounting software is one software

among many other software that enterprises use such as Human Resource, Resource

Planning, Purchasing etc to boost the process of their business activities by replacing the

previous manual process with modern IT process now. The form (screen) in Appendix 2

will describe part of the automatic payment process we can use with the financial and

accounting application software.

Before now, there have been researches about Translation Quality Assessment like the

study by Julian House, Amos, Postgate, Newmark. However, no researches about

Translation Quality Assessment for Software Translation have been done, according to

the researcher’s best knowledge from the finding in different sources like professional

translation web sites like translationjournal.com or other local sources. Even, it is very

difficult to find document about language quality of software language, which is a very

challenging domain covering a huge number of terminologies in different industries like

IT, finance and accounting.

The general approach of the study is to research translation quality assessment for US

F&A accounting application software, finding out what are the language qualities of the

source text with specialization in computing and F&A terminology, comparing the

translation with the source text to decide how the translation have solved issues in the

source text and an evaluation of the translation will be made.

1. REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC

The first reason that makes me to propose for the research is that few researchers have

done about translation quality assessment. In addition, as mentioned in the introduction,

no researches about Translation Quality Assessment for Software Translation has been

done, according to the researcher’s knowledge from the finding in different sources like

professional translation web sites like translationjournal.com or other local sources.

With investigation on qualities employed in the source text of US F&A application, the

researcher hopes to bring about clearer view on the nature of a technical text, which will

result in better translation.

Secondly, the researcher hopes that this study will be of some help to language

reviewers, especially the reviewers for application software translation, which is very

challenging task because application software is a new industry in Vietnam and the

application software translation is even a newer industry with a huge bulk of

terminologies of different specialized fields.

Finally, I choose to write about Translation Criticism because I am now working as a

language specialist for a global software translation organization with the main

responsibility to do translation review and give feedback to the translators about the

errors they encounter. Therefore, I especially enjoy the topic.

2. AIMS OF STUDY

The study covers the following aims:

a. To discover what language qualities the SL text of US F&A application software has

based on the language qualities of a technical language text

b. To assess the translation quality of the translated version of US F&A application

software, in terms of the aspects discovered from theories raised by different scholars

including Julian House; Peter Newmark; Baker, M., yet he translation quality

assessment will be mainly based on the theory of Newmark in A Textbook of Translation

(1988).

c. To provide a translation quality assessment tool, especially in technical translation, for

translation teachers and students, technical translation editors/reviewers in general and

software translation editors/reviewers in particular.

3. SCOPE OF STUDY

The object of the study is Translation Quality Assessment of the US F&A application

software conducted mainly based on the approach proposed by Newmark in A Textbook

of Translation (1988). Yet, due to the limited time and length of the thesis, the

researcher only focuses on three steps: (1) the source text analysis, emphasizing on its

language quality, which has the characteristic of technical language; (2) comparing the

translation with the original based on the qualities found in step (1); and (3) the

evaluation of the translation. Therefore, this should be treated as a pilot research project.

If time and the scope allow, a longer and more detailed research would be conducted,

viewing the SL text and the translation comparison from more different language

peculiars.

Other focus of the study is technical language, software language and terminology

covering finance, accounting and IT terms.

Research questions:

a. What are the qualities of SL text in US F&A application software?

b. What are the main problems in translation and how have the translators dealt with

them?

c. What should be included in the evaluation of the translation?

4. RESEARCH METHOD AND DATA

A combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods is used in this study. The

qualitative research is used to analyze the characteristics of the source text and how the

translation has solved the issues in SL text. The analysis of the source text will be based

on the theoretical backgrounds on translation concepts, translation equivalence, technical

language, terminology and most important of all is translation quality assessment

following Newmark's approach (1988) on Translation Criticism in A Textbook of

Translation. Quantitative method is used to count percentage of appearance of each

group of terminology, percentage of translation errors compared to the correct

translation.

The data for the study will be taken from 15 forms (screens) of the F& A application

software and their corresponding forms in the translation.

PART B: DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

I.1. Translation

How do we know when a translation is good? This simple question lies at the heart of all

concerns with translation criticism. But not only that, in trying to assess the quality of a

translation, one also addresses the heart of any theory of translation, i.e., the crucial

question of the nature of translation or, more specifically, the nature of the relationship

between a source text and its translation text.

From this viewpoint, we can see that translation quality assessment touches a lot of

areas, the nature of a good translation, the nature of relationship between a source text

and the translation text, which in other words can be called translation equivalence and

of cause the central issue would be translation quality assessment.

To understand the theoretical background for these issues in translation quality

assessment, the researcher would introduce literature review of translation, translation

equivalence, and translation quality assessment, and technical language. Especially, due

to the fact that there is a huge volume of terms in the SL text, then a part of theoretical

background is to deal with terminology.

I.1.1 Definition of translation

In Stolze's view, a 'good' translation can only come about when the translator identifies

him/herself fully with the text to be translated.

In Approaches to Translation, Newmark (1982, p7) states "Translation is a craft

consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language

by the same message and/or statement in another language".

Followings are the definitions presented in What is translation and how does it work?

retrieved from http://www.geocities.com/alberth_kendari/what_is_translation.htm:

According to Bell, R.T (1991, p5), "Translation is the expression in another language (or

TL) of what has been expressed in another, SL, preserving semantic and stylistic

equivalence'.

Translation is the procedure which leads from a written SL text to an optimally

equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic, semantic, stylistic and text

pragmatic comprehension by the translator of the original text.

(Wilss, 1982)

Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a

representation of another equivalent in a second language.

(Hartman & Stock, 1972)

Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural

equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in

terms of style. (Nida & Taber, 1974)

It is observed that the above definitions by different scholars in different times include

the two significant factors: the qualities of the original text covering meaning, style,

syntactic and pragmatic issues and the equivalence in the translation.

I.1.2. Types of Translation

This part will introduce three types of translation; namely technical translation,

meaning-based and form-based translation; which are closely related to the translation of

SL text presented in this thesis.

a. Technical translation

Newmark (1991, p151) as cited in Yen, V. T. T. (2007), in an attempt to distinguish

technical translation from institutional translation, claims that technical translation is

one part of specialized translation, potentially non-cultural, therefore, universal.

According to Sofer (1991, cited in Thuy, V.T.T. 2003), the translation of a text may be

called technical when it requires specialized terms in a particular field.

Newmark (1995, p152) suggests that there are three varieties or levels of technical

language: (a) academic style associated with academic papers, (2) professional style

which refers to formal terms used by experts and (3) the popular one including familiar

alternative terms.

According to Thuy, V. T. T. (2005), a significant problem in technical translation is the

distinction between technical and descriptive terms. The original SL writer may use a

descriptive term for a technical object for three reasons (1) the object is new and has not

got a name; (2) the descriptive term is being used as a familiar alternative, to avoid

repetition; (3) the descriptive term is being used to make a contrast with another one.

According to Newmark, where a SL technical term has no known TL equivalent, a

descriptive term should be used.

b. Form-based and Meaning-based translation

Treatments of the two text properties, form and meaning, is the main distinction between

the two main types of translations: the form-based and the meaning-based ones (Larson,

1984, cited by Binh, V.T.T.).

Form-based translations, known as literal translations, attempt to follow the form of the

source language text. Meaning-based translations, or idiomatic translations, make every

effort to communicate to text receivers the meaning of the source language text in the

natural forms of the target language (Larson, 1984).

In practice, translation is a mixture of a literal transfer of the grammatical units a long

with some idiomatic translation of the meaning of the text.

Larson gives more details of these two types of translation in the following part:

Translation is basically a change of form. When we speak the form of a language, we are

referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences or paragraphs, which are

spoken or written.

Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor

language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a

second language by way of semantic structure. It is the meaning which is being

transferred and must be held constant, only the form changes. Translation, then, consists

of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural

context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and

then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure

which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context.

With regard to meaning, Larson states that most words have more than one meaning.

There will be a primary meaning – the one which usually comes to mind when the word

is said in isolation and secondary meanings – the additional meanings which a word has

in context with other words.

I.2. Translation Equivalence

From the definitions of translations by different scholars, it is clear that equivalence is

the central issue in translation studies.

Andrew Chesterman, in "Readings in Translation Theories" (p100), describes that there

are "various categories of equivalence that have been proposed in the literature of

translation theory: content equivalence (often also: content invariance), stylistic

equivalence, formal equivalence, functional equivalence, textural equivalence,

communicative equivalence, pragmatic equivalence".

From the view point of Juliane House (1977, p25), meaning equivalence is the most

essential in translation: "The essence of translation lies in the preservation of 'meaning'

across two different languages".

"SL and TL texts or items are translation equivalents when they are interchangeable in a

given situation", (Catfort, 1965, p49)

Newmark (1995, p48) states that "The overriding purpose of any translation should be

to achieve 'equivalent effect', i.e. to produce the same effect (or one as close as possible)

on the readership of the translation as was obtained on the readership of the original".

In this statement, Newmark emphasizes the importance of functional equivalence as "the

overriding purpose of any translation".

Koller cited in Readings in Translation Theory (Chesterman, A., 1989) views

equivalence in term of the maintenance of the SL and TT quality. According to him

(1979), the equivalence requirement of a translation to its origin is as follows: " Quality

(qualities) X in the source language text must be preserved." The qualities can be

understood as the different characteristics the source text has, which must be preserved

in the translation text. These characteristics may include the style, meaning, readership

and purpose of the text.

According to Baker, equivalence at word level covers a number of factors relating

number, gender, and part of speech. She claims that different grammatical structures in

the SL and TL may cause remarkable changes in the way the information or message is

carried across (noun phrase in SL can be translated as verb phrase in TT).

In much more elaborate view point, Kade (1968) and other writers on lexical

equivalence, in particular the area of terminology, classify translation equivalence as

follows:

1. One-to-one: There is a single expression in the TL for a single expression in the SL.

2. One-to-many: There is more than one expression in the TL for a single SL one.

3. Many-to-one: There is more than one expression in the SL, but there is only a single

expression in the TL that is equivalent to them.

4. Whole-to-part/Part-to-whole: A TL expression is only equivalent to part of the

concept designated by a single expression in the SL, or the equivalent in the TL has a

broader meaning than the concept in the SL.

5. One-to-zero: There is no expression in the TL for a single expression in the SL.

Koller (1979) stated the following five types of equivalence referring to the lexical

meaning equivalence: (1) Denotative equivalence: the SL and TL words refer to the

same thing in the real world, (2) Connotative equivalence: this type of equivalence

provides additional values besides denotative value and is achieved by the translator's

choice of synonymous words or expressions, (3) Text-normative equivalence: the SL

and the TL words are used in the same or similar context in their respective languages,

(4) Pragmatic equivalence: With readership orientation, the SL and TL words have the

same effect on their respective readers, and (5) Formal equivalence: This aims to

produce an "analogy of form" in the translation by exploiting the formal possibilities of

the TL or even by creating new forms if necessary.

Baker, M. (1992) views the concept of equivalence differently by discussing the notion

of non-equivalence at word level and above word level, grammatical equivalence,

textual equivalence and pragmatic equivalence.

Non-equivalence at word level means that the target language has no direct

equivalent for a word which occurs in the source text. Common problems of non-

equivalence then involve such cases as culture-specific concepts, the SL concept

is not lexicalized in the target language, the SL word is semantically complex,

the SL and TL make different distinctions in meaning, the TL lacks a super-

ordinate, the TL lacks a specific term, differences in physical or interpersonal

perspective, differences in expressive meaning, difference in form, difference in

frequency and purpose of using specific forms, the use of loan words in the

source text.

Non-equivalence above word level is closely related to the differences in the

collocational patterning of the SL and TL, which creates potential pitfalls and

can pose various problems in translation.

Grammatical equivalence is more concerned with the differences in the

grammatical structures of the SL and TL, which often result in some change in

the information content of the message during the process of translation. This

change may take the form of adding to the target text information which is not

expressed in the source text. This can happen when the TL has a grammatical

category which SL lacks. Likewise, the change in the information content of the

message may be in the form of omitting information specified in the source text.

If the TL lacks a grammatical category which exists in the SL, the information

expressed by that category may have to be ignored.

Textual equivalence is achieved through the realization of cohesion, or cohesive

devices such as reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion

from the source text into the target text.

Pragmatic equivalence is realized by means of studying and translating

coherence and implicature from the SL to the TL.

Larson, M.L (1984) points out "there will be concepts in the source text which are

known (shared) in the receptor language, but which will be translated by a non-literal

equivalent, second there will be concepts in the source language which are unknown in

the receptor language". In both cases, new terms must be invented for the translation.

To clarify further, the author states "even though most of the concepts which occurs in a

particular text are also found in the receptor language, they are expressed in different

ways. There is an extensive core of meaning components which are shared between

languages. However, total matching can not be assumed".

The notion of non-equivalence is very significant to this thesis as it will present different

error categories, many of which are linked to non-equivalence issue.

I.3. Translation Quality Assessment

I.3.1. Definition of Translation Quality Assessment

Translation quality assessment is named as translation criticism by Newmark. In his

book, A Textbook of Translation (p184), "Translation criticism is an essential link

between translation theory and its practice."

Friederich (1963, p350) says that "quality in translation rests largely on the translator's

precise understanding of whatever it is that the original writer wants to convey".

Friederich's view emphasizes the meaning accuracy in guaranteeing quality in

translation.

Another scholar, Savory, with his famous translation principles, also emphasizes the role

of accurate reflection of source text in translation in the following statement "A

translation must give the words of the original/ A translation must give the ideas of the

original".

It is noticed that understanding the original text qualities is the key significance in

translation quality assessment.

I.3.2. Aspects of Translation Quality Assessment

Newmark, P., in A Textbook of Translation (1988, p184), states that "you can assess the

translation by its standard of referential and pragmatic accuracy."

According to House, J. (p.21), "It is imperative to develop an objective method of

determining the particular semantic, stylistic, functional, pragmatic qualities of source

text, and then try to determine whether and to what extent the translation matches these

characteristics".

I.3.3. Steps in Translation Quality Assessment

House, J. states that translation quality assessment has two steps including analysis of

source text in term of semantic, stylistic, functional and pragmatic qualities and

comparing it to the translation text.

According to Koller, there are 3 main stages in translation quality assessment including

(1) Source text criticism, (2) Translation comparison and (3) Evaluation of translation.

Newmark (1988, p.184) gives more detailed steps, stating that any comprehensive

criticism of a translation has to cover five topics: (1) a brief analysis of the SL text stress

on its intention and its functional aspects; (2) the translator's interpretation of the SL

text's purpose, his translation method and the translation's likely readership; (3) a

selective but representative detailed comparison of the translation with the original; (4)

an evaluation of the translation; (5) where appropriate, an assessment of likely place of

the translation in the target language culture or discipline.

It is recognized that translation quality assessment includes the three key steps

including: (1) analysis of the SL text; (2) translation comparison and (3) evaluation of

the translation, which has been called by Julian House as "statement of quality".

In more detailed description of translation quality assessment, Newmark (1988) states

that in the source text language analysis, the language quality is assessed and comparing

the translation with the original is to find out the reference and pragmatic accuracy of the

translation. And in order to make the equivalent comparison, it is important that the

translation is compared to the criteria found in the SL text. For this reason, the reference

and pragmatic aspects will be analyzed in the SL text. Reference and pragmatics refer to

the meaning in specific kinds of speech situations (Introducing English Semantics,

Kreidler, C.L.; 2001, p.18).

In the following chapters, translation quality assessment will be conducted based on the

above theory by Peter Newmark. The source text analysis will find out the typical

pragmatic features, or in other words the source text's meaning in specific context, with

focus on terminology. SL form will be a sub-factor to be presented in the analysis

because there are issues in the translation as well. In the later stage, these peculiars will

be compared to the translation.

The SL text of US F&A accounting application is technical language; therefore, in the

following part of the literature review, the researcher would like to present the quality of

technical language.

I.4. Technical Language

US F&A application software covers the technical language in two domains including

information technology, financial and accounting. Therefore, the following part will

describe technical language in general and then information technology and financing

and accounting terminology will be detailed afterwards.

Technical language is any language that laypeople are not exposed to on a regular basis.

This includes legal, medical, taxation, financial language, etc. It refers to both technical

terminology and technical documents, thereby including vocabulary, grammar, sentence

structure, and document organization. Technical language can be found in legislation,

contracts, policy, consent forms, and even in newspaper articles

(Understanding Technical Language:A

Literature Review, Retrieved from

http://www.aalec.ca/uploads/Understanding%20Technical%20Language.pdf)

Aslo described in the above link, linguistic factors of technical language encompass

barriers such as technical terminology, jargon, passive sentences, lengthy sentences, etc.

Together, these factors make it very difficult for the general public to access technical

language.

According to Newmark, P. (1988, p16), "in a non literary text, the denotations of a word

normally come before its connotation".

Newmark (1988, p151) presents technical style as "jazzed up and popularized, it is

usually free from emotive language, connotations, sound effects and originally

metaphor".

Newmark (1988, p.152) says “the best approach to an opaquely technical text is to

underline what to be its key terms". Obviously from this definition, terminology will be

most important feature in technical text. Therefore, the researcher would like to present

literature review for terminology with focus on information technology, financial and

accounting terminology.

I.4.1. Terminology

Terminology in technical text is said to primarily distinguish it from other language

styles.

Giap, N. T. (1999, p207-278) states "Terminology is a special part of language. It

contains fixed words or phrases, which are exact names of concepts and objects in

human specialized fields".

According to Wikipedia, "Terminology is the study of terms and their use — of words

and compound words that are used in specific contexts", (Retrieved on Feb 20, 2008,

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology). From this definition, we find that

terminology focus on words, not phrases, clauses or sentences.

Further description is found in Wikipedia: Terminology also denotes a more formal

discipline which systematically studies the labeling or designating of concepts particular

to one or more subject fields or domains of human activity, through research and

analysis of terms in context, for the purpose of documenting and promoting correct

usage". It is clearer that terminology is not the description of words in general but the

words that labeling concepts in certain subject fields.

Kennedy, C. & Bothitho, R. (1984), cited in Thuy, V T T, discuss that terms can be

highly technical or sub-technical. Highly technical terms account for an intrinsic part of

the learning of the discipline itself. Meanwhile, sub-technical terms are words which are

not specific to a subject speciality but occur regularly in scientific and technical texts,

such as view, cancel, accumulate etc. It is the case of sub-technical terms that is related

to neologisms "defined as newly coined lexical units or existing lexical units that

acquire new sense". "Accumulate", for example, is defined in non-technical dictionary as

"chông chât, chât đông", but its specialist meaning is "tich luy" such as "accumulated

encumbrance" is translated as "dư chi tich luy".

I.4.2. Information technology terms

According to the observation made by Thuy, V. T. T. (2005), information technology

terms have two categories: single and compound terms.

a. Single terms

Single terms are made of one word, a verb or a noun, and involve a number of

neologisms which can be new coinages or acronyms. There are a lot of single terms in

computer text, such as commands in menu or button like hide, cancel, delete, file, filter,

view, back, go, preferences, format, refresh, submit etc. They are mostly in form of

nouns and verbs. The above examples are mostly verbs, which appear more common.

More illustrations of noun single terms are tool, font, folder, directory.

b. Compound terms

Larson (1984, p.182) defines that "Words combine to form compounds in many

languages. A compound is a new word which is created by stringing together simple

words, which are constituent parts".

A compound term, according to Collin Cobuild (1990) is a fixed expression which is

made up of more than one word (N + N or Adj + Noun).

Many terms in IT text are noun phrases. Most of them have one thing in common: the

last word in the chain says what the thing is, while the preceding word or group of words

describes the thing, which is termed "classifier". This order is opposite in Vietnamese.

E.g: Journal entries will be translated into Vietnamese as Nh âp but toan

1 2 2 1

In other cases, the preceding adjectives, which may be in present participle or past

participle form, modifies a noun to create compound terms such as posted journal (but

toan đa kêt sô), beginning balance (sô dư đâu ky), closed period (ky đa đong) etc.

I.4.3. Application Software Terminology

From Oracle News Brief titled Fusion Applications Development News Brief, the

following definition is given: A term is any text used in the UI (User Interface) such as

field name, button label, check box, a heading, etc. that:

Consists of one or more words (such as, "Account", "Start Date")

Represents a concept in a particular knowledge domain or a concept that is

reused throughout the application suite (such as "Save", "Description", "Business

Unit")

According to Wikipedia: The user interface (or Human Machine Interface) is the

aggregate of means by which people—the users—interact with the system - a particular

machine, device, computer program or other complex tools. The user interface provides

means of: (1) Input, allowing the users to manipulate a system, and (2) Output, allowing

the system to produce the effects of the users' manipulation.

The reason why I quote the above definitions from Oracle News Brief is that this

research deals a lot with terminologies in IT and finance & accounting which appear in

user interface. To have a clearer idea about IT and financial & accounting, the following

parts will deal with such.

I.4.4. Financial and Accounting terms

Based on the definition of Giap, N T, financial and accounting terms can be defined as

fixed words or phrases naming exact concepts or objects in finance and accounting.

I.5. Summary of the Chapter’s Finding

This chapter has presented most typical theoretical issues laying the foundation for the

translation quality assessment of US F&A application software in the later part of the

thesis.

With regard to technical translation, it is specialized and requires specialized terms in a

particular field. Therefore, the key part in analyzing a technical SL text will deal with

terminology. This is divided into two major groups including highly technical and sub

technical terms and sub groups including single and compound terms. In order to deliver

quality in translation, it is important that the qualities in SL text, with focus on meaning

accuracy, must be preserved in the translation.

Translation quality assessment basically includes the three key steps including: (1)

analysis of the SL text; (2) translation comparison and (3) evaluation of the translation,

which has been called by Julian House as "statement of quality".

CHAPTER II. SOURCE-TEXT ANALYSIS

Newmark, P. describes that “In your analysis of the SL text, you may include a statement

of the author's purpose that is the attitude he takes towards the topic; characterization

of the readership; an indication of its category and type. You assess the quality of

language to determine the translator's degree of licence, assuming for example that he

can reduce cliché to natural language in informative but not in authoritative texts. You

briefly state the topic or themes, but do not precise the text and do not 'plot-monger'".

Based on the theory of Newmark, P., this chapter will include statement of the author's

purpose, characterization of the readership, the topic, ST language quality which will

investigate the linguistic properties of the source text in US F&A application software in

term of meaning and form. The decision to analyze the source text in term of meaning

and form is that the researcher observes that certain group of forms and meanings are

translated well, with low number of errors or even free from errors, while the other

groups usually cause difficulties for the translators leading them to translation errors.

The focus of the analysis will be on meaning because "form is secondary to content"

(Nida).

II.1. The author's purpose

The author's purpose in US F&A application software is to be instructive, like many

other IT application software, which includes a series of commands, instructions,

notifications and messages for users.

II.2. Characteristic of the readership

Readership are the end-users who use F& A application software in their day to day

operations at work. They are normally finance and accounting professionals located in

local and central areas including Ministry of Finance staff. These users have knowledge

of information technology.

The readers' purpose is to understand all the correct commands in Vietnamese that the

software instructs, so that they can perform certain functions of the software exactly.

II.3. The topic

The topic of the source language is decided by the key words appearing in each form.

Accoring to Midred L.Larson (1984, p.177), key words are words which are used over

and over in the text and are crucial to the theme or topic under discussion. A text may

have several key words. The translator must identify the key words and as much as

possible use a single receptor language lexical item on each occurrence of the key

word."

Each form from the survey has its own topic, most of the topics are represented by the

form names including Apply Prepayment (Ap thanh toan trươc), Apply Holds (Ap treo),

Payment General (Tông quan vê Thanh toan), View Invoice Payment (Thanh toan Hoa

đơn), Matching Payables (Đôi chiêu Cac khoan phai tra), Matching Shipment (Đôi

chiêu Lô hang), Work Order (Thư tư Công viêc), Encumbrance (Dư chi), Balances (Cac

sô dư), Funds (Quy), Fixed Assets (Tai san Cô đinh). There are few exceptional forms,

like FNDSRUN which is a kind of coded name that the software writers assigned to it.

From the content which includes " Format", "Layout", "Style", "Template" and "Output

files" as key terms, therefore the main topic is "file layout".

II.4. Language Qualities of Source Text

According to the presentation in literature review, technical style is "jazzed up and

popularized, it is usually free from emotive language, connotations, sound effects and

originally metaphor", (Peter Newmark (1988, p151). Therefore, the author proposes that

"the best approach to an opaquely technical text is to underline what to be its key

terms".

As terminology will be most important feature in technical text, the first part of source

text analysis will be investigating what types of terminologies there are in US F&A

application software, what kind of meanings they have, whether primary or secondary

meaning and then they will be divided into sub groups according to their forms as single

or compound terms.

II.4.1. Features of SL terms

According to An, L H (2003:74), there are various views about terminology. Some

linguistics consider terminology as the general and highly specific technical terms and

devided them into groups including: general terms, general technical terms and specific

technical terms. Some linguistics consider terminology only as the specific technical

terms. Achmanova states "Terminology contain specific words of a production industry

or a scientific field" (1966:474).

Baker (1998) puts that "Terms differ from words in that they are endowed with a special

form of reference, namely that they refer to discrete conceptual entities, properties,

activities or relations which constitute the knowledge space of a particular subject

field".

Giap, N.T (1998) and Lang, L.V (1977) present that since terminology is not allowed to

carry the speaker's attitude, figurative sense, compliment or criticism, it should possess

the following quantities: accurateness, systematicism, internationalism, popularity and

nationality.

Based on the surveyed results, the researcher finds that there are two kinds of

terminology, namely sub technical terms and highly technical terms like what An, L. H.

(2003) has pointed out.

The other finding is that the number of noun terminology accounts for a high percentage

of the total terms. According to statistic features of Steinfeld, Yosselson and Markow

(1976) as cited by An, L.H (2003), the number of noun terminology has a high

occurrence proportion of 44 percent. There are several causes leading to that fact:

The objects and phenomena in the world are various and human always wish to

understand and describe them.

The objects and phenomena in the world are complicated; therefore there are rare

cases where they are described in one word.

In the analysis of the source text, the researcher will divide the terms first according to

their meaning aspects covering sub technical terms and highly technical terms. And in

each of these two groups, there are sub groups of terms divided according to their forms.

a. Sub Technical Terms

Sub-technical terms are words which are not specific to a subject speciality but occur

regularly in scientific and technical texts. This type of terms may appear in different

components of the F&A application software.

This group of terms can be viewed easily from different modules of the software. They

have meanings that are not highly technical, which can be easily understood by non-

professional people. And according to meaning-based translation (Larson) presented in

the theoretical background, these sub technical terms normally have primary sense – the

one which usually comes to mind when the word is said in isolation.

The below table will present these sub technical terms.

SL Terms Vietnamese Equivalence

payment thanh toan

discount chiêt khâu

tax thuê

amount sô tiên

approval phê duyêt

From the above examples, we can see that the sub-technical terms are mostly single

terms and mostly are nouns, some of them derive from verbs. Two of examples shown in

the above table derive from verbs including payment (thanh toan) and approval (phê

duyêt).

Other examples from surveyed result falling in this category are supplier (nha cung

câp), correction (điêu chinh), approver (ngươi phê duyêt), requester (ngươi yêu câu).

According to the researcher's survey, sub technical terms as singular nouns have very

high rate of appearance. Of the total 46 terms of this category, 37 terms are nouns,

accounting for over 80% (See appendix no.3).

Compared to nouns the number of sub technical terms as verb in singular form is much

smaller, over 19% - over 80% respectively. Following are examples of these terms: clear

(xoa), cancel (huy), find (tim), help (trơ giup), preview (xem trươc), copy (sao chép).

In addition, the researcher observes that a number of these 9 verbs are repeated twice or

even more like "cancel" ( repeated 4 times) and "help" (repeated twice).

b. Highly Technical Terms

Highly technical terminology is the specialized vocabulary of a field. These terms have

specific definitions within the field, which is not necessarily the same as their meaning in

common use". (Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_terminology on

April 10)

Clearer detailed analysis is given below in en.Wikipedia.org:

Technical terminology exists in a continuum of formality. Precise technical terms and

their definitions are formally recognized, documented, and taught by educators in the

field. Technical terminology evolves due to the need for experts in a field to

communicate with precision.

In US F&A application software, highly technical terms occure quite frequently. It is

observed that highly technical terms normally do not have primary meaning but

secondary meaning, which is not the meaning in common use. Their meanings have high

precision in the field.

The following examples will show those terms which have different meaning in sub-

technical contexts.

Example 1

"Cost" means "Nguyên gia " in Asset Management, which is one component of the US

F&A application software. This term has the sub-technical meaning, which is more

common, as "Chi phi".

Example 2:

"Cost retired" means "Gia tri thanh ly ", which is far different from its common meaning

as "Chi phi ".

Example 3:

"Credit Memo" is highly technical when carries the meaning as "Điêu chinh giam". Its

more common meaning is "Giây bao Co ".

Example 4:

"Chargeback" has the highly finance specialised meaning as "Công nơ tinh lai", while

"charge" has normal meaning as "Phi" or "Tinh phi ".

Different from sub technical terms, which are mainly single terms, highly technical

terms fall in two categories including single terms and compound terms.

Single Terms

Single Terms as Nouns, Verbs and Past Participles

There are single terms acting as highly technical terms. They loose their primary sense

and their secondary senses remain. In addition, they have different meanings in various

component of the application software. "Release”, for example, is a term with multiple

meanings. It is commonly known as "Xuât", "Tha". Technically, it is translated as “Giai

phong” when appearing in “Release Hold” (Giai phong treo), “Hơp đông thưc hiên”

when it appears in Purchasing component with the definition as "An actual order of

goods or services you issue against a blanket purchase order".

Similarly, “Invoice” can have both meanings in Vietnamese as “Hoa đơn” in most of the

components with its definition as "A document that you create in Oracle Receivables

that lists amounts owed for the purchases of goods or services. This document also lists

any tax and freight charges" and “Yêu câu thanh toan” when it appears in Public Sector

Budgeting component when it is defined as "A summarized list of charges, including

payment terms, invoice item information, and other information that is sent to a

customer for payment".

Although, the number of nouns as single terms in this highly technical group is smaller

than in in sub technical group, they have the same rule of occurrence, which takes up the

highest percentage compared with other members of the same group. Of the total 39

terms in this category, 16 are nouns, accounting for 41%.

Examples:

SL Terms Vietnamese Equivalence

debit nơ/ghi nơ

credit co/ghi co

fund quy/vôn

journal but toan/nhât ky

shipment lô hang/giao hang

It is a significant phenomenon that highly technical terms have multiple meanings as

shown in most cases in the above table. In addition, the problem that causes more

difficulty in understanding is most of the meanings are highly technical. Further more,

some of them carry the meaning of both nouns and verbs as in "debit" (co/ghi co),

"credit" (nơ/ghi nơ).

Other forms of single terms are verbs and past participle, for example post (kêt sô),hold

(treo), match (đôi chiêu). The significance in this group is terms in the form of past

participle like ordered (đa đặt hang), billed (đa xuât hoa đơn), delivered (đa giao hang),

entered (phat sinh), converted (đa quy đôi), created (đa tao), posted (đa kêt sô),

accounted (đa hach toan) takes up a higher percentage than verb. There are 14 of the

total 39 (accounting for 35%), while the percentage of verbs is 23%. Most of these past

participles have past meaning, showing a completed action.

As retrieved from http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/participlepast.htm on April 21st,

2008 "A past participle indicates past or completed action or time". In most cases, past

participles have past meaning, i.e. a performed action. This meaning is illustrated by the

three examples above. In addition, past participles are also used to express passive

meaning like "Enabled" (Đươc kich hoat), Created by (Đươc tao bơi).

Single Terms as Acronyms

Another feature of highly technical terminology in the US F&A application software is

that they are abbreviated. The most common abbreviation is to reduce the word to the

initial letters like GL (General Ledger: Sô Cai) in “GL date”, YTD (Year To Date: Từ

đâu năm đên hiên tai), PTD (Period to Date: Từ đâu ky đên hiên tai), PJTD (Project to

Date: Từ đâu dư an đên hiên tai) or OUM (Unit of Measure: Đơn vi tinh). It is not rare

chance to see an abbreviated string like this. The researcher assumes that the space is

limited in the forms, therefore, certain strings must be abbreviated. The assumption has

been investigated to be correct because in most cases of these abbreviations, limited max

length is set.

Compound Terms

The researcher observes that the number of highly technical terms as compound terms is

higher than single terms. As presented in the literature review, Collin Cobuild (1990)

stated that a compound term is a fixed expression which is made up of more than one

word (N + N or Adj + Noun).

According to advices by International Organization for Standard (ISO 1995) as cited by

Bac, N.T. (2003) quoted by Yen, V.T.T., terms must conform to the general rules of

word-formation of the language or they should allow composition and derivation where

appropriate.

In term of meaning, these compound terms lose their primary sense and take secondary

sense. Larson (1984) presents that the meaning of a compound as a whole can not

always be determined by the meaning of individual constituent parts.

The primary sense loss can occur in one component of the compound terms as in the

following example:

"Exchange Rate" is translated as "Ty gia Quy đôi" in currency exchange. In this

example, Rate still keeps its primary meaning as Ty gia. Meanwhile, Exchange has its

secondary meaning as Quy đôi. The normal meaning of Exchange is Trao đôi or Giao

lưu like in Culture Exchange (Giao lưu văn hoa).

Other terms falling in this groups include GL date (Ngay hach toan), balance type (loai

sô dư), tax registration (ma sô thuê).

Beside this, the loss of primary sense can occur in both components of the compound

terms as in the following example:

"Credit Memo" is translated as "Điêu chinh giam từ quyêt đinh cua doanh nghiêp". In

this term, "Credit" has its normal meaning as "Co" as noun and "Ghi co " as verb. The

primary sense of "Memo" is "Thông bao". It is also observable that beside the translation

of these two words, another part is added "từ quyêt đinh cua nha cung câp". Another

example of the same type is "Debit Memo" is translated as "Điêu chinh giam từ quyêt

đinh cua Doanh nghiêp".

The following patterns of highly technical terms in the forms of compound term are

found:

Compound Terms as Noun phrases

There are several form of noun phrases. The first form is N+N as in payment overview,

GL date (General Ledger date), tax amount, purchase order, price correction, tax

registration, invoice number, balance type, transaction code

This pattern is the most popular in the application software and appears in a big volume.

The following table will display the number of N+N highly technical terminology

occure in each of different forms (screens).

Form Name Apply Prepayment

Apply Holds

General Payment

View Invoice Payment

Tax Summary

Account Payables Matching

Encumbrance

Fund

Noun phrase Term Occurrences

5 12 4 6 5 8 5 6

Total terms 11 15 7 8 7 19 15 12

The table shows that highly technical terms account for a very high percentage ranging

from the lowest of 33,3% (5/15 as in Encumbrance form) to the highest of 80% (12/15

as in Apply Holds form).

Noun phrases also appears in the form of Adj + Noun as in the following table:

SL Terms Vietnamese Equivalence

Recoverable tax Thuê đươc khâu trừ

Non recoverable tax Thuê không đươc khâu trừ

Actual quantity Sô lương thưc tê

or a gerund or a past participle plus noun like in the following examples:

SL Terms Vietnamese Equivalence

entered debit phat sinh nơ

converted credit co đa quy đôi

existing prepayment thanh toan trươc hiên co

purchasing order đơn đặt hang

posting status trang thai kêt sô

However, the researcher observes from the above examples that the adjectives or

participles can stand after the nouns without change in meaning from standing

before the nouns. The occurrence of such strings is low. Only 15 are found

from the surveyed strings, they are illustrated by the following strings:

SL Terms Vietnamese Equivalence

fund available quy hiên tai

amount adjusted sô tiên đa điêu chinh

Compound Terms as Verb phrases

Compound terms also appear in the form of verb phrase, which is common in the

application software like View accounting (Xem đinh khoan), Post journal (Kêt sô but

toan, Merge Documents (Sap nhâp tai liêu, Show summary (Hiên thi tông hơp), Find

journals (Tim but toan).

Compare to compound terms as noun phrases, compound terms as verb phrases is much

smaller, 13 to 58 comparatively.

It is noticed from the given examples above that the part that causes difficulty in these

verb phrases are the nouns, not the verbs. To proof this, let us look at "View

accounting", in which "view" still has its primary sense as "xem", while "accounting"

has secondary sense as "đinh khoan", while "accounting" can also means "kê toan" as in

"accounting period" (ky kê toan). In many cases, "accounting" also means "hach toan"

as in "accounting date", which is translated as "ngay hach toan".

Followings are examples of verb phrase terms:

SL Terms Vietnamese Equivalence

ship to phat sinh nơ

bill to co đa quy đôi

view PO thanh toan trươc hiên co

The most common structure of verb phrase is Verb + Noun like "View PO", "View

Accounting", "Reserve Payment" or Verb + Noun phrase like " Generate Automatic

Reversals" and " Reverse Journal Transfer" etc. The other structure of verb phrase is

Verb + Preposition + Noun (or Noun phrase). This structure is examplified by

"Transfer to GL" or "Trade in Asset".

II.4.2. Application Messages

Messages in application software are expressed in form of full sentence or sentences.

Messages are defined as the information transferred from one entity to another within

the application software.

Example1. Delete action is disabled.

This message is one single sentence. It gives a warning from the application software to

the user.

In the following example, the message is longer, containing several sentences.

Example 2. Approver is not an active worker. Cause: You entered an inactive worker as

the approver. The approver must be an active worker if the requisition is unapproved.

Action: Enter an active worker as the approver. Action: Make the approver an active

worker.

The above message gives instructions to the user. According to the researcher,

instructions means alleging, therefore detailed explanation is necessary. For this reason,

a phrase can not be used, instead, the use of full sentence or sentences is necessary.

II.5. Summary of Chapter's Findings

This chapter has surveyed the typical features of US F&A application software. Like

other types of technical language, the language presented in US F&A application

software is jazzed up, containing a huge number of terminology falling into two

categories including sub-technical terms and highly technical terms which are only used

specifically for certain domains of specialty. In term of meaning, highly technical terms

is the group that causes a lot of difficulties in understanding because a term normally has

multiple senses, the more challenging issue is that it even has multiple technical senses.

Compound technical terms have two categories. One category is part of the compound

has primary sense and part of it has secondary sense. The other is both parts of the

compounds have secondary senses, which normally cause huge difficulty in capturing

the correct meaning in the specific context.

Terminology in form of noun and noun phrase accounts for the highest percentage,

which is up to over 80% in one form for the case of noun phrase. And in both term

categories, nouns and noun phrases have much higher percentage of occurrences

compared to verbs and verb phrases. This principle is validated by Newmark, P. as

"Noun compound or adjective plus noun are particularly common in the social sciences

and the computer language". According to Quang (2000) as cited by Binh, V.T.T., the

tendency among Anglicists (i.e. those who speak English as their mother tongue) to be

descriptive rather than evaluative in their statement. This tendency is also applied to the

US F&A application software text as it is written by an Oracle, a leading American

software cooperation. The source language text is highly descriptive, informing the users

of different information they see in a form like the description of the field, of different

values in the fields. For example in the field "Account", we can see different nouns to

describe different account types like "Debit" (TK nơ), "Credit" (TK co) and

"Encumbrance" (TK dư chi).

As the language in the application software is instructive like other computer texts, it

contains a good number of verbs and verb phrases, comparing to other parts of speech

like adjectives or adverbs, which even do not occur. They have the function to give

command to the user to interact with the software. However, the verbs are used

repeatedly and in most of the cases, they have primary sense, even appear in highly

technical compound terms.

Also serving the purpose of giving command, the application software also include

messages in form of one or several sentences, functioning as guiding the user to take

specific actions.

According to Newmark, the analysis of the SL text is to determine the degree of the

translator's licence, the researcher comes to a conclusion that the translators of US F&A

application software should have good knowledge of terminology in both SL and TL

text due to the fact that LS text is technical text containing high percentage of

terminology. Another issue is the complexity of highly technical terms requires that

translators should have inputs of field experts.

CHAPTER III. COMPARISON OF THE TRANSLATION

WITH THE ORIGINAL

According to Newmark, P. (1988, p.187), this will deals with "how the translator has

solved the particular problems of the SL text". He suggests that the points can be

grouped together under headings like: the title, the structure, shifts, metaphors, cultural

words, proper names, neologisms, untranslatable words, ambiguity, level of language".

He continues by saying that this part of critique should include a discussion of

translation problems and not a quick recipes for a correct or a better translation.

However, the source text is technical language, which is free from emotive, cultural

words or metaphors, having no connotative meaning. In stead, it is denotative, jazzed up

with high density of terminology. Therefore, the focus of the comparison will be on (1)

the translation of the topic and (2) how the translators handle the translation of different

groups of terminology and if they have any problems translating strings containing full

sentence (s).

The focus of the translation analysis will be on meaning in context, which has been

presented in the theoretical background; as Larson (1984) holds that translation consists

of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is

done by going from the form of first language to the form of a second language. It is

meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant, only the form changes.

Nida also agrees with this point of view as in her statement "Form is secondary to

meaning". Similarly, Newmark holds that "Form can be changed to accommodate

meaning".

The following example will verify the above statement. "Journal Entry" is a noun phrase

in US F&A application software text. When being translated into Vietnamese, it is

transferred to a verb phrase as "Nhâp but toan". It is observable that the form has

changed in the translation but the meaning is preserved with functional equivalence; in

the SL text, it appears in the menu, which normally lists actions to inform users to take

specific actions. In this context, it is totally correct to translate it as a verb phrase.

In addition, translator's purpose will be also considered in certain parts. Newmark, P.

(1988, p.186) says this is "to attempt to see the text from the point of view of this

translator. You may decide that the translator has misinterpreted the author by omitting

certain sections of the text." Another characteristic, according to him, is " normally all

translations are under-translations, less popularized than the original, notably in its

description passages".

III.1. The Translation of The Topic

As presented in the source text analysis, the topics of the forms in US F&A application

software are included in the form names, which, in other words, can be called the form

titles. According to Newmark, P. (1988, p.168), all titles are either descriptive or

allusive; in a non-literary text, a descriptive title that succinctly names the subject and

states its purpose is appropriate. (Allusive titles are suitable for some imaginative

literature and popular journalism). The advantage of the title of a scientific article is that

it normally states the subject, but not always the purpose or intention of the process

described.

The source text is technical; therefore, the titles are descriptive. In the below description,

the researcher would like to present if the translation of topic states the subject of each

form.

The researcher finds that most of the topics are properly translated, covering the main

content of the form as well as transferring the functional equivalence: "Tax Summary" is

translated as "Tông hơp Thuê", "Balances" as "Cac sô dư", "Prepayment" as "Khoan

thanh toan trươc", "Holds" as "Treo".

However, errors are still realized in the translation of the topics or part of the topics

having part of highly technical terms with secondary or multiple meanings as in "Apply".

This term has its sub technical term meaning as "ap dung" or "ưng dung" like the

common phrase "technology application" (ưng dung công nghê ) using its derived noun.

However, in application software, "apply" means "assign a value", therefore the

translation should be "ap". The difficulty that this term causes is it has multiple

meanings which are not limited to "ap dung", "ap" but it has a familiar meaning to many

students in "apply for a scholarship" as "xin" (hoc bông), similar to "apply for a job"

(xin viêc).

Similarly, "matching" leads translator to the wrong translation as "kêt hơp" while the

right translation in the context should be "đôi chiêu" (for example, to match same values

in two different books or locations) because it has various meanings. Below are some of

its meanings from The Freedictionary.com:

1.To resemble or harmonize with: The coat matches the dress. (For this definition, it

should be translated as "hơp")

2. To join or give in marriage. (The translation is: Hoa hơp)

3. To set in comparison (The translation is: Sanh)

In conclusion, if the topics are translated properly if they contain no multiple meaning

terms and vise versa.

III.2. The Translation of Terms

III.2.1. Sub-technical Terms

There is a tendency that the form of sub technical term are kept in the translation,

meaning that a noun will be transferred to a noun and in most cases, there is no loss

of meaning in the translation. The equivalence rule applied here is one-to-one, which

according to Kade (1968), there is a single expression in the TL for a single

expression in the SL.

Examples:

SL Terms Vietnamese Translation

Description

Account

Number

Detail

Summary

Mô ta

Tai khoan

Sô (Sô hiêu)

Chi tiêt

Tông hơp

The translation of singular sub technical terms as verbs is also correct in most cases.

Examples:

SL Terms Vietnamese Translation

Print

View

Find

Cancel

In

Xem

Tim

Huy

The researcher comes up to a conclusion that sub-technical terms, whether in form of

verbs or nouns, are mostly translated correctly into Vietnamese. This leads the

researcher to the reason that it is easy to search for the meanings of these more common

terms in a technical dictionary, like in Lac Viet Computing Dictionary for Computer

Terms and Dictionary of Finance (published by Technical and Science Publishing

House) for F&A terms.

III.2.2. Highly Technical Terms

Through the analysis of the source text, it is a significant phenomenon that highly

technical terms have multiple meanings as shown in most cases in the above table. In

addition, the problem that causes more difficulty in understanding is most of the

meanings are highly technical. Further more, form confusion also causes difficulties

such as some of them carry the meaning of both nouns and verbs as in "debit" (co/ghi

co), "credit" (nơ/ghi nơ).

a. Single Terms

The Translation of Nouns, Verbs and Past Participles

The Translation of Nouns

Examples:

SL Terms Vietnamese Translation

shipment

invoice

budget

encumbrance

assignment

lô hang

hoa đơn

ngân sach

dư chi

nhiêm vu

With regard to meaning, the translated version displays the most common technical

meanings. It is easy for a technical translator to transfer "shipment" into "lô hang"

because it has technical meaning as "A shipment is an individual package sent to a

customer", while it also has the less common meaning as in shipment priority (A term

that indicates the urgency with which an order should be shipped to the customer), in

which "shipment" is "giao hang".

Invoice, budget, encumbrance and assignment listed in the above table are all translated

with their most common technical meanings. Their less common technical meanings are

not transferred. Invoice also has the meaning of yêu câu thanh toan, budget as dư toan,

encumbrance as cam kêt chi, assigment as gan and home as trang chu or tru sơ.

The Translation of Verbs

Similar to the translation of highly technical terms in singular form as nouns, the

translation of highly technical terms in singular form as verbs also loose the terms' less

common meanings. Apply is translated ap dung, while in many cases, it should be

translated as ap. For reference of this meaning, you can find it in the definition for

applied as "the status of payment in which you record the entire amount as settlement

for one or more debit items".

Similarly, release in most cases are translated as xuât, while it has the meaning as "hơp

đông thưc hiên" with the definition as "an actual order of goods or services you issue

against a blanket purchase order".

Post is normally translated as chuyên sô, while it also has the meaning of kêt sô. For

reference, we will have a look at the following explanation covering both meanings of

"posting": The process of updating account balances in your general ledger from

journal entries. Oracle Applications uses the term posting to describe the process of

transferring posting information to your general ledger. When you initiate posting in

Oracle Applications, Oracle Applications transfers your invoice and payment

transactions and sets the status of the payments and invoices to posted. You must use

your general ledger to create journal entries and post the journal entries to update your

account balances.

The Translation of Past Participles

According to the source text analysis, past participle appearance rate is quite remarkable.

In the following part, we are going to see how they were translated.

In term of form, the translation of the past participles includes "đa" + verb , which

transfers the equivalence in form showing a performed or completed action.

Below are the examples:

SL Terms Vietnamese Translation

ordered

billed

delivered

converted

đa đặt hang

đa xuât hoa đơn

đa giao hang

đa quy đôi

In term of meaning, all the past participles having primary sense are correctly translated

including ordered, billed, delivered, converted, allocated, capitalized, received,

accepted. The translation errors lie in the past participles having multiple meaning

including "posted" and "entered", similar to the errors with "post" and "enter", which

have the other technical meaning as đa kêt sô and phat sinh.

Single Terms as Acronyms

The first tendency of translating abbreviations is to give them full forms in

the TL text as in:

SL Terms Vietnamese Translation

GL

YTD

PTD

Sô Cai

Từ đâu năm đên hiên tai

Từ đâu ky đên hiên tai

This translation is applied because there are no abbreviated terms for these SL

abbreviations. Therefore, the researcher thinks that the translation approach is totally

acceptable.

The survey also shows that translators leave abbreviations as it is in English when they

do not know what the meaning is as shown in the remaining of Dprn and CIP in the

translation. Dprn is the abbreviation of Depreciation, therefore, the translation for it

should be Khâu hao and CIP is Construction in Progree, so it gets the translation as

XDCB dơ dang.

b. Compound Terms

From the analysis of the SL text, we know that compound technical terms have two

categories. One category is part of the compound has primary sense and part of it has

secondary sense. The other is both parts of the compounds have secondary senses, which

normally cause huge difficulty in capturing the correct meaning in the specific context.

The Translation of Noun Phrases

Similar to the translation of highly technical terms as single terms, the part of primary

sense in a compound term is well translated, while errors occur frequently in the

translation of the part having secondary sense.

Of the total 74 surveyed Noun phrases in highly technical category, 27 have errors,

accounting for 36%.

Examples of the well translated noun phrases are payment method as phương thưc thanh

toan, PO Number as Sô ĐĐH, Amount Available as Sô tiên Hiên co. The researcher

observes that there are no multiple meaning words in those phrases.

Translation problems occur when the whole phrase or part of the phrase contain

word (or words) having multiple meanings as shown in the following

examples

SL Terms Vietnamese Terms

Tax Code

Tax Rate

Tax Registration

Bonus Rule

Ma sô thuê

Thuê suât

Đăng ky thuê

Nguyên tăc Tiên thương

In the translation of the noun phrases, there is a tendency that the translators transfer the

primary meaning of the term and keeping the form of the original. In "tax code" for

example, we all know well that "tax" is translated as "thuê" and "code" is "ma sô".

According to its definition in the US F&A application software as "Codes to which you

assign sales tax or value-added tax rates. Oracle Receivables lets you choose state

codes as the tax code when you define sales tax rates for the United States", its correct

translation is "thuê suât". Similarly, with their definitions, the correct translation of tax

rate is ty lê thuê and tax registration as ma sô thuê, especially bonus rule strangely has

its correct meaning as nguyên tăc công thêm khâu hao in Vietnamese, in which bonus is

defined " Bonus rates let you increase the annual depreciation expense for assets using

flat-rate, straight-line, table-based, and formula-based depreciation methods".

Errors in both meaning and form lies in the translation of check payment. And the author

assumes that the error starts from form. In F&A context, "check" is not a verb as "kiêm

tra" in Vietnamese, rather it carries a noun meaning as "séc", like suggested in its

context as "one kind of payment method". Hence, check payment should have the

meaning of noun as thanh toan băng séc.

The same issue with the translation of meaning appears in the translation of noun

phrases constructed of Adjective or Past Participle plus Noun.

Example 1:

Recoverable Tax Thuê co thê hoan lai

According to its definition as "Tax amounts that you can claim as a legitimate deduction

to reduce your overall tax liability" (Oracle Tax Manual), the correct terms in

Vietnamese must be "thuê đươc khâu trư ".

Example 2:

Straight line method Phương phap binh quân theo thơi gian

According to the term meaning in accounting domain, retrieved from

www.thefreedictionary.com, defined as a method of calculating depreciation by taking

an equal amount of the asset's cost as an expense for each year of the asset's useful life,

the correct equivalent of the term in Vietnamese must be phương thưc khâu hao đêu. In

this case, the translators uses a descriptive phrase for the translation. However, it is not

the right solution when there is equivalent term in Vietnamese for it because such

solution should be applied only in case there is no equivalence in TL.

The Translation of Verb Phrases

From the researcher's survey result in which 13 verb phrases are found,

having much smaller number than noun phrases. There are not many

multiple meaning components in these verb phrases, only 2 of these 13,

therefore, the translation of verb phrases is generally good as shown in the

following examples:

SL Terms Vietnamese Terms

ship to

bill to

view PO

chuyên hang tơi

gưi hoa đơn tơi

xem đơn đặt hang

The two cases having translation problems are shown in the examples below:

Example 1:

View Accounting Xem kê toan

View Accounting is explained as "In a transaction inquiry window, select the View

Accounting option from the Tools menu to navigate to the Subledger Journal Entry Lines

page" (View Accounting from Subledger Workbench), hence it is advised by accounting

experts to be translated as "Xem đinh khoan".

Example 2:

Remit to Account Chuyên tiên tơi tai khoan

In the F&A application software context, the fields display different account types and

users have to select one account to remit. The correct translation is "tai khoan nhân

tiên". This error is caused firstly by translator's lack of context reference and secondly it

is caused by translator's word for word translation procedure.

III.2.3. The Translation of Application Messages

The SL text analysis has shown that messages are sentences. The researcher finds there

is no meaning and form error in the translation as shown in the examples below:

Example 1:

SL message: Delete action is disabled.

TL message: Hanh đông xoa bi vô hiêu

Example 2:

SL message: Approver is not an active worker. Cause: You entered an inactive worker

as the approver. The approver must be an active worker if the requisition is unapproved.

Action: Enter an active worker as the approver. Action: Make the approver an active

worker.

TL message: Ngươi phê duyêt không phai la môt nhân viên hiêu lưc. Nguyên nhân: Ban

đa nhâp môt nhân viên không hiêu lưc la ngươi phê duyêt. Ngươi phê duyêt phai la môt

nhân viên hiêu lưc nêu yêu câu mua không đươc phê duyêt. Hanh đông: Nhâp môt nhân

viên hiêu lưc la ngươi phê duyêt. Hanh đông: Lâp ngươi phê duyêt thanh môt nhân viên

hiêu lưc.

The translation of the messages leads the researcher to the belief that translators are

creditable in form. In term of meaning, equivalence is preserved in the translation when

no highly technical terms appear.

III.3. The Evaluation of The Translation

Newmark, P. (1988, p.188) suggests that "you assess the referential and pragmatic

accuracy of the translation by the translator's standards. If the translation is not a clear

version of the original, you consider first whether these essential "invariant" element of

the text which consists usually (not always of its facts or its ideas is adequately

presented."

Because the SL text is technical text and Peter Newmark (1988, p151) presents technical

style as "jazzed up and popularized, it is usually free from emotive language,

connotations, sound effects and originally metaphor", the referential and pragmatic

accuracy should be viewed as denotative accuracy, with a lot of focus on the

terminology meaning accuracy.

From that point of view, the researcher would like to give the following evaluations for

the translation:

It is quite a clear version of the original in that sub technical terms in most cases are

translated with accurate meaning. In term of highly technical terms, less specialized

single terms in form of verbs and past participles are quite well translated with few

errors. With regard to highly technical terms as phrases, the group that has highest

occurrences is noun phrases, in which 36% is in errors while 74% were correctly

translated. Most of verb phrases and abbreviations in this category are translated

well. The messages, in which no highly technical terms occur, are well translated

without errors in form and meaning. In addition, in the analysis of topic translation,

the researcher finds that most of the topics are properly translated. The other point,

suggested by Newmark, is to find out if the translator has over or under-translated,

resulting in a shorter or a longer text than the original or used less particularized than

the original. The finding from the translation is that in most cases, there are no

deletion or addition and the translation is quite particularized except for part of

highly technical terms.

As mentioned above, the translation of certain groups of highly technical terms is not

really good in that errors are still discovered. The highest number of errors occurs in

the translation of nouns and noun phrases due to the fact that they have multiple

meanings, even multiple technical meanings, this causes translators a lot of

difficulties without the terminology validation of field experts because it is not easy

to find such meanings in technical dictionary. Therefore, the researcher comes to the

conclusion that this type of error is not due to translators' incompetence but they do

not have enough resources.

III.4. Summary of the Chapter's Findings:

There is good translation of sub technical terms because the terms normally have single

meanings and it is easy to find such meanings from an available technical dictionary.

Translation errors appear in a high number in highly technical category, both in singular

terms and compound terms. The researcher holds to the reason that these terms or parts

of these terms as in the case of the compounds have multiple meanings, even highly

technical meanings, this really causes big difficulties for the non-specialized people to

do the translation. Another reason found in the study is translators lack reference for the

meanings of the terms. They did not read the definitions in the specialized documents,

they did not take the context - e.g. the neighboring terms- into account and no

consultation with field experts was conducted. The other problem, although with rare

occurrences, is translators use descriptive phrase when there is equivalent term in TL.

SL form is preserved in the translation. In most cases, there is no need to change form in

the translation because the SL text is technical language used with high precision.

However, in certain cases, the change of form is necessary to accomodate correct

meaning (Newmark, P.) because "form is secondary to content" (Nida), and they are

cases where translators fail to achieve the meaning accuracy when SL form is preserved

in the translation.

PART C: CONCLUSION

1. ISSUES ADDRESSED IN THE STUDY

Translation Quality Assessment model has been investigated based on the approach

raised by famous scholars like Newmark (1988) and Koller: (1) the source text analysis

with focus on the terminology meaning accuracy; (2) comparing the translation with the

original based on the qualities found in step (1); and (3) the evaluation of the translation.

Detailed steps of the analysis are based on the approaches given by Newmark including

"a statement of the author's purpose that is the attitude he takes towards the topic;

characterization of the readership; an indication of its category and type, assessment of

the quality of language to determine the translator's degree of licence, assuming for

example that he can reduce cliché to natural language in informative but not in

authoritative texts; statement of the topic or themes".

The study started with the exploration. of the SL text, which is a technical text having a

big number of terms in two meaning categories including sub technical and highly

technical.

To clarify, investigation on the qualities of technical text has also been conducted. Its

typical feature, according to Newmark, is jazzed up, i.e. containing high density of terms

free from emotive language. Research has also been done on terminology and different

types of terminology.

The emphasis of the SL text analysis is on meaning based on Newmark's approach to

Translation Quality Assessment, in which the evaluation of the translation is based on its

referential and pragmatic accuracy. Other scholars also share this view, stating that the

essence of translation lies in the preservation of meaning between two languages. Two

kinds of term meanings have been found including primary and secondary meaning.

Investigation on what kind of meaning makes it easy or difficult to understand the SL

text leading to good or bad translation has also been carried out.

Other items suggested by Newmark that can be applied to the analysis of a technical text

including the topic, the readership have also been investigated in the study.

In the second stage of the study, a comparison of the translation with the original was

conducted with criteria worked out in the first stage. Other factors including translators'

research of reference documents, technical glossaries or consultation from field experts

were also taken into consideration in the comparison.

The final stage, the evaluation of the translation was given. The researcher has been

objective, basing the evaluation on the findings in the translation comparison, avoiding

criticizing the translators as suggested by Newmark (1988).

To be objective, date of SL text and TL text were taken from the translated version of

US F&A application software implemented by a real group of 20 translators.

2. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

Due to the limited time and scope of the study, a number of issues were not investigated.

Therefore, the researcher would like to suggest further study on the following:

a. Technical language stylistics should be further investigated.

b. Survey should be conducted by distributing questionnaire to the 20 translators to find

out what the causes of their translation errors are.

c. Translation techniques to deliver good technical translation and to handle the errors

detected in the study should also be investigated.

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APPENDIXES

APPENDIX 1: Screenshot of Enterprise Complete Business Application Suite

APPENDIX 2. Screenshot of example form of US F&A Application Software

APPENDIX 3:

Term Type Classification

Term Type

Form Name

Single Compound

Noun Verb Participle

N+N (+N)

A+N (N+A) N(+N)+PII(PII + N)

Verb phrase

Participle Phrase

Abbreviations

Sub Technical

Apply Prepayment

1.Account: Tai khoan2.Description: Mô ta3.Distribution: Chi tiêt4.Site: Đia điêm

Apply: Ap

Apply Holds

Line: Dong

Number: SôPrepayment_General

1.Summary: Tông hơp2.Status: Trang thai3.Description: Mô ta4.Approvals: Phê duyêt

Matching Payables

1.Supplier: Nha cung câp2.Item: Măt hang3.Type: Loai4.Name: Tên5.Number: Sô6.Site: Đia điêm7.Line: Dong8.Category: Loai

1.Clear: Xoa2.Cancel: Huy3.Find: Tim

Matching Shipment

1.Label: Nhan2.Requester: Ngươi yêu câu3.Variance: Sai sô

Cancel: Huy

FNDSRUN

1.Style: Kiêu2.Printer: May in3.Copies: Ban sao4.Layout: Bô cuc5.Format: Đinh dang

1.Help: Trơ giup2.Preview: Xem trươc3.Cancel: Huy

1. Template Name: Tên khuôn mâu2. Template Language

1. Notify the following people: Thông bao nhưng ngươi sau đây

: Ngôn ngư khuôn mâu

2. Print the output to: In đâu ra đên3. Save all output files: Lưu toan bô tâp tin đâu ra

Matching Shipments

1. Requester: Ngươi yêu câu

Cancel: Huy

Work Order

1.Name: Tên2.Parameter: Tham sô4.Language: Ngôn ngư5.Option: Tuy chon6.Layout: Bô cuc

1.Copy: Sao chep2.Schedule: Đăt lich3.Notify: Thông bao4.Help: Trơ giup5.Submit: Đê trinh6.Cancel: Huy

Encumbrance

1.Period: Ky2.Description: Mô ta3.Date:Ngay4.Status: Trang thai5.Approval: Phê duyêt6.Detail: Chi tiêt

Highly Technical

Apply prepayment

1.Apply: Ap2.Unapply: Không ap

Accounted: Đa hach toan

1.Invoice Amount2.GL Date3.PO 4.Number5.Receipt Number6.Tax Code

1.Amount Available: Sô tiên hiên co2. More currencies: Nhiêu loai tiên hơn

1.Amount applied: Sô tiên đa ap2. Existing prepayment: Thanh toan trươc hiên co3.Invoice Amount Unpaid: Sô tiên Hoa đơn Chưa thanh toan

Apply hold

Release: Giai phong treo

1.Ordered: Đa đăt hang2. Received: Đa nhân3.

1.Purchase Order: Đơn mua hang2.Hold Name: Tên treo3.Hold

1.Current Record: Dư liêu hiên tai

1.Ship to: Giao hang tơi2.View PO: Xem ĐĐH (đơn đăt hang)

1. Held by: Treo bơi2. Released by: Giai phong treo bơi

Accepted: Đa châp nhân4. Billed: Đa xuât hoa đơn

Reason: Ly do treo4.Release Reason: Ly do giai phong treo5.Release Name: Tên giai phong treo6. Hold Date: Ngay treo6.Release Date: Ngay giai phong treo6.Receipt Date: Ngay lâp phiêu thu7. Shipment Quantity: Sô lương lô hang8.Release Quantity: Sô lương giai phong treo

Payment_General

1. Invoice Status: Trang thai hoa đơn2. Approval status: Trang thai phê duyêt4. Invoice currency: Loai tiên trên hoa đơn5. Payment Currency: Loai tiên

Days Late: Sô ngay trê

1. Amount paid: Sô tiên đa thanh toan

1. Pending approver: Chơ ngươi phê duyê

thanh toan6. Distribution Total: Tông tiên phat sinh

View Invoice Payment

Void: Huy 1. Payment Overview: Tông quat Thanh toan2. Payment Method: Phương thưc Thanht oan3. Doc Number: Sô chưng tư4. GL Date: Ngay hach toan5. Payment Amount: Sô tiên Thanh toan6. Discount Amount: Sô tiên Chiêt khâu

Discount taken: Chiêt khâu đa nhân

Tax Summary

1. Total Tax Amount: Tông sô tiên thuê2.Tax Summary: Tông 3. Tax Code4. Tax Rate5. Net Amount

1. Recoverable Tax: Thuê đc Khâu trư 2. Non-recoverable tax: Thuê không đươc khâu trư

Matching POs

1. Purchase

1. Find POs for

Order: Sô hoa đơn2. Price Correction: Điêu chinh gia3. Supplier Name: Tên nha cung câp4. Supplier Number: Sô hiêu NCC5. Supplier Site: Đia điêm NCC6. Tax Registration: Ma sô thuê7. Invoice Num: Sô hoa đơn8. Item Description: Mô ta Măt hang

Matching: Tim Đ ĐH đê đôi chiêu2. Ship to: Giao hang đên3. Deliver to: Giao đên

Matching Shipment

Match: Đôi chiêu

1. Ordered: Đa đăt hang2. Billed: Đa xuât hoa đơn3. Delivered: Đa giao hang

1. Account Discription: Mô ta Tai khoan2.Distribution Quantity: Sô lương phân bô3. Control Quantity: Sô lương kiêm soat4. Actual Quantity: Sô lương thưc tê5. Control Amount: Sô tiên kiêm soat6. Actual Amount: Sô tiên thưc tê

Advance Shipment Notice: Thông bao giao hang trươc

UOM (Unit of Measurement): Đơn vi tinh

FNDSRUN

Variance: Sai sô

Match: Đôi chiêu

Open Folder: Thư muc mơ

Encumberance

1. Fund: Quy2. Journal: But toan3. Debit: Nơ4. Credit: Co

Post: Kêt sô

1. Entered: Phat sinh2. Converted: Đa quy đôi4. Posted: Đa kêt sô

1. Batch Total: Tông lô2. Balance Type: Loai sô dư3. Transaction Code: Ma sô Giao dich4. Journal Type: Loai but toan5. Control Total: tông kiêm soat

1.Late charge: Phi châm tra2.Monthly burn rate: Ty lê tiêu tiên

1. Entered Debit: Phat sinh nơ2. Entered Credit: Phat sinh co3. Converted Debit: Nơ đa quy đôi4. Converted Credit: Co đa quy đô5. Balance Forward Billing: Xuât hoa đơn sô dư mang sang

1. Check Funds: Kiêm tra quy2. Reserve Funds: Dư trư quy3. Unreserve funds: Không dư dư quy4. Reverse batch: Đao lô

posted by: Kêt sô bơi

Fixed Assets

1.Cost: Nguyên gia 2. Book: Sô tai san3. Assignment: Gan

1. Capitalized: Đa vôn hoa

1.Current Cost: Nguyên gia hiên tai2. Direct Debit: Nơ trưc tiêp3. Straight Line Method: Phương thưc khâu hao đêu 4.Quick Addition: Nhâp nhanh

Date Placed in Service: Ngay đưa vao sư dung

Trade in Asset

1.CIP: XDCB dơ dang 2. Deprn: Khâu hao (Lôi sai cac tư viêt tăt)

Payment Format

1. Remittance: Chuyên tiên2. Home: Tru sơ /Trang chu

1.Payment method: Phương thưc thanh toan2.Check Payment: Thanh toan băng sec

Payment Batch

Invoice: Hoa đơnCurrency: Loai tiênVendor: Nha

Void: HuyHold: Treo

1. Credit Memo: Điêu chinh giam tư

1.Reverse Payment: Đao thanh toan

cung câp qđinh cua NCC2. Debit Memo: Điêu chinh giam tư qđinh cua doanh nghiêp3.Invoice Overview: Xem tông quat hoa đơn 4.Exchange Rate: Ty gia Quy đôi 5.Exchange Date: Ngay quy đôi 6.GL Date: Ngay hach toan7.Payment Amount: Sô tiên thanh toan

2. Remit to Account: Tai khoan nhân tiên

Messages 1. Delete action is disabled.

2. Approver is not an active worker. Cause: You entered an inactive worker as the approver. The approver must be an active worker if the requisition is unapproved. Action: Enter an active worker as the approver. Action: Make the approver an active worker.

Term Type

Sub Technical

Highly Technical