vocabulary activity - mrs. king's...

11
1 Organic Chemistry & Macromolecules CP Biology Building Blocks of Life ch 6 SPI.3210.1.3; SPI.3210.1.4 Vocabulary Activity • Organic compound A i id • Nucleic acid • Nucleotide Amino acid • Carbohydrate • Lipid • Macromolecule • Polymer • Protein The Importance of Carbon Most versatile building blocks of molecules Variation in carbon skeletons = diversity of organic molecules Carbon • 4 valence electrons – little tendency to gain or loose electrons • Capable of forming double and triple covalent bonds • Can form 4 single covalent bonds • Can combine with atoms of many different elements Organic Compounds • Carbon forms by far the greatest number of different compounds. • Compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon are called hydrocarbons – Simplest: methane (CH 4 ) Valences for the major elements of organic molecules carbon dioxide carbon dioxide The structural formula, O = C = O, shows that each atom has completed its valence shells CO 2 can be classified as either organic or inorganic CO 2 is the source for all organic molecules in organisms via the process of photosynthesis.

Upload: trananh

Post on 26-Apr-2018

217 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Vocabulary Activity - Mrs. King's BioWebmrskingsbioweb.com/CPBiology/PPT/Organic.Macromolecules.pdf · CP Biology Building Blocks ... – Carbohydrates –Proteins –DNA ... •

1

Organic Chemistry & Macromolecules

CP Biology 

Building Blocks of Life ch 6

SPI.3210.1.3;  SPI.3210.1.4

Vocabulary Activity 

• Organic compound

A i id

• Nucleic acid

• Nucleotide• Amino acid

• Carbohydrate

• Lipid

• Macromolecule

• Polymer

• Protein

The Importance of Carbon

• Most versatile building blocks of 

molecules

• Variation in carbon skeletons = diversity of 

organic molecules

Carbon

• 4 valence electrons – little tendency to gain or loose electrons

• Capable of forming double and triple covalent bonds

• Can form 4 single covalent bonds 

• Can combine with atoms of many different elements

Organic Compounds

• Carbon forms by far the greatest number of different compounds. 

• Compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon are called hydrocarbons

– Simplest: methane (CH4) 

Valences for the major elements of organic molecules

carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

The structural formula, O = C = O, shows that each atom has completed its valence shells

CO2 can be classified as either organic or inorganic

CO2 is the source for all organic molecules in organisms via the process of photosynthesis.

Page 2: Vocabulary Activity - Mrs. King's BioWebmrskingsbioweb.com/CPBiology/PPT/Organic.Macromolecules.pdf · CP Biology Building Blocks ... – Carbohydrates –Proteins –DNA ... •

2

• Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules.

Skeletons vary in length and may be

Variation = Diversity

– Skeletons vary in length and may be straight, branched, or closed rings.

– Single and double bonds

Arrangement of Carbon Atoms

Double bond

Methane

Ethane

Ethene

Hydrocarbons

Butane

IsobutaneIsobutane

Hexane

Cyclohexane

The shapes of three simple organic molecules

Alkanes

• C‐H single bonds

• Hydrocarbons

• Straight chains, branched or cyclicStraight chains, branched or cyclic

• Name ends in –ane– Methane

– Ethane

– Propane

– Butane

Alkane Chemical Formulas

Notice hexane is a straight chain whereas the otherswhereas the others are branched.

The numbers show to which carbon the side chain is attached.

Page 3: Vocabulary Activity - Mrs. King's BioWebmrskingsbioweb.com/CPBiology/PPT/Organic.Macromolecules.pdf · CP Biology Building Blocks ... – Carbohydrates –Proteins –DNA ... •

3

Alkenes

• Double carbon bonds and single carbon‐hydrogen 

bonds:

C=C and C‐H

• Name ends in ene• Name ends in ‐ene

• Simplest is ethene (ethylene)– C2H4

– Formed when fruit ripens

• Propene used to make rubbing alcohol and some plastics

Variations in carbon skeletons:Alkanes and Alkenes

Alcohols

• One or more ‐OH groups (hydroxyl)

• Name ends in –ol

– Methanol

– Ethanol

• Behave similarly to water molecules

• Liquid at room temp

• Much higher boiling point than other organic molecules of the same size

Part 2

Biochemical Compounds

• Naturally occurring organic compounds 

• Important to living things

– Carbohydrates– Carbohydrates

– Proteins

– DNA

• All are polymers

Polymers

• Form when small organic molecules bond to form long chains (string of pearls)

Natural Man MadeNatural

•Cotton

•Wool

•Wood

•Rubber

•DNA

Man Made

•Plastic (flexible, easily molded)

•Fibers ( long thin chains)

Page 4: Vocabulary Activity - Mrs. King's BioWebmrskingsbioweb.com/CPBiology/PPT/Organic.Macromolecules.pdf · CP Biology Building Blocks ... – Carbohydrates –Proteins –DNA ... •

4

Polymers

• Some are long strings, like cooked spaghetti, that slide past each other 

– Bending or flexingg g

– Ex. plastic soda bottle

• Some are meshed like a net 

– Elastic property or memory

– Ex. rubber band

Carbohydrates

• Sugar

– Glucose

– Stored as glycogenStored as glycogen

• Starch

– Many glucose molecules bonded together

• Repeating glucose units

• Provide energy

Chapter 3Carbohydrates

Chapter 3Disaccharides

Tests for Carbohydrates

• Reducing sugar– Benedict’s reagent and heat– Orange precipitate indicates the presence                    of reducing sugar

• Non‐reducing sugar– Test done on solutions known not to          contain reducing sugars

– Hydrolyze by heating with dilute HCl, then neutralize with sodium hydrogen carbonate, then carry out the test for reducing sugar

• Starch– Use iodine in potassium iodide solution– Blue‐black color indicates the presence of starch

Amino Acids

• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

• Bond together to make proteins‐ building bl kblocks 

• 20 amino acids in naturally occurring proteins

• Have amino and carboxyl groups

Page 5: Vocabulary Activity - Mrs. King's BioWebmrskingsbioweb.com/CPBiology/PPT/Organic.Macromolecules.pdf · CP Biology Building Blocks ... – Carbohydrates –Proteins –DNA ... •

5

Chapter 3Amino Acid

Amino Acids

• Two amino acids can link together

– Condensation reaction

– Forms a dipeptideForms a dipeptide

– Bond is called a peptide bond

Condensation Reaction(or Dehydration Synthesis)

• The process of connecting monomers to make a polymer.– This process requires energy and is aided by enzymes. 

– Removes water molecule 

– One monomer provides a hydroxyl group and the other provides a hydrogen

Amino Acids

• Dipeptide can be broken with hydrolysis reaction

– Bond breaks by adding water moleculey g

Proteins• Proteins are large molecules made of long chains of amino acids

• 20 different amino acids

Each has:

– Amine groupAmine group

Carboxyl group

R group: represents a range of different groups

– Amine group

– Carboxyl group

– A variable R group (side chain) 

• The R group determines the characteristics of the amino acid

– All are attached to a central carbon

group group

Central Carbon

• Determines the activity of the protein

• Primary structure: (The first l l) th f i

Conformation

level) the sequence of amino acids

• Secondary structure

• Tertiary structure

• Quaternary structure

Page 6: Vocabulary Activity - Mrs. King's BioWebmrskingsbioweb.com/CPBiology/PPT/Organic.Macromolecules.pdf · CP Biology Building Blocks ... – Carbohydrates –Proteins –DNA ... •

6

• Primary– Chain of amino acids

• Secondary structure– Alpha helix

– Held together by hydrogen bonds

• Tertiary– Held together by either

Beta‐

• Hydrogen bonds

• Ionic bonds

• Disulfide bonds

• Hydrophobic interactions

– Globular structure

• Quaternary– Same bonds as tertiary

– More than one A.A. chain

Beta‐

Proteins continued

Physical & Chemical Changes

• Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other factors can denaturethe proteinthe protein.

• Disrupt bonds that hold them together– Ex. Mutations in DNA

Proteins continued

• Function in:

– support 

– storage 

– transport of other substances 

i t ll l i li– intercellular signaling 

– movement

– and defense against foreign substances

Test for proteins

• Add biuret solution.

• Purple color indicates presence of a protein

LipidsDiverse Hydrophobic Molecules

• Most are hydrophobic due to covalent bonds

• Highly diverse in form and function• Highly diverse in form and function

–3 forms

• fats

• phospholipids

•steroids

Fats

• Constructed of glycerol and fatty acids

• Used for energy

• Insulation and cushions vital organs• Insulation and cushions vital organs

• Fatty acid chains are very hydrophobic

– may vary in length and in types of bonds

Page 7: Vocabulary Activity - Mrs. King's BioWebmrskingsbioweb.com/CPBiology/PPT/Organic.Macromolecules.pdf · CP Biology Building Blocks ... – Carbohydrates –Proteins –DNA ... •

7

Chapter 3Fatty Acids

The structure of a phospholipid

Saturated and Unsaturated fats and fatty acids

Notice the straight and kinked nature

Triglyceride

Fats continued

• Saturated Fats:

– Straight chains

– Have no double bonds between carbons• they are “saturated” with hydrogen

– Solid at room temperature

– Most come from animal sources

– May lead to heart disease

Fats continued

• Unsaturated Fats

–One or more double bonds between carbons

Causes fatty acid chain to kink or–Causes fatty acid chain to kink or bend

– Liquid at room temperature

–Plant and fish fats (also called oils)

Page 8: Vocabulary Activity - Mrs. King's BioWebmrskingsbioweb.com/CPBiology/PPT/Organic.Macromolecules.pdf · CP Biology Building Blocks ... – Carbohydrates –Proteins –DNA ... •

8

Phospholipids

• Two fatty acids 

– a glycerol and a phosphate group

• Phosphate group makes the head hydrophilicy p

• Tails are still hydrophobic

• Major component of cell membranes

Steroids

• Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings

• Steroids are different due to the functional groups attached

– Cholesterol is an important component of cellCholesterol is an important component of cell membranes

– Many are hormones 

Test for Lipids

• Mix the substance to be tested with absolute ethanol.

• Decant the ethanol into water 

• A milky emulsion indicates the presence of lipid

DNA

• Genetic Material

• DNA must copy itself

• Certain proteins unzip• Certain proteins unzip, pair, and reconnect DNA strands

DNA is made up of Nucleotides

Structure:

• Each nucleic acid is made of nucleotides 

A it b i (A d– A nitrogen base: purines (A and G), and pyrmidines (C, T and U)

– Pentose sugar: Ribose or Deoxyribose

– Phosphate group

• The sequence of the bases are unique for each gene.

Page 9: Vocabulary Activity - Mrs. King's BioWebmrskingsbioweb.com/CPBiology/PPT/Organic.Macromolecules.pdf · CP Biology Building Blocks ... – Carbohydrates –Proteins –DNA ... •

9

DNA and  RNA  protein

Enzymes

• Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates. 

– Lock and keyy

– binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the enzyme’s shape and reduces the activation energy of the reaction.

Enzyme: Important Properties

• Enzymes are catalytic proteins

• They can be used again and again

• They are influenced by temperature and pH• They are influenced by temperature and pH

• Regulate the movement of molecules through metabolic pathways

Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity

‐Temperature

*Cold temps slow the reaction.

*Hot temps denature the enzyme.

*Warm temps are just right 

‐pH

*The proper pH depends on the enzyme.

enzyme

substrate A

The substrate molecules fit the shape of the enzyme

substrate B

Page 10: Vocabulary Activity - Mrs. King's BioWebmrskingsbioweb.com/CPBiology/PPT/Organic.Macromolecules.pdf · CP Biology Building Blocks ... – Carbohydrates –Proteins –DNA ... •

10

substrates combine temporarily with enzyme

enzyme joins substrates together

new compound releasedby enzyme

enzyme unchangedand ready fornext reaction

A ‘breaking‐down’ reaction

the shape of the substrate molecule fits the enzyme shapethis is called

the active siteof the enzyme

Intermediate stage (1)

substrate combinestemporarily with enzyme

enzyme will breakmolecule here

Intermediate stage (2)

substrate splits andseparates from enzyme

Final break‐down products

end‐products

enzyme ready fornext reaction

Page 11: Vocabulary Activity - Mrs. King's BioWebmrskingsbioweb.com/CPBiology/PPT/Organic.Macromolecules.pdf · CP Biology Building Blocks ... – Carbohydrates –Proteins –DNA ... •

11

The Digestive Enzymes

Site 

Mouth

Stomach

Small intestine(from pancreas)

Enzyme Role in Digestion

Salivary amylase

Pepsin

Amylase

Breaks down starches into disaccharides

Breaks down proteins into large peptides

Continues the breakdown of starch

Small intestine

Trypsin

Lipase

Maltase, sucrase, lactase

Peptidase 

Continues the breakdown of protein

Breaks down fat

Breaks down remaining disaccharides into monosaccharides

Breaks down dipeptides into amino acids.

Resources

Campbell et.al. (2004) Biology: Exploring Life. Prentice Hall

Campbell, N.,  Reece, J. (2005).  AP Edition Biology, 7th ed. San Francisco, 

CA: Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company.

Jones, M., Fosbery, R., Taylor , D., & Gregory, J. (2007). AS Level and A 

Level Biology, 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Mackean, D. (2009). IGCSE Biology, 2nd ed. London, UK: Hodder 

Education.