vortrag shalaby mohammed
TRANSCRIPT
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Circular antenna array beamforming for ultra
wideband short pulse applications
Mohammed Shalaby
Fachgebiet Hochfrequenztechnik
Bachelor Thesis Presentation03.05.2007
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Why UWB?
Powerspec
tra
ld
ens
ity Narrow band
Ultra Wide Band
-10 dB
f(Hz)fl fh(fl+fh)2
Enormous bandwidth and therefore according to the
shannons formula
C = B log2 (1 + SN R)
offers very high data rates.
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Why UWB?
Powersp
ec
tra
ld
ens
ity Narrow band
Ultra Wide Band
-10 dB
f(Hz)fl fh(fl+fh)2
No need for expensive licensing fees as it can co-exist withexisting radio services due to its low power level
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Why UWB?
Power
spec
tra
ld
ens
ity Narrow band
Ultra Wide Band
-10 dB
f(Hz)fl fh(fl+fh)2
Immune against detection and interception (as it appearslike background noise),has all-weather capabilities andhigher angular resolution (very attractive to the military)
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Why UWB?
Powersp
ec
tra
ld
ens
ity Narrow band
Ultra Wide Band
-10 dB
f(Hz)fl fh(fl+fh)2
Baseband technique as the pulse can propagate wellwithout any need for additional modulation stages.
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Typical Problems and solution
Problems
Like any other wireless technology UWB suffers from multipathpropagation and different kind of interferences leading todecreased date rate level.
Solution
Array Beamforming
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Why Array Beamforming?
Receiver/Transmitterpossesing (antenna array)Signal of Interest
Signal of NO Interest
Based on exploiting the physical phenomena of the interferenceof Electromagnetic waves. Constructive interference towards Signal of Interest.
Destructive interference towards Signal of NO Interest. implemented using antenna arrays. The extent depends on the phase shift kl. The direction of the mainbeam and the nulls can be changed
electronically
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Why Circular Arrays?
Unique Features: Circular Symmetry and lack of edge elements
Consequences: It can scan a beam azimuthally through 360o
with little change in beamwidth and sidelobe levels in contrastto linear arrays as we see in the next diagram
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Comparison bet. Linear and Circular Array Radiation
Patterns
0.5
1
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
Linear Array
0.5
1
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
Circular Array
o=90 ;N= 8 in both arrays
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Comparison bet. Linear and Circular Array Radiation
Patterns
0.5
1
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
Linear Array
0.5
1
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
Circular Array
o=35
C b L d C l A R d
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Comparison bet. Linear and Circular Array Radiation
Patterns
0.5
1
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
Linear Array
0.5
1
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
Circular Array
o=10
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Linear Narrowband Arrays
Array Normal
d
d
d sin
1 2N3
AF = 1 + exp {jkd sin }+ . . . =N
n=1
exp {j(n 1)kd sin }
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Circular Narrowband Arrays
n
nth element
Incident rays
r
r cos( n)
AFc =
N
n=1
exp {jkr cos( n)}
n =2(n1)
N
Assumption:the elevation angle = 90
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Difference to Narrowband Beamforming
150 100 50 0 50 100 150
20
10
0
(degrees)
amplitude(dB)
UWB signal has a very wide bandwidth
Each frequency in that band generates its own radiationpattern as seen in the diagram which is undesired
Additional Degree of freedom is needed to ensurefrequency independency
Digital solution is not yet possible as current samplers do
not offer the need sampling rates
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
FIR based Beamforming
Advantages of FIR based Arrays
They are easy to realize as a typical FIR branch consists ofdelay elements which can be implemented using microstriplines and multipliers which can be implemented using FETTechnology, thus eliminating the need for the complex
phase-shifting circuits used in the narrowband case.
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
FIR based Beamforming
Advantages of FIR based Arrays
The array physical size is compact as the inter-elementspacing d is determined by
d c
2fh
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Circular
antennaarray
beamformingfor UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
FIR based Beamforming
Advantages of FIR based ArraysSince it has wideband properties, it eliminates the need fordifferent antenna spacing for applications involving variouscarrier frequencies.
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Circular
antennaarraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
FIR based Beamforming
Advantages of FIR based ArraysThey can compensate for the frequency responses of thetransmitting antenna, receiving antenna and channel(Equalization),so the pulse shape is faithfully reproduced.
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Circular
antennaarraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWB
Beamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Linear UWB Arrays
Procedure to determine the coefficients of the FIR filter1 we first equate the desired radiation pattern Hd(f, ) to
the array radiation pattern Harr(f, )
Harr(f, ) =
N
n=1
M
m=1 a
nm exp {j2f[(n 1)o + (m 1)]
2 careful examination of equation 4.2.6 reveals that it lookslike a DFT.Thus,by choosing preliminary N and M andapplying the IDFT, we get the sought-after coefficientsanms
3 we autocorrelate the desired radiation pattern Hd and theradiation pattern constructed using the coefficients fromstep 2 and see whether they are similar enough(a criteria
should be defined for that),if not step 2 should be repeated
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Circular
antennaarraybeamforming
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Circular UWB Arrays
FIR
FIR
FIR
FIR
FIR
FIR
FIR
FIR
yc(t, ) output signal
Time-Domain output signal
yc(t, ) = p(t)N
n=1
M
m=1
anm(t(m1))(t((r/c)cos(n)))
where n =
2(n1)
N
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Circular
antennaarraybeamforming
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Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Analytical problem
Frequency-Domain output signal
Yc(f, ) =N
n=1
M
m=1
anm exp {j2f[(m 1) + (r/c)cos( n
where n =2(n1)
N
Power of the exponential function not a linear function of n
IDFT can not be applied to calculate the coefficients
attempts to linearize the cosine function proves to be very complicated thats why a numerical solution is preferred
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Circular
antennaarraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Simulation Process
The influence of the following parameters will be investigated:
The number of the antenna elements N
The order of the FIR filters M
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S l P
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Circular
antennaarraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Simulation Process
The influence of the following parameters will be investigated:
The number of the antenna elements N
The order of the FIR filters M
The bandwidth of input pulse
The radius of the circular array r
Si l i P
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Circular
antennaarraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Simulation Process
The influence of the following parameters will be investigated:
The number of the antenna elements NThe order of the FIR filters M
The bandwidth of input pulse
The radius of the circular array r
Si l i P
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Circular
antennaarraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Simulation Process
The influence of the following parameters will be investigated:
The number of the antenna elements N
The order of the FIR filters MThe bandwidth of input pulse
The radius of the circular array r
Finally a Time-Domain example is given to give an impressionof the whole Procedure involving typical Parameters.
V i ti f th b f th t l t N
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arraybeamforming
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Variation of the number of the antenna elements N
simulation conditions
3 circular arrays are compared with same:
radius r
filter order M = 8target angle o =80
o
signal bandwidth fh = 2fl where fl =3.1 GHz
but with different number of antenna elements N=
4
8
16
V i ti f th b f th t l t N
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Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
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Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Variation of the number of the antenna elements N
Variation of the number of the antenna elements N
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Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Variation of the number of the antenna elements N
Conclusions
As the number of antenna elements N increases:
The mainlobe narrows
The number of sidelobes increases
Their peak level decreases
At some value of N saturation is reached
Note:N can not be arbitrarily increased for a fixed radiusbecause of the limitations imposed by the antenna size and themutual coupling
Variation of the order of the FIR filters M
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Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Variation of the order of the FIR filters M
simulation conditions
3 circular arrays are compared with same:
radius r
number of antenna elements N = 16target angle o =30
o
signal bandwidth fh = 3fl where fl =3.1 GHz
but with different filter order M=
8
12
16
Variation of the order of the FIR filters M
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Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Variation of the order of the FIR filters M
Variation of the order of the FIR filters M
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Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Variation of the order of the FIR filters M
Conclusions
As the Filter Order M increases:The deviation from the desired radiation pattern decreases
Frequency independency increases
At some value of M saturation is reached
Variation of the bandwidth of input pulse
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Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Variation of the bandwidth of input pulse
simulation conditions
2 circular arrays are compared with same:
radius r
number of antenna elements N = 8
target angle o =30o
filter order M = 8
but with different relative badnwidth=
fh = 2fl
fh = 3fl
Variation of the bandwidth of input pulse
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Circularantenna
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Variation of the bandwidth of input pulse
Variation of the bandwidth of input pulse
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Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Variation of the bandwidth of input pulse
Conclusions
As the bandwidth of the input pulse increases:Frequency independency decreases especially at the edgesof the band
Higher Filter order is needed
Variation of the radius of the circular array r
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Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Variation of the radius of the circular array r
simulation conditions
3 circular arrays are compared with same:
number of antenna elements N = 8
target angle o =30
o
filter order M = 8
relative bandwidth fh = 2fl
but with different radius r=
rmax where rmax is c2fh sin(2N )
0.75 rmax
0.5 rmax
Variation of the radius of the circular array r
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Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Variation of the radius of the circular array r
Variation of the radius of the circular array r
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Circularantenna
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
a at o o t e ad us o t e c cu a a ay r
Conclusions
As the radius of the antenna elements r decreases:
The number of sidelobes decrease
The the mainbeam widens
Radius and Grating lobes
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Circularantenna
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
g
Circular arrays have the inherent characteristics of thepresence of undesired higher sidelobe levels compared tolinear arrays
That can be minimized by exerting a limit on the maximuminterelement spacing and hence a maximum radius as well
According to [Balanis 2004] the maximum interelementspacing is the arc 2r
N.
not convincing
I suggested that rmax isc
2fh sin(2
N)
according to the
following diagram.
Radius and Grating lobes
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IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
g
r
r
Position of a far observer
2
N
r sin(2N
)
Not totallyphysically correct due to the double weighting
and interference of opposite elements but mathematicallycorrect as long as it is less and not less than or equal
with a radii in the order 1-2 cm the maneuvering space isvery limited due to the antenna physical size
Smart engineering sense is needed for estimation
Typical Time-Domain Example
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IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
yp p
GOAL to realize a Radiation Pattern for a short pulseapplication using a FIR Circular array. This BroadbandRadiation Pattern should resemble (as far as possible) a desiredRadiation Pattern of a Narrowband Circular Array with numberof antenna elements N=16.
150 100 50 0 50 100 150
30
20
10
0
in degree
|
yo
(t,
)|
in
dB
Desired Radiation Pattern
Typical Time-Domain Example
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
y
Procedure
1 The number of antenna Elements N is given.
2 fl and fh are determined by the -10 dB marks of theFourier transformed pulse
Typical Time-Domain Example
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Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Procedure
1 The number of antenna Elements N is given.
2 fl and fh are determined by the -10 dB marks of theFourier transformed pulse
3 The radius of the array is determined using fh to avoidGrating lobes
Typical Time-Domain Example
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Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Procedure
1 The number of antenna Elements N is given.
2 fl and fh are determined by the -10 dB marks of theFourier transformed pulse
3 The radius of the array is determined using fh to avoidGrating lobes
4 An initial Filter order M is tried and see whether thedesired and the synthesized agree ( a criteria should be
defined)5 Step 4 is repeated with different values of M until a
satisfactory result is reached
Typical Time-Domain Example
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Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Procedure
1 The number of antenna Elements N is given.
2 fl and fh are determined by the -10 dB marks of theFourier transformed pulse
3 The radius of the array is determined using fh to avoidGrating lobes
4 An initial Filter order M is tried and see whether thedesired and the synthesized agree ( a criteria should be
defined)5 Step 4 is repeated with different values of M until a
satisfactory result is reached
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IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
150 100 50 0 50 100 150
30
20
10
0
in degree
|
yo(
t,
)|
in
dB
desiredsynthesized
N = 16; o=30o
fh=3 fl where fl= 3.1 GHz
M=14; r=0.016 m
Future Work
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Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
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MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Investigate the influence of the real antenna in terms ofphysical size,frequency characteristic and mutual coupling
Try to find an analytical solution for circular arrays
Future Work
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Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Investigate the influence of the real antenna in terms ofphysical size,frequency characteristic and mutual coupling
Try to find an analytical solution for circular arraysExamine other geometries, for instance: elliptical arrays
Future Work
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50/54
25/27
Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Investigate the influence of the real antenna in terms ofphysical size,frequency characteristic and mutual coupling
Try to find an analytical solution for circular arraysExamine other geometries, for instance: elliptical arrays
Choose a phase reference other than the array center
Future Work
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25/27
Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Investigate the influence of the real antenna in terms ofphysical size,frequency characteristic and mutual coupling
Try to find an analytical solution for circular arraysExamine other geometries, for instance: elliptical arrays
Choose a phase reference other than the array center
Investigate the effect of the tolerances of electronic
components
Future Work
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25/27
Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
Investigate the influence of the real antenna in terms ofphysical size,frequency characteristic and mutual coupling
Try to find an analytical solution for circular arraysExamine other geometries, for instance: elliptical arrays
Choose a phase reference other than the array center
Investigate the effect of the tolerances of electronic
components
Acknowledgments
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Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work
I would like to thank Prof.Solbach for letting me do my thesis inhis institute under his supervision.I would like as well to express my endless gratitude toMr.Neinhues for his invaluable support and sincere advices.Last but not least I would like to thank the audience for theirattention
Questions?
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8/8/2019 Vortrag Shalaby Mohammed
54/54
27/27
Circularantenna
arraybeamforming
for UWB
MohammedShalaby
Contents
IntroductionandMotivation
NarrowbandBeamforming
UWBBeamforming
SimulationProcess
Future Work