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Unit 1

Part I Listening

Warm up

1 listen to the conversation and answer the questions.

1) Where is Betty from?

2) Who comes from the same place as Betty?

3) Where is John from?

4) Which department is John in?

5) Which department is Betty in?

2 listen to the conversation twice and choose the best answer.

1) What is the first question that Betty asks in this conversation?

A) How are you?

B) Do you have any tips for my first weeks in college?

C) How are your classes going?

D) What do I see at this college?

2) What is George’s answer to Betty’s first question?

A) I’m fine. Thank you.

B) Just make friends with other people

C) College is a new environment.

D) Well, I don’t have any.

3) What is the most important thing that George has learned from this college?

A) How to learn

B) How to make friends.

C) How to change other people.

D) How to take care of himself.

4) How many hours a day does George spend every day studying in college?

A) 6 hours.

B) 7 hours.

C) No more than 8 hours.

D) 8 or more hours

5) What does George think of living in the dorm?

A) There is nothing bad about it.

B) It’s the best place he can find to live in.

C) The rooms are too small

D) It’s the same as living at home.

真题练习

1) A get some change from Jane B go and look for a pay phone

C use the woman’s phone D pay for the phone call

2) A at an art gallery B in a department store

C at a bookshop D in a workshop

3) A she will help the man to catch up

B she is worried about man’s health

C she has bought the man an up-to-date map

D she’s bought the man a pair of glasses today

4) A he is going to give a talk on fishing

B he is eager to meet Susan’s parents

C he has the same hobby as Susan’s father

D he thinks fishing is a good way to kill time

5) A he finds the presentation hard to follow

B he speaks highly of the presentation

C he considers the presentation very dull

D he thinks professor White had chosen an interesting topic

6) A a bookshelf B a typewriter

C some stocks D high quality paper

7) A they set off early B they wait for a fine day

C they go sightseeing D they go to the seaside

8) A he liked to show off in class B he was first person she met at school

C he had a funny face D he was late for school on the first day

9) A her car can stand any crash B her car is kept in good condition

C her car is not as good as his D her car is maintained as well as his

10) A she is too busy to go B she’s willing to go swimming

C she doesn’t want to wait long D she enjoys the wonderful weather.

Part II Grammar & Exercise

名词

1、单数和复数形式相同的名词

Chinese中国人，sheep羊，deer鹿，fish鱼, Japanese日本人,li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin，但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars;　 a meter, two meters

2、不规则的名词

foot脚-feet mouse老鼠-mice child小孩-child goose鹅-geese man男人-men

woman 女人-women tooth牙-teeth, 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；

3、集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。

如： people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如： The Chinese are industries and brave.　中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

4、以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a）. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。b）. news 是不可数名词“新闻”。c）. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。　　The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。d）. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。

"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book..<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5、没有单数形式的名词: 表示由两部分构成的东西

glasses眼镜 shorts短裤 trousers裤子 scissors剪刀

若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);　suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers， His trousers are there 他的裤子在那里

6、另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼，room为可数名词时为“房间”，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林。clothes 为衣服，而cloth则是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙滩

7、不同国家的人的单复数（注：中日不变英法变，其余S加后面） 名称　　 总称(谓语用复数） 　一个人　　 两个人　　　　　中国人　 　the Chinese　　　a Chinese　 two Chinese瑞士人　　 the Swiss　　　　a Swiss　　 two Swiss澳大利亚人 the Australians　an　 Australian　　　　two Australians　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 俄国人　　 the Russians　 　a Russian　　 two Russians意大利人　 the Italians　 　an Italian　 two Italians希腊人　 　the Greek　　 　 a Greek　　　 two Greeks法国人　　 the French　　 　a Frenchman 　two Frenchmen日本人　 　the Japanese　 　a Japanese　 two Japanese美国人　　 the Americans　 an American 　two Americans印度人　 　the Indians　 　an Indian　　 two Indians加拿大人 　the Canadians　 a Canadian　 two Canadians德国人　 　the Germans　 　a Germans　　 two Germans英国人　 　the English　 　an Englishman　 two Englishmen瑞典人　　 the Swedish　 　a Swede　 　two Swedes　 

8、复合名词的复数形式（名词+名词）

1)、通常只变后面的名词为复数，如boy student→boy students, shoe shop→shoe shops

2）但当前面的名词是man和woman时，两个词都变为复数，如man teacher→men teachers

3）一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将中心词变为复数

daughter-in-law儿媳妇—daughters-in-law man doctor男医生-men doctor

half brother—half brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)，man driver—men drivers(男司机) woman doctor—women doctors(女大夫)grown up—grown ups(成年人)

4）、“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式，She is a five-year-old girl 她是一个五岁女孩。a ten-story-high building 一幢十层高的楼房

9、不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:

(1) 同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。food 食物--- foods 各种食物，

time 时间 --- times 时代，green 绿色 ---greens 青菜

(2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物

hope ---hopes 希望 hardship --- hardships 艰苦

(3) 物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示

a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, …

10、可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰；不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰，

11、名词的所有格

名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+’s；另一种是用of, 表示 “……的”。

1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾 +’s。 Mr. Mott’s robot, children’s clothes

(2) 以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾 +’ teachers’ books

(3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+’s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面 +’s。 Lucy and Lily’s room. (指两人共住一个房间)

Mrs Green’s and Mrs Brown’s son. (指两人各自的儿子)

(4) 表示某具体场所时和表示店铺、住家、公共建筑时, 所有格后面的名词可省略。

the doctor’s (office)→Mr. White’s

2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。

the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom，

(2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。

a long story of a 50-year-old man

(4) 双重所有格 a friend of his, the big nose of Tom’s

(5) 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加’s来构成所有格。

ten minutes’ walk, today’s newspaper

3、名词所有格还可以表示类别 a women’s college 一所女子学校，the students’ book 学生用书

4、还可表示名词动作的执行者

the teacher’s praise 老师的表扬 the people’s shouts 人们的叫喊

5、用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，只在最后一个名词加’s,如：This is Mary and her sister’s bedfoom 这是玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。当表示分别拥有各自的物品时，在两个名词尾均加’s,如 These are Tom’s and Mary’s bags这些是汤姆和玛丽的包

6、以s结尾的名词，在s后加’，不以s结尾的词加’s，教师节 Teachers’Day

7、双重所有格有两种形式：1）of+名词所有格；2）of+名词性物主代词，如

He is a friend of my brother’s. 他是我哥哥的一个朋友

Is she a daughter of yours？ 她是你的女儿吗？

8、由some-,any-,every-与-one/-body结合起来的复合名词，如someone,everybody等和else连用时，’s应加在else后，如：somebody else’s pencil别人的铅笔

9、双重所有格与of的区别

He is a friend of your father’s 他是你父亲的一个朋友（其中一个朋友，还有其他朋友）

He is a friend of your father 他是你父亲的朋友（强调友好，是朋友，不是同学）

名词练习

1. The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.

a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation

2. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here.

a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many

3. The room was small and contained far too ______.

a. much new furniture c. much new furnitures

b. many new furniture d. many new furnitures

4. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.

a. rooms number b. room number c. room’s numbers d. room numbers

5. Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.

a great many…many c. much…a great deal

b. a great deal of…much d. many…a great many

6. She didn’t know _____ he had been given.

a. how many information c. how many informations

b. the number of information d. how much information

7. He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.

a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-arm

b. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm

8. All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.

a. women doctors c. woman doctors

b. women doctor d. woman doctor

9.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.

a. growns-ups c. growns-up

b. grown-up d. grown-ups

10.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.

a. stander-by b. stander-bys c. standers-by d. standers-bys

11.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.

a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels

12.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______.

a. elder sister b. elder sister’s c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress

13.All the people at the conference are ______.

a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher

b.mathematics teachers d. mathematic’s teachers

14.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.

a. some property b. some properties c. properties d. property

15. He has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends.

a. have b. have been c. is d. are

16. After he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.

a. father-in-law’s c. father’s-in-law

b. father-in-law d. father’s-in-law’s

17. He told me _____ would come to his birthday party.

a. many Jack friends c. many Jack’s friend

b. Jack’s many friends d. many friends of Jack’s

18. I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.

a. barber b. barbers c. barber’s d. barbers’

19. Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______.

a. Peter and Helen’s c. Peter and Helen

b. Peter and Helens d. Peter’s and Helen’s

20. Numerous materials are available to ______.

a. today of designers c. today’s of designers

b. today’s designers d. today designers

21.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Don’t you know he is an old friend of ______?

a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brother’s d . my brother’s friend

22.______ is too much for a little boy to carry.

a. A bike’s weight c. The weight of a bike

b. The weights of a bike d. Bile’s weight

23. Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.

a.little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of

24.When they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left.

a.only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats

25.The Department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there.

a. a new equipment c. new equipments

b. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments

26.The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work.

a.little improvement c. many improvements

b. a little improvement d. few improvements

27.Today’s modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models.

a. only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little

28.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______.

a. eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight

29.______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys’ and apes’.

a.The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogs

b.The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent

30. ______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.

a.Three minutes call c. A three-minutes call

b.Three-minute call d. A three-minute call

31.The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.

a.public’s chief concern c. chief public concern

b.public chief concern d. chief concern of public’s

32.______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.

a.Looker-on b. Lookers-on c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons

33.Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be.

a.is b. are c. be d. been

34.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.

a.shoes shop b. shoe shop c. shoes’s shop d. shoe’s

35.Eggs, though nourishing, have ______ of fat content.

a.large number b. a large number c. a high amount d. the high amount

36.Recently, he has lost all his ______.

a.wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at card

b.wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards

37.In Britain the ______ are all painted red.

a. letter boxes b. letters box c. letters boxes d. letters’s box

38.Ten years had passed. I found she had ______.

a.a little white hair c. a few white hair

b.some white hair d. much white hair

39.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done.

a. a few damages b. few damages c. little damage d. a little damage

40.Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me?

a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts

41.Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable.

a. datum b. datums c. data d. datas

42.This room is ______.

a. the editor’s-in-chief’s office c. the editor-in-chief’s office

b. the editor-in-chief office d. the editor’s-in-chief office

43.Our teacher gave me ______.

a. an advice b. the advice c. many advice d. much advice

44.My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors.

a. a b. two c. a couple of d. a pair of

45.My house is within ______ from the railway station.

a. a stone’s throw b. a throw of a stone c. stone’s throw d. the stone’s throw

介词

意义

介词

地点、方位

时间

动作方向

其他

about

above

across

after

against

along

among

around

 

at

before

behind

below

beside

between

by

during

for

from

in

inside

into

like

near

of

on

like

outside

over

 

 

past

since

till

to

towards

under

until

with

without

 

在。。。之上

 

在。。。之后

 

 

在。。。之中

在。。。周围、附近

在

在。。。前面

在。。。后面

在。。。以下

在。。。旁边

在。。。之间

在。。。旁边

 

 

 

在。。。里面

在。。。里面

 

 

靠近

 

在。。。上面

 

在。。。之外

越过

 

 

 

 

在。。。之后

 

 

 

 

 

在。。。点钟

在。。以前

 

 

 

在。。。之间

到。。。为止

在。。。期间

长达

从。。。起

在。。。（内、后）

 

 

 

接近

 

在。。。日

 

 

 

 

 

过了。。。

自从。。。

直到。。。之时

到

 

 

直到。。。为止

 

 

横过

 

 

沿着

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

从。。。来

 

 

进入

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

到。。。

对，向，朝

关于、大约

 

 

 

反对，对着

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

为了

 

 

 

 

像。。。一样

 

.。。。的

 

像

 

超过，在。。。以上（表示数目、程度）

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

用；有

没有

介词练习

1.     These misfortunes almost deprived him ______ his future career.

a. with b. of c. from d. beyond

2.     I don’t ______ the expense; I want the party to be a real success.

a. care for b. care about c. be in care of d. take care of

3.     We must get the roof mended before the wet weather sets ______.

a. about b. on c. up d. in

4.     The car pulled ______ beside me and the driver asked me to way to the Great Wall.

a. down b. off c. up d. out

5.     After the war, many warships were laid ______ as they were not needed any longer.

a. up b. aside c. down d. over

6.     When the rebellion died ______ things quickly returned to normal.

a. out b. away c. down d. through

7.     I’ll pick you ______ at your college gate and take you straight to the station.

a. on b. off c. out d. up

8.     Will you please see ______ our luggage when I am away?

a. to b. in c. with d. for

9.     ______ they reached the small village before dusk.

a. Towards the end b. By the end c. In the end d. At the end

10.     Mary has left the book on the table ______ purpose so that you can read it.

a. with b. on c. in d. out of

11.     That noise is getting louder because the engineers are ______ the engine to see if the plane is ready to fly.

a. doing with b. running up c. turning in d. trying for

12.     The government is looking ______ new methods of raising money without increasing taxes.

a. down on b. upon c. out for d. around

13.     Man is superior to the animals ______ he sues language to convey his thoughts.

a. and that b. in that c. so that d. in order that

14.     Not long ago, a person who I know every well was ______ an accident.

a. related to b. included in c. involved in d. subject to

15.     I ______ to him for the error.

a. excused b. pardoned c. forgave d. apologized

16.     Though we have no interests ______ common, we are good friends.

a. on b. in c. for d. at

17.     The purse has returned to the original owner ______.

a. in a long time b. in a long run c. in no time d. at no time

18.     We can’t hope to catch up with that car ______ us.

a. in advance of b. in the front of c. at the frontier of d. ahead of

19.     Some animals will modify their behavior to ______ their environment.

a. adapt to b. adopt to c. suit to d. conform to

20.     Don't ______ going abroad this summer, we may not have enough money.

a. count on b. come on c. attend upon d. frown upon

21.     Don’t suspect your daughter ______ dishonesty.

a. of b. for c. with d. to

22.     At the head of the valley we turned right and ______ the summit.

a. set up b. took up c. made for d. went for

23.     Her type of women can ______ life much more easily.

a. cope with b. take advantage of c. take care of d. look after

24.     The manager accused one of the hotel servants ______ stealing the money.

a. for b. with c. of d. about

25.     It is difficult to _____ the implication between the lines.

a. get to b. get into c. get over d. get at

26.     While living there, she ______ the local accent.

a. picked on b. picked at c. picked up d. picked out

27.     We adopted the new method _____ raising our efficiency.

a. in the event of b. on account of c. with a view of d. with regard to

28.     ______ the light of what you have told me, I will say that it is he who came here yesterday.

a. By b. In c. Of d. Under

29.     They will place China in the front ranks of countries of the world ______ the output of major industrial products.

a. in support of b. in connection with c. in terms of d. by means of

30.     When they had finished playing, the children were made to ______ all the toys they had taken out.

a. put off b. put away c. put up d. put out

31.     He failed to supply the facts relevant ______ the case in question.

a. for b. with c. of d. to

32.     In Britain, and on the Continent too, the Japanese are viewed _______ a threat to domestic industries.

a. like b. as c. with d. for

33.     When Jack was eighteen he ______ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late.

a. took up b. took for c. took to d. took on

34.     While in London, we paid a visit to the hospital founded ______ the nurse Florence Nightingale.

a. in line with b. in favor of c. in place d. in honor of

35.     A poor man has to ______ many thing which a rich man regards as almost necessaries in life.

a. go through b. go without c. go over d. go about

36.     Digital computers are practical ______ their high speed of operation.

a. instead of b. because of c. regardless of d. in spite of

37.     _____ the many hours of study that he devoted to the subject, he still found the subject matter difficult.

a. After b. Due to c. Despite d. As for

38.     The early part of the concert ______ comparatively satisfactorily.

a. went after b. went down c. went off d. went up

39.     Mary is _______ her face ready for the party.

a. clearing up b. holding up c. keeping up d. making up

40.     _______ a prolonged spell of fine weather, they were able to complete the film within the month.

a. As to b. Thanks to c. In relation to d. With respect to

41.     One day people will be able to go to the moon _____ holiday.

a. on b. during c. for d. in

42.     How did it come _____ that you made a lot of mistakes in your homework?

a. about b. after c. with d. to

43.     Whatever the rule is, you may be sure he will keep _____ it.

a. on b. in c. off d. to

44.     In one firm alone over three hundred people were laid _____ during the last month.

a. in b. out c. on d. off

45.     The safety of shops ______ sea depends much on the warnings given by lighthouses.

a. in b. across c. on d. at

46.     The mass of an object is multiplied by the speed of light squared, _____ other words , the speed of light is multiplied by itself.

a. by b. for c. in d. with

47.     The new system encourages companies to compete with each other ______ equal terms.

a. on b. in c. with d. for

48.     You should stick _____ the point in debate.

a. to b. at c. in d. for

49.     Tom has been sad recently, for his plan to go to college _____ at the last moment.

a. fell out b. fell behind c. fell in d. fell through

50.     David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming.

a. go in for b. go into c. go through d. go after

51.     The police haven’t caught the murder alive yet, but they are convinced that the really important facts of the case will soon ________ .

a. come into force b. come into contact c. come into light d. come down to earth

52.     The teacher expects us to do all the exercises, to study the spelling list and to get our paper ______ time.

a. in b. on c. at d. by

53.     Having been told bad weather was on the way, the climbers decided to ______ their attempt on Mount Tai until the following week.

a. give up b. deny to c. put off d. refuse to

54.     Bill did not hear the telephone because he was completely ______ his reading.

a. absorbed for b. absorbed by c. absorbed on d. absorbed in

55.     Unwanted tickets can be given ______ at the theatre office window up to half an hour before the performance.

a. in b. out c. off d. over

56.     Science was ______ regarded as a part of philosophy.

a. at time b. at all time c. at a time d. at one time

57.     The newly designed machines are high ______ quality.

a. on b. in c. for d. with

58.     Some quite artistic, yet inexpensive fabrics are now being _____ from British mills.

a. turned over b. turned out c. turned up d. turned off

59.     The mother scolded the boy ______ not cleaning up his room.

a. to b. with c. at d. for

60.     Oil drilling in that area has now stopped because the company has ______ money.

a. come out of b. come off c. run out of d. run down

61.     The doctor was always ______ the poor and the sick, often giving them free medical services.

a. reminded of b. absorbed in c. tended by d. concerned about

62.     The company will send a representative to ______ their business in that region.

a. attend to b. attempt at c. associate with d. approve of

63.     Milk is ______ memories of home and mother so people away from home drink more milk.

a. bound to b. kept to c. referred to d. tied to

64.     Despite the traffic lights ahead, the car continued ______ full speed.

a. with b. in on d. at

65.     Something strange seems to be _____ me since I have been taking this drug.

a. running into b. coming across c. happening to d. falling on

66.     The shopkeeper was ______ inside his own shop, and all the day’s money was stolen.

a. held over b. held up c. held out d. held off

67.     Earth-like planets are extremely common in the Universe, ______ the latest computer simulation of the formation of the Solar System.

a. according to b. in addition to c. in regard to d. thanks to

68.     In Brazil, spending on science and technology ______ just 0.6 percent of gross national product.

a. makes for b. makes up for c. accounts for d. stands for

69.     ______, wherever he lives, a man belongs to some society.

a. For short b. In short c. Of short d. On short

70.     A man who could ______ such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strength.

a. bear upon b. insist on c. stand up to d. persist in

71.     Is his action consistent ______ his principles?

a. with b. in c. of d. by

72.     He is by far the best player ______ the team.

a. for b. on c. in d. to

73.     A foreign firm has bought more than half of the shares in his company and ______.

a. got over it b. overtaken it c. taken it over d. overcome it

74.     After a heated bargaining they agreed ______ the price for the car.

a. to b. with c. on d. in

75.     _______ all the difficulties and discomforts, they went on working at the design.

a. Because of b. In proportion with c. As a result of d. In spite of

76.     all questions left ______ by history must be settled one by one.

a. alone b. off c. out d. over

77.     It is just three o’clock p.m. The plane just _____ five minutes ago.

a. took off b. took up c. took out d. took in

78.  The government warned the people living in the forest to be ______ fire.

a. with regard to b. on guard c. on guard against d. in regard to

79.  During sleep blood pressure is normally ______ its lowest.

a. in b. for c. at d. by

80.  Neither their parents nor their friends have approved ______ their marriage yet.

Part III Reading Exercises

45. The passage is written mainly for _______.

A) house owners B)mortgage advisers C housing companies D)fist time home buyers

Part IV Writing

如何写应征函的起因？ 

Eg： In reply to your advertisement in todays (newspaper), I respectfully offer my services for the position.   

1. 拜读贵公司在今日（报章）上广告，特此备函应征贵公司该职位

2. 从五月二日XX报上广告栏得知公司招聘一位职员。

3. 十二月五日贵公司在XX报上广告招聘人才，我愿应征，并请给予考虑。

4. 贵公司七月二十二日在XX报刊登招聘的职位，特此备函应招。

Unit 2

Part I Listening

Warm up

1 Listen to the short talk and fill in the blanks

1) We are picturing ourselves as something when we___________.

2) Having a dream is not enough; we need something that nourishes ______________.

3) Our faith has to do with ___________________in life, which can make our dream come true.

2 Listen to the conversation, and then complete the true or false questions.

_____1) Jack did not pass the final exam.

_____2) Jack has lost faith in his ability to learn English.

_____3) Lucy tries to help Jack build his confidence.

4) Why does Jack feel nervous sitting in the classroom?

5) What is Lucy trying to do?

真题练习

Passage one

11) A He was a tax collector B he was a government official

C he was once a friend of the ruler D he was once a school teacher in India

12) A to reward outstanding tax collectors

B to declare new ways of collecting tax

C to collect money from the persons invited

D to entertain those who had made great contributions to the government

13) A they were excused from paying income tax

B they were given some silver and gold coins by the ruler

C they tried to collect more money than the ruler asked for

D they enjoyed being invited to dinner at the ruler’s place

Passage two

14) A they liked traveling

B the reasons are unknown

C they were driven out of their homes

D they wanted to find a better place to live in

15) A they are un friendly to Gypsies B they admire the musical talent of the Gypsies

C they are envious of Gypsies D permanent homes have been built for them

16) A they are now taught in their own language

B they are now allowed to attend local schools

C special schools have been set up for them

D permanent homes have been built for them

Passage three

17) A the causes are familiar B the causes are not well understood

C the causes are obvious D the causes are very complicated

18) A improved highway design B better public transportation

C regular driver training D stricter traffic regulations

19) A highway crime B divers’ errors

C poor traffic regulation D confusing road signs

10) A increasing people’s awareness of traffic problems

B enhancing drivers’ sense of responsibility

C building more highways

D designing better cars

Part II Grammar & Exercise

时 态

以study 为例

 

一般时

进行时

完成时

完成进行时

现

在

study

studies

am studying

is studying

are studying

have studied

has studied

have been studying

has been studying

过

去

studied

was studying

were studying

had studied

had been studying

将

来

shall study

will study

shall be studying

will be studying

shall have studied

will have studied

shall have been studying

will have been studying

过

去

将

来

should study

would study

should be studying

would be studying

should have studied

would have studied

should have been studying

would have been studying

一、一般现在时

考点：主将从句。

即：当主句用一般将来时，其条件或时间状语从句中可用一般现在时表示将来时。

如：The girl will not have her lunch before she finishes her homework.

二、一般过去时

考点：a、It is time that + 过去式

如：It is time that you went to bed.

b、区分辨别下列词组的用法

①get/be/become used to doing sth

②be used to do

③used to do

三、一般将来时

考点：其表达形式：will/shall do ，be going to do， be to do，be about to do.

考点： a、区分：be going to do， be to do，be about to do 的用法

①“be going to+动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事

如；We are going to have a meeting today.

②“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见

如：The boy is to go to school tomorrow.

③“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作，意为：很快，马

上。后面一般不跟时间状语

如：We are about to leave.

b、go，come，move，sail，leave，arrive，stay，live,start，

fly等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作

如：I'm leaving for Beijing tomorrow .

c、come， go， leave， arrive， start， get， stay ，live,

等的一般现在时也可表示将来

如、The meeting starts at five o'clock

四、进行时

1、动词be的进行时态（being）+adj./n. 表示一种暂时性的动作、特征或

表现，含有一定的感情色彩

如：You are being naughty，Tom .Good children never do that.

2、动词进行时态与一些状语如 alway、forever、constantly词连用时，一

般表示指责或抱怨，含有一些感情色彩

如: He is constantly thinking of how he could do more for

other.

五、完成时

1、现在完成时

考点:a、 It is / has been +一段时间+since+过去式

如:It is / has been two weeks since we met last.

b、 This /It is +最高级/序数词+that从句+现在完成时

如：It is the first time that I have visited the city.

2、过去完成时

考点：a、在对过去事实进行虚拟的if从句中

如：If I had known that he was not at home, I would not

have called on him .

b、在wish后的宾语从句中，表示一些对过去未做成的事情的愿望

或感叹。

如：I wish I had been there at that time .

c、This /It was +the first/second time +that从句+过去完成

时

如：This was the second time that I had made the same

mistake .

d、hardly/scarcely...when...,no sooner...than...

如：No sooner had he gone to sleep than the telephone

rang once more.

e、plan，think，intend，hope，want，mean等表示一些用过去

完成时，表示:打算做而未做的事情。

如：We had planned to attend the meeting，but we changed

our mind.

时态练习

1.The maths problem can be______.

A.easy worked out B.easy to be worked out C.easily worked out D.easily to work out

2.Every possible means______,but none proves successful.

A.has been tried B.tried C.is being tried D.has tried

3.The girl is to______a rich man.

A.marry with B.be married C.marry to D.be married to

4.He received a telegram that______“Mother sick”.

A.wrote B.says C.reads D.read

5.Who can you imagine______to his wedding party?

A.inviting B.being invited C.was invited D.to be invited

6.I______ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

A.gave B.was given C.was giving D.had given

7.——Will somebody go and get Dr.White?

——He‘s already been______.

A.asked for B.sent for C.called for D.looked for

8.A conductor______to keep us in time in the singing yesterday.

A.needs B.is needing C.was needed D.has been needed

9.When and where to build the new factory______yet.

A.is not decided B.are not decided

C.has not decided D.have not decided

10.Ways______to stop pollution by now.

A.must find B.will be found C.are found D.have been found

11. I don't want anything______about it.

A.to say B.said C.saying D.having said

12.——______that the sports meet might be put off.

——Yes,it all depends on the weather.

A. we?ve been told B.I? m told D.I told C.I've tole

13.A library with five thousand books______to the nation as a gift.

A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offered

14.Betty has never been heard _______ill of others.

A.speak B.spoken C.to speak D.was said

15.Tom______to have delivered the speech in their theatre room.

A.said B.says C.is said D.was said

16.——What do you think of the book?

?——Oh,excellent.It's worth______a second time

A.to read B.to be read C.reading D.being read

17.Little Jim should love______to the theatre this evening.

A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking.

18.______more attention,the trees could have grown better.

A.Given B.to give C.Giving D.Having given

19.——where______the book?I can’t see it anywhere.

——I______it right here but now it’s gone.

A.did you put;have put B.have you put;put

C.had you put;was putting D.were you putting;have put

20.He would not fail so long as he______hard the next term.

A.studied B.would study C.had studied D.studies

21.How long______the English party______?

A.has;been lasted B.did;last C.was;lasted D.will;be lasted

22.What______you______this time next Friday?

A.will;do B.have;been doing C.are;doing D.will;be doing

23.Hardly______the bell______when the teacher came in.

A.did;ring B.would;ring C.has;rung D.had;rung

24.It______and the streets were still wet.

A.had been raining B.rained C.had been rained D.would rain

25.The book______on the ground for ten minutes but no noe has picked it up.

A.is lying B.has lain C.lay D.has been lying

26.We______there when it______to rain.

A.were getting;would begin B.were about to get;began

C.had got;had begun D.would get;began

27.The teacher said we______ten lessons by the end of this term.

A.should have studied B.were going to study

C.have studied D.should study

28.——she told me she had met you in London last year.

——______you______her since?

A.Had;met B.Did;see C.Would;meet D.Have;seen

29.——When______again?

——When he______,I’ll let you know.

A.will he come;will come B.will he come;come

C.he comes;comes D.will he come;comes

30.Tom______for more than a week.

A.has left B.had gone away C.went away D.has been away

31.——What happened to her teeth?

——She______the apple more than she could chew.

A.has bitten B.bit C.had been bitting D.bites

32.Shakespeare was said______ famous plays in his lifetime.

A.finishing writing B.to finish writing

C.having written D.to have written

33. ——You’ve agreed to go.So why aren’t you getting ready?

——But I______that you______me to start at once.

A.don’t realize;want B.don’t realize;wanted

C.haven’t realized;want D.didn’t realize;wanted

34. ——I missed the lecture last night.

——Oh,what a pity!I wish______.

A.you heared it B.you had heard it C.you never heard it D.you hadn’t heard it

35.I’ll return the book to the library as soon as I______it.

A.finished B.am going to finish C.will finish D.have finished

36. ——Your phone number again? I______quite catch it.

——It’s 9586442.

A.didn’t B.couldn’t C.don’t D.can’t

37. ——I’m sorry to keep you waiting.

——Oh,not at all.I______here only a few minutes.

A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be

38.When I was at college.I______three foreign languages,but I______all except a few words of each.

A.spoke;had forgotten B.spoke;have forgotten

C.had spoedn;had forgotten D.had spoken;have forgotten

39.The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she______.

A.will arrive B.arrives C.is going to arrive D.is arriving

40. ——Who is Jerry Cooper?

——______?I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.

A.Don’t you meet him yet B.Hadn’t you met him yet

C.Didn’t you meet him yet D.Haven’t you met him yet

41. ——We could have walked to the station.It was so near.

——Yes,a taxi______at all necessary.

A.wasn’t B.hadn’t been C.wouldn’t be D.won’t be

42.We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose______to her?

A.was happening B.to happen C.has haqqend D.having happened

43.On Saturday afternoon,Mrs Green went to the market,______some bananas and visited her cousin.

A.bought B.buying C.to buy D.buy

44.As she______the newspaper,Granny______asleep.

A.read;was falling B.was reading;fell

C.was reading;was falling D.read;fell

45.I______the bad cold for a week,still I can’t get rid of it.

A.caught B.have caught C.have D.have had

46.I______the time______so quickly.

A.didn’t realize;had passed B.don’t realize;passed

C.haven’t realized;passed D.hadn’t realized;had passed

47.——My watch______twelve o’clock.It’s so late. ——Let’s hurry up.

A.is said B.says C.is told D.tells

48.Helen______her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband_____home.

A.has left;comes B.left;had come

C.had left;came D.had left;would come

49.The pen I______I______is on my desk,right under my nose.

A.think;lost B.thought;had lost

C.think;had lost D.thought;have lost

50.——Jane has just arrived. ——I didn’t know she______.

A.is coming B.was coming C.had been coming D.will come

Part III Reading Exercises

Part IV Writing

如何说明任职资格？ 

Eg：University major in computer science, three years of part-time work in a computer software company. 

1. 有市场营销的学历，主修秘书学，两年暑假的全职工作经验。对办公室所有常用机器有运用知识。

2. 具有组织市场活动和督导员工的能力，并具有效的交际能力和公关技巧。

3. 三年的成功工作经验，范围从销售职责到市场部门的管理，适应性强、善变通、勤奋。

4. 喜欢和别人一同工作。负责可靠。喜欢迎战责任重大的工作。

Unit 3

Part I Listening

Warm up

Listen to the conversation and answer the questions.

1 1) What are Linda and Andrew planning to do?

A.To have a party. B.To do some shopping.

C.To meet with each other. D. To do a market survey

2) What will they start with?

A. An online exploration B.Nothing special.

C.A creative idea. D.The market.

3) What does Andrew want to do?

A.To do it alone. B.To make a plan.

C.To follow others. D. They will have a praty

4) What will they do after learning online?

A. They will meet for their new ideas.

B.They will discuss it with others.

C.They will go to the market.

D.They will have a party.

5) When are they going to meet again?

A. Tomorrow morning. B. Tomorrow afternoon.

C. Sometime this week. D. Sometimes next week

2. 1)What is Susan going to do?

A She’s going to work. B She’s going to meet Michael.

C She’s going to see the doctor. D She’s going to have an interview

2) Why does Susan look worried?

A Because she is not feeling well. B Because it is her first interview

C Because she is afraid of Michael. D Because it is a difficult interview.

3) What is Michael trying to do?

A To have a date with Susan. B To encourage Susan to be confident

C To find a part-time job. D To study harder.

4) What does Michael say about Susan?

A He is not sure of her interview. B He can do anything for her.

C He will give her a chance D He has faith with her

5) What does Michael say to Susan?

A I’m a little bit nervous. B See you around.

C Well, but how? D Stick with it.

真题练习

1) A she has to post a letter instead B she can’t send the message right now

C she’s not sure if the computer is fixed D she has to turn down the man’s request

2) A he didn’t get the book he needed B the library is closed on weekends

C he had no idea where the book was D he was not allowed to check out the book

3) A start a car B take a picture C repair a typewriter D play a tape recorder

4) A the woman rejected the man’s apology

B the man had forgotten the whole thing

C the man had hurt the woman’s feelings

D the woman appreciated the man’s offer

5) A the man is seeing the woman off

B they are discussing their plan for Christmas

C the woman is meeting the man at the airport

D they are complaining about the poor airport service

6) A she will drop out of school B she will take a part-time job

C she plans to go to graduate school D she will stop working and concentrate on her studies

7) A he needs another job as research assistant

B he is doing research with Professor Williams

C he asked Professor Williams for assistance

D he assists Professor Williams with his teaching

8) A the show was planned a long time ago

B the audience were deeply impressed by the show

C she thought there were no tickets left for the show

D she thought the seats on the left side were fully occupied

9) A Mr. Long’s briefing was unnecessarily long

B the woman should have been more attentive

C the woman needn’t have attended the briefing

D Mr. Long’s briefing was not relevant to the mission

10) A in a school B in a bank C in a barbershop D. in a clothing store

Part II Grammar & Exercise

非谓语动词

一、动名词

动名词作主语、宾语和表语

1）作主语。例如：

　　 Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。

　2）作宾语　

　 a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如：

admit 承认appreciate 感激avoid 避免complete完成consider认为delay 耽误

deny 否认detest 讨厌endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱fancy 想象

finish 完成imagine 想象mind 介意miss 想念postpone推迟practice 训练

recall 回忆resent 讨厌resume 继续resist 抵抗risk 冒险suggest 建议

face 面对include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解forgive 宽恕keep 继续

例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗

　 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。　　　　

　 b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如：

admit toprefer…tobe used tolead todevote oneself toobject to

stick tono goodno usebe fond oflook forward tobe proud of

be busycan't helpbe tired ofbe capable ofbe afraid ofthink of

burst outkeep oninsist oncount onset about 

put offbe good attake upgive upbe successful in 

3）作表语，对主语说明、解释。例如：

Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。

比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.

4）作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如：

a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台

a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池

有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如：

boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点

a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机

二、动词不定式

1.有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。

1）     有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。例如：

affordaimagreearrangeaskdecide

bothercarechoosedemand desiredetermine

electendeavorhopefailhelplearn

long 渴望meanmanageofferplanpretend

refusetendundertakeexpecthateintend

例如：

　 The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

　　 He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。

2）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：

askchooseexpecthelpbegintend

like/loveneedpreferpreparewantwish

例如：

　　　I like to keep everything tidy.　我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

　　　I like you to keep everything tidy.　我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。

　　　I want to speak to Tom.　 我想和汤姆谈话。

　　　I want you to speak to Tom.　 我想让你和汤姆谈话。　　

3）     有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如：

decideknowconsiderforgetlearnremember

show,wonderfind outtellinquireexplain

例如：

　　Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.

有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

 

2.不定式作补语

1）     有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：

adviseallowcausechallengecommandcompel

drive 驱使enableencourageforbidforceimpel

induceinstructinvitelike/loveorderpermit

makelethavewantgetwarn

persuaderequestsendtelltrainurge

例如；

Father will not allow us to play on the street.　 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。　　　　　　

The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。

注意：有些动词如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。

2)      有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：

considerfindbelievethinkdeclare（声称）appoint

guessfancy（设想）guessjudgeimagineknow

例如：

We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。

We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。（to be 不能省去）

典型例题

　　 Charles Babbage is generally considered　___ the first computer.　

A. to invent　B. inventing　 C. to have invented　 D. having invented　

答案：C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构，也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构，排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故选C。

3)      有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如：

believeexpectintendlikelovemean

preferwantwishunderstand  

例如：

　 We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。

You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。

 

3.不定式作主语

不定式作主语，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。

　 例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

　 It's very kind of you to help us.　他帮助我们，他真好。

　 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.　他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。

但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如：

（对）To teach is to learn.

（错）It is to learn to teach.

（错）To teach is learning.

（错）Teaching is to learn.

典型例题

　The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.　

　A. sit　 B. sit on　 C. be seat　 D. be sat on

答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。

 

It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。

1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：

　　 It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如：

　　 It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。

用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法：

　　用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通则用for。例如：

　　 You are nice.　（通顺，所以应用of）。

　　 He is hard.　 （非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for。）

 

4.不定式作表语

　 不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：

　　 My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。

　　 His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。

 

5.不定式作定语

　 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：

　　　I have a lot of work to do.　我有许多事要做。

　　　There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。

6.不定式作状语

1）目的状语　

常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do,　so as to do,　so（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）。例如：

　　 He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.　他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

　　 I come here only to say good-bye to you.　我来仅仅是向你告别。

2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。

I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。

　　 He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。

3） 表原因

I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。

She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。

4）表示理由和条件

He must be a fool to say so.

You will do well to speak more carefully.

用作介词的to

to 可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to 都用作介词：

admit toobject tobe accustomed tobe used tostick toturn to开始

look forward tobe devoted topay attention tocontribute to apologize todevote oneself to

 

7.省去to 的动词不定式

1） 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后。

2） 使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。

注意：被动语态中不能省去to。例如：

　 I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。

　 =He was seen to dance.

　 The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。

　 =They were made to work the whole night.

3） would rather，had better句型后

4） Why… / why no…句型后

5） help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb （to） do sth：

6） but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。

比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。

　　 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。

7） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：

8） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如：　

　　 He is supposed （to be） nice.　他应该是个好人。

8.动词不定式的否定式

在不定式标志to前加上not。例如：

　 Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。

　 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。

典型例题

1）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.　

　 A. never to drive　 B. to never driver　 C. never driving　 D. never drive　

　 答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.

2） The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.　

　 A. not to　　B. not to do　　C. not do it　 D. do not to

　 答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语，因此也B，D不对。

 

9.不定式的特殊句型too…to…

1）too…to　 太…以至于…。例如：

　　He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。

　 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?

---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.　

不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。

2） 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。例如：

　 It's never too late to mend.　 改过不嫌晚。（谚语）

3） 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。例如：

　 I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。

　 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

10.不定式的特殊句型so as to

1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。例如：

　　 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。

　　　Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。

2）　表示结果。例如：

　　 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。

　　　　

不定式的特殊句型Why not

　 "Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"。例如：

　　Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?

　　　

11.不定式的时态和语态

1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如

　　 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。

　　 I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.　我希望再见到你。

2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：

　 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。

　 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。

3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如：

　 He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。

4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如：

　 She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。

不定式、动名词练习

1. Would you please tell me _______ next?

A. A. how to do　　 B. what to do　     C. what do I do　  D. how I should do

2. The girl wasn't _______ to lift that bookcase.

A. A. too strong　　 B. enough strong　 C. strong enough　D. so strong

3. For a time his grandmother found _______ accept his new idea.

A. A. hard　　        B. it hard　　         C. it hard to　　    D. it is hard to

4. As she has never been there before, I'll have someone _______ her the way.

A. A. show　　        B. to show　　      C. showing　         D. showed

5. You _______ drive slowly. The roads are wet.

A. A. had rather　　 B. would rather　   C. had better　　  D. would better

6. Nothing can make the brave soldier _______ his country.

A. turn against　　B. to turn against　 C. to turn to　　 D. turn to

7. In the old days it was difficult for the poor _______ a job.

A. A. find　　          B. to find　　         C. look　　         D. to look for

8. When learning a foreign language, try our best _______ the spirit of it.

A. A. master　　       B. hold　　            C. take hold of　 D. to master

9. It was foolish _______ his car unlocked.

A. for him to leave　B. of him to leave　C. for him leave　D. him to leave

10. Remember _______ the newspaper when you have finished it.

A. putting back　　B. put back　        C. to put back　　D. will put back

11. Napoleon spoke so loudly as to _______ in front of his soldiers.

A. hear　　　　　B. be heard　 　  C. listen　　　　  D. be listened to

12. Television and radio _______ to know what is going on all over the world.

A. made it possible of us　 　              B. have made us possible

C. have made it possible for us　           D. have made it be possible for us

13. .I have enjoyed my visit here. I'll be very sorry _______.

A. for leaving　　    B. to leave 　        C. if leaving　　　D. to have left

14. I don't see how I could possible manage _______ the work without _______.

A. to finish; helping　　　 　               B. to finish; being helped

C. finishing; helping　　　 　               D. finishing; being helped

15. We all think it most foolish _______ this mistake.

A. for you making 　B. of you to make　C. you to make　D. for you to make

16. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still _______.

A. a good place which to be lived in　     B. a good place to live

C. a good place to live in　                      D. a good place to live for

17. — You were lost on your way to the lake, weren't you?

· Yes, we were and had to stop _______ the way.

A. asking　　        B. to ask　　     C. asked　   &n 166 bsp;       D. to be asked

18. She felt it a great shame _______ so severely in the presence of her boy friend.

A. to criticize 　                                B. to have criticized　

C. to be criticized                                D. to have been criticized

19. The advertisements are trying _______ people to buy things they don't really need.

A. persuade　　    B. persuading           C. be persuading　D. to persuade

20. If you were much younger, I would arrange _______ as the general manager, for all your colleagues speak highly of your work.

A. for you to work  B. of you to work　 C. for you work 　D. you work

21. On our way back home, we _______ lunch because we felt hungry.

A. stopped to have   B. stop to have　   C. stopped having　D. stoped to have

22. I did nothing but _______ my lessons last Sunday.

A. go over　　       B. to go over　　   C. went over　　   D. go on

23. I'd prefer _______ home rather than _______ a walk.

A. to stay; to take　B. stay; to take　    C. to stay; take　　D. stay; take

24. He was so foolish _______ his car unlocked.

A. to leave　　       B. that leave　        C. as to leave          D. for him to leave

25. Your flat needs _______. Do you want me _______ it for you?

A. to clean; to do　 B. cleaning; doing　C. cleaning; to do    D. to be cleaned; doing

26. What the scientist said greatly encouraged us _______ the experiment again, but his secretary's words discouraged us _______ the experiment any more.

A. to try; to do　　                                B. to try; from doing　 

C. for trying; from doing　                      D. trying; to do

27. _______ water before breakfast seemed to them a rule never _______.

A. To get; breaks　                                B. To get; to break　      

C. Getting; breaks　                              D. Get; to break

28. The patient was warned _______ oily food after operation.

A. to eat not　　    B. eating not　　    C. not to eat　　    D. not eating

29. 29."Do you have any clothes _______ today, Sir?" asked the maid politely.

A. wash　              B. to be washed　　C. to wash　         D. to be washing

30. Mr. Green has never smoked any more since his wife _______ him _______.

A. suggested; to give it up 　                   B. persuaded; to give up it

C. advised; to give it up 　                      D. persuaded; to give it up　

31. No one enjoys _______ at.

A. laughing　 B. to laugh  C. being laughed　D. to be laughed

32. You must do something to prevent your house _______.

A. to be broken in 　

B. from being broken in

C. to break in　　　　

D. from breaking in

33. They insisted on _______ another chance to try.A. given　　　B. giving　　

C. being given　

D. to be given

34. --- Where is my passport? I remember _______ it here.--- You shouldn't have left it here. Remember _______ it with you all the time.A. to put；to take　　

B. putting；takingC. putting；to take　

D. to put；taking

35. His room needs _______, so he must have it _______.A. painting；painted　

B. painted；paintingC. painting；painting　

D. painted；painted

36. After finishing his homework he went on _______ a letter to his parents.A. write　　　B. writing　　

C. wrote　　

D. to write

37. The young trees we planted last week require _______ with great care.A. looking after　　　

B. to look afterC. to be looked after　

D. taken good care of

38. Only _______ English doesn't mean _______ the language.A. to learn；to learn    

B. learning；learningC. learning about；learn 

D. learning about；learning

39. She returned home only to find the door open and something _______.A. missed　　B. to be missing   C. missing　　

D. to be missed

40. She decided to devote herself _______ the problem of old age.A. to study 　B. studying 

C. to studying  

D. study

41. Remember _______ the newspaper when you have finished it. A. putting back  B. put back 

C. to put back 　 D. be put back

42. As she is looking forward to _______ from me, please remember _______ this letter on your way to school.A. hear；post　　　　　　 B. hearing；to postC. be heard；posting 　 D. be hearing；to posting

43. Grandma said that she had a lot of trouble _______ your handwriting.A. to read　　　 B. to see　　　 C. reading　　 　 C. in seeing

44. Writing stories and articles _______ what I enjoy most.A. is　　　 B. are　　　 C. was　　　 D. were

45. We appreciate _______ us to the ball.A. them to invite　B. to invite  C. their inviting　 D. being invited

46. Would you mind _______ quiet for a moment? I'm trying _______ a form.A. keeping；filling out    B. to keep；to fill outC. keeping；to fill out    D. to keep；filling out

47. He was afraid _______ for being late.A. of seeing　　 B. of being seen  C. to be seen　 D. to have seen

48. I'd like to suggest _______ the meeting till next week.A. to put off 　 B. putting off  C. put off 　D. to be put off

49. .I don't see how I could possibly manage _______ the work without _______.A. finish；helping    B. to finish；being helpedC. finishing；helping  D. finishing；being helped

50. Anything worth _______ is worthy of _______ well.A. doing；being done    B. doing；doingC. to be done；to be done    D. to be done；being done

51. We advised them to take a re 159 st, but they insisted _______ the work.A. finish　　　 B. to finish　 C. in finishing D. on finishing

52. I delayed _______ your letter because I had been away for a week.A. answer　　　 B. answering　　　 C. writing　　　 D. to post

53. The thief drove as fast as he could to escape _______ by the police.A. to be caught　　 B. be caught  C. being caught 　 D. catching

54. I searched for my wallet and it wasn't there. At first, I thought I _______ it at home. Then I remembered _______ it out to pay for the taxi.A. must have left；to take   B. may leave；takingC. might leave；to take     D. could have left；taking

55. _______ the news of his father's death, he burst into tears.A. After hearing 　 B. On hearing  C. While hearing　 D. Having heard

56. _______ his mother, the baby could not help _______.A. To see；to laugh　 B. Seeing；to laughC. Seeing；laughing　 D. To see；laughing

57. It's no use _______ so much money on clothes.A. spend　　　 B. spent　　 C. spending　　 D. being spent

58. The sentence needs _______.A. improve　　B. a improvement  C. improving D. improved

59. If he succeeded _______ a job, his children wouldn't be suffering from hunger 　now.A. to find　　 B. to look for   C. in finding　 D. in looking for

60. I still remember _______ to my home town when I was young.A. taking　　　B. taken　 　C. being taken D. to take

Part III Reading Exercises

Task one

A share house is money-saving. When you share a house, your bills, rent and possibly food

Part IV Writing

如何写自我介绍：叙述个人年龄、经验 

Eg：I have been for over five years in the employ of an exporting company.   

1. 我曾在某一公司担任推销员，前后有五年之久。

2. 我今年20岁，曾于绿林公司服务两年，担任一般文员工作。  

3. 我今年25岁，已在目前的职位工作两年，兹为寻找更上一层楼，准备离开此职位。

4. 本人18岁，不久即可毕业。

Unit 4

Part I Listening

Warm up

1 Fill in the blanks

Hello, everybody,

China is a big country with a population of more than 1.3 billion. In fact, in terms of numbers and use, as a spoken language, English is 1) to Chinese. So you will say, why should we 2) ? That is a good question, I must say.

First, let’s not forget that English is the primary language 3) throughout the world. It was yesterday, is today, and will be tomorrow. Nothing seems to 4)

As you all know, China has opened its doors to the whole world. Just think: is it possible for

China to become 5) the world without using English, since it is used

6)_____________? I mean, you will use the English language when doing business or science,

taking a trip abroad, and yes, even attending a good school. To be blunt: whatever you are

now, or will be in the future, it will be hard for you to 7) the English

language. Let me emphasize my point. Take computers for example. Most software programs are written 8) . Can you do without a computer today? Of course, you can’t. And how about the advantages of 9) by using computers? Plenty of them, no?

When you go beyond China’s national boundaries, you will 10) uses of English.

2 1) Where has Barbara just been?

A. She has just been to a job interview.

B. She has just been to a coffee bar.

C. She has just been to a net bar(网吧).

D. She has just been to an oral English contest(比赛).

2) What did she arrive with to share with Barron?

A. No news.

B. Bad news.

C. Good news.

D. Bad news and good news.

3) What did Barbara mean when she said that she aced her interview?

A.She arrived first for the interview.

B.She had high-quality work experience.

C.She was given an “A” by her interviewer.

D. She completely succeeded because of her spoken English.

4) What was Barbara’s response when Baron said how helpful English is?

A. “I’ll second that!”

B.“I’m envious of you.”

C.“I’m crazy about you.”

D.“I’m so confident of my English.”

5) On what did they agree with each other?

A. The advantages of learning English well.

B.The importance of work experience.

C.The danger of competition.

D. The pressure(压力) of job interviews.

真题练习

Passage one

11) A because the bird screamed all day long

B because the bird uttered the wrong word

C because the bird failed to say the name of the town

D because the bird couldn’t repeat his master’s name

12) A the pet bird B the cruel master C the fourth chicken D the man in the kitchen

13) A the bird managed to escape from the chicken house

B the bird was living peacefully with the chickens

C the bird had learned to scream back at him

D the bird had finally understood his heart

Passage two

14) A they are a small portion of the prison population

B they are ordered to do cooking and cleaning

C they are allowed out of the prison grounds

D they are kept in open prisons

15) A most of their prisoners are expected to work

B their prisoners are allowed freedom to visit their families

C their prisoners are often sent to special centers for skill training

D they are encouraged to do maintenance for the training center

16) A mast of them get paid for their work

B they have to cook their own meals

C they can choose to do community work

D they are encouraged to do maintenance for the training center

Passage three

17) A because the traffic system of the city is not very complex

B because the traffic conditions in London are good

C because they have received special training

D because they have a driving license

18) A about three weeks B two years or more

C at least half a year D two to four months

19) A government officers are hard to please

B the driving test usually lasts two months

C the learner has to go through several tough tests

D the learner usually fails several times before he passes it

10) A they look forward to further promotion

B they wan to earn money from both jobs

C they don’t want their present bosses to know what they’re doing

D they cannot earn money as taxi drivers yet

Part II Grammar & Exercise

分词

分词作定语

不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given, left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如：

　We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日

　He is a retired worker.　 他是位退休的工人

　There was a girl sitting there.　有个女孩坐在那里

　This is the question given.　　 这是所给的问题

　There is nothing interesting.　 没有有趣的东西

　分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.

典型例题

　 1） The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.　

A. have written　 B. to be written　 C. being written　 D. written

答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which was written

　 2）What's the language ____ in Germany?　

A. speaking　　B. spoken　　 C. be spoken　　D. to speak

答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：What's the language （which is） spoken in German? 

分词作状语

分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。

　典型例题

　1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.

A. Followed　 B. Followed by　 C. Being followed　 D. Having been followed

答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.

　2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.　

A. followed　 B. following　 C. to be followed　 D. being followed

答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。

　3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.

A. Heating　 B. To be heated　 C. Heated　 D. Heat

　答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…

注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如：

Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。

　 Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。

连词+分词（短语）

　有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as.　但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如：

　　While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.

等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。（waiting 和saw 的主语相同）

　　

分词作补语

　　通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如：

　 I found my car missing.　我发现我的车不见了。

　 'll have my watch repaired.　我想把我的手表修一下。

分词作表语

表示主语的状态等。例如：

　 She looked tired with cooking.　她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。

　 He remained standing beside the table.　他依然站在桌旁。

分词作插入语

　　分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如：

　 generally speaking　一般说来

　 talking of （speaking of） 说道

　 strictly speaking 严格的说

　 judging from 从…判断

　 all things considered 从整体来看

　 taking all things into consideration　全面看来

例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.　从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。

　 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是dogs 的动作）

 

分词的时态

1）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如：

　 Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.　 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。

　 Arriving there, they found the boy dead.　一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。

典型例题

　　The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.

A. to prepare　 B. preparing　 C. prepared　 D. was preparing　

　　答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动