WorldJetFuelSpecifications

withAvgasSupplement

2012

Edition

PhotobyChrisPearsall

Foreword

byKennethA.Warren

LeatherheadBrussels

Fairfax

Theareasshadedinredonthemaparethosecountriesinwhichwesupplyaviationfuel.Thecitiesmarkedonthemapshowourprincipalofficelocations.

Singapore

ExxonMobilAviationisaglobalorganisationcommittedtoprovidinghighqualityaviationproductstocustomersworldwide.Ouraimistobetheglobalsupplierofchoiceofferingsolutionsforallyouraviationfuellingneedswhileprotectingthesafetyandhealthofouremployeesandsafeguardingtheenvironment.

TheMarketingGroupsactasaglobalteamprovidingserviceinallourmarketstomeetindividualcustomerneeds,

Limassol whileourskilledOperationsGroupprovidesadvice

consultancyservicestotheindustryonoperations,technicalandengineeringissues.

Ifyouhaveanyqueriesorideasabouthowwecanbetterserveyourbusiness,pleasecontactamemberoftheOperationsGroupatourofficeinLeatherhead,UK, CYon+35(7)25823463.KennethA.Warren

ManagingDirectorExxonMobilAviation

WorldJetFuelSpecifications

Thematerialpresentedinthisbrochureisintendedtoprovideahandyandcomprehensivesourceofinformationonspecificationsforaviationfuelsusedaroundtheworld.Everyefforthasbeenmadetoincludethelatestinformationavailableatthetimeofpublication;however,sincecommercialandmilitaryspecificationsforaviationproductsaresubjecttochange,thispublicationdoesnotpurporttobetheofficialorganforanyofthespecificationslisted.Inquiriesconcerningthelatestofficialspecificationsshouldbedirectedtotheissuingagencyororganisation.Whilstthereareaconsiderablenumberofaviationturbinefuelspecificationslisted,alloftheseessentiallydefineasimilarproduct,aheart-cutkerosene.Somevariationsintestlimitsoccurtomeetspecificcustomerapplications;however,atmanycommercialairportswherejointstorageandhydrantsystemsareinplace,industryhassettledonusingtheJointFuellingSystem‘CheckList’todefinefuelquality.ThischecklistcombinesthemoststringentrequirementsfromASTMD655andDefenceStandard(DefStan)9-9intooneoverallguidelinethatprovidesacommonbasisforcommercialaviationturbinefuelqualityinJointlyOperatedSystems.Thereusedtobeanequivalentchecklistforaviationgasoline,butthiswasdiscontinuedintheearly990s.Inadditiontothefuelspecifications,wehaveincludedforreferenceasummaryoffueltypesandadditivesinuseinRussiaandEasternEurope(AppendixA),analyticaltestinformation(AppendixB)andguidanceoncontaminationlimits(AppendixC).CommentsrelatingtoimpendingchangeintheJetfuelandAviationGasolinespecificationsexpectedtocomeintoeffectin2008havealsobeenincludedwhereappropriate.TESTMETHODSTANDARDSASTMandIPtestmethods,asdetailedinthefollowingpublications,arequotedwheneverapplicableinthiscompilation.‘2011AnnualBookofASTMStandards,PetroleumProductsandLubricants05.01,05.02,05.03,05.04’,publishedbyASTMInternational,00BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA9428-2959,USA.‘StandardMethodsfortheAnalysis&TestingofPetroleumandRelatedProducts,andBritishStandard2000Parts,2011’,66thEdition,publishedbytheEnergyInstitute,6NewCavendishStreet,London,WG7AR,UKForqualityparameterswheremorethanonemethodislisted,themethodtobeusedincaseofdisputeislistedinred.APPROVEDADDITIVESAppendixEgivesadescriptionofhowadditivescanbeusedtoenhancecertainperformancecharacteristicsofjetfuels.Additiveformulationsapprovedinthedifferentfuelspecificationsaretabulated.Thislistshouldnotbeconsideredofficialornecessarilycomplete.Specificinformationshouldbesoughtfromissuingagencies.Notethatthereisasignificantdifferencebetweentheadditiverequirementsformilitaryandcommercialfuels.AVIATIONGASOLINEThisbrochureincludesasectionongasolinefuelsusedinpiston-engineaircraft,coveringthecommongradesofAVGASthatareidentifiedbydifferencesinantiknockquality.Testandlimitrequirementsforthesefuelsareillustratedbythetwomajorspecifications,issuedrespectivelybyASTMInternationalandtheBritishMinistryofDefence.CompiledbyExxonMobilAviationTechnicalDepartmentLeatherhead,UKAVIATIONPRODUCTSExxonMobilAviationfuelscomplywithinternationalspecifications.JetAissuppliedintheU.S.,whileJetA-issuppliedthroughouttherestoftheWorld.AviationGasoline(AVGAS)isavailableonaregionalbasis.Toviewtheairportsatwhichwecanserviceyourfuellingneeds,visitwww.exxonmobilaviation.comandselecttheAirportNetworktab.AviationTurbineFuels(JetAandJetA-1)

JetAandJetA-arekerosene-typefuels.Theprimaryphysicaldifferencebetweenthetwoisthefreezepoint(thetemperatureatwhichwaxcrystalsdisappearinalaboratorytest).JetA,whichismainlyusedintheUnitedStates,musthaveafreezepointof-40ºCorbelow,whileJetA-musthaveafreezepointof-47ºCorbelow.JetAdoesnotnormallycontainastaticdissipatoradditive,whileJetA-oftenrequiresthisadditive.SomeoftheotherkeydifferencesbetweenthemanufacturingspecificationswithintheUnitedStatesandEurope/Africa/MiddleEast/AsiaPacificare:1.2

WorldJetFuelSpecificationsASTMD1655-07:·Maximumaciditylimitof0.0mgKOH/g.·UseofSimulatedDistillationviamethodASTMD2887isallowed.·MinimumSmokePointof8mmifNaphthaleneContentisbelow3.0vol%.

DefenceStandard91-91/5Issue5Amendment2:·Maximumaciditylimitof0.05mgKOH/g.·AdditionalrequirementformeasurementoflubricityforJetA-.·MinimumSmokePointof9mmifNaphthaleneContentisbelow3.00vol%.·RequirementtoreporttheSayboltColourofthefuelatpointofmanufacture.·MaximumParticulateContaminationlevelof.0mg/latpointofmanufacture.Thereareadditionaldifferencesbetweenthetwoprimaryspecificationsrelatedtoallowedtestmethodsandthereaderisurgedtoseekoutthefullspecificationformoredetailedinformation.ExxonMobilJetAandJetA-aretypicallyproducedtotherequirementsofASTMD655andDefStan9-9standards,respectively.ExxonMobilJetA-mayalsobeproducedtotheJointInspectionGroup(JIG)CheckList.Inallcases,themostrecentissueoftherelevantspecificationappliestotheproductsupplied.MilitaryTurbineFuelGrades

ExxonMobilAviationisaleadingsupplierofmilitaryjetfuels(predominantlyJP-5andJP-8asdefinedbyMIL-DTL-5624andMIL-DTL-8333,respectively).Thesefuelsarekerosenetypefuelsmadetomoreexactingspecificationsthanthecommercialjetfuels.Theyalsocontainuniqueperformanceenhancingadditives.

AviationGasolinesExxonMobilAviationgasolinesareleadedfuelssatisfyingtherequirementsofASTMD90orDefStan9-90.Thepropertiesofaviationgasolinearespecifiedtogivesatisfactoryperformanceofspark-ignitionaviationenginesoverawiderangeofoperatingconditions.ExxonMobilsuppliesAVGAS00(dyedgreen)andAVGAS00LL(dyedblue),bothofwhichareexcellentforuseinpiston-enginepoweredprivateplanes,mostcommercialaircraftandcombat-typeplanesduringmilitarytrainingprocedures.Bothgradesareavailableinanumberofregionsinternationally.AviationLubricants

ExxonMobilLubricants&Specialtiessuppliesafullrangeofsuperiorqualityaviationlubricantsforuseinbothpiston-engineandjetaircraft.Asampleoftheseproductsincludes:

TurbineEngineOils

MobilJetOilII:Highperformanceaircraft-typegasturbinelubricant,meetsMIL-PRF23699STD,SAEAS5780MobilJetOil254:Extrahighperformanceaircraft-typegasturbinelubricant,MIL-PRF-23699HTS,SAEAS5780

HydraulicFluidsExxonHyJetIV-Aplus:Fireresistant,lowdensityphosphateesterhydraulicfluidMobilAeroHF:MIL-PRF-5606G;mineralbasedredoil,usedwherehydrocarbonaviationhydraulicoilsarerequired

GreasesMobilgrease28:MIL-PRF-8322;widetemperaturerangeantiwearsyntheticgeneralpurposegreaseMobilAviationGreaseSHC00:SyntheticaircraftwheelbearinggreaseMobilgrease33:Highperformancesyntheticmultipurposegrease;allapplicationsforwhichtheaircraftmanufacturerspecifiesMIL-PRF-23827and/orBMS3-33greases.

Piston-EngineOils

ExxonAviationOilElite20W-50:Semi-Synthetic,Ashless-Dispersantmultigrade

Miscellaneous

ExxonCoolanol:Silicateestersyntheticdielectricheattransferfluidforsensitiveaircraft,missile,andspacecraftelectroniccomponentsandenvironmentalcontrolsystems

3

TableofContents

FuelGrade Table Page

JOINTFUELLINGSYSTEMCHECKLIST(Issue22) Kerosene 6

IATAGUIDANCEMATERIAL(5thEdition) Kerosene 2 8

USPIPELINES

Buckeye Kerosene 3 9Colonial Kerosene 3 9Explorer Kerosene 3 9Centennial/TEPPCO Kerosene 4 0KinderMorgan Kerosene 4 0Plantation Kerosene 4 0

USMILITARYSPECIFICATIONS

MIL-DFL-5624U(JP-4,JP-5) HighFlash/Wide-Cut 5 MIL-DTL-3829D(JP-7) LowVolatilityKero 6 2MIL-DTL-8333E(JP-8) Kerosine 6 2

GOVERNMENTSPECIFICATIONS

AUSTRALIA DEF(AUST)5240D Kero/HighFlash 7 3BRAZIL QAV- Kerosene 8 4CANADA CAN/CGSB-3.24-05 Kero/HighFlash 9 5FRANCE DCSEA34/B Kerosene 0 6JAPAN DSPK2206D(JP-4,JP-5) HighFlash/Wide-Cut 7CHINA GB6537-06 Kerosene 2 8RUSSIA GOST0227-86

(TS-,T-) Kerosene 3 9GOST0227-86(T-S,T-2,RT) Kero/Wide-Cut 4 20GOSTR52050-2006 Kerosene 5 2

CYPRUS INTA537N Kerosene 6 22SWEDEN FSD8607E Kerosene 7 23UNITEDKINGDOMDefStan9-86/5-2 HighFlash 8 24

DefStan9-88/3-2 Wide-Cut 8 24DefStan9-9/5-2 Kerosene 8 24

U.S.A. ASTMD655-07 Kerosene 9 26ASTMD665-06 Kero/Wide-Cut 9 26

ENGINEMANUFACTURERSREQUIREMENTS

GeneralElectric D50TF2-S5 Kero/Wide-Cut/HighFlash 20 27Pratt&Whitney SBNo.206(Revision29) Kero/Wide-Cut 2 28Pratt&WhitneyCanada CPW204(RevisionB) Kero/Wide-Cut 2 28Pratt&WhitneyCanada CPW46(RevisionF) Kero/Wide-Cut 2 284

TableofContents

APPENDICES

Page

AppendixAFuelsandAdditivesAvailableinEasternEurope 29

AppendixBSignificanceofAviationFuelTestRequirements 3

AppendixCGuidanceonContaminationLimits 33

AppendixDAdditivesinAviationFuel 36

Supplement

AviationGasoline 39

AviationGasolineSpecifications FuelGrade Table PageASTMD90-07 80/9/00/00LL 22 40DefStan9-90/2 80/00/00LL 23 4

5

Table1

JointlyOperatedSystems

IssuingAgency: JointInspectionGroupSpecification: JointFuellingSystemCheckList

(Issue22)LatestRevisionDate: Jun-07 TestMethodGradeDesignation: JetA-1Kerosene ASTM IPCOMPOSITION (1)Appearance C&B(2)Colour,Saybolt Report(3) D156orD6045Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max. 0.015 D3242 354Aromatics(vol%) Max. 25.0 D1319 156ORTotalAromatics(vol%) Max. 26.5(4) D6379 436Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max. 0.30 D1266,D2622,D4294,D5453336Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max. 0.0030 D3227 342ORDoctorTest Negative(5) D4952 30HydroprocessedComponents(vol%) Report(include“nil”or“100%”)(6)SeverelyHydroprocessedComps(vol%) Report(include“nil”or“100%”)(6)VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: (7),(8) D86orD2887 123or406

InitialBP(°C) Report10%Recovery(°C) Max. 205.050%Recovery(°C) Report90%Recovery(°C) ReportFinalBP(°C) Max. 300.0

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max. 1.5DistillationLoss(vol%) Max. 1.5FlashPoint(°C) Min. 38.0(9) D3828orD56 170or523Density@15°C(kg/m3) 775.0-840.0 D1298orD4052 160or365FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max. -47.0(10) D2386,D7153,D7154orD597216,435,528or529Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max. 8.00 D445 71COMBUSTIONSpecificEnergy,net.(MJ/kg) Min. 42.80(11) D3338orD4809 57SmokePoint(mm) Min. 25.0 D1322 57ORSmokePoint(mm) Min. 19.0 D1322

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%) Max. 3.00 D1840CORROSIONCopperStripCorrosion Max. 1 D130 154(2h±5min@100°C±1°C)THERMALSTABILITY (12)JFTOT∆P@260ºC(mmHg) Max. 25.0 D3241 323TubeDepositRating(Visual) Max. <3(no“Peacock”or“Abnormal”deposits)CONTAMINANTSParticulates(mg/L) Max. 1.0(13) D5452 423ExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max. 7(14) D381,D3948 540MSEPRating Min. 85FuelwithoutSDA Min. 70FuelwithSDAOTHERElectricalConductivity(pS/m) 50-600(15) D2624 274BOCLEwearscardiameter(mm)Max. 0.85(16) D5001ADDITIVES(21)Antioxidant(mg/L)

InHydroprocessed&SyntheticFuels(Mandatory)(ppm) 17.0-24.0(17)InNon-hydroprocessedFuels(Optional)(ppm) Max. 24.0

MetalDeactivator(mg/L)(Optional)Max. 5.7(18)StaticDissipator(mg/L)FirstDoping(Stadis450) Max. 3.0Re-doping (19)CorrosionInhibitor OptionalAnti-Icing Agreement(20)

TheAviationFuelQualityRequirementsforJointlyOperatedSystems(AFQRJOS)forJetA-arebasedonthemoststringentrequirementsofthefollowingtwospecifications:(a)BritishMinistryofDefenceStandardDEFSTAN9-9/Issue5Amendment2of9March2012forTurbineFuel,AviationKeroseneType,JetA-,NATOCodeF-35,JointServiceDesignationAVTUR.(b)ASTMStandardSpecificationD655-06dofDec2006forAviationTurbineFuels‘JetA-’

JetfuelthatmeetstheAFQRJOSisusuallyreferredtoas“JetA-toCheckList”or“CheckListJetA-”and,bydefinition,generally,meetstherequirementsofbothoftheabovespecifications.6

Fuelshouldbeclear,brightandvisuallyfreefromsolidmatterandundissolvedwaterat

TherequirementtoreportSayboltColourshallapplyatthepointofmanufacture,thus

TheDoctorTestisanalternativerequirementtotheSulphurMercaptanContent.Inthe

InmethodsIP123andASTMD86allfuelscertifiedtothisspecificationshallbeclassed

TherearedifferentrequirementsfortheuseofIP406orD2887asanalternativemethod

Subjecttoaminimumof40°C,resultsobtainedbyASTMD56(Tag)maybeaccepted.

Issue5.Thisparticularsemi-syntheticfuelmeetstherequirementsofthisIssueofCheck(14)AttentionisdrawntoNote13ofDefStan91-91/5thatstates“Noprecisiondataare

DuetotherequirementsofDEFSTAN91-91/5,conductivitylimitsaremandatory

CheckListtopromotetheadoptionofmoremoderntestmethods.TheDEFSTANnote(16)ThisrequirementcomesfromDEFSTAN91-91/5.Therequirementtodeterminelubricity

Theneedtoreportthe%vol.ofhydroprocessedandseverelyhydroprocessed(17)NameandapprovalcodefromDEFSTAN91-91/5shouldbequotedonquality

ofhydroprocessedfuelisknownandthereforerecipientsofJetA-1cannotcheckor(18)TheapprovedMetalDeactivatorAdditive(MDA),RDE/A/650,appearsinAnnexA.2.2

hydrotreated,hydrofinedandhydrocracked.Severelyhydroprocessedcomponentsare(19)Re-dopinglimitsforStaticDissipatorAdditiveare:

ConcentrationsofFuelSystemIcingInhibitor(FSII)lessthan0.02%byvolumecanbe

technicalconsiderations;thereisnointentthatoneapproachismorerestrictivethan(21)AttentionisdrawntotheguidanceinDEFSTAN91-91Issue5andASTMD1655-07

Itisnormaltocertifyconformancetospecificationswithstatementslike“Itiscertifiedthat

Table1

JointlyOperatedSystems

WhiletheTable&NotesarecentraltotheJointCheckList,fuelsproducedtothisstandardmustsatisfytherequirementsdetailedinthetextofbothprimaryspecifications.(22)NOTES(1)AttentionisdrawntoDEFSTAN91-91Issue5whichapprovestheSemi-SyntheticJet(13)Thislimitshallapplyatpointofmanufactureonly.Formoreinformationonparticulate

Fuel(SSJF)producedbySASOLOilunderapprovalreferenceFS(Air)ssjet/1.ForSSJF, contaminationrefertoAnnexFofDefStan91-91Issue5.ForguidanceoncontaminationadditionaltestingrequirementsapplyandreferenceshouldbemadetoDEFSTAN91-91 limitsforintoplanefuellingreferto5thEditionIATAGuidanceMaterial(PartIII).List. availableforfuelscontainingSDA,ifMSEPtestingiscarriedoutduringdownstream

(2) distribution,nospecificationlimitsapplyandtheresultsarenottobeusedasthesoleambienttemperature.Forguidanceoncontaminationlimitsforinto-planefuelling,refer reasonforrejectionofafuel.toIATAGuidanceMaterialforAviationTurbineFuelsSpecifications,5thEdition,January (15)2004(PartIII). forproducttomeetthisspecification.However,itisacknowledgedthatinsome

(3) manufacturinganddistributionsystemsitismorepracticaltoinjectSDAfurtherenablingacolourchangeindistributiontobequantified.Wherethecolourofthefuel downstream.InsuchcasestheCertificateofQualityforthebatchshouldbeannotatedprecludestheuseoftheSayboltColourtestmethod,thenthevisualcolourshallbe thus:“ProductmeetstherequirementsofAFQRJOSCheckList22exceptforelectricalreported.Unusualoratypicalcoloursshouldalsobenotedandinvestigated.Forfurther conductivity.”Duetothehighflowratesandveryfinefiltrationusedwhenfuellingaircraft,informationonthesignificanceofcolourseeAnnexEinDefStan91-91/5. itisabsolutelyessentialthattheseconductivitylimitsaremetatthepointofdeliveryto

(4)TestingforTotalAromaticshasbeenintroducedintoDEFSTAN91-91.Itisincludedin aircraft.reads:“Roundrobintestinghasdemonstratedthecorrelationbetweentotalaromatics appliesonlytofuelscontainingmorethan95%hydroprocessedmaterialandwhereatcontentmeasuredbyIP156/ASTMD1319andIP436/ASTMD6379.Biasbetweenthe least20%isseverelyhydroprocessed(seeNote6)andforallfuelscontainingsynthetictwomethodsnecessitatesdifferentequivalencelimitsasshown.Testinglaboratories components.Thelimitappliesonlyatthepointofmanufacture.Forimportantadvisoryareencouragedtomeasureandreporttotalaromaticsbythetwomethodstoassist informationonthelubricityofaviationturbinefuelsseeAnnexBofDEFSTAN91-91/5.verificationofthecorrelation.IncasesofdisputeIP156willbetherefereemethod. CI/LIadditivemaybeusedtoimprovelubricity;onlythoseadditiveslistedinTable2

(5) ofASTMD1655-07darepermitted.ReferalsotoAppendixA.4ofDEFSTAN91-91/5eventofaconflictbetweenSulphurMercaptanandDoctorTestresults,theSulphur Amendment2foradviceonpointofaddition.WheninjectingCI/LIdownstreamofpointofMercaptanresultshallprevail. manufacture,caremustbetakentoensurethatmaximumdoseratesarenotexceeded.

(6)components(including“nil”or“100%”asappropriate)onrefineryCertificatesofQuality certificates.ApprovedantioxidantadditivesarelistedinAnnexA.1.4ofDEFSTAN91-forJetA-1toCheckListderivesfromDEFSTAN91-91/5.Itrelatesto: 91/5,togetherwiththeappropriateRDE/A/XXX-QualificationReferenceforquotingon(a)antioxidantadditives–additivedoseratecannotbeinterpretedunlesstheproportion refineryCertificatesofQuality.demonstratethatfuelcomplieswithCheckListifthisinformationisomittedfromrefinery ofDEFSTAN91-91/5.SeealsoAnnexA.2.1abouttheneedtoreportthermalstabilityCertificatesofQuality. beforeandafterusingwhencontaminationofJetA-1byanyofthetracemetalslisted(b)therequirementtoreportthevol%ofseverelyhydroprocessedcomponentsaspart inthisAnnexisunproven.NotealsoinA.2.3thatmaximumdopingatthepointofofthelubricityrequirementinDEFSTAN91-91/5.Notethat“hydroprocessed”includes manufactureoroninitialdopingislimitedto2mg/L.definedaspetroleumderivedhydrocarbonsthathavebeensubjectedtohydrogenpartial (a)CumulativeconcentrationofStadis450(RDEA/621)=5.0mg/Lmaxpressureofgreaterthan7000kPa(70baror1015psi)duringmanufacture. (b)Originaldosagenotknown:AdditionalconcentrationofStadis450(RDE/A/621)=2.0

(7) mg/Lasgroup4,withacondensertemperatureofzeroto4ºC. (20)

(8) considerednegligibleanddonotrequireagreement/notification.TheassenttoallowthesebetweenASTMD1655-07andDEFSTAN91-91/5ASTMallowstheuseofsimulated smallquantitiesofFSIIwithoutagreement/notificationistofacilitatethechangeoverfromdistillationresultsdirectlywithdifferentlimits,whileDEFSTANrequiresaconversionof fuelscontainingFSIItothosenotcontainingFSIIwheretheadditivemayremaininthefuelsimulateddistillationresultstoestimatedIP123resultsusingAnnexGofIP406.These systemforalimitedtime.ThisdoesnotallowthecontinuousadditionofFSIIattheselowdifferentapproachesweretakenbecauseofoperationalconsiderationsratherthan concentrations.theother.IfIP406isthemethodusedtogenerateIP123extrapolateddata,thereisno concerningtheneedforappropriatemanagementofchangemeasuresinrefineriesrequirementtoreportresidueorloss.IP123extrapolateddatamayalsobeusedforthe manufacturingjetfuel.Theimplicationsofanychangestofeedstock,processingcalculationofSpecificEnergyusingASTMD3338. conditionsorprocessadditivesonfinishedproductqualityandperformanceneedtobe

(9) considered(forexample,experiencehasshownthatsomeprocessadditivesmightbe(10)TheseautomaticmethodsareallowedbyDefStan91-91/5.IP16/ASTMD2386 carriedoverintracequantitiesintoaviationfuels).

remainstherefereemethod. (22)(11)ASTMD4529/IP381maybeusedwherelocalregulationspermit. thesampleshavebeentestedusingtheTestMethodsstatedandtheBatchrepresented(12)ExaminationoftheheatertubetodeterminetheVisualTubeRatingusingtheVisual bythesamplesconformstoAFQRJOSChecklistIssue22.Whereapplicable,Batch

Tuberatorshallbecarriedoutwithin120minutesofcompletionofthetest.ItistheVisual Certificatesmayalsoconfirm,specifically,compliancewithDEFSTAN91-91(latestissue)TubeRatingthatshouldbereported.AttentionisdrawntoNote10inDefStan91-91/5 and/orASTMD1655(latestissue).whichstressesthatonlyapprovedheatertubesshallbeusedandlistsJFTOTtubesfromPAC-Alcorasbeingtechnicallysuitable..

7

450

0.10 0.015 D3242 35425 25.0 D1319 156--- 26.5 4360.30 0.30 D1266,D1552,D2622,D4294,107,243,336,373

Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max.0.003 0.0030 D3227 342

205 205.0

300 300.01.5 1.51.5 1.538(3) 38.0 D56,D3828 170,303

-40 -47 D2386,D5972 168.0 8.000 D445 71

42.8 42.80 D3338,D4529,D4809 12,381,35525 25.0 D1322 5718 19.0 D1322 573.0 3.00 D1840

CopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.1 1 D130 154

JFTOT∆P@260ºC(mmHg) Max.25 25 D3241 323

ExistentGum(mg/100mL)(14) Max.7 7 D381 131

FuelwithoutSDA Min.--- 85

--- 0.85 D5001

Table2

InternationalAirTransportationAssociation

IssuingAgency: IATASpecification: GuidanceMaterial(5thEdition)LatestRevisionDate: Jan-04 TestMethodGradeDesignation: JetAKerosene JetA-1KeroseneASTM IPCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1) C&B(1)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.Aromatics(vol%) Max.ORTotalAromatics(vol%) Max.Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.

D5453ORDoctorTest Negative Negative D4952 30H/PComponents(vol%) --- ReportSeverelyH/PComponents(vol%)(2) --- ReportVOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86 123

InitialBP(°C) --- Report10%Recovery(°C) Max.50%Recovery(°C) Report Report90%Recovery(°C) Report ReportFinalBP(°C) Max.

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.FlashPoint(°C) Min.Density@15°C(kg/m3) 775-840 775.0-840.0 D1298,D4052 160,365FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max.Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max.COMBUSTIONNetHeatofComb.(MJ/kg) Min.SmokePoint(mm) Min.ORSmokePoint(mm) Min.

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%) Max.CORROSION

THERMALSTABILITY

TubeDepositRating(Visual) Max.<3(4) <3(4)CONTAMINANTS(5)WaterReactionInterface Max.1b 1b D1094 289MSEPRating(6) D3948FuelwithSDA Min.--- 70OTHERConductivity D2624 274

AtPointofUse Max.AtTimeandTempofCustodyTransfer 50-450

BOCLEwearscardiameter(mm) Max.ADDITIVESAnti-icing(vol%) Agreement AgreementAntioxidant Option Option(7)CorrosionInhibitor Agreement AgreementMetalDeactivator Option OptionStaticDissipator Option Mandatory

NOTES(1)Clear,brightandvisuallyfreefromsolidmatterandundissolvedwateratnormal (4)Nopeacockorabnormalcolourdepositsallowed.

temperature. (5)Forguidanceoncontaminationlimitsforinto-planefuelling,refertoIATAGuidance(2)Severehydroprocessingreferstoahydrogenpartialpressureof>7000kPa(70baror MaterialforAviationTurbineFuelsSpecifications,5thEdition,January2004(PartIII).

1015psi)duringmanufacture. (6)Appliesonlyatpointofmanufacture.(3)ResultsbymethodD56areusuallyabout2°CabovethoseobtainedbyD3828andIP(7)Mandatoryinhydroprocessedfuelsat17.0-24.0mg/L,andmustbeaddedimmediately

170. afterprocessing.

8

Methodstobeusedincaseofdisputearenotshownbecausetheyvaryforeach

ORSulphur,Mercaptan(wt%)Max. 0.003(4) 0.003(4) 0.003(4) D3227

JFTOT∆P@275ºC(mmHg)Max. 25 25(11) 25(11) D3241

Table3

USPipelineSpecifications

IssuingAgency: BuckeyeP/L ColonialP/L ExplorerP/LSpecification: FungibleAviationKeroseneFungibleAviationKeroseneFungibleAviationKeroseneLatestRevisionDate: May-07 Jun-07 May-07 TestMethodGradeDesignation: Grade182KeroseneGrade54Kerosene Codes51,54 ASTMCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1) C&B(1) C&B(1)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g)Max. 0.10 0.1 0.1 D974(2),D3242Aromatics(vol%) Max. 25 25 25 D1319Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max. 0.30 0.3000 0.30 (3)D1266,D1552,D2622,

D4294,D5453,D7039DoctorTest Negative Negative Negative D4952Colour,Saybolt Min. 15 --- +20(5) D156,D6045(6)VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86(7)

10%Recovery(°F) Max. 400 400 40020%Recovery(°F) Report --- ---50%Recovery(°F) Report Report Report90%Recovery(°F) Report Report ReportFinalBP(°F) Max. 572 572 572

DistillationResidue(vol%)Max. 1.5 1.5 1.5DistillationLoss(vol%) Max. 1.5 1.5 1.5FlashPoint(°F) Min. 108 108 108(8) D56,D3828Gravity,API@60°F 37-51 37-51 37-51 D287,D1298,D4052FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max. -40 -40 -40 D2386,D4305,D5901,

D5972(9)Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max. 8.0 8.0 8.0(10) D445COMBUSTIONNetHeatofCombustion(BTU/lb)Min.18,400 18,400 18,400 D3338,D4529,D4809LuminometerNo. Min. --- --- 45 D1740ORSmokePoint(mm) Min. 25 25 25 D1322ORSmokePoint(mm) Min. 18 18 18 D1322

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%)Max. 3 3.0 3.0 D1840CORROSIONCopperStrip(2h@212°F)Max. 1 1 1 D130THERMALSTABILITYTubeDepositRating(Visual)Max. <3(12) <3(12) <3(12)CONTAMINANTSExistentGum(mg/100mL)Max. 7 7.0 7.0 D381WaterReactionInterfaceMax. 1b --- 1b D1094MSEPRatingatOrigin Min. 85 85(13) 85(13) D3948Particulates(mg/gal) --- --- Report D2276FiltrationTimeorVolume --- Report(14) --- MIL-T-5624P,D5452TotalSolidsorParticulate --- Report(14) --- MIL-T-5624P,D5452OTHERConductivity(pS/m) Report Report(15) Report D2624ADDITIVES Report(16) (16) (16)

NOTES(1)Clear,brightandfreefromwater&suspendedmatter.Mustbeundyed. (11)ForColonialandExplorer,testat275ºCatoriginand260°Catdestination.(2)D974onlyquotedinColonialspecification. (12)Nopeacockorabnormalcolourdepositsallowed.(3)D5453&D7039notquotedinBuckeyespecification.D1266&D1552notquotedin(13)Atorigin,minimum85MSEPrequired.Atdestination,minimum75MSEPrequired.

Colonialspecification.D1522&D7039notquotedinExplorerspecification. (14)AppliestoColonialonly.Atthistime,thetestlimitsdescribedinMIL-T-5624P,AppendixA,(4)MercaptansulphurwaivediffuelisnegativebyDoctorTest. Parts70.a(1)and70.bwillnotbeimposed.(5)Min.colourof+20specifiedatorigin,min.+18atdestination. (15)ColonialrequiresthatConductivityisreportedat21°C(70°F).(6)D6045onlyquotedinExplorerspecification. (16)OnlythoseadditivesspecifiedandwithintheconcentrationnotedinSection5.2through(7)SimulateddistillationbyASTMD2887alsopermittedbyBuckeye&Colonial.Different 5.2.2.1ofASTMD1655arepermitted.Theuseofanyotheradditivesisprohibited.Use

limitsapply-seespecificationsformoredetails. ofadditivesmustbeclearlyindicatedontheCertificateofAnalysis.Seeindividualpipeline(8)Minimumof108°Fappliesatorigin.Minimumof100°Fappliesatdestination. specificationsforfulldetailsonuseofadditives.(9)D4305andD5901onlyquotedinBuckeyespecification.(10)Max.of8.0cStat-20ºCandmax.of1.9cStat40ºC.9

pipeline.Pleaserefertoindividualpipelinespecificationsforfurtherdetails.

9

Methodstobeusedincaseofdisputearenotshownbecausetheyvaryforeachpipeline.

Table4

USPipelineSpecifications

IssuingAgency: Centennial/TEPPCOKinderMorganPlantationSpecification: FungibleAviationFungibleAviationFungibleAviation

Kerosene Kerosene KeroseneLatestRevisionDate: Apr-06 Dec-06 Feb-07 TestMethodGradeDesignation: Code510&520 Code15 Code54&56 ASTMCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1) C&B(1) C&B(1)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.0.10 0.10. 0.1 D3242,D974(2)Aromatics(vol%) Max.25 25(3) 25 D1319Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.0.30 0.3 0.3000 D2622,D5453,D7039(4)DoctorTest Negative Negative Negative D4952ORSulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max.0.003(5) 0.003(5) 0.003(5) D3227Colour,Saybolt Report --- --- D156VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86(6)

10%Recovery(°F) Max.400 401 40050%Recovery(°F) Report Report Report90%Recovery(°F) Report Report ReportFinalBP(°F) Max.572 572 572

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.1.5 1.5 1.5DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.1.5 1.5 1.5FlashPoint(°F) Min.110(7) 105(7) 108(7) D56,D3828(8)Gravity,API@60°F 37.0-51.0 37.0-51.0 37-51 D287,D1298,D4052(9)FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max.-40 -40 -40 D2386,D5972(10)Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max.8.0 8.0 8.0 D445COMBUSTIONNetHeatofCombustion(BTU/lb) Min.18,400 42.8MJ/kg 18,400 D3338,D4809,D4529(11)SmokePoint(mm) Min.25 25 25 D1322ORSmokePoint(mm) Min.18 18 18 D1322

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%) Max.3.0 3.0 3.0 D1840CORROSIONCopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.1Aor1B No.1 1 D130THERMALSTABILITYJFTOT∆P@275ºC(mmHg) Max.25(12) 25 25(12) D3241TubeDepositRating(Visual) Max.<3(13) <3(13) <3(13)CONTAMINANTSExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max.5.0(14) 7 7.0 D381WaterReactionInterface Max.1b 1b 1b D1094MSEPRating Min.85 85 85(15) D3948ParticulateContamination D2276,D5452,MIL-T-5624P(16)Particulates(mg/gal) Report 2.0 ReportMembraneColour Report --- ---FiltrationTime --- --- ReportOTHERConductivity(pS/m) Report --- Report D2624ADDITIVES Report(17) Report(17) Report(17)

NOTES(1)Clear,brightandfreefromwater&suspendedmatter. (11)D4529notquotedbyCentennial&TEPPCO.(2)D974notquotedinCentennial,TEPPCO&KinderMorganspecifications. (12)ForCentennial,TEPPCOandPlantation,testat275ºCatoriginand260°Catdestination.(3)D6379canalsobeusedforKinderMorgansubjecttoamaximumaromatics(13)No‘peacock’or‘abnormal’colourdepositsallowed.

concentrationof26.5vol%. (14)Maximumlimitshownintableappliesatorigin.Amaximumexistentgumof7.0mg/100(4)D2622andD7039notquotedinCentennial&TEPPCOspecifications.D5453andD7039 mlappliesatdestination.

notquotedinKinderMorganspecification.Plantationalsoalloworigintoqualifysulphur(15)ForPlantationaminimum85MSEPisrequiredatoriginandaminimum75MSEPiscontenttestmethodperEPAPerformanceBasedTestingCriteria(CFR80.584). requiredupondelivery.

(5)MercaptansulphurwaivediffuelisnegativebyDoctortest. (16)D2276notquotedinPlantationspecification.D5452andMIL-T-5624Pnotquoted(6)SimulateddistillationbyASTMD2887alsopermittedbyallpipelines.Differentlimitsapply inKinderMorganspecification.MIL-T-5624PnotquotedinCentennial&TEPPCO

-seespecificationsformoredetails. specifications.(7)Limitsshownapplyatorigin.Minimumof100°Fappliesatdestinationforallpipelines.(17)OnlythoseadditivesspecifiedandwithintheconcentrationnotedinSection5.2through(8)D3828onlypermittedasalternativeinPlantationspecification. 5.2.2.1ofASTMD1655arepermitted.Theuseofanyotheradditivesisprohibited.See(9)D287&D4052notquotedinCentennial&TEPPCOspecifications.D1298&D4052not individualpipelinespecificationsforfulldetailsonuseofadditives.

quotedinKinderMorganspecification.(10)D5972notquotedinCentennial,TEPPCO,KinderMorganspecifications.

Pleaserefertoindividualpipelinespecificationsforfurtherdetails.

0

n

(4)D5972maybeusedforfreezepointdeterminationofJP-5only.

(5)Mid-boilingtemperaturesshallbeobtainedbyeitherASTMD86orASTMD2887to

(6)ForJP-5,onlyD3701shallbeusedtomeasurethehydrogencontent.

(7)Nopeacockorabnormalcolourdepositsallowed.

(8)IfairisusedinsteadofsteamwhileperformingASTMD381,itshallberecorded.Incase

(9)Minimumsamplesizeof1USgallonshallbefiltered.Filtrationtimedeterminedaccording

Incaseofdispute,thefuelshallbeclearandbrightat21°Candcontainnomoretha

(12)Conductivitymustbewithinrangeatambientfueltemperatureor29.4°C,whicheveris

(3)D3828maygiveresultsupto1.7°CbelowtheD93results.D56maygiveresultsupto(13)TestsshallbeperformedwithASTMD5006usingtheDiEGMEscaleoftherefractometer.

(15)RequiredforallJP-5fuels.

Table5

USMilitarySpecifications

IssuingAgency: USNavySpecification: MIL-DTL-5624ULatestRevisionDate: 5thJanuary2012GradeDesignation: JP-4Wide-CutKeroseneJP-5Kerosene TestMethodNATOCodeNo. F-40 F-44 ASTMCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1) C&B(1)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max. 0.015 0.015 D3242Aromatics(vol%) Max. 25.0 25.0 D1319Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max. 0.40 0.30 D4294,D1266,D2622,D3120,D5453Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max. 0.002 0.002 D3227ORDoctorTest Negative Negative D4952Colour,Saybolt Report Report D156,D6045VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86,D2887(2)

InitialBP(°C) Report Report10%Recovery(°C) Max. Report 205(186)20%Recovery(°C) Min. 100 Report50%Recovery(°C) Min. 125 Report90%Recovery(°C) Max. Report ReportFinalBP(°C) Max. 270 300(330)

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max. 1.5 1.5DistillationLoss(vol%) Max. 1.5 1.5FlashPoint(°C) Min. --- 60(3) D56,D93,D3828Density@15°C(kg/L) 0.751-0.802 0.788-0.845 D1298,D4052ORGravity,API@60°F 57.0-45.0 48.0-36.0VapourPressure@37.8°C(kPa) 14-21 --- D323,D4953,D5190,D5191FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max. -58 -46 D2386,D5972(4)Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max. --- 8.5 D445COMBUSTIONNetHeatofComb.(MJ/kg) Min. 42.8 42.6 D3338,D4809,D4529CetaneIndex(calculated)(5) --- Report D976,D4737SmokePoint(mm) Min. 20.0 19.0 D1322HydrogenContent Min. 13.5 13.4(6) D3343,D3701CORROSIONCopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max. 1 1 D130THERMALSTABILITYJFTOT∆P(mmHg) Max. 25 25 D3241TubeDepositRating(Visual) Max. <3(7) <3CONTAMINANTSExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max. 7.0 7.0 D381(8)Particulates(mg/L) Max. 1.0 1.0 D2276,D5452(9)FiltrationTime(min) Max. 10 15(10) (9)WaterReactionInterface Max. 1b --- D1094MSEPRating Min. 90(11) 90(11) D3948OTHERConductivity(pS/m) 150-600(12) --- D2624ADDITIVESAnti-icing(vol%) 0.10-0.15 0.10-0.15 D5006(13)Antioxidant(ppm) 17.2-24.0(14) 17.2-24.0(15)CorrosionInhibitor Required(16) Required(16)MetalDeactivator Agreement AgreementStaticDissipator Required (17)

NOTES(1) (10)FlowreducerringofAppendixA,sectionA.3.cisnotrequiredforJP-5.

(11)Limitforfuelcontainingantioxidantandmetaldeactivator.Minimumlimitreducedto85whenthirdadditiveisfuelsystemicinginhibitor;to80whenthirdadditiveiscorrosioninhibitor;to70withallfouradditivespresent.

1.0mg/Lofparticulatematter.(2)D2887maybeusedforJP-5fuelonly;testlimitsinparentheses. lower.

1°CbelowtheD93results. (14)LimitsofactiveingredientforJP-4fuelscontaininghydrotreatedblendstocks.ForJP-4fuelsthatdonotcontainanyhydrotreatedblendstocks,antioxidantmaybeaddedtoamax.24ppm.

performtheCetaneIndexcalculation.IfASTMD86valuesareused,theyshallbecorrectedtostandardbarometricpressure. (16)AllowableconcentrationlimitslistedinlatestrevisionofQPL-25017.

(17)StaticdissipatoradditiveshallnotbeusedinJP-5unlesswrittenconsenthasbeenobtainedfromNAVAIR4.4.5.

ofafailurewithair,thesampleshallberetestedusingsteam.

toprocedureinAppendixAofspecification.

(13)Conductivitylimitsare150-450pS/mforF-34(JP-8),50-450pS/mforF-35,and

(5)VapourpressuretestedaccordingtoAppendixAorAppendixCofMIL-DTL-38219D.

(6)Mayusecalculation(D3343)ormeasurementmethod(D3701).

(7)TestconditionsforJP-7fuelof355°Cfor5h;forJP-8fuelat260°Cfor2.5h.(14)FuelsystemicinginhibitorismandatoryforF-34grade,byagreementinF-35.

GradeDesignation: JP-7LowVolatilityKeroseneJP-8(1)Kerosene TestMethod

--- 0.015 D32425 25.0 D13190.1 0.30 D4294(3)0.001 0.002 D3227

182 Report

206 Report

260 Report288 300(330)1.5 1.51.5 1.560 38 D56,D93,D3828

VapourPressure@149°C(kPa)Max.20.7 ---VapourPressure@260°C(kPa)Max.331 ---

-43.3 -47 D2386,D5901(JP-8only),D5972(JP-8only)8.0 8.0 D445

NetHeatofCombustion(MJ/kg)Min.43.5 42.8 D2382(JP-7only),D3338,D4809(JP-8only)

SmokePoint(mm) Min.--- 25.0 D1322

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%) Max.--- 3.0 D1840

CopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.1b 1 D130

JFTOT∆P(mmHg) Max.25.0 25 D3241(7)

ExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max.5.0(9) 7.0 D381

WaterReactionInterface Max.1b 1b D1094

MSEPRating Min.85 90(12) D3948

Table6

USMilitarySpecifications

IssuingAgency: USAirForce USAirForceSpecification: MIL-DTL-38219D MIL-DTL-83133ELatestRevisionDate: 21August2011 30March2012NATOCodeNo. F-34/F-35 ASTMCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(2) C&B(2)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.Aromatics(vol%) Max.Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max.ORDoctorTest Negative Negative D4952Colour,Saybolt --- Report D156,D6045VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86,D2887(JP-8only,limitsinparenthesis)

InitialBP(°C) Min.10%Recovery(°C) 196min. 205(186)max.20%Recovery(°C) Min.50%Recovery(°C) Report Report90%Recovery(°C) Max.FinalBP(°C) Max.

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.FlashPoint(°C)(4) Min.Density@15°C(kg/L) 0.779-0.806 0.775-0.840 D1298,D4052ORGravity,API@60°F 50.1-44.0 51.0-37.0 D1298

(5)(5)

FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max.Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max.COMBUSTIONCetaneIndex(calculated)(5) --- Report D976

ORSmokePoint(mm) Min.--- 19.0 D1322

HydrogenContent Min.14.40 13.4 D3701,D3343(6)CORROSIONTHERMALSTABILITY

TubeDepositRating(Visual)Max.12TDR <3Visual(8)CONTAMINANTSParticulates(mg/L) Max.0.3(10) 1.0 D2276,D5452FiltrationTime(min) Max.--- 15 (11)WaterReactionSeparationMax.2 --- D1094

OTHERConductivity(pS/m) (13) D2624ADDITIVESAnti-icing(vol%) 0.10-0.15 0.10-0.15(14) D5006Antioxidant(ppm) 24.0 Required(15)CorrosionInhibitor 200-250(16) Required(16)MetalDeactivator Agreement AgreementStaticDissipator --- Required

NOTES(1)JP-8fuelwithanapprovedthermalstabilityimproveradditiveisdesignatedJP8+100. (9)Ifairisusedinsteadofsteam,itmustbereported.Incaseoffailurewithair,thesample(2)Fuelshallbeclearandbrightat21°C;JP-8maycontainnomorethan1.0mg/Lof mustberetestedwithsteam.

particulatematter. (10)Limitappliesatorigin.Atdestination,max.limitis0.5mg/L.(3)D1266,D2622andD3120arepermittedalternativesforJP-7andJP-8(whichalso (11)FiltrationtimedeterminedaccordingtoprocedureinAppendixAofMIL-DTL-83133E.

acceptsD129andD5453). (12)Limitforfuelcontainingantioxidantandmetaldeactivator.Limitreducedto85whenthird(4)ForJP-7,onlyD93maybeused.ForJP-8,D56maygiveresultsupto1°CbelowD93 additiveisicinginhibitor;to80whenthirdadditiveiscorrosioninhibitor;to70withall

results;D3828maygiveresultsupto1.7°CbelowD93results;methodIP170isalso fouradditivespresent.permitted.

150-700pS/mforJP-8+100fuel.Conductivitymustbewithinrangeatambientfueltemperatureor29.4°C,whicheverislower.

(8)Nopeacockorabnormalcoloursallowed. (15)Requiredforfuelcontaininghydrogen-treatedblendingstocks.(16)PWA-536lubricityadditiveshallbeaddedtoJP-7fuel.Corrosioninhibitorconformingto

MIL-PRF-25017shallbeaddedtoF-34fuel,butisoptionalforF-35.

2

Appliesatpointofmanufactureenablingdownstreamcolourchangetobequantified.Severelyhydroprocessingreferstoahydrogenpartialpressureof>7000kPa(70baror

(9)Atthepoint,timeandtemperatureofdeliverytopurchaser.Intheeventofadiscrepancy,

(4)InmethodD86,usegroup4testconditions.Acondenserbathtemperatureof0°Cto4

(5)ResultsbymethodD3828areupto1.7°CbelowtheASTMD93results.ResultsbyNopeacockorabnormalcolourdepositsallowed.Appliesatpointofdeliverytopurchaser.

Table7

Australia

IssuingAgency: AustralianDepartmentofDefenceSpecification: DEF(AUST)5240DLatestRevisionDate: March-12GradeDesignation: AVTURKeroseneAVCATHighFlashTestMethodNATOCodeNo. F-34/F-37 F-44 ASTM IPCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B C&B D4176Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max. 0.015 0.015 D3242 354Aromatics(vol%) Max. 25.0(1) 25.0(1) D1319 156ORTotalAromatics(vol%) Max. 26.5(1) 26.5(1) D6379 436Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max. 0.30 0.30 D1266,D2622 336Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max. 0.0030 0.0020 D3227 342ORDoctorTest Negative Negative D4952 30Colour,Saybolt Report(2) Report(2) D156,D6045HydroprocessComponents(vol%) Report(3) Report(3)SeverelyHydroprocessComponents(vol%) Report(3) Report(3)ShaleOilDerived(vol%) 15 15VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86(4) 123

InitialBP(°C) Report Report10%Recovery(°C) Max. 205.0 205.050%Recovery(°C) Report Report90%Recovery(°C) Report ReportFinalBP(°C) Max. 300.0 300.0

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max. 1.5 1.5DistillationLoss(vol%) Max. 1.5 1.5FlashPoint(°C) Min. 38.0 61.5 D56,D93,D3828(5)34,170(5)Density@15°C(kg/m3) 775.0–840.0 788.0-845.0 D1298,D4052 160,365FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max. -47 -46 D2386,D5972 16,435Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max. 8.0. 8.5 D445 71COMBUSTIONNetHeatofCombustion(MJ/kg) Min. 42.8 42.6 D3338,D4809 12,355SmokePoint(mm) Min. 25.0 25.0 D1322 57ORSmokePoint(mm) Min. 19.0 19.0 D1322 57

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%) Max. 3.00 3.00 D1840CORROSIONCopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max. 1 1 D130 154THERMALSTABILITYJFTOT∆P@260ºC(mmHg) Max. 25 25 D3241 323TubeDepositRating(Visual) Max. <3(6) <3(6)CONTAMINANTSExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max. 7 7 D381 540Particulates(mg/L) Max. 1.0(7) 1.0(7) D5452 423WaterReactionInterface Max. 1b(8) 1b(8) D1094 289MSEPRating

FuelwithoutSDA Min. 85 85 D3948FuelwithSDA Min. 70 70 D3948

OTHERConductivity(pS/m) 100-600(9) 100-600(9) D2624,D4308 274BOCLEwearscardiameter(mm) Max. 0.65(10) 0.65(10) D5001ADDITIVES (11)Anti-icing(vol%) 0.10-0.15 0.12-0.20 D5006 424Antioxidant(hydroprocessedfuel) Required Required(non-hydroprocessedfuel) Option OptionMetalDeactivator Option OptionStaticDissipator Option OptionLubricityImprover Required RequiredThermalStabilityAdditive RequiredforF-37 NotAllowed

NOTES(1)Biasbetweenthetwotechniquestomeasurearomaticsnecessitatesdifferentequivalence(8)DespitebeingremovedfromDEFSTAN91-86&91-87,thewaterreactiontesthas

limitsasshown. beenretainedbyDefenceasitisaconvenienttestforDefencepersonneltestingF-44(2) onboardvessels.ItisnotnecessaryforsupplierstoperformthistestprovidinganMSEP(3) ratingtesthasbeencarriedout.

1015psi)duringmanufacture.theconductivityistobedeterminedat15°C.

°Cshallbeused. (10)Therequirementtodeterminelubricityappliesonlytofuelscontainingmorethan95%hydroprocessedmaterialandwhereatleast10%isseverelyhydroprocessed,atpointof

methodD56maybeupto1.0°CbelowtheD93results.Incasesofdispute,IP170shall manufacture.betherefereemethodforF-34&F-37andD93shallbetherefereemethodforF-44.(11)Additivesshallnotbepremixedwithotheradditivesbeforeinjectionintothefuelsoasto

(6) preventpossiblereactionsamongtheconcentratedformsofdifferentadditives.(7)

3

(3)Severelyhydroprocessedcomponentsaredefinedhavingbeensubjectedtoahydrogen(10)TheCertificateofQualityshallindicatethetypesandconcentrationsofadditivesused,

(4)Thevaluefordensityshallbereportedat20°C.Adensityat15°Cmaybereportedtofacilitatecommercialtransactions.Thelimitsthatapplyat15°Carefrom775.0to840.0(11)Forfuelcontaininghydroprocessedcomponents.Antioxidantisoptionalforfuelshaving

Test(asperIP227)isonlyrequiredformilitarycontracts. Nopeacockorabnormalcolourdepositsallowed.

(7)MSEPisrequiredonlyatpointofmanufacture.Failuretocomplyatlaterstagesof

(8)Limitappliesatpoint,timeandtemperatureofdeliverytobuyeriffuelcontainsstatic

Table8

Brazil

IssuingAgency: NationalPetroleumAgencySpecification: QAV-1LatestRevisionDate: 27-May-12 TestMethodGradeDesignation: JetA-1Kerosene ASTM ABNTNBR(1)COMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(2) D4176Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max. 0.015 D3242Aromatics(vol%) Max. 25 D1319ORTotalAromatics(vol%) Max. 26.5 D6379Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max. 0.30 D1266,D1552,D2622,D4294,D54536563,14533,14875Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max. 0.0030 D3227 6298ORDoctorTest Negative D4952 14642H/Pcomponents(vol%)(3) Report(incl.‘nil’or100%)SeverelyH/Pcomponents(vol%)(3) Report(incl.‘nil’or100%)VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86 9619

InitialBP(°C) Report10%Recovery(°C) Max. 20550%Recovery(°C) Max. Report90%Recovery(°C) Max. ReportFinalBP(°C) Max. 300

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max. 1.5DistillationLoss(vol%) Max. 1.5FlashPoint(°C) Min. 40 D56 7974

or38 D3828Density@15°C(kg/L)(4) 771.3-836.6 D1298,D4052 7148,14065FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max. -47 D2386,D5972 7975Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max. 8.0 D445 10441COMBUSTIONNetHeatofCombustion(MJ/kg) Min. 42.8 D3338,D4529,D4809SmokePoint(mm) Min. 25 D1322 11909ORSmokePoint(mm) Min. 19 D1322 11909

ANDNaphthalenes Max. 3.0 D1840CORROSIONCopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max. 1 D130 14359SilverStrip(4h@50°C)(5) Max. 1THERMALSTABILITYJFTOT∆P(mmHg) Max. 25.0 D3241TubeDepositRating(Visual) Max. <3(6)CONTAMINANTSExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max. 7 D381 14525WaterReactionInterface Max. 1b D1094 6577MSEPRating(7) D3948

FuelwithoutSDA Min. 85FuelwithSDA Min. 70

OTHERConductivity(pS/m) 50-450(8) D2624BOCLEwearscardiameter(mm)(9) 0.85 D5001ADDITIVES(10)Antioxidant(mg/l) 17.0-24.0(11)MetalDeactivator Option(12)StaticDissipator Option(13)Anti-Icing AgreementLeakCheck OptionLubricityImprover Agreement

NOTES(1)NormasBrasileiras(NBR)daAssociacaoBrasileiradeNormasTecnicas(ABNT) (9)Therequirementtodeterminelubricityappliesonlytofuelscontainingmorethan95%(2)Clear,brightandvisuallyfreeofundissolvedwaterandsolidmaterialatnormal,ambient hydroprocessedmaterialandwhereatleast20%isseverelyhydroprocessed,atpointof

temperature. manufacture.partialpressureofgreaterthan7000kPa(70baror1015psi)duringmanufacture. inclusiveofnoaddition.OnlyapprovedadditiveslistedintheAnnexofDEFSTAN91-91

areallowed.kg/m3. nohydroprocessedcomponents.

(5) (12)Themaximumallowedconcentrationoninitialdopingis2.0mg/L.Cumulativeadditionof(6) MDAuponredopingshallnotexceed5.7mg/L.JFTOTresultsmustbereportedbefore

andafteradditionoftheadditive.distributionshallbecauseforinvestigation,butnotrejectioninthefirstinstance. (13)Themaximumallowedconcentrationoninitialdopingis3.0mg/L.Thecumulative

concentrationofadditiveuponredopingtomaintainconductivityshallnotexceed5.0dissipatoradditive. mg/L.

4

(3)Themercaptansulphurdeterminationmaybewaivedifthefuelisconsidered“sweet”by(9)Appliesatpoint,timeandtemperatureofdelivery.

(12)OnlycorrosioninhibitorsqualifiedtoMIL-PRF-25017andlistedinQPL25017shallbe

(13)Originalconcentrationis3mg/Lmax.Cumulativeconcentrationis5mg/Lmax.When

(8)Theminimummicro-separometer(MSEP)ratingappliesatthepointimmediatelybefore

GradeDesignation: JetA/JetA-1KerosineAVTUR

0.10 0.10 0.03 D324225 25 25 D13190.30 0.30 0.30 D1266,D2622,D4294,D5453(2)0.003 0.003 0.002 D3227

205 205 205

300 300 3001.5 1.5 1.51.5 1.5 1.538 38 60 D93(F-44),D-56orD-3828(F-35/F-34)(4)

-40(JetA),-47(JetA-1)-47 -46 D2386,D59728.0 8.0 8.8 D445

NetHeatofCombustion(MJ/kg) Min.42.8 42.8 42.6 D3338,D4529,D4809

ORSmokePoint(mm) Min.18 18 --- D1322

No.1 No.1 No.1 D130

JFTOT∆P@260ºC(mmHg) Max.25 25 25 D3241

ExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max.--- 7 7 D381(6)

FuelwithoutSDA Min.85 85 85

AVCATHigh

Table9

Canada

IssuingAgency: CanadianGeneralStandardsBoardSpecification: CAN/CGSB-3.24-2005LatestRevisionDate: 2012

Kerosine KerosineFlashTestMethodNATOCodeNo. F-35 F-34 F-44 ASTMCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1) C&B(1) C&B(1)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.Aromatics(vol%) Max.Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%)(3) Max.ORDoctorTest Negative Negative Negative D4952VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86

InitialBP(°C) Report Report Report10%Recovery(°C) Max.20%Recovery(°C) --- Report Report50%Recovery(°C) Report Report Report90%Recovery(°C) Report Report ReportFinalBP(°C) Max.

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.FlashPoint(°C) Min.Density@15°C(kg/m3) 775-840 775-840 788-845 D1298,D4052FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max.Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max.COMBUSTIONSmokePoint(mm) Min.25 25 19 D1322

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%) Max.3.0 3.0 --- D1840HydrogenContent --- --- Report D3343,D3701CORROSIONCopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.THERMALSTABILITYTubeDepositRating(Visual) Max.<3(5) <3(5) <3(5)CONTAMINANTSParticulateMatter(mg/L) Max.0.44(7) 0.44(7) 0.50(7) D2276,D5452MSEPRating(8) D3948

FuelwithSDA Min.70 70 ---OTHERConductivity(pS/m)(9) 50-450 50-600 600max D2624ADDITIVES(10)Anti-icing(vol%) Option 0.10-0.15 0.10-0.15 D5006Antioxidant Required(11) Required(11)Required(11)CorrosionInhibitor Option(12) Required(12)Required(12)MetalDeactivator Option Option OptionStaticDissipator Required(13) Required(13)Required(13)LeakDetector Option Option Option

NOTES(1)Fuelshallbevisuallyclear&freefromundissolvedwater&particulates. militarystorage,theMSEPratingrequirementshallnotapply.WhenanFSIIorcorrosion(2)CAN/CGSB3.0No.16isalsoallowed. inhibitorisadded,theMSEPlimitsapplybeforeitsaddition.

thedoctortestdescribedinASTMD4952. (10)Whenused,additivenames&amountsshallberecordedbythesupplier.(4)TheresultsobtainedbyASTMD3828maybeupto2°Clowerthanthoseobtainedby(11)Antioxidantat17.2-24mg/Lmustbeaddedtoanyhydroprocessedportionofthefuel.

ASTMD56. Additionisoptionalfornon-hydroprocessedfuelsubjecttoamaximumconcentrationof(5)Nopeacockorabnormalcolourdepositsallowed. 24mg/L.(6)AirorSteamjetispermittedasperD381.(7)Limitsshownapplyattimeofdeliverytoaircraftandrefuellers.Alimitof2.2mg/Lmax used.

appliesattimeofdeliverytostorage.additivedepletionisevidentbyconductivitylossandiftheoriginalSDAconcentrationis

thefuelentersdedicatedtransportationtoairport/militarystorage.Whenthefuelenters notknown,anoriginaladditionof3mg/LisassumedandfurtheradditionofSDAshalldedicatedtransportationtoairport/militarystorage,orwhenthefuelisalreadyinairport/ notexceed2mg/L.

5

Report0.015 D3242 35425.0 D1319 156 3837 M07-024

ORAromaticsbyHPLC(mass%) 28.0 D6379 436

0.30 D4294 107 8754 ENISO8754,M07-059ORSulphur,Mercaptan(wt%)(4)Max.0.0030 D3227 342 3012 ISO3012

205.0

Report300.01.51.538(5) D56,D93(5) 34(5),170 13736 EN22719(5),ENISO13736

Density@15°C(kg/m3) 775.0-840.0 D1298,D4052160,365 12185 ENISO12185

-47 D2386,D597216,529 3013 ISO30138.0 D445 71 3104 ENISO3104

NetHeatofComb.(MJ/kg) Min.42.8 D4529,D4809381

SmokePoint(mm) Min.25 D1322 57 3014 M07-028

ANDNaphthalenes Max.3.0 D1840

CopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.1 D130 154 2160 ENISO2160

25 D3241 323 6249 ISO6249<3(6)(7) LSEA-D-29

ExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max.7 D381 131 6246 ENISO6246

FuelwithoutSDA Min.85

BOCLEwearscardiameter(mm)Max.0.65(F-34)or0.85(F-35)(10) D5001

Anti-icing(vol%) 0.10-0.15(RequiredforF-34only)(1)D5006 LSEA-S-21,FTMS791-5327

(6)Nopeacockorabnormaldepositsallowed.

(10)ForF-35BOCLEisonlyrequiredwhenfuelis>95%hydrotreatedofwhich>20%is

(11)Tobeaddedtoallhydroprocessedandsyntheticcomponentsataconcentration

(12)RequiredaslubricityimproverinF-34.OptionalinF-35.

Table10

France

IssuingAgency: ServicedesEssencesdesArmeesSpecification: DCSEA134/BLatestRevisionDate: Dec-11GradeDesignation: JetA-1Kerosene TestMethodNATOCodeNo. F-35/F-34(1) ASTM IP ISO NFCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(2) LSEAD14Colour Max.Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.Aromatics(vol%) Max.

Max.HydrogenContent(vol%) (3) D3701Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.DoctorTest Negative D4952 30 5275 M07-029VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86 3405 ENISO3405

InitialBP(°C) Report10%Recovery(°C) Max.20%Recovery(ºC) (3)50%Recovery(°C) Report90%Recovery(°C) Max.FinalBP(°C) Max.

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.FlashPoint(°C) Min.FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max.Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max.COMBUSTIONAnilinePoint(ºC) (3) M07-021

ORSmokePoint(mm) Min.19 D1322 57 3014 M07-028

CORROSION

THERMALSTABILITYJFTOT∆P@260ºC(mmHg) Max.TubeDepositRating(Visual) Max.PeroxideNumber(mEq/dm3) Max.CONTAMINANTSWaterReactionInterface Max.1b D1094 6250WaterReactionSeparation Max.(8) D1094 6250MSEPRating(9) D3948

FuelwithSDA Min.70OTHERConductivity(pS/m) 50-450 D2624 274 6297ADDITIVESAntioxidant Required(11)CorrosionInhibitor Required(12) LSEA-S-18MetalDeactivator Option LSEA-XS-92StaticDissipator Required LSEA-XS-93Biocide Option(13)

NOTES(1)AdditionoficinginhibitorchangesfueldesignationfromF-35toF-34.(2)Fuelshallbevisuallyclear&freefromundissolvedwater&particulates.(3)Requirementisoptional;resulttobereported.(4)ThistestisonlyperformedwhentheDoctortestresultisnotnegative.(5)TheD56methodisacceptablesubjecttoa40°Cminimum.TheNFEN22719,D93and

IP34methodsareacceptablesubjecttoa41°Cminimum.(7)Testisoptionalwithamaximumof2mEq/dm3ifdetermined.(8)Testisoptionalwithamaximumratingof2ifdetermined.

6

(9)Theselimitsapplyonlyatpointofmanufacture.IfMSEPismeasuredinthedistribution

systemdownstreamoftherefinery,nolimitsapply,&theresultmaynotbeused,onitsown,toassertnon-complianceofproduct.severelyhydrotreated(i.e.>70bar).

between17.0and24.0mg/L.Optionalatupto24.0mg/Lforfuelsnotcontaininganyhydroprocessedcomponents.

(13)KathonFP1.5istheonlyadditivemeetingrequirementsofDCSEA754(subjectto50ppmmax).BioborJFadditivemaybeusedbyagreement16

GradeDesignation: JP-4Wide-CutKerosene JP-5High-FlashKeroseneJIS,ASTM

Table11

Japan

IssuingAgency: JapanDefenceAgencySpecification: DSPK2206DLatestRevisionDate: 22-Jan-12 TestMethod

COMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1) C&B(1) VisualColour,Saybolt Report Report JISK2580,D156Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.0.015 0.015 JISK2276,D3242Aromatics(vol%) Max.25.0 25.0 JISK2536-1,D1319Olefins(vol%) Max.5.0 5.0 JISK2536-1,D1319Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.0.40 0.4 JISK2541-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6or-7,D1266,

D2622Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max.0.002 0.002 JISK2276,D3227ORDoctorTest Negative Negative JISK2276,D4952VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: JISK2254,D86,D2887

InitialBP(°C) Report Report10%Recovery(°C) Max.Report 20520%Recovery(°C) Max.145 Report50%Recovery(°C) Max.190 Report90%Recovery(°C) Max.245 ReportFinalBP(°C) Max.270 300

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.1.5 1.5DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.1.5 1.5FlashPoint(°C) Min.--- >61 JISK2265(PM),D56Density@15°C(kg/m3) 751-802 788-845 JISK2249,D1298,D4052VapourPressure@37.8°C(kPa) 14-21 --- JISK2258,D5190FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max.-58(2) -46(2) JISK2275,D2386Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max.--- 8.5 JISK2283,D445COMBUSTIONAniline-GravityProduct Min.5250 4500 JISK2206ORNetHeatofCombustion(MJ/kg)Min.42.8 42.6 JISK2279,D4809HydrogenContent(wt%) Min.13.6 13.4 JISK2276,D3701SmokePoint(mm) Min.20.0 19.0 JISK2537,D1322CORROSIONCopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.1 1 JISK2513,D130THERMALSTABILITYJFTOT∆P@260°C(kPa) Max.3.3 3.3 JISK2276,D3241TubeDepositRating(Visual) Max.<3 <3PeroxideNumber(massppm) Max.--- 8.0 JISK2276CONTAMINANTSExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max.7.0 7.0 JISK2261,D381Particulates(mg/L) Max.1.0 1.0 JISK2276,D5452(3)

FiltrationTime(min) Max.10 15WaterReactionInterface Max.1b 1b JISK2276,D1094MSEPRating Min. (4) 70 JISK2276,D3948OTHERConductivity(pS/m) 150-600(5) --- JISK2276,D2624ADDITIVESAnti-icing(vol%) 0.10-0.15(6) 0.15-0.20(6) FED-STD-791(method5327,5340or5342),

D5006Antioxidant Required RequiredCorrosionInhibitor Option OptionMetalDeactivator Option OptionStaticDissipator Required ---

NOTES(1)Clear,bright&visuallyfreefromsolidmatter&undissolvedwater. (4)ForJP-4theMSEPratingis70min.forfuelwithstaticdissipatoradditive&corrosion(2)Ifnohydrocarboniscrystallizedevenwhenthesampleiscooleddownmorethan4.5 inhibitor,and85min.forfuelwithoutstaticdissipatoradditive.

°Cbelowthespecifiedtemperature,thereportisallowedtodescribejustas‘belowthe(5)Appliesatambientfueltemperatureor29.4°C,whicheverislower.specifiedtemperature’. (6)Samplingpointshallbethesupplier’sproductvessel.

(3)MethodalsodetailedinAppendix2ofDSPK2206D.Thesamplingpointmaybeanypointofthetank,thedeliverypipeline,tanker,railtankcar&tanktruck,&thesamplingvolumeshallbeminimum4L.

7

<3(7)

Forfuelusedincivilaviation,changesinSayboltcolourfromtherefinerytothecustomer Forfuelusedincivilaviationthe20°Cviscositylimitisnotapplicable.

(6)Forfuelusedincivilaviationthistestisnotapplicable.

(7)Nopeacockorabnormalcolourdepositsallowed.

(8)Norequirementtoreportseparationratingforcivilaviationfuel.

(9)TestonlyrequiredwhenfuelhasbeenprocessedbyCopperTreating.

+25(2) 35550.015 1257420.0(3) 111325.0 111320.20 380,11140,17040 0253,06890.0020(4) 1792

205

50%Recovery(°C) Max.232

FinalBP(°C) Max.300

FlashPoint-closedcup(°C) Min.38 261

-47 2430 07701.25(5) 2658.0 265

NetHeatofComb.(MJ/kg) Min.42.8 384,2429

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%) Max.3.0 0181

CopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.1 5096

3.3 9169

ExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max.7 509,8019

InterfaceRating Max.1b

Particulates(mg/L) Max.1.0 0093

WithoutSDA Min.85

BOCLEWearScarDiameter(mm) Max.0.65(10) 0687

Forfuelusedincivilianaviationthelimitis25.0vol%max.

Table12

People’sRepublicofChina

IssuingAgencies: GeneralAdministrationofQS,I&QSpecification: GB6537-2006LatestRevisionDate: 8-Dec-11 TestMethodGradeDesignation: No.3JetFuel GB/T SH/TCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1) VisualColour,Saybolt Min.Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.Aromatics(vol%) Max.Olefins(vol%) Max.Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max.ORDoctorTest Negative(4) 0174Straight-runComponents(vol%) ReportHydrotreatedComponents(vol%) ReportHydrocrackedComponents(vol%) ReportVOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: 6536

InitialBP(°C) Report10%Recovery(°C) Max.20%Recovery(ºC) Report90%Recovery(°C) Report

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.1.5DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.1.5Density@20°C(kg/m3) 775-830 1884,1885FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max.Viscosity@20ºC(cSt) Min.Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max.COMBUSTIONSmokePoint(mm) Min.25.0 382ORSmokePoint(mm) Min.20 382ORLuminometerNumber Min.45 11128CORROSIONSilverStrip(4h@50°C) Max.1(6) 0023THERMALSTABILITYJFTOT∆P@260°C(kPa) Max.TubeDepositRating(Visual) Max.CONTAMINANTSWaterReaction 1793

SeparationRating Max.2(8)

MSEPRating 0616

WithSDA Min.70CopperContent(µg/kg) Max.150(9) 0182OTHERConductivityat20°C(pS/m) 50-450(11) 6539ADDITIVESAnti-icing(vol%) AgreementAntioxidant Required(12)CorrosionInhibitor OptionMetalDeactivator AgreementStaticDissipator Option

NOTES(1)Productshouldbeclear,brightandvisuallyfreefromsolidmatterandundissolvedwater(4)IntheeventofaconflictbetweenSulphurMercaptanandDoctorTestresults,Sulphur

atambienttemperature. Mercaptanshallprevail.(2) (5)

shouldnotbegreaterthanfollows:8iftheinitialSayboltcolouratpointofmanufacturewas_+255iftheinitialSayboltcolouratpointofmanufacturewas″25and≥153iftheinitialSayboltcolouratpointofmanufacturewas_15.

(3) (10)Forfuelusedincivilaviationthemaxlimitis0.85mm.(11)Ifitisnotrequiredtoinjectstaticdissipatoradditivethenthesetestlimitsarenot

applicable.Aminimumlimitof150pS/mappliestofuelleavingtherefinery.(12)Antioxidantonlyrequiredinhydroprocessedfuelat17.0-24.0mg/L.

8

(3)Incaseofdispute,theheatofcombustionshallbedeterminedbyGOST21261-91.

GradeDesignation: TS-1PremiumKeroseneTS-1RegularKeroseneT-1RegularKeroseneGOST

Table13

Russia

IssuingAgency: StateStandardCommitteeSpecification: GOST10227-86LatestRevisionDate: Aug-11 TestMethod

COMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1) C&B(1) C&B(1)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/100cm3) Max.0.7 0.7 0.7 5985-79Aromatics(wt%) Max.22 22 20 6994-74IodineNumber(g/100g) Max.2.5 3.5 2 2070-82Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.0.20 0.25 0.10 19121-73Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max.0.003 0.005 --- 17323-71HydrogenSulphite(wt%) Nil Nil Nil 17323-71VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: 2177-82

InitialBP(°C) 150 150 15010%Recovery(°C) Max.165 165 17550%Recovery(°C) Max.195 195 22590%Recovery(°C) Max.230 230 27098%Recovery(ºC) Max.250 250 280

FlashPoint(°C) Min. 28 28 30 6356-75Density@20°C(kg/m3) Min. 780 775 800 3900-85FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max.-60(2) -60(2) -60(2) 5066-91Viscosity@20°C(cSt) Min. 1.30 1.25 1.50 33-82Viscosity@-40ºC(cSt) Max.8 8 16 33-82COMBUSTIONNetHeatofComb.(kJ/kg) Min. 43,120 42,900 42,900 11065-90(3)SmokePoint(mm) Min. 25 25 20 4338-91CORROSIONCopperStrip(3h@100°C) Max.Pass Pass Pass 6321-92THERMALSTABILITYStaticThermalTest@150ºCDeposit(mg/100cm3) Max.18 18 35 11802-88CONTAMINANTSAshContent(%) Max.0.003 0.003 0.003 1461-75WaterSolubleAcids&Alkalis Nil Nil Nil(4) 6307-75SumofWater-SolubleAlkalines --- --- Nil (5)NaphthenicAcidSoaps Nil Nil Nil 21103-75ExistentGum(mg/100cm3) Max.3 5 6 1567-83or8489-85WaterReactionInterface Max.1 1 --- 27154-86WaterReactionSeparation Max.1 1 --- 27154-86OTHERConductivity(pS/m) 50-600(6)(7) 50-600(6)(7)ADDITIVES (8) (8) (8)

NOTES(1)Fueltobeclearandfreefromsuspendedandsettledsolidmatterwhenviewedinglass(4)Water-solubleacidstobedeterminedbyanindicatormethodforT-1fuel.

cylinderof45-55mmdiameter. (5)Sumofwater-solublealkalinecompoundstobedeterminedaccordingtoaprocedure(2)Temperatureforstartofcrystallisation.TS-1fuelswithfreezingpointnotabove-50°C describedinthespecification.

intendedforuseinallclimaticzonesexceptzone11(GOST16350-80).Inzone11TS-1 (6)Minimumconductivitylimitattemperatureoffuelling,maximumlimitat20°C.fuelwithfreezingpointabove-50°Cmaybeusedwhengroundtemperatureisbelow-(7)ConductivityislimitedonlyforfuelscontainingSigbolantistaticadditive.30°Cfor24hoursbeforetake-off.TS-1fuelwithfreezingpointnotabove-60°Cintended(8)Additiveswhichhavebeenqualifiedinaccordancewithestablishedproceduresmaybeforuseinzone11shallbeproducedasrequiredbytheconsumers. usedtoimproveperformancecharacteristicsoffuels.

9

Temperatureforstartofcrystallisation.T-2andRTfuelswithfreezingpointnotabove(5)ForRTfuel,100dm3ofsampletobetakenincontainersmadeofgalvanisediron,

RTfuelwithfreezingpointabove-50°Cmaybeusedwhengroundtemperatureisbelow(6)Sumofwater-solublealkalinecompoundstobedeterminedaccordingtoaprocedure

(7)Minimumconductivitylimitattemperatureoffuelling,maximumlimitat20°C.

(3)Incaseofdispute,theheatofcombustionshallbedeterminedbyGOST21261-91.(8)ConductivityislimitedonlyforfuelscontainingSigbolantistaticadditive.

GradeDesignation: T-1SSpecialKeroseneT-2Wide-CutKeroseneRTPremiumKeroseneGOST

Table14

Russia

IssuingAgency: StateStandardCommitteeSpecification: GOST10227-86LatestRevisionDate: Aug-11 TestMethod

COMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1) C&B(1) C&B(1)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/100cm3) Max. 0.7 0.7 0.2-0.7 5985-79Aromatics(wt%) Max. 20 22 22 6994-74IodineNumber(g/100g) Max. 2 3.5 0.5 2070-82Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max. 0.10 0.25 0.10 19121-73Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max. 0.001 0.005 0.001 17323-71HydrogenSulphite(wt%) Nil Nil Nil 17323-71VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: 2177-82

InitialBP(°C) Min. --- 60 135Max. 150 --- 155

10%Recovery(°C) Max. 175 145 17550%Recovery(°C) Max. 225 195 22590%Recovery(°C) Max. 270 250 27098%Recovery(ºC) Max. 280 280 280

FlashPoint(°C) Min. 30 --- 28 6356-75Density@20°C(kg/m3) Min. 810 775 775 3900-85VapourPressure(mmHg) Max. --- 100 --- 1756-52FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max. -60(2) -60(2) -55(2) 5066-91Viscosity@20°C(cSt) Min. 1.50 1.05 1.25 33-82Viscosity@-40ºC(cSt) Max. 16 6 16 33-82COMBUSTIONNetHeatofComb.(kJ/kg) Min. 42,900 43,100 43,120 11065-90(3)SmokePoint(mm) Min. 20 25 25 4338-91Naphthalenes(wt%) Max. --- --- 1.5 17749-72LuminometerNo. Min. --- --- 50 17750-72CORROSIONCopperStrip(3h@100°C) Max. Pass Pass Pass 6321-92(4)THERMALSTABILITYStaticOxidationTest@150ºC 11802-88

Deposit(mg/100cm3) Max. 6 18 6SolubleGum(mg/100cm3) Max. --- --- 30InsolubleGum(mg/100cm3) Max. --- --- 3

DynamicTest@150-180ºC,5h 17751-79(5)Filter∆P(kPa) Max. --- --- 10HeaterDeposit,Number Max. --- --- 2

CONTAMINANTSAshContent(%) Max. 0.003 0.003 0.003 1461-75WaterSolubleAcids&Alkalis Nil Nil Nil 6307-75SumofWater-SolubleAlkalis Nil Nil --- (6)NaphthenicAcidSoaps Nil Nil --- 21103-75ExistentGum(mg/100cm3) Max. 6 5 4 1567-83or8489-85WaterReactionInterface Max. --- --- 1 27154-86WaterReactionSeparation Max. --- --- 1 27154-86OTHERConductivity(pS/m) --- 50-600(7)(8) 50-600(7)(8) 25950-83ADDITIVES (9) (9) (9)

NOTES(1)Fueltobeclearandfreefromsuspendedandsettledsolidmatterwhenviewedinglass(4)ColourchangeandseparatespotsofthesamecolouronaplatepermittedforRTfuel

cylinderof45-55mmdiameter. withadditives.(2)

-50°Cintendedforuseinallclimaticzonesexceptzone11(GOST16350-80).Inzone11 aluminiumorstainlesssteel.-30°Cfor24hoursbeforetake-off.RTfuelwithfreezingpointnotabove-55°Cintended describedinthespecification.foruseinzone11shallbeproducedasrequiredbytheconsumers.

(9)Additiveswhichhavebeenqualifiedinaccordancewithestablishedproceduresmaybeusedtoimproveperformancecharacteristicsoffuels.

20

205.0

10

(4)WhentestingbymethodD56,aminimumFlashPointof40ºCapplies.

(5)Lowerfreezingpointmaybeagreedbetweencustomer&producer.

(6)WhendeterminingtheNetHeatofCombustionbyASTMD4529,useequation1orTable

0.10 D3242,IP35425.0 D1319,IP156,GOSTR520630.25 D1266,D1552,D2622,D4294,D5453,IP107,IP243,IP

Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max.0.0030(3) D3227,IP342,GOSTR52030

300.01.51.538.0 D56(4),D3828,IP170

-47.0(5) D2386,D5972,D7153,IP16,IP435,IP5298 D445,IP71

NetHeatofCombustion(MJ/kg) Min.42.80(6) D3338,D4529,D4809,IP12,IP355

ORSmokePoint(mm) Min.19 D1322,IP57

CopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.No.1 D130,IP154

JFTOT∆P@260ºC(mmHg) Max.25 D3241,IP123

ExistentGum(mg/100cm3) Max.7(8) D381,IP131

FuelwithoutSDA Min.85

Particulates(mg/dm3) Max.1.0(2) D5452,IP423

0.85(9) D5001

Table15

Russia

IssuingAgency: FederalAgencyonTechnicalRegulation&MetrologySpecification: GOSTR52050-2006LatestRevisionDate: 1-Jan-12 TestMethodsGradeDesignation: JetA-1Kerosene ASTM/IP/GOSTCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1) VisualColour,Saybolt Report(2) D156,D6045Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.Aromatics(vol%) Max.Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.

336,IP373,IP447,GOSTR51947,GOSTR51859ORDoctorTest Negative(3) D4952,IP30VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86,IP123

10%Recovery(°C) Max.50%Recovery(°C) Report90%Recovery(°C) ReportFinalBP(°C) Max.

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.FlashPoint(°C) Min.Density@15°C(kg/m3) 775.0-840.0 D1298,D4052,IP160,IP365,GOSTR51069FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max.Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max.COMBUSTIONSmokePoint(mm) Min.25 D1322,IP57

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%) Max.3 D1840CORROSIONTHERMALSTABILITY

TubeRating(Visual) Max.<3(7)CONTAMINANTSWaterReactionInterfaceRating Max.1b D1094MSEPRating D3948

FuelwithSDA Min.70

OTHERConductivity(pS/m) 50-600 D2624,IP274,GOST25950

WithoutSDA Max.BOCLEWearScarDiameter(mm) Max.ADDITIVESAntioxidant Optional(24mg/Lmax)StaticDissipator Optional(10)LubricityImprover Optional(11)

NOTES(1)Fuelshouldbeclear,brightandvisuallyfreefromsolidmatter&undissolvedwaterat(7)Nopeacockorabnormalcolourdepositsallowed.

ambientairtemperature. (8)Aircanbeusedinsteadofsteamasthevaporisingagent.(2)Appliesatpointofmanufacture. (9)Appliesatpointofmanufactureiffuelcontains>95%hydroprocessedmaterialofwhich(3)IntheeventofaconflictbetweenSulphurMercaptanandDoctorTestresults,Sulphur >20%hasbeenseverelyhydroprocessed.

Mercaptanshallprevail. (10)Maximuminitialdopingis3mg/L.Uponredopingthefuel,themaximumallowedcumulativeconcentrationis5mg/L.

(11)Hitec580maybeinjectedat15-23mg/L.1,andwhenusingD3338,useequation2.

2

Themaxlimitisincreasedto25.0vol%ifthehydrogencontentbymethodINTA1505

(7)Nopeacockorabnormalcolourdepositsallowed.Incasesofdisputethetuberatingshall

(3)TheMercaptanSulphurTestcanbeomittedifthe‘DoctorTest’givesanegativeor‘sweet’

(8)Limitappliestofuelthatdoesnotcontainadditives(exceptforantioxidant).Forfuel

(4)TheconditionsforthistestaregiveninGroup4ofTable1ofthetestmethod.TheResultsobtainedbymethodINTA150232Bhavealimitof40ºCmin. Mustbeaddedtohydroprocessedfuelat17.0-24.0mg/L.Maybeaddedtonon-

Table16

Spain

IssuingAgency: InstitutoNacionaldeTecnicaAerospacialSpecification: NormaINTA151317NLatestRevisionDate: Nov-11 TestMethodGradeDesignation: JetA-1Kerosene INTACOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max. 0.015 150452Aromatics(vol%) Max. 22.0(1) 150427BOlefins(vol%) Max. 5.0 150427BSulphur,Total(wt%) Max. 0.30 150436B,150621ASulphur,Mercaptan(wt%)(3) Max. 0.0020 150445CORDoctorTest Negative 150443BVOLATILITYDistillationTemperature:(4) 150227E

InitialBP(°C) Report10%Recovery(°C) Max. 20550%Recovery(°C) Report90%Recovery(°C) ReportFinalBP(°C) Max. 300

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max. 1.5DistillationLoss(vol%) Max. 1.5FlashPoint(°C) Min. 38 150233C,150232B(5),150217BDensity@15°C(kg/m3) 775-840 150213AFLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max. -47 150264AViscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max. 8 150216BCOMBUSTIONNetHeatofCombustion(MJ/kg)(6) Min. 42.8 150153,150152,150229CLuminometerNumber Min. 45 150615ORSmokePoint(mm) Min. 25 150614BORSmokePoint(mm) Min. 19 150614B

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%) Max. 3.0 150555CORROSIONCopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max. 1b 150442CSilverStrip(4h@50°C) Max. 1 150421BTHERMALSTABILITYJFTOT∆P@260ºC(mmHg) Max. 25 150623ATubeDepositRating(Tuberator) Max. <3(7)ORTubeDepositRating(EvaluatorMark8A)Max. 15(7)CONTAMINANTSExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max. 7 150435CWaterReaction

InterfaceRating Max. 1b 150247ESeparationRating Max. 2

MSEPRating Min. 85(8) 150257B,150625OTHERConductivity(pS/m) 50-450 150299BADDITIVESAntioxidant Option(9)MetalDeactivator OptionCorrosionInhibitor OptionStaticDissipator RequiredAnti-Icing Option

NOTES(1)Fuelshallbeclear,brightandfreefromsuspendedmaterialandundissolvedwaterat(6)TheNetHeatofCombustionTestcanbeomittedifthedensityofthefuel,expressedin

21ºCorattheambienttemperature(ifitismorethan21ºC). API(INTA150443B),atitsanilinepointexpressedindegreesF(INTA150248B),is(2) equalorsuperiorto4,800.

66orINTA150274ismeasured.bedeterminedusingthe“Tuberator”.

result.containingstaticdissipatoradditive,icinginhibitororcorrosioninhibitor,aminimumMSEP

temperatureofthecondensermustbebetween0-4°C.Thethermometerreadingsmust ratingof70applies.Whenstaticdissipatoradditiveandcorrosioninhibitorarepresentbecorrectedto760mmHg. thereisnolimit.

(5) (9)hydroprocessedfuelupto24.0mg/L

22

Table17

Sweden

IssuingAgency: SwedishDefenceMaterielAdministrationSpecification: FSD8607ELatestRevisionDate: 10-Feb-12GradeDesignation: Flygfotogen75Kerosene TestMethodCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1) VisualColour Report ASTMD156Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.0.015 ASTMD3242Aromatics(vol%) Max.25 ASTMD1319,IP391Olefins(vol%) Max.5 ASTMD1319,D1159Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max. 0.10 ASTMD129,D1266,D2622,IP243SulphurMercaptan,DoctorTest Negative ASTMD4952VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: SIS155146(ISO3405),ASTMD86

InitialBP(°C) Report10%Recovery(°C) Max.20520%Recovery(°C) Report50%Recovery(°C) Report90%Recovery(°C) ReportFinalBP(°C) Max.300

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.1.5DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.1.5FlashPoint(°C) Min. 38 ASTMD93,D3828Density@15°C(kg/m3) 775-840 ASTMD287,D4052FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max.-50 ASTM2386Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max. 8 SS023510(ISO3104),ASTMD445COMBUSTIONNetHeatofComb.(MJ/kg) Min. 42.8 SIS155155(ISO3648),ASTMD3338SmokePoint(mm) Min. 19 ASTMD1322

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%) Max.3.0 ASTMD1840HydrogenContent(wt%) Min. 13.4 ASTMD3343CORROSIONCopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.1b SS-ISO2160,ASTMD130SilverStrip(4h@50°C) Max.1 IP227THERMALSTABILITYJFTOT∆P@260ºC(mmHg) Max.25 ASTMD3241TubeDepositRating(Visual) Max.2(2)CONTAMINANTSExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max.7 ASTMD381Particulates(mg/l) Max.1 MIL-T-83133,AppAFiltrationTime(min) Max.15 MIL-T-83133,AppAWaterReactionInterface Max.1b ASTMD1094MSEPRating Min. 70(3) ASTMD3948OTHERConductivity(pS/m) 200-600 ASTMD2624ADDITIVESAntioxidant Required(4) IP343CorrosionInhibitor Required(5)StaticDissipator Required(6)

NOTES(1)Clear,brightandfreeofundissolvedwater. (4)AntioxidantinaccordancewithMIL-T-83133requiredat17-24mg/L.(2)Noabnormalorpeacockcolourdepositsallowed. (5)Corrosioninhibitor/lubricityimproverHitec580requiredat15-22.5mg/L.(3)Limitisvalidforfuelcontainingalladditives,exceptstaticdissipateradditive.(6)StaticdissipateradditiveinaccordancewithMIL-T-83133required.

23

GradeDesignation: AVCAT/FSIIHighAVTAG/FSIIWide-AVTURJetA-1

0.015 0.015 0.015 D3242,IP35425.0 25.0 25.0 D1319,IP15626.5 26.5 26.5 D6379,IP4360.20 0.30 0.30 IP107,IP243,IP336,IP373,IP447,D1266

Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max.0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 D3227,IP342

205.0 Report 205.0--- 100.0 ---Report 125.0 Report

FinalBP(ºC) Max.300.0 270.0 300.0

FlashPoint(°C) Min.61.0 --- 38.0(10) D56,D93,IP34,IP170,IP523(11)

-46.0 -58.0 -47.0 D2386,D5972,D7153,IP16,IP435,IP528,

Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max.8.800 --- 8.000 D445,IP71

42.60 42.80 42.80 D3338,D4809,IP12,IP355(14)25.0 25.0 25.0 D1322,IP5719.0 19.0 19.0 D1322,IP573.00 3.00 3.00 D1840

CopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.1 1 1 D130,IP154

JFTOT∆P@260ºC(mmHg) Max.25 25 25 D3241,IP323(15)

Particulates(mg/l) Max.1.0(17) 1.0(17) 1.0(17) D5452,IP423

WithoutSDA Min.85(19) 85(19) 85 D3948

--- --- 0.85(21) D5001

Table18

UnitedKingdom

IssuingAgency: MinistryofDefence(DefenceProcurementAgency)Specification: DefStan91-86/5-2DefStan91-88/3-2Def-Stan91-91/5-2LatestRevisionDate: 22June2010 22June2011 9March2012

FlashKeroseneCutKeroseneKerosene TestMethodNATOCodeNo. F-44 F-40 F-35(1) ASTM/IPCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(2) C&B(2) C&B(2) VisualorD4176(procedure1)Colour,Saybolt Report(3) Report(3) Report(3) D156,D6045(91/88)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.Aromatics(vol%) Max.ORTotalAromatics(vol%)(4) Max.Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.

(5),D1552,D2622,D4294,D5453ORDoctorTest(6) Negative Negative Negative D4952,IP30HydroprocessedComponents(vol%) Report Report ReportSeverelyHydroprocessedComp.(vol%)Report(7) Report(7) Report(7)VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86(8),IP123(8),IP406(9)

InitialBP(°C) Report Report Report10%Recovery(°C) Max.20%Recovery(ºC) Min.50%Recovery(°C) Min.90%Recovery(°C) Report Report Report

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.1.5 1.5 1.5DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.1.5 1.5 1.5Density@15°C(kg/m3) 788.0-845.0 751.0-802.0 775.0-840.0 D1298,D4052,IP365,IP160VapourPressure@37.8ºC(kPa) --- 14.0-21.0 --- D323,D5190,D5191,IP69,IP394(12)FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max.

IP529(13)COMBUSTIONNetHeatofComb.(MJ/kg) Min.SmokePoint(mm) Min.ORSmokePoint(mm) Min.

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%) Max.CORROSION

THERMALSTABILITY

TubeDepositRating(Visual) Max.<3(16) <3(16) <3(16)CONTAMINANTSExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max.7 7 7 IP540MSEPRating(18)

WithSDA Min.--- 70 70OTHERConductivity(pS/m) --- 50-600(20) 50-600(20) D2624,IP274BOCLEWearScarDiameter(mm) Max.ADDITIVESAnti-icing(vol%) 0.12-0.15 0.10-0.15 Agreement(22)D5006,IP424Antioxidant Option(23) Option(23) Option(23)CorrosionInhibitor Required(24) Required(24) Option(24)MetalDeactivator Option(25) Option(25) Option(25)StaticDissipator --- Required(26) Required(26)LeakDetectionAdditive --- --- Option(27)

24

Fuelshouldbeclear,brightandvisuallyfreefromsolidmatterandundissolvedwaterat

(3)TherequirementtoreportSayboltColourshallapplyatpointofmanufacture,thus

Roundrobintestinghasdemonstratedthecorrelationbetweentotalaromaticscontent

D1266isnotlistedasanalternativemethodinDefStan91-88/3-2.IntheeventofaconflictbetweentheSulphurMercaptanandtheDoctorTestresults,the

(7)Severelyhydroprocessedcomponentsaredefinedaspetroleumderivedhydrocarbons

InmethodsIP123andD86allfuelscertifiedtothisspecificationshallbeclassedas

(9)IP406isnotlistedasanalternativemethodinDefStan91-88/3-2.ThecalculationofIP DefStan91-91/5-2only:subjecttoaminimumof40°C,resultsobtainedbyTagmethod

D56andIP170arenotquotedasalternativemethodsinDefStan91-86/5-2.D93and

(12)ForIP394resultsshallbereportedasDryVapourPressureEquivalent.

(13)D7153isnotquotedasanalternativemethodinDefStan91-86/5-2.D7153,IP528and

(14)IP355isnotquotedasanalternativemethodinDefStan91-88/3-2.WhereaThermalStabilityisacriticalaviationfueltestandwhilecompetetionamongequipment

Table18

UnitedKingdom

NOTES(1)F-35fuelplusspecifiedadditivesisdenotedasF-34.RefertoDefStan91-87(16)ExaminationoftheheatertubetodeterminethevisualtuberatingusingtheVisual

specificationfordetailsofF-34. Tuberatorshallbecarriedoutwithin120minutesofcompletionofthetest.No‘peacock’(2) or‘abnormal’colourdepositsshouldbepresent.

ambienttemperature. (17)Appliesonlyatpointofmanufacture.RefertotheinformationonParticulateContaminationinrelevantAnnexofspecification.

enablingacolourchangeindistributiontobequantified.Wherethecolourofthefuel(18)Specificationappliesatpointofmanufacture.NoprecisiondataareavailableforfuelsprecludestheuseoftheSayboltColourtestmethod,thenthevisualcolourshallbe containingSDA,ifMSEPtestingiscarriedoutduringdownstreamdistributionnoreported.Unusualoratypicalcoloursshouldalsobenoted. specificationlimitsapplyandtheresultsarenottobeusedasthesolereasonforthe

(4) rejectionofafuel.measuredbyIP156/D1319andIP436/D6379.Biasbetweenthetwomethods (19)SpecificationappliesatpointofmanufacturebeforeadditionofLubricityImproverAdditivenecessitatesdifferentequivalencelimitsasshown.Testinglaboratoriesareencouraged (andIcingInhibitorAdditiveinthecaseofDefStan91-88/3-2).tomeasureandreporttotalaromaticscontentbythetwomethodstoassistverificationof(20)Theconductivitylimitsaremandatoryforproducttomeetthisspecification.Howeveritisthecorrelation.IncasesofdisputeIP156willbetherefereemethod.Itistheintentionof acknowledgedthatinsomemanufacturinganddistributionsystemsitismorepracticaltheTechnicalAuthoritytochangetherefereemethodtoIP436atalaterdate. toinjectSDAfurtherdownstream.InsuchcasestheCertificateofQualityforthebatch

(5) shouldbeannotatedthus:“ProductmeetsrequirementsofDefenceStandard91-91(or(6) 91-88)exceptforelectricalconductivity”.Duetothehighflowratesandveryfinefiltration

SulphurMercaptanrequirementshallprevail. usedwhenfuellingaircraft,itisabsolutelyessentialthattheseconductivitylimitsaremetatthepointofdeliveryintoaircraft.

thathavebeensubjectedtoahydrogenpartialpressureofgreaterthan7000kPa(70bar(21)Appliesatpointofmanufactureonlytofuelscontainingmorethan95%hydroprocessedor1015psi)duringmanufacture. materialandwhereatleast20%ofthisisseverelyhydroprocessed(seeNote7)andfor

(8) allfuelscontainingsyntheticcomponents.group4,withacondensertemperatureofzeroto4°C. (22)TomakeF-34accordingtoDefStan91-87,IcingInhibitoradditivemustbeaddedtoF-

35ataconcentrationof0.10-0.15vol%.CorrosionInhibitor/LubricityImproveradditive123estimateddistillationdatagiveninAnnexGofIP406mustbeusedtoextrapolate mustalsobeadded(seenote24).resultstoIP123.TherequirementtoreportlossandresidueiswaivedifIP406isused.(23)Requiredforafuel(orcomponent)whichhasbeenhydroprocessed.IP123estimateddatamayalsobeusedforthecalculationofSpecificEnergy. Hydroprocessedcomponentsshallbetreatedat17.0-24.0mg/Lwhilenon-

(10) hydroprocessedcomponentsmaybetreatedatupto24.0mg/L.ASTMD56maybeacceptedatthediscretionoftheresponsibletechnicalandsupervising(24)AdditiveoftypeandconcentrationdetailedinQPL68-251.ForF-35,corrosioninhibitorauthority. maybeadded.InciviluseadditivesotherthanthosedetailedinQPL68-251maybe

(11) usedprovidedthattheyhavebeenadequatelyapprovedinaccordancewiththecertifyingIP34arenotquotedasalternativemethodsinDefStan91-91/5-2. authoritiesandtheappropriateaircraftandenginemanufacturer.

(25)Ametaldeactivatoradditive(asdetailedinthecorrespondingDefStan)maybeaddedtofueltocounteracttheeffectsofmetalsknowntobedeleterioustothermalstability,such

IP529arenotquotedasalternativemethodsinDefStan91-88/3-2. asCopper,Cadmium,Iron,CobaltandZinc,providedthatthenatureofthecontaminationisreported.Wheremetalliccontaminationisunproven,anMDAmaybeusedtorecover

measurementofSpecificEnergyisdeemednecessary,themethodtobeusedshallbe thermalstabilityprovidedthattheJFTOTtestisdeterminedbeforeandafterMDAadditionagreedbetweenthePurchaser&Supplier. andreportedonthetestcertificate.Themaximuminitialdopingis2.0mg/Landthe

(15) cumulativeadditionwhenre-dopingmustnotexceed5.7mg/L.manufacturers/suppliersistobeencouraged,aircraftsafetymustremainparamount.It(26)ConcentrationofSDAonfirstdopingoffuelis3.0mg/Lmax.CumulativeconcentrationisknownthatthereareJFTOTtubesbeingsuppliedbysourcesotherthantheoriginal allowedwhenre-dopingfuelis5.0mg/Lmax.equipmentmanufacturer(OEM).Untilthealternativemanufacturers’tubeshavebeen(27)Aleakdetectionadditive(asdetailedinDefStan91-91)maybeaddedtothefueldemonstratedtobeequivalenttotheOEM’stestpieces,tothesatisfactionoftheAFC, toassistindetectingandlocatingleaksingroundbasedfuelstorage,deliveryandtheyshallnotbeused.AlistofmanufacturerswhoseJFTOTtubeshavebeenfoundtobe dispensingsystems.Theconcentrationshallnotexceed1.0mg/kg.technicallysuitableisasfollows:a)PAC-Alcor.

ParticleCountingtestmethodsarebeingdevelopedbytheEnergyInstituteanditistheSpecificationAuthority’sintenttoincorporateaparticlecountingrequirementintotheforthcomingIssue6ofDefStan91-91inearly2008.InitiallythiswillbeareportonlyrequirementatpointofmanufactureinordertogathersufficientfielddatatoassistinsettingaspecificationlimitinfutureissuesofDefStan91-91.ItisalsolikelythattheparticlecountingrequirementwillbeextendedtolocationsdownstreamofthepointofmanufactureinfutureissuesofDefStan91-91.

25

(7)OtherFreezingPointsmaybeagreedbetweenpurchaser&supplier.

(8)WithmethodD4305,useprocedureAonly.Thismethodshallnotbeusedonsamples

(9)D5972mayproduceahigherresultthanD2386onwide-cutfuels.

Table19

USA

IssuingAgency: ASTMInternationalSpecification: D1655-07 D6615-06LatestRevisionDate: 1July2010 1May2011 TestMethodGradeDesignation: JetA/A-1Kerosene(1)JetBWide-CutKeroseneASTMCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(2) C&B(2)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.0.10 --- D3242Aromatics(vol%) Max.25 25 D1319ORAromaticsbyHPLC Max.26.5 26.5 D6379Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.0.30 0.30 D1266,D2622,D4294,D5453Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max.0.003 0.003 D3227ORDoctorTest(3) Negative Negative D4952VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86,D2887(4)

10%Recovery(°C) Max.205(185) ---20%Recovery(ºC) ---(---) 90-14550%Recovery(°C) Report(Report) 110-19090%Recovery(°C) Max.Report(Report) 245FinalBP(°C) Max.300(340) ---

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.1.5 1.5DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.1.5 1.5FlashPoint(°C) Min.38(5) --- D56,D3828(6)Density@15°C(kg/m3) 775-840 751-802 D1298,D4052VapourPressure@38ºC(kPa) --- 14-21 D323,D5191FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(°C) Max.-40JetA(7) -50(7) D2386,D4305(JetB)(8),D5901(JetB),D5972(9),D7153

-47JetA-1(7) (JetA/A-1),D7154(JetA/A-1)(10)Viscosity@-20°C(cSt) Max.8.0 --- D445COMBUSTIONNetHeatofCombustion(MJ/kg)Min.42.8 42.8 D3338,D4529,D4809(11)SmokePoint(mm) Min.25 25 D1322ORSmokePoint(mm) Min.18 18 D1322

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%)Max.3.0 3.0 D1840CORROSIONCopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.No.1 No.1 D130THERMALSTABILITYJFTOT∆P@260°C(mmHg)Max.25 25(12) D3241TubeDepositRating(Visual)Max.<3(13) <3(13)CONTAMINANTSExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max.7 7 D381(14),IP540(JetA/A-1)MSEPRating(15) D3948

WithoutSDA Min.85 85WithSDA Min.70 70

OTHERConductivity(pS/m) 50-600(16) 50-450(16) D2624ADDITIVESAnti-icing(vol%) Agreement(17) Agreement(17) D5006Antioxidant Option OptionCorrosionInhibitor Agreement AgreementLeakDetector Option OptionMetalDeactivator Option OptionStaticDissipator Option(18) Option(18)

NOTES(1)JetA-1andJetAareidenticalinallpropertiesexceptFreezingPoint. (11)UseeitherEquation1orTable1inD4529orEquation2inD3338.(2)Fuelshallbevisuallyfreeofundissolvedwater,sedimentandsuspendedmatter. (12)Testatcontroltemperatureof260°C,butifrequirementsarenotmet,thetestmaybe(3)Themercaptansulphurdeterminationmaybewaivedifthefuelisconsideredsweetby conductedat245°C.Inthiscasereportresultsatbothtemperatures.

thedoctortest. (13)Noabnormalorpeacockcolourdepositsallowed.(4)InD1655simulateddistillationbyD2887canbeusedasanalternativetoD86(testlimits(14)D381usingthesteamjetistherefereemethodforJetA/A-1

forD2887quotedinparentheses). (15)Limitsapplyonlyatpointofmanufacture.(5)Ahigherspecificationcanbeagreedbetweenpurchaser&supplier. (16)IfSDAisused,theconductivityshallbe<600pS/mforJetA/A-1or<450pS/mforJetB(6)ResultsobtainedbymethodD3828maybemaybeupto2°Clowerthanthoseobtained atpointofuseofthefuel.WhenSDAisspecifiedbythepurchaser,conductivityshallbe

bymethodD56. 50-600pS/mforJetA/A-1or50-450pS/mforJetBundertheconditionsatpointofdelivery.

(17)DiEGMEadditiveconformingtorequirementsofD4171,TypeIII,maybeusedat0.10withviscositiesgreaterthan5.0cStat-20°C. -0.15vol%concentration.

(18)TheinitialdopingofStadis450additiveislimitedto3mg/Lmax.Thecumulativelimit(10)D2386istherefereemethodforJetB;D5972&D7153arerefereemethodsforJet afterre-dopingis5mg/Lmax.

A/A-1.

26

0.1 --- 0.1 D324225 25 25 D13190.30 0.40 0.40 D1266,D1552,D2622,D4294,D5453,0.003 0.005 0.003 D3227(3)

205 Report 205--- 90-145 ReportReport 110-190 ReportReport 245 Report300 --- 300

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.1.5 1.5 1.5

38 --- 60 D56,D3828

VapourPressure@38ºC(kPa) --- 21 --- D323,D5191

(1) -50 -46 D2386,D59728.0 --- 8.5 D445

NetHeatofComb.(MJ/kg) Min.42.8 42.8 42.6 D3338,D4529,D4809

ORSmokePoint(mm) Min.18 18 18 D1322

CopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.1 1 1 D130

JFTOT∆P@260ºC(mmHg)Max.25(4) 25(4) 25(4) D3241

ExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max.7 7 7 D381

Anti-icing(vol%) Max.0.15 --- 0.20

LeakDetection(mg/kg) 1.0 1.0 ---

Fuelshallcontainnovisiblefreewater,sedimentorsuspendedmatter.Themercaptansulfurdeterminationmaybewaivedifthefuelisconsidered‘sweet’by (7)Useofadditivesisoptional,butwhenused,mustbedeclaredbythesupplier.TableIIin

(4)ASTMD3241test(JFTOT)shallbeconductedfor2.5hoursatacontroltemperatureof(8)RefertoTableIIinthespecificationforspecificadditiveconcentrations.

Table20

EngineManufacturer’sRequirements

IssuingAgency: GeneralElectricSpecification: D50TF2-S15LatestRevisionDate: 9-Feb-12 TestMethodGradeDesignation: ClassA/CKerosene(1)ClassBWide-CutClassDHighFlashASTM

Kerosene KeroseneCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(2) C&B(2) C&B(2)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.Aromatics(vol%) Max.Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max.ORDoctorTest Negative Negative Negative D4952VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86

10%Recovery(°C) Max.20%Recovery(°C) Max.50%Recovery(°C) Max.90%Recovery(°C) Max.FinalBP(ºC) Max.

DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.1.5 1.5 1.5FlashPoint(°C) Min.Density@15.6°C(kg/m3) 775-840 751-802 788-845 D1298,D4052

Max.FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(ºC) Max.Viscosity@-20ºC(cSt) Max.COMBUSTIONSmokePoint(mm) Min.25 25 25 D1322

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%)Max.3.0 3.0 3.0 D1840CORROSIONTHERMALSTABILITY

TubeDepositRating(Visual)Max.<3(5) <3(5) <3(5)CONTAMINANTS(6)WaterReactionInterface Max.1b 1b 1b D1094ADDITIVES(7)Antioxidant Max.24.0 24.0 24.0CorrosionInhibitor (8) (8) (8)MetalDeactivator 5.7 5.7 5.7StaticDissipator (9) (9) (9)Biocide (8) (8) (8)ThermalStabilityImprover (8) (8) (8)

Max.

NOTES(1)ClassAandClassCrequirementsareequivalentexceptforfreezingpoint.ClassAfuel (6)ASTMD3948isapplicableatpointofmanufacture.TheMicroseparometerrating(without

hasafreezingpointof-40°CwhileClassCfuelhasafreezingpointof-47°C. electricalconductivityadditive)musthaveaminimumvalueof85.TheMicroseparometer(2) rating(withelectricalconductivityadditive)musthaveaminimumvalueof70.(3)

theDoctortest. thespecificationcontainsalistofapprovedadditives.260°C. (9)Stadis450,maximumconcentrationatinitialdopingis3.0ppmandcumulative5.0ppm

(5)Tubedepositsshallalwaysbereportedbythevisualmethod.Ifthedepositincludes uponredoping.peacock(rainbow)colours,ratetheseascode‘P’.Fuelsthatproducepeacockcoloursfailtomeetthethermalstabilityrequirements.

27

0.10 --- --- D324225 25 20 D13190.30 0.4 1.0 D1266,D1552,D2622,D4294,D54530.005 0.005 0.005 D3227

205 205 ---232 232 ReportReport --- 315.6300 300 338.01.5 1.5 ---1.5 1.5 ---

3(2) 3 --- D323-40(3) -40 --- D2386,D5972(4)--- --- -40 D97--- --- -34.4 D2500

42.8 42.6 42.8 D240,D1405,D2382,D3338,D4529,

LuminometerNo. Min.--- 45 --- D1740

ORSmokePoint(mm) Min.18 20 --- D1322

CopperStrip(2h@100°C) Max.No.1 1b 1 D130

JFTOT∆P@260ºC(mmHg) Max.25 25.4(6) 25.4(6) D3241

CarbonResidue(10%btm),% Max.--- --- 0.2 D524

7 --- --- D381--- --- 0.01 D482--- 1b 1b D1094--- 1 1 D1094

CPW204doesnotquoteD5972asanalternativemethod.SB2016doesnotquoteD240,D1405&D2382asalternativemethods.Iftestat260°Cfails,repeatat245°C.Reportresultsofbothtests.

(7)DiEGMEconformingtoMil-DTL-85470at0.15vol.%max.;RussianAdditive“I”(EGME)at

SB2016:thefuelfreezingpointshallbenohigherthanthelimitshowninthetable.The(12)Maybeusedonanintermittentbasistosterilizeaircraftfuelsystemscontaminatedby

Table21

EngineManufacturer’sRequirements

IssuingAgency: Pratt&Whitney Pratt&WhitneyCanadaSpecification: SBNo.2016 CPW204 CPW46LatestRevisionDate: 23February201127July2010 27July2009

(Revision29) (RevisionB) (RevisionF) TestMethodGradeDesignation: Wide-CutKeroseneWide-CutKeroseneArcticKeroseneASTMCOMPOSITIONAppearance C&B(1) C&B(1) C&B(1)Acidity,Total(mgKOH/g) Max.Aromatics(vol%) Max.Sulphur,Total(wt%) Max.Sulphur,Mercaptan(wt%) Max.ORDoctorTest Negative Negative Negative D4952VOLATILITYDistillationTemperature: D86

10%Recovery(°C) Max.50%Recovery(°C) Max.90%Recovery(°C) Max.FinalBP(ºC) Max.

DistillationResidue(vol%) Max.DistillationLoss(vol%) Max.Gravity,API@15°C 37-57 37-57 37-57 D287,D1298,D4052ORDensity@15°C(kg/L) 0.775-0.840 0.75-0.84 0.75-0.84VapourPressure@38°C(psi) Max.FreezingPoint(°C) Max.PourPoint(°C) Max.CloudPoint(°C) Max.Viscosity(cSt) 8.5max@-20°C 16.5max@-34.4°C1.4min@37.8°CD445COMBUSTIONNetHeatofComb.(MJ/kg) Min.

D4809(5)ORSmokePoint(mm) Min.25 25 --- D1322

ANDNaphthalenes(vol%) Max.3 3 --- D1840CORROSIONTHERMALSTABILITY

TubeDepositRating(Visual) Max.<3 <3 <3PotentialGum(mg/100mL) Max.--- --- 14.0 D873CONTAMINANTSExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max.Ash(wt%) Max.WaterReaction,InterfaceRating Max.WaterReaction,Vol.Change(mL) Max.ADDITIVESAnti-icing(vol%) Option(7) Option OptionAntioxidant Option(8) Option OptionCorr.Inhibitor/LubricityImprover Option(9) Option OptionMetalDeactivator Option(10) Option OptionStaticDissipator Option(11) --- ---Biocide Option(12) --- ---ThermalStabilityImprover Option(13) Option OptionLeakDetection Option(14) --- ---

NOTES(1)Fuelshallbefreefromwater,sedimentandsuspendedmatter.Odourshallnotbe (8)Requiredinhydrotreatedfuels.Nottoexceed24mg/Linanyfuel.

nauseatingorirritating. (9)RefertoQPL25017foralistofapprovedadditives.(2)Wide-cutfuelscharacterizedbyaReidVapourPressureintherange2.0-3.0psi,at(10)Thereisonlyoneapprovedadditivechemistry-seeSB2016fordetails

38°CoraFlashPointlessthan28°C,arenotacceptableforuseinsomePratt&Whitney(11)OctelStadis450at3.0mg’kgmax.andRussianAdditive“Sigbol”at3.0mg/kgmax.engines(seeSB2016fordetails).TheseenginesrequireaReidVapourPressureof areapprovedtoincreaseelectricalconductivitytoarangeof150-600pS/matpointof<2.0psi,at38°C. injectionagreedbypurchaser&supplier.

(3)freezingpointshallbeatleast3°Cbelowtheminimumenginefuelinlettemperatureas microbialorganisms.ApprovedadditivesareBioborJFat270mg/kgmaxandKathonFPmeasuredbyD5972. 1.5at100mg/kgmax.

(4) (13)ApprovedadditivesarelistedinSBNo.2016.(5) (14)TracerAat1ppmmaxmaybeusedforpurposeofdetectingleaksinairportfuel(6) distributionsystemsonanoccasionalbasis.

0.15vol.%max.;RussianAdditive“I-M”(50/50blendof“I”withmethylalcohol)at0.15vol.%max.

28

AppendixA

FuelsandAdditives-AvailableinEasternEurope

ThecontentsofthisappendixweredevelopedwithguidanceandreviewkindlyprovidedbyPeterS.BrookofQinetiq’sFuelsandLubricantsCentre.AllinformationcontainedwithinthisappendixisbelievedtobecurrentasofAugust31,2011.FUELSANDADDITIVESAVAILABLEINEASTERNEUROPEManyofthenamesandgradesofjetfuelsandadditivesarecarriedoverfromthedaysoftheWarsawPactandRussiandomination.RussianfuelgradesGOSTStandard0227-86(seeTables3&4)listsfourgradesoffuel,TS-,T-,T-2andRT.EachhasacategoryofqualitywithTS-havingbothahigherandfirstcategory,ofwhichonlythefirstcategoryappearstobeinuse.AnupdateofTableofthisspecification,listingTS-,RTandtwoMilitaryfuels,T-8VandT-6,requiresanantioxidantandalubricityimproverinRT,T-8VandT-6.AnotheramendmentnotedisachangeintheCrystallizationPoint(similartoourfreezingpoint)inTS-andRTto-50°Cwith-60°Cand-55°Crespectivelybeingproducedbyuserdemand.

TS-(TC-)isproducedbystraightatmosphericdistillationfromahighsulphurcrude,50%beinghydrotreatedandblendedwiththeremaining50%straightrunproduct,whichmayhavemildcaustictreatment.Althoughthespecificationlacksadynamicthermalstabilitytest,samplestestedtoDefenceStandard9-9generallypasstheJFTOTat260°Candallotherrequirements(exceptflashpointwheretheminimumis28°C).TS-isthemostwidelyusedfuelinRussia.

RT(PT)canbeproducedfromstraightrunorhydrotreatedkeroseneandcertainadditivesareincludedtoimproveitsproperties.Thisfuelhasimprovedlubricityproperties(byuseofalubricityimprover)andawiderboilingrange.

T-8VandT-6toGOST2308-89aremilitarysupersonicfuels.T-8Visaheavier,higherflashpoint(45°C),lowvolatilitykerosinewhileT-6isaveryheavy,highflash(62°C),lowaromatic,hydrotreatedlowsulphurfuelwhichcannotbeusedinenginesdesignedforuseonordinarykerosene.

T-isastraightdistillationoflowsulphur,highnaphthalenecrude.Thisfuelisarelativelyhigh-densityfuelwithpoorthermalstabilityandhasnomercaptansulphurlimit.Itsproductionisnowverylimitedandmayevenbeobsolete.

T-2isawide-cutFuelverysimilartoJP-4,exceptforlowervapourpressurelimits.Westernwide-cutfuelscouldfailtosatisfythearomaticandsulphurlimitofT-2.AgainthisfuelmaynowbeobsoleteandisnotfoundatInternationalAirports.

ThenewRussianJetA-specificationGOSTR52050(seeTable5)becameavailablefromJanuary2004atsomeinternationalgatewayairports.ThespecificationisdevelopedonthebasisofASTMD655andDefenceStandard9-9andislargelyequivalenttothesespecifications.Theintentionistoincreaseavailabilityofthisfuelatinternationalgatewayairports.ExxonMobilAviationgratefullyacknowledgestheinputreceivedfrom:

29

(BDS5075) (BDS5075) (DefStan91-91)CzechandSlovakRepublicsPL-5 PL-6 PL-7

(JUSB.H2.331) (JUSB.H2.334)

(PN-72/C-96026) (PN-72/C-96026) (PN-72/C-96026) (BN-76/0533-01)

(STAS5639) (STAS5639)

AppendixA

FuelsandAdditives-AvailableinEasternEurope

FUELGRADESAVAILABLEINFORMEREASTERNBLOCCOUNTRIES

(withlocalnamesandspecificationswhereknown)

Manyofthespecificationslistedbelowareoldand/orobsolete.ThemajorityoffuelproducedinthesecountriesforuseatmajorairportsismadetoeitherDefenceStandard9-9(oritspredecessor)ortotheJointChecklist.Localnamescontinuetobeusedandarelistedforinformationonly.COUNTRY FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL

(SPECIFICATION) (SPECIFICATION) (SPECIFICATION) (SPECIFICATION)Bulgaria RT TS-1 JFSCL

(ĈSN 65 6519) (PND25-005-76) (BasedonJFSCL)FormerYugoslavia GM-1 GM-4Poland P-3 P-2 PSM-2 ATK

Romania T-1 TH

AdditivesAnti-Oxidants2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl-phenol(BHT)isthemostcommonlyusedanti-oxidant.OnelocaltradenameisAgidol-.Asimilarmaterial,RDE/A/607,isanapprovedanti-oxidantinDefStan9-9.Ananti-oxidantisrequiredinRTfuel.Anti-StaticAdditiveTheanti-staticadditiveavailableisknownasSIGBOL.Itissimilartothenowwithdrawn/obsoleteShellASA3,buthasneverbeeninregularuse.Itisavailableuponcustomerrequest.LubricityImproverThecommonlubricityimproverisaNaphthenicAcidandisrequiredinallRTFuel.Since99,Afton’sHitec580isincreasinglybeingused,butatamuchhighertreatrate(0.0030-0.0035%mass)thanpermittedintheWest.IcingInhibitorAnumberoficinginhibitorsbasedonethyleneglycolethylether(EGEE)wereused(andstillmaybe).TheprimespecificationwasGOST833.LocaltradenamesincludeBikanolE-,Solvidandethylcellosolv.

FluidE,sometimesdenotedI’-M,isanether(perhapsethylcellosolve)blendedwithMethanol50/50.ItisbelievedtobesimilarinperformancetoEGME(ethyleneglycolmonomethylether).TGFisatetrahydrofurfurylalcohol,butisthoughttobeobsolete.SPECIFICINFORMATIONONANTI-ICINGINHIBITORSBikanolE-,Westernnames–cellosolve,ethyleneglycolethylether(EGEE)COUNTRY POLAND FORMEREASTGERMANYROMANIA RUSSIALocalName BikanolE-1 Äthylglycolrein Solvid EthylcellosolvSpecification WT-ICSO-1983 TGL8116 NID4142-68 GOST-8313-76Purity, %m 99 95 99 99Distillation range °C 127–140 127–138 --- ---Refractiveindex 0.928–0.933 0.930–0.933 0.930-0.935 0.928–0.933Water content (% max)0.2 1.0 0.5 0.2Acidity as ascetic acid (% max)0.01 --- 0.01 0.005

FluidE(I’-M),isanEther(perhapsanethylcellosolve)withMethanol50/50.ItisbelievedtobesimilartoEGME(ethyleneglycolmonomethylether).TGFisatetrahydrofurfurylalcohol,butisapparentlynolongerused.

30

D6379/IP436 <1

D2887 100

IP69 10

AppendixB

SignificanceofAviation-FuelTestRequirements

SIGNIFICANCEOFAVIATIONFUELTESTREQUIREMENTSThesignificanceofeachofthepropertiesthatmustbetestedunderfuelspecificationrequirementsisbrieflydescribed.Theconventionaltestmethodforeachpropertyisshown,togetherwiththeminimumsamplevolumeoffuelrequiredbythemethod.Thisdoesnottakeintoaccountanyextramarginneededtocoverhandlinglossesorrepeatdeterminations.Notethatforagroupoftests,volumesarenotnecessarilycumulative.Thefuelfromanon-destructivetest,e.g.fromtheAppearancetest,cangenerallybereusedforadifferenttest.FUELPROPERTYANDSIGNIFICANCE TESTMETHOD SAMPLEVOLUMEREQUIRED

ASTM/IP FORTEST(mL)COMPOSITIONAppearanceisusuallyassessedinaqualitativepass/failtestoffuelcleanliness,toprecludefreewater,sedimentandsuspendedmatter.TotalAcidityofcombinedorganicandinorganicacidsindicatesthecorrosivepotentialoffueltometals.Traceorganicacidscanaffectwaterseparationproperties.AromaticsContentrelatesdirectlytoflameradiation,carbondepositionandsmoke.Alsoaffectsswellingofelastomersinthefuelsystem.HydrogenContentcontributestocombustioncleanlinessandisbroadlyrelatedtoAromaticscontent.Olefinsareunsaturatedhydrocarbons,whicharepotentialcontributorstoinstabilityinstorage.TotalSulphur(1)iscontrolledbecausesulphuroxidesformedduringcombustioncancausecorrosionofturbinemetalparts.MercaptanSulphurcompoundsarelimitedbecausetheyhaveaveryunpleasantodourandattackcertainelastomermaterials.DoctorTestdetectsthepresenceofreactivesulphurcompounds,andisanalternativemethodofmeasuringMercaptanSulphur.VOLATILITYDistillationcurvedefinesthekeroseneboilingrange,whichneedstobeappropriateforbalancedvaporisationofthewholefuelvolume.FlashPoint(2)isrelatedtovolatilityandthereforeaffectscombustibility.Itisaleadingfactordeterminingfiresafetyinfuelhandling.Density(3)mustbeknownforaircraftweightloadingcalculations,sincefueliscustomarilymeteredbyvolume.AlsorelatestoSpecificEnergy.VapourPressure(4)issignificantforwide-cutfuels.Indicatesventinglossoflightendsataltitudeandinhotclimates.Alsorelatestocoldstarting.FLUIDITYFreezingPoint(5)limitshighermolecularweighthydrocarbonsthatcrystalliseatlowtemperatures;itthereforeinfluenceslowtemperaturepumpabilityduringflight.Viscosityaffectsfuelpumpabilityovertheoperatingtemperaturerange,andrelatestodropletsizeinspraysproducedbyburnernozzles.COMBUSTIONSpecificEnergy(NetHeatofCombustion)denotestheamountofheatenergyobtainablefromafueltoprovidepower(valueiscalculated).SmokePointindicatesthetendencyofafueltoformsoot,whichisrelatedtothetypeofhydrocarbonsmakingupitscomposition.Naphthalenesarepolycyclicaromaticshighincarboncontent,exacerbatingtheproblemsofcarbonformation,flameradiationandsmoke.

D41761000D3242/IP534100D1319/IP156

<1

D3701/IP33830

D1319/IP1565D4294/IP33620D3227/IP34255D4952/IP3010

D86/IP1235

IP17050D4052/IP3655D5191

800

D2386/IP1630D445/IP7150D3338---D1322/IP5720D18405

3

D5452/IP4235000

D394850

50

AppendixB

SignificanceofAviation-FuelTestRequirements

FUELPROPERTYANDSIGNIFICANCE TESTMETHOD SAMPLEVOLUMEREQUIREDASTM/IP FORTEST(mL)

CORROSIONCopperStripCorrosiontestpassensuresthatorganicsulphurcompoundswillnot D130/IP15450corrodecoppercomponentsinthefuelsystem. STABILITY ThermalStability(JFTOT)measurementsrelatetotheamountofdepositsformedat D3241/IP323600hightemperatureintheenginefuelsystem. CONTAMINANTS ExistentGumisanon-volatileresidueleftonevaporationofafuel.Alsoservesasa IP54050checkforfuelcontaminationwithinproductdistributionsystems.Particulatessuchasdirtandrustareundesirableandaredetectedbyfiltrationthroughamembranefilter.FiltrationTimeismeasuredbythesametestprocedureasParticulates. MIL-DTL-83133E(AppA) 5000WaterReactiondeterminesthepresenceofmaterialsthatreactwithwaterandaffect D1094/IP289100thestabilityofthefuel-waterinterface.WaterSeparation(MSEP)indexratestheabilityoffueltoreleaseentrainedoremulsifiedwaterwhenpassedthroughafibreglassfiltercoalescer. OTHER ElectricalConductivityneedstobehighenoughtodissipateanyelectrostatic D2624/IP2741000chargesgeneratedduringfuelhandlingoperations,soastopreventfireorexplosion hazards.Lubricity(BOCLE)referstotheeffectivenessoflubricatingmovingpartsinengine D5001fuel system components such as pumps andcontrolunits.

VOLUMEREQUIREMENTSFORALTERNATIVETESTMETHODS(1)TotalSulphur LampCombustion IP107/D1266 20

WickboldCombustion IP243 5Microcoulometry IP373 <1HighTemperatureCombustion D1552 300X-raySpectometry D2622 100Ultraviolet Fluorescence D5453 <1

(2)FlashPoint TagClosedCupTester D56 50AbelClosedCupTester IP170 250

(3)Density HydrometerMethod D1298/IP160 500(4)VapourPressure ReidMethod D323 800

AutomaticMethod D5190 800AirSaturationVapourPressure IP394 800

(5)FreezingPoint SetapointFilterFlow D4305 5AutomatedOpticalMethod D5901 30Automatic Phase Transition D5972 <1

NOTESRecertificationtestsmustbecarriedoutonaviationfuelaftertransportationinnon-dedicated/nonsegregatedsystems(e.g.inoceantankersormulti-productpipelines)toverifythatthequalityhasnotchangedandremainswithinspecificationlimits.ThefollowingtestsarerequiredtorecertifyJetA-1fuelbatches(6):Appearance;Distillation;FlashPoint;Density;FreezePoint;CopperCorrosion;ExistentGum;WaterReaction;MSEP&Conductivity(ifSDAadded).Thesetestsrequireacombinedsamplevolumeof2Lminimum.Testresultsshouldbecomparedwithdatafromoriginaltestcertificatesusingacceptedvariabilitylimits.(6)RequirementstipulatedinJIGGuidelinesforAviationFuelQualityControl&OperatingProceduresforJointlyOperatedSupply&DistributionFacilities,Issue9,January

2010.

32

AppendixC

GuidanceonContaminationLimits

GuidanceonfuelcontaminationisprovidedbyboththeIATAGuidanceMaterial5thEditionandDefenceStandard91-91Issue5(Amendment2).Detailsofbothdocumentsareprovidedhereforreference.IATAGUIDANCEMATERIAL5THEDITIONTheinternationalairlineshaverecommendedstandardsandtestmethodsusedtodefinecleanlinesslimitsforfuelssuppliedinto-plane.Amonitoringsystemcomposedofspotandcontinuoustestingshallbeusedtoevaluatethequalityandcleanlinessofthefuelandtheefficiencyofthedefencesystem.Fuelshallbesampledandtestedregularlyforbothparticulatematterandundissolvedwatercontamination.ThelimitssetoutintheTablebelowarethosedetailedinIATA’sGuidanceMaterialforAviationTurbineFuelsSpecifications,5thEdition,PartIII–CleanlinessandHandling.Thelimitsareintendedtoapplytofuelsatthepointofdeliveryintotheaircraft.Twocategoriesofcontaminationlimitsaredefined–‘Notification’and‘Rejection’,whichdeterminethecourseofactiontobefollowed.

Theintentionofthe‘Notification’limitistocausethefuelsuppliertoalerttheairlinewithoutdelay,buttocontinuefuelling.Theairlineandsupplierwouldconferonresultsbetween‘Notification’and‘Rejection’limitstoagreeacourseofaction.

Resultsofteststhatareabovethe‘Rejection’limitsshouldalsobeimmediatelynotifiedtotheairlineandfuellingterminated.Urgentactionshouldbetakentoprovidefuelfortheairline’suseforwhichtestresultsfallbelowthe‘Rejection’limits.Itispossiblefortheairlinetoreleaseoracceptdeliveryofstocksthatbytestarebeyondtherejectionlimits,butitisnotintendedtoreleasethesupplierfromanobligationtoprovidefuelfreeofcontaminantandpreferablybelowthe‘Notification’limits.

()Thepresenceofmoistureshallbedeterminedbyvisuallyinspectingthesampleingoodlighttodeterminebrightness,cleanliness,transparencyanduniformity.Thepresenceofinsolublematerialshallbedeterminedaswell.Inadditiontocheckingtheabsenceofwaterbyvisualcheck,othereffectivemethodsofcheckingthepresenceofwaterareused.Thefollowingareapprovedmethodsthatguaranteethedetectionof30ppmorgreateroffreewater:

33

TYPEOFVEHICLE SAMPLINGFREQUENCY(MINIMUM) TESTMETHOD LIMITS PARTICULATEMATTER UNDISSOLVEDWATER

RefuellerTruck

AfterLoading

MonthlyColourimetric

6MonthlyGravimetric(2)

BeforeFuelling VisualInspectionoffuelinglass

Clear&Bright

Visualjar(minimumInspection

1L)&WaterDetector(1)

30ppmmaximumatthetemperatureofdelivery

ASTMD2276/IP216(5Lsample)(3)

NotificationLimit0.2mg/LRejectionLimit1.0mg/L

HydrantDispenser

Daily

MonthlyColourimetric

6MonthlyGravimetric(2)

DuringFuelling VisualInspectionoffuelinglass

Clear&Bright

Visualjar(minimumInspection

1L)&WaterDetector(1)

30ppmmaximumatthetemperatureofdelivery

ASTMD2276/IP216(5Lsample)(3)

NotificationLimit0.2mg/LRejectionLimit1.0mg/L

AppendixC

GuidanceonContaminationLimits

ShellWaterDetector:Faintcolourchangeoccurswithwatercontentsaslowas5ppm,whichisacceptableunderthisspecification.Freewateramountsof30ppmorgreaterchangestheindicatortoadefinitegreenorblue-greencolour.

VelconHydrokit:IfnocolourchangeoccurswithintwominutesorifthepowdercolourislighterthanthedarkcolouroftheColourCard,thenthesamplecontainslessthan30ppmoffreewater.At30ppmorgreateroffreewater,thepowdercolourmatchesorisdarkerthanthedarkcolour(marked‘Fail’)ontheColourCard.

MobilMoistureDetector:Isolatedpurplish-bluespotsappearonthepadaslowas5ppmoffreewater.At30ppmoffreewater,largepurplish-bluespotsareapparent.Thistestisnolongeravailable.

Aqua-Glo:Directlymeasuresthefreewatercontentofameasuredsampleoffuel.Whena00mLsampleistaken,themeasurablefreewatercontentrangesfrom5to60ppm.

POZ-T:Measurestheemulsifiedwatercontentandsuspendedsolidcontentinfuel(InuseatRussianairports).Thedevicecanmeasurewatercontentoflessthan0ppm,lessthan20ppm(notification)or30ppmorhigher(rejection).ThelimitsforparticulatematterareestablishedbythecivilaviationauthorityinRussiabycolourimetriccomparisontostandards,similartocolourimetricmembraneratings.

(2)Agravimetrictestmaynotberequiredatregularintervalsprovidedthefollowingconditionsaremet:

)WhenfixedinboundandoutboundfiltrationisbyAPI/IP58(Filter/waterseparators)qualifiedfiltration;storagetanksarefullyepoxy-lined,havecone-downbottomsandfloatingsuctions;andinto-planefiltrationalsomeetsAPI/IP58orAPI/IP583(Filtermonitors).

2)Acolourimetricmembraneratingof3-Dryorless.Ifacolourratingof4-Dryorgreaterisobserved,proceedasfollows(acolourratingof4-Dryorgreatermayindicateaparticulatecontaminationproblem):

Performasubsequentparticulatetestconsistingoftwomembranesintheplasticholdertocomparecolourdifferencesbetweentopandbottommembranes.Iftopandbottommembraneshaveacolourratingdifferenceof2orless,fuelistobeconsideredcleanandacceptable.Ifthedifferenceis3orgreater,conductagravimetricanalysis.Fuelisacceptableiflessthan0.20mg/L;above0.20mg/L,furtherinvestigationisrequiredandifabove.0mg/L,thefuelshouldberejected.

Agravimetricmembranetestmustbecarriedoutonallneworre-commissionedvehicles,whennewhosesorfiltersarefittedandonnewhydrantlinesandstoragetanksbeforecommissioning.

(3)Periodicgravimetricandcolourimetricmembranetesting.

MethodA:GravimetricdeterminationofTotalContaminationshallbedeterminedatleastonceeverysixmonthsoneachrefueller/dispenser.

MethodB:Colourimetricmembraneratingsmaybedetermined(byagreementbetweenbuyer/consumerandseller/supplier)monthlyonarotatingbasiswherethenumberofrefuellers/dispensersissuchthat:

)AtleastonedispenseristestedsuccessivelybyMethodandMethod2inthesametestgroup.

2)Membranesfortestsontheotherrefuellers/dispensersvisuallymatchthecolourimetriccheckinparagraph).

Anytestshowinganunusualcolourimetricresultshallbeimmediatelyretestedgravimetrically(Method).Acolourdifferenceof2ormoreisconsideredunusual.

NotethatJointGuidelinesrequiresmonthlycolourimetricmembraneteststobedetermineddownstreamofallfiltersonvehiclessupplyingjetfuel.

34

AppendixC

GuidanceonContaminationLimits

DEFENCESTANDARD91-91ISSUE5(Amendment2)F.1Thevisualappearanceoftheproductisagoodindicationofcontaminationandremainsakeyrequirementforfuel

throughoutthedistributionsystem.However,interpretationoftheAppearancerequirementcanleadtoproblemsduetothesubjectivenatureofthevisualassessment.Therefore,aquantitativelimithasbeenestablishedforparticulatecontamination.Amaximumparticulatecontaminationof.0mg/l,whentestedtoIP423/ASTMD5452,shallapplyatpointofmanufactureonly.

F.2Fuelscontainingvisualparticulateorwithparticulatelevelsgreaterthan.0mg/lwillrequireadditionalhandlingprocedures,suchasextendedsettlingand/orfiltration.

F.3Wherefuelisbeingdeliveredintoaircraft,theIATAGuidanceMaterialforAviationTurbineFuelsPartIII–CleanlinessandHandling,shallbereferredtoforappropriateinformationoncontaminationlimits.

F.4ItistheintentoftheSpecificationAuthoritytoextendparticulatecontaminationlimitsthroughoutthedistributionsystematalaterdate.

F.5AparticlecountertestmethodisbeingdevelopedbytheEnergyInstituteandhasbeenpublishedasIPPMDK/07withprecisionfromaruggednesstrial.BeforethemethodbecomesafullIPmethodworkwillbeperformedtodeterminethemethodscapabilityofmeasuringparticulateandwatercontentandaroundrobinwillbecompletedtovalidatethemethodsprecision.ItistheSpecificationAuthority’sintenttoincorporatethisandotherdevelopingparticlecountingmethodsintothespecificationatalaterdate.

35

AppendixD

AdditivesinAviationFuel

Astheaviationindustry’sjetkerosenedemandshaveincreasedtomorethan5%ofallrefinedproductsderivedfromcrude,ithasbeennecessaryfortherefinertooptimizetheyieldofjetkerosene,ahighvalueproduct,byvaryingprocesstechniques.Newprocesseshaveallowedflexibilityinthechoiceofcrudes,theuseofcoaltarsandsasasourceofmoleculesandthemanufactureofsyntheticblendstocks.Duetothenumberandseverityoftheprocessesused,itisoftennecessaryandsometimesmandatorytouseadditives.Theseadditivesmay,forexample,preventtheformationofharmfulchemicalspeciesorimproveapropertyofafueltopreventfurtherenginewear.Inallcases,theadditiveshaveundergoneanextensiveandoftenexpensiveprocessbywhichtheireffectsonallfuelpropertiesandacceptabilityforuseisstudied.Thisprocesscanliterallytakedecadesbeforeanadditiveisapproved.

Approvalmaybesubdividedintotwolevels.

.Acceptancebyturbineandairframemanufacturerswithlisting/recognitionintheircertificationoftheaircraft.

2.Listinginmajorspecifications.

Additivesmustalwayshavetheapprovalofthemajorturbineandairframemanufacturersbeforetheycanbeincludedinthespecifications.Additivesaregenerallygivenoneofthreestatuseswhenincludedinspecifications.

Required-Theadditivemustbeintroducedatthelevelspecifiedtomeetaspecifichandlingrequirement.Thepointofadditionisnotnecessarilyintorefineryproduction.

Optional-Theadditivemaybeaddedbythefuelmanufacturertotheextentpermittedbyspecificationwithoutconsultingcustomers.Thesuppliermayberequiredtodeclareitspresence.

Agreement-Purchasingauthoritiesmayrequirethatanadditivebeusedtotheextentpermittedbyspecification.Ifthefuelsupplierdesirestoaddit,agreementbythecustomermustbesecured.Thereareexceptionswherethemanufacturersofaircraftapproveadditivesbutthesearenotapprovedbyspecificationwritingauthorities.Biocidesareanexample.ADDITIVESFOUNDINAVIATIONFUELThefollowingadditivesareeitherrequiredoraddedbyagreementforuseinaviationfuel.StaticDissipatorRefineryprocessingcanremovenaturallypresentpolarspeciesgeneratingfuelswithpoorconductivity.Thesefuelshaveanincreasedriskofchargegenerationandultimatelystaticdischarge,especiallyduringloadingorasthefuelpassesthroughfilters.Tovirtuallyeliminatethisrisk,staticdissipatoradditiveiswidelyusedinjetkerosene.TheminimumandmaximumfuelconductivityrequirementsforDefStan9-9andJFSCLare50to600pS/m,whereasforJP-8itis50to450pS/m.TheadditionofstaticdissipatorisnotmandatoryunderASTMD655.Stadis®450istheonlyadditivecurrentlymanufacturedforuseinaviationturbinefuelsapprovedbythemajorturbineandairframemanufacturers.MetalDeactivatorsMetalionsinfuelcancatalyzeoxidationreactionsthatcontributetopoorthermalstability.Copperandzincarethetwomostcommonmetalcontaminantsfoundinjetfuel.Metaldeactivatoradditive(MDA)isachelatingagentthatbindsmetalionsandpreventsfueldegradation.IthasalsobeenobservedthatMDAimprovesthermalstabilityintheJFTOTtestintheabsenceofmetalions.MDAcanbeusedtoimprovethermalstabilityprovidedthattheJFTOTtestisdeterminedbeforeandafterMDAadditionandreportedaccordingly.AntioxidantsHydroprocessingofaviationfuelsremovesnaturallyoccurringantioxidantsthatprovideprotectionfromperoxidation.Peroxidesareknowntoattackelastomerscausingembrittlementwhilealsocontributingtogumandparticulateformation.TheuseofantioxidantseffectivelypreventsperoxidationfromoccurringandunderJFSCLandDefStan9-9,7to24mg/Lofanapprovedantioxidantmustbeaddedtotheproportionofthefuelblendthathasbeenhydroprocessed.Alloftheadditivesareapprovedbychemistryandsotheremaybeanynumberofsuppliersforeachindividualantioxidanttype.TheuseofantioxidantsisoptionalunderASTMD655.36

AppendixD

AdditivesinAviationFuel

CorrosionInhibitors(LubricityImprovers)

Corrosioninhibitorswereoriginallyaddedtomilitaryjetfuelstoprotectthefueldistributionsystemandaircraftenginesfromcorrosion.Manyaircraftfuelsystemcomponents,especiallypumps,relyonthefueltolubricatemovingparts.Hydroprocessingoffuelsremovescomponentsthatprovidethefuelwithnaturallubricatingproperties.Asmilitaryaircraftaremostsusceptibletolubricityproblems,itisrequiredunderUKandUSMilitaryspecificationstoaddcorrosioninhibitors/lubricityadditives.Civilianfuelspecificationsdonotrequiretheuseoflubricityadditives.BothDefStan9-9andASTMD655allowtheuseofapprovedlubricityimproverswithoutprioragreementbetweenpurchaserandsupplier.

Thefollowingcorrosioninhibitors/lubricityimproversarequalifiedforusebyDefStan9-9/5(Amendment2)atthespecifiedconcentrations:PRODUCT MANUFACTURER QUALIFICATIONREFERENCEMINIMUM mg/LMAXIMUMmg/LApolloPRI-19 AppolloTechnologiesIntl.Corp.FL/11/10/LIA/QUAL/APOLLO18 23Hitec580 EthylPetroleumAdditivesLtd.FL/11/10/LIA/QUAL/ETHYL 15 23InnospecDCI-4A Innospec FL/11/10/LIA/QUAL/DCI9 23InnospecDCI-6A Innospec FL/11/10/LIA/QUAL/DCI9 9Nalco5403 NalcoChemicalCo. FL/11/10/LIA/QUAL/NALCO12 23Tolad4410 BakerPetrolite FL/11/10/LIA/QUAL/CHEM9 23Tolad351 BakerPetrolite QINETIQ/EMEA/S&DU/RF07034789 23UNICOR-J DorfKetalChemicalsIndiaPvtLtd.QINETIQ/EMEA/S&DU/RF07034809 23

(QualifiedProductsList68-251Issue4)FuelSystemIcingInhibitors(FSII)Waterdissolvedinfuelcancomeoutofsolutionatlowtemperaturesintheformofveryfinedroplets.Althoughtheamountsaresmall,thedropletsformedcanfreezeataltitudeandcausefilterplugging.Fuelsystemicinginhibitorshavebeendevelopedtoprotectthesystemfromthisproblem.Themostwidelyusedadditiveisdiethyleneglycolmonomethylether(DiEGME).TheuseofFSIIisrequiredinUKandUSmilitaryjetkeroseneandalthoughoptionalinmanycivilianspecificationsisveryseldomused.

Note:AsallowedinDefStan9-9/5,concentrationsoflessthan0.02%byvolumecanbeconsiderednegligibleanddonotrequireagreement/notification.TheassenttoallowthesesmallquantitiesofFSIIwithoutagreement/notificationistofacilitatethechangeoverfromfuelscontainingFSIItothosenotcontainingFSIIwheretheadditivemayremaininthefuelsystemforalimitedtime.ThisdoesnotallowthecontinuousadditionofFSIIattheselowconcentrations.ThermalStabilityAdditive(Onlyallowedforuseincertainmilitaryjetkerosenes)Modernmilitaryjetenginesrequireaviationfuelthathasahigherthermalstabilityandheatsinkcapacitythaniscurrentlyavailable.TheUSMilitaryhasinconjunctionwithadditivesuppliersdevelopedanadditivepackagethatprovidesthesebenefitswhenaddedtojetfuel.Theadditiveisnotcompatiblewithcurrentcommerciallyavailablefilter/waterseparatorsandisnotapprovedforuseinJetAorJetA-.Manufacturersarecurrentlylookingatalternativefilter/waterseparatordesignsthatwillovercomethisproblem.Thefollowingadditivesmaybefoundinaviationfuels,butarenotnecessarilydiscussedundercurrentspecifications.TracerATracerA(sulphurhexafluoride,SF6)isusedasapartofatracersystemforfuelsystemleakdetectionatmajorairports.Airportsoccasionallyrunleakdetectiontestingofhydrants,whichmaybecarriedoutmonthlyorquarterly.Currentuserequiresagreementbypurchasersonacasebycasebasis.BiocidesBiocidesarepermittedbyengineandairframemanufacturersforintermittentuseduringmaintenanceturnaround.Theaircraftarerefilledandfullydosedand,asageneralrule,willflyonthetreatedfueluntilitisfullyusedup.FuelSystemIcingInhibitormayalsoservetoinhibitfungalandbacterialgrowthinaircraftfuelsystems,butmaynotdosoreliably.Asanexample,itisknownthatfuelscontainingFSII,whichhavenotbeenstoredorhandledproperly,aresusceptibletomicrobiologicalcontamination.

37

AFQR

JOSJetA-1(J

OINTCH

ECK

LIS

T)

DEFSTAN91-9

1(JetA-1)

DEFSTAN91-8

6(F-44

)

DEFSTAN91-8

8(F-40

)

ISS

UINGA

GENC

Y

ASTM(JetA)

IATA(JE

TA-1)

MILSPEC38219D(JP-7)

MILSPEC83133E

(JP-8(+100))

MILSPEC5624U

(JP

-4/JP-5)

CA

N-CG

SB3.24

(F-34

/F-44)

P&WSB.No.2

016

GE

D50TF2

2,6-Ditertiary-butyl-4-methylphenol

henol28%(max)MethylandDimethylteriary-b utyl

Ethyleneglycolmonomethylether &Methyl

Hitec515

Mix75%(min)2,6-Ditertiary-butylphenol · · · · · · · · · · · ·henols · ·

·henol ·· · · · · · · · · · · ·

STATICDISSIPATORADDITIVE R O R R R R/A R R O RSigbol

Alcohol glycolmonomethylether ·CORROSIONINHIBITORS A O R R A R R R A O OApollo580 · · · ·

DCI-4A · · · · · · · · · ·Nalco5405

UnicorJ · · · · ·Tolad4410 RPS-613 · · · · ·

PWA-536 · N,N’-Disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine · · · · · · · · · · · ·

THERMALSTABILITYADDITIVE A A O OAeroShellPerformanceAdditive101 · · ·

TurbolineFS100 · ·LEAKDETECTIONADDITIVE TracerA · · · · ·BioborJF

phenols

AppendixD

AdditivesinAviationFuel

KEYADDITIVESAPPROVEDINAVIATIONTURBINESPECIFICATIONADDITIVETYPEChemicalorBrandNameANTI-OXIDANT R O R R R R R R R 0/R O R2,6-Ditertiary-butylphenol · · · · · · · · · · · ·

· · · · · · · · · · · ·2,4-Dimethyl-6-tertiary-butylphenol · · · · · · · · · · · ·

25%(max)TeriaryandTritertiarybutylp · · · · · · · · · · ·Mix72%(min)2,4-Dimethyl-6-tertiary-butylp · · · · · · · · · · ·

· · · · · · · · · · · ·Mix55%(min)2,4-Dimethyl-6-tertiary-butylp · · · · · · · · · · ·henol15%(min)2,6-Ditertiary-butyl-4-methylp · · · · · · · · · · ·

30%(max)MethylandDimethyltertiary- butylStadis450 · · · · · · · · ·

·ANTI-ICINGADDITIVE A A O R R A R R R O/AO O

· ·Ethyleneglycolmonomethylether ·Diethylene · · · · · · · · · · ·

PRI-19 · · · · · · ·Hitec · · · · · ·Nalco5403 · · · · · · · · · ·DCI-6A · · · · · · · · ·

· · · · · ·Spec-Aid8Q22 · · · · ·Tolad351 · · · · ·

· · · · · · · · ·

Tolad245 ·MobiladF-800 ·METALDEACTIVATOR O O O O O O A A A O O O

N,N’-Disalicylidene-1,2-cyclohexanediamine ·Spec-Aid8Q462 · · ·

TurbolineFS100C · ·

JFA-5 ·O O O O O

BIOCIDE E O O O · · ·

KathonFP1.5 · · ·LEGEND:OPTION(O):Theadditivemaybeaddedbythefuelmanufacturertotheextentpermittedbyspecificationwithoutconsultingcustomers.Thesuppliermayberequiredtodeclareitspresence.AGREEMENT(A):Purchasingauthoritiesmayrequirethatanadditivebeusedtotheextentpermittedbyspecification.Ifthefuelsupplierdesirestoaddit,hemustsecureagreementofthecustomer.ENGINEMANUFACTURER’SAGREEMENT(E):Specificationauthoritiesmayrequireagreementbyenginemanufacturers.REQUIRED(R):Theadditivemustbeintroducedatthelevelspecifiedtomeetaspecifichandlingrequirement.Thepointofadditionisnotnecessarilyintorefineryproduction.(Rforanti-oxidanttreatmentreferstohydrotreatedfuel)NOTE:Notalladditivesapprovedbyspecificationandenginemanufacturershavenecessarilybeenlisted.ConsulttheIssuingAuthorityforfulldetails.38

SupplementAviationGasoline

SUPPLEMENTAVIATIONGASOLINE

Fuelgrades

ExxonMobilAviationGasolinesareleadedfuelssatisfyingtherequirementsofASTMD90andDefStan9-90.CriticalpropertiesmustbecontrolledwithindefinedlimitsforAviationGasolinetocomplywiththesespecifications.

Thepropertiesofaviationgasolinearespecifiedtogivesatisfactoryperformanceofspark-ignitionaviationenginesoverawiderangeofoperatingconditions.Specificationscoverantiknockquality,whichdiffersbetweengradesoffuel,andotherrequirementsthatarecommontoallgrades.

Fourgradesofaviationgasolineareidentified,withnamesbasedontheirantiknockqualityasmeasuredbyOctaneNumber:

Grade80 Grade9 Grade00 Grade00LL(LowLead)Differentcolours,obtainedbytheuseofspecificdyes,areusedtodifferentiatethefuelgrades.Serviceexperiencehasindicatedthatonlycertaindyesandconcentrationlevelscanbetoleratedwithoutcausingdepositioninenginefuelinductionsystems.ExxonMobilsuppliesGrades00and00LL,whichareidenticalinantiknockqualitybutdifferinginmaximumleadcontent,thelowertheleadcontentbeingsuitableforengineshavingalowtoleranceforlead.AntiknockcharacteristicsAlthoughthegradedesignationsshowonlyasingleoctanerating,antiknockqualityisexpressedbytwovalues,theleanmixturemotorratingandtherichmixturesuperchargerating.Bothvaluesaredeterminedinstandardizedlaboratorysingle-cylindertestenginesthatareoperatedunderprescribedconditions.Theleanratingmethodisintendedtosimulatetheleanair/fuelmixtureofaircraftatcruiseconditions,whereastherichratingmethodsimulatestherichair/fuelmixtureundertake-offconditions.CommonqualityrequirementsRequirementscommonforallgradeseitherprescribeabalanceofpropertiestoensuresatisfactoryengineperformance,orlimittheconcentrationsofcomponentsthatcouldhaveanadverseeffectonengineperformance.Useofautomotivegasoline(mogas)inaircraftenginesThequestionofwhetherlightaircraftenginescanbeoperatedonautomotivefuelisoftenraised.Itis,however,apracticethatisdiscouragedandevenforbiddenbymostenginemanufacturersandfuelsuppliers.Someofthereasonsforthisareasfollows:

.Thedistillationcharacteristicsofautomotivegasolinearedifferentthanthoseofaviationgasoline.Mogasincludesheavierpetroleumfractionsthattendtoincludehydrocarbonslessstabletooxidation,lessclean-burningandmorepronetoformcarburettor,inductionsystemandcombustionchamberdeposits.

2.Automotivegasolinenormallyhasamuchhighervapourpressure,whichvariesseasonally.WithahighRVPfueltheriskofvapourlockincreasesathighaltitude,duringlanding,take-offandclimb,particularlyiftheaircrafthadbeenparkedoroperatedinhighambienttemperatures.Moreover,gravity-fedfuelsystemsaretypicallymoresusceptibletovapourlock.

3.Automotivegasolinesmaycontainmanydifferenttypesofadditivesnotpermittedinaviationgasoline.Thereisnoconsistencyorcontrolonmogasadditivesbetweendifferentsuppliers.Aviationgasoline,regardlessofwhereitismanufacturedorpurchased,islimitedtocertainspecificadditives.

4.Inmanyareasoftheworld,MTBEisbeingreplacedbyEthanolinmogastomeetcurrentenvironmentalrequirements.GovernmentregulatoryauthoritiesandSTCownersforbidtheuseofautomotivefuelthatcontainsEthanol.

Manypropertiescriticaltoaviationuse(forexample,vapourpressureandcleanliness)arenotcontrolledtothesamedegreeinautomotivegasolinemanufactureandhandling.ExxonMobilAviationdoesnotsupportorapprovetheuseofautomotivegasolineordieselfuelinpiston-enginepoweredaircraft.

39

(9)TheD381existentgumtestcanprovideameansofdetectingqualitydeteriorationor

(3)Knockratingsshallbereportedtothenearest0.1Octane/PerformanceNumber.

(10)Limitsapplyundertheconditionatpointofuse&onlywhenanelectricalconductivity

(5)Fuelshallbefreefromundissolvedwater,sedimentandsuspendedmatter.Theodourof

(11)IsopropylAlcohol,conformingtoD4171(TypeII),orDiEGME,conformingtoD4171(Type

(6)Ifnocrystalshaveappearedoncoolingto-58ºC,thefreezingpointmaybereportedas

(12)Optionalupto12mg/Lmaximum.SeeD910specificationforalistofacceptableadditive

(7)ForallgradesuseeitherEq1orTable1inD4529,orEq2inD3338.TestmethodD4809

(13)CorrosioninhibitorofatypeandamountspecifiedinSection6.3.4ofD910maybe

(8)Ifmutuallyagreeduponbetweenpurchaser&supplier,a16hourageinggumrequirementmaybespecifiedinsteadofthe5hourageinggumtest;insuchcasethe(14)Stadis450upto3mg/Lispermitted.Whennecessary,furtheradditiontocumulative

80.7 90.8 99.6 99.6 D270080.0 91.0 100.0 100.0 D2700

OctaneNumber Min.87 98 D909

0.13 0.53 1.06 0.53 D3341,D50590.14 0.56 1.12 0.56

0.2 3.1 2.7 2.7None None 2.8 None2.3 2.7 None NoneNone 6.0 None None

Table22

AviationGasoline

IssuingAgency: ASTMSpecification: D910-11LatestRevisionDate: Aug-11 TestMethodGradeDesignation: Grade80 Grade91 Grade100 Grade100LL ASTMPERFORMANCEKnockValue,leanmixture:(1)

MotorOctaneNumber Min.AviationLeanRating Min.

KnockValue,richmixture:PerformanceNumber(2)(3) Min. 130.0 130.0 D909

TETRAETHYLLEADmLTEL/L Max.gPb/L Max.COLOUR Red Brown Green Blue D2392DyeContent:(4)

Bluedye(mg/L) Max.Yellowdye(mg/L) Max.Reddye(mg/L) Max.Orangedye(mg/L) Max.

APPEARANCEVisual C&B(5)VOLATILITYDistillation: D86

InitialBoilingPoint(°C) ReportFuelEvaporated:10%volumeat°C Max. 7540%volumeat°C Min. 7550%volumeat°C Max. 10590%volumeat°C Max. 135FinalBoilingPoint(°C) Max. 170SumofE10+E50(°C) Min. 135RecoveryVolume(%) Min. 97Residue(vol%) Max. 1.5Loss(vol%) Max. 1.5

VapourPressureat38°C(kPa) 38.0-49.0 D323,D5190,D5191OTHERDensity@15°C(kg/m³) Report D1298,D4052FreezingPoint(°C) Max. -58(6) D2386Sulphur(wt%) Max. 0.05 D1266,D2622NetHeatofCombustion(MJ/kg)(7)Min. 43.5 D4529,D3338,D4809Corrosion,Copper(2h@100°C)Max. 1 D130OxidationStability,5hrageing:(8)(9) D873

PotentialGum(mg/100mL) Max. 6LeadPrecipitate(mg/100mL)Max. 3

WaterReaction: D1094VolumeChange(mL) Max. ±2

Conductivity(pS/m) Max. 50-450(10) D2624ADDITIVESAnti-Icing(vol%) Option(11)Antioxidant Option(12)CorrosionInhibitor Option(13)StaticDissipator Option(14)

NOTES(1)KnockvalueshallbereportedasMON. gumcontentshallnotexceed10mg/100mLandthevisibleleadprecipitateshallnot(2)Aperformancenumberof130.0isequivalenttoaknockvaluedeterminedusingiso- exceed4mg/100mL.Insuchfuelthepermissibleantioxidantshallnotexceed24mg/L.

octaneplus0.34mLTEL/L.contamination,orboth,withheavierproductsfollowingdistributionfromrefineryto

(4)Themaximumdyeconcentrationsshowndonotincludesolventindyessuppliedinliquid airport.form.

additiveisused;whenacustomerspecifiesfuelcontainingconductivityadditive.thefuelshallnotbenauseatingorirritating.

III),maybeused.“lessthan-58ºC”.

chemistries.maybeusedasanalternative.

added.totalof5mg/Lispermissible.Thequantityaddedmustbereportedbythesupplier.

40

ThevisualcolourmustalsocomplywithLovibondColourlimits.

(8)UponagreementbetweenPurchaserandSupplier,IsopropylAlcohol,conformingto

(3)UsetestmethodIP17(methodA)usinga50.8mmcell.

(4)Fuelshallbeclear,brightandvisuallyfreefromsolidmatterandundissolvedwaterat(9)Optionalupto24.0mg/Lmaximum.SeeDefStan91-90specificationforalistof

(5)FortestmethodsD5190,D5191andIP394,resultsshallbereportedasdryvapour

(6)Ifnocrystalshaveappearedoncoolingto-58ºC,thefreezingpointmaybereportedas(11)Stadis450maybeaddedupto3.0mg/Lmaximum.

Table23

AviationGasoline

IssuingAgency: MinistryofDefence(ProcurementExecutive)Specification: DefStan91-90/2LatestRevisionDate: 31-Mar-11 TestMethodGradeDesignation: Grade80 Grade100 Grade100LL ASTM/IPPERFORMANCEKnockValue,leanmixture:MotorOctaneNumber Min. 80.0(1) 99.5(1) 99.5(1) D2700,IP236KnockValue,richmixture:

OctaneNumber Min. 87.0(1) --- --- D909,IP119PerformanceNumber Min. --- 130(1) 130(1) D909,IP119

TETRAETHYLLEADgPb/L Max.0.14 0.85 0.56 IP270COLOUR Red(2) Green(2) Blue(2) VisualDyeContent:

Bluedye(mg/L) Max.0.2 2.7 2.7Yellowdye(mg/L) Max.None 2.8 NoneReddye(mg/L) Max.2.3 None None

Colour,Lovibond IP17(3)Blue --- 1.7-3.5 1.7-3.5Yellow --- 1.5–2.7 ---Red 6.7-9.1 --- ---

APPEARANCEVisual C&B(4) Visual,D4176(Procedure1)VOLATILITYDistillation: D86,IP123InitialBoilingPoint(°C) ReportFuelEvaporated:

10%volumeat°C Max. 75.040%volumeat°C Min. 75.050%volumeat°C Max. 105.090%volumeat°C Max. 135.0FinalBoilingPoint(°C) Max. 170.0SumofE10+E50(°C) Min. 135.0Residue(vol%) Max. 1.5Loss(vol%) Max. 1.5

VapourPressureat37.8°C(kPa) 38.0-49.0(5) D323,D5190,D5191,IP69,IP394OTHERDensity@15°C(kg/m³) Report D1298,D4052,IP160,IP365FreezingPoint(°C) Max. -58.0(6) D2386,IP16Sulphur(wt%) Max. 0.05 D1266,D2622,D5453,IP107,IP243ExistentGum(mg/100mL) Max. 3.0 D381,IP131SpecificEnergy(MJ/kg) Min. 43.50 D3338,D4809,IP12Corrosion,Copper(2h@100°C) Max. 1 D130,IP154OxidationStability,16hours: D873,IP138

PotentialGum(mg/100mL) Max. 6Precipitate(mg/100mL) Max. 2

WaterReaction: D1094,IP289VolumeChange(mL) Max. 2

Conductivity(pS/m) Max. 50-600(7) D2624,IP274ADDITIVESAntiIcing(vol%) Agreement(8)Antioxidant Option(9)CorrosionInhibitor Option(10)StaticDissipator Option(11)

NOTES(1)Knockratingshallbereportedtothenearest0.1forOctaneNumberandnearestwhole(7)Limitsshownapplyatthepoint,timeandtemperatureofdeliverytothepurchaserand

numberforPerformanceNumber. onlywhenastaticdissipatoradditivehasbeenaddedtothefuel.(2)

D4171(TypeII),orDiEGME,conformingtoDefStan68-252,maybeused.ambienttemperature. acceptableadditivechemistries.

(10)CorrosioninhibitorofatypeandamountspecifiedinDefStan91-90AnnexA.6maybepressureequivalent(DVPE). added.“lessthan-58ºC”.

4

Notes

42

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RegionalOffices LeatherheadUKExxonMobilHouseErmynWayLeatherheadSurreyKT228UXTel:+44372022000Fax:+4437202580LimassolCyprus

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