y lý yhct.pdf

8/10/2019 Y l YHCT.pdf

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4

H y t

[ j y ba a truy`Qab e te Ha s y ba a truy`Ls7 .62.W.61Ab hk`7

]bQ.@n d`b m`n

@b xut h` y ba

B `k - 8662


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8

Ab e hk` se`7Y Obed ba & e te, H [ t

Ab hk`7]bQ. @n D`b M`n

@b`n `nk hk` se`7VNQ. ]Q. Vbd` Tud` Ab Bku

VNQ. ]Q. @nuy` ]b Hdy

]bQ. J Be`n Q`

]bdl nkd t aba h` tbe

]bQ. Vb Y` ]bl

]Q. @nuy` L`b Vbd

H` quy` tbua H [ t (Y Obed ba v e te)


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Jk nkk tbku

]ba bk` lt s ku ad Jut Nke ma, H Nke ma & e te v H [t hd` b`b ab`n tr`b obu`n e te k ba @n`b [ t. H [ t t abahk` se` tk jku my - ba aa l` a s, abuy` l` v a h` abuy` `n`btbce ab`n tr`b tr` `bl t`n ha xy m`n h sab abu` tre`n a`n tae te `b` ja y t.

Qab [ j y ba a truy`a hk` se` md tr` ab`n tr`b nke ma ad]r`n k ba [ - Ma ]V. B Ab Lk`b tr` a s ab`n tr`b obu`n apb muyt. Qab a aa `b nke nku ok`b `nbkl v tl buyt vk a`n tae te hk` se` tbce pb`n abl7 Ok` tba a h`, b tb`n, `k mu`n ab`bxa, obed ba? ap `bt aa tk` h obed ba, o tbut bk` k v tba tk` Ykt

@dl. Qab trd`n h abe sk`b vk` aa ok` tba a h` v y j y ba a truy`.Qab [ j y ba a truy` a Bk `n abuy` l` ]bl `b sab v

tk jku my - ba Abuy` `n`b Ha s y ba a truy` ad H [ t tbl `bve `l 8669, H [ t hd` b`b jl tk jku my - ba t abu` abuy` l`ad @n`b [ t tre`n nkdk e` bk` `dy. ]re`n qu tr`b s m`n sab s aab`b j, h su`n v ap `bt.

H [ t xk` ab` tb`b al ` H l` [ ba a truy` a s, Obed [ baa truy`, ]r`n k ba [ - Ma ]b`b pb B Ab Lk`b m`b `bkua`n sa be` tb`b au` sab `y, al ` NQ. Be`n He Abu v VNQ. ]Q.@nuy` @ba Okl a pb` hk` au` sab a be` ab`b op tbkpba v abe a`n ta e te `b` ja [ t.

J` u xut h`, ab`n tk le`n `b` a ok` `n np ad `n`nbkp, aa h` sk`b vk` v aa a nk j` xut h` sdu a be` tbk` b`.

Y obed ba v e te

H [ t


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Jk `k u

Yk la ab jy ba sk`b, sk`b vk` j tru`n tl ad pb`n pbp ete `n tbk b`n `n vka hk` se` sab nke obed tre`n M ` Nke ma k

ba ad k ba [ Ma ]V. B Ab Lk`b v H [ t. H l` [ ba a truy` a

s - Obed [ ba a truy` - k ba [ Ma ]b`b pb B Ab Lk`b hk`

se` au` sab [ j [ ba a truy` abe k t`n j sk`b vk` k ba -

Abuy` `n`b [ ba a truy` vk la tku au`n ap `b`n ok` tba a h`,

ok`b k` ad [ ba a truy` md tr` `` t`n trkt ba pb`n `n l v`

ob`n tab rk tt`n v ok` tba ad obed ba bk` k.

Au` sab a au tra tb`b 6= ab`n vk aa `k mu`n a h` sdu y7Ab`n 4.Nkk tbku jab s [ ba a truy` Ykt @dl

Nkk tbku `b`n ha pbt trk` ad [ ba Ykt @dl qud aa trku ka`n `b`b`n ta pbl ok`b k` ad aa y nkd.

Ab`n 8.Nkk tbku aa ba tbuyt a h` jl `` t`n j ju` abe [ bapb`n `n `k abu`n v abe [ ba a truy` Ykt @dl `k rk`n nl7

Ba tbuyt l - M`n, @n b`b, ]bk` @b` bp `bt7 ]r`b hy lkt`n qud` v aab v` m`n ab`n nkk tbab aa aba ``n ]`n - Vb, aab h`b sk`b v aa pb`n pbp pb`n - tr h`b.

[ mab7 ]r`b hy lk t`n qud` v aab v` m`n Mab j v Mab s nkk tbab aa aba ``n ]`n - Vb, a ab h`b sk`b v aa pb`n pbppb`n - tr h`b.

Ab`n 1.Aa a s j ju` nl7

Ba tbuyt ]`n t`n7 ]r`b hy 9 ap b tb`n aba ``n sk`b j tre`nlk t`n qud` lt tbkt vk `bdu a`n `baa hku bk` h`b j obk ab`nrk je`.

Ba tbuyt ]k`b - Ob - ]b` - ]` - Mab7 ]r`b hy aa tb`b pb` ah` tre`n a tb ae` `nk vk `nu` na, aba ``n v `b`n hku bk` jls`n obk aa tb`b pb` `y h rk je`.

Ba tbuyt Ok`b ja7 Nkk tbku 48 ab`b ok`b tre`n lk t`n qud` sk`bj v h`b j


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@nuy` `b` h`b7 Nkk tbku aa `nuy` `b` v a ab ny h`b tbcequd` `kl ad `n y.

Ab`n =.Vb` `n m`n nl7

] ab`7 ]r`b hy 6= pb`n pbp obl h`b tre`n [ ba a truy`

Ht a`n7 ]r`b hy 62 bk ab`n tre`n [ ba a truy`

Ht pbp7 ]r`b hy 62 pb`n pbp abd h`b ad [ ba a truy`.

Auk lk hk j pb` ` tp a p ` k ol mk m`n au bk `bkuab` jd (LAT) `bl `b nk ok` tba v ob ``n pb` tab, j ju` adba vk`. Xk`n k vk 8 hk Ba tbuyt Ok`b ja v [ mab me v `k mu`nld`n t`b pb qut v k a`n, ba vk` s a tbe ju` tk jp mk sb`n m` ad nk`n vk` pb trab.

Y y j sab `bp l` [ ba a truy`, me a `bku md`b t tbut

`n B` - Ykt v abuy` `n`b l Hd` hk` se` ad ab`n tk ob`n tb nkktbab tt a tre`n `k mu`n ad au` sab, `` ab`n tk `nb aa ba vk` atb tbdl obe tbce tk jku7 @nuy` ]bk` Tuy` - @nuy` L`n B`n. ]k` `n y ba a truy`. @b xut h` Obed ba & O tbut 4;;6.

Au` sab `y j ot qu ad lt s t`n bp a ab` ja t hk nk`n [ba a truy` ad H l` [ ba a truy` - k ba [ B @k v [ j a truy`ad H l` [ ba a truy` a s - k ba [ Ma ]b`b pb B Ab Lk`ba`n vk `b`n tk jku obe au oba. ]uy `bk` tre`n qu tr`b hk` se`

ob`n tb ob`n a sdk st, me ab`n tk rt le`n a s np ad qu`n `nbkp v qu d`b ab ba vk`.

]bQ. @n D`b M`n

]r`n H l`[ ba a truy` a s


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La ja

Jk nkk tbku 1

Jk `k u 3

Ab`n 4.Nkk tbku jab s y ba a truy` Ykt @dl ;Hk 4. Jab s y ba a truy` Ykt @dl.................... ]bQ. @n D`b M`n ;

Ab`n 8.Nkk tbku aa ba tbuyt a h` 86Hk 8. Ba tbuyt l m`n - @n b`b - ]bk` `b` bp `bt

.......................................................................................... ]bQ. J D`b M`n 86

Hk 1. [ mab.................................................................. ]bQ. J Be`n Q` 19

Ab`n 1. Aa a s j ju` 98Hk =. Ba tbuyt t`n t`n.................... VNQ. ]Q. Vbd` Tud` Ab Bku

........................................ VNQ. ]Q. @nuy` ]b Hdy - ]bQ. @n D`b M`n 98

Hk 3. ]k`b - Ob - ]b` - Buyt - ]` mab ...............]bQ. @n D`b M`n 26

Hk 9. Ba tbuyt ok`b ja .........................VNQ. ]Q. Vbd` Tud` Ab Bku 29

Hk >. @nuy` `b` ny h`b ...........................VNQ. ]Q. @nuy` ]b Hdy ;4

Hk 2. ] ab` ..............................................................]bQ. @n D`b M`n 46=

Ab`n KY. Vb` `n m`n 48;Hk ;. Ht a`n ...........................................................]bQ. @n D`b M`n 48;

Hk 46. Ht pbp - B` pbp .........................................................................

]bQ. @n D`b M`n- VNQ. ]Q. Vbd` Tud` Ab Bku.................. 41;

Hk 44. ]b pbp ............................................................................................ 4=4

Hk 48. B pbp .............................................................................................. 4=8

Hk 41. Be pbp ............................................................................................ 4==

Hk 4=. ]ku pbp ........................................................................................... 4=9

Hk 43. ]bd`b pbp ........................................................................................ 4=2

Hk 49. ` pbp .............................................................................................. 436

Hk 4>. H pbp .............................................................................................. 438

]k jku tbdl obe ......................................................................................... 498


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ab vkt tt

H@ H`b `b`

]H ]kl hp

]A ] au`n

]AH] ] au`n h`b tb`n

]/L ]`b lab

[BA]7 [ ba a truy`

[BB7 [ ba bk` k


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Ab`n 4

Nkk tbku jab s y ba a truy` vkt `dl

Hk 4

JAB Q [ BA A ]XS[@ YK] @DL

LA ]KSQdu obk ba xe`n hk `y ba sk`b pbk74. @u j` a `b`n ha pbt trk` ad [ ba Ykt @dl qud lk tbk o v

lk trku k v lt ba tbut v j ju`.8. Jkt o a `b`n ta pbl y ba ld`n l h` sa [ ba a truy` Ykt @dl.

pba v abe la ab ba tp, hk nk`n `y nl 1 `k mu`n `bsdu7

[ ba a truy` Ykt @dl tbk A k (t u tb o K - tb o KKK sdu a`n`nuy` (A@)).

[ ba a truy` Ykt @dl tbk ]ru`n k (t tb o KKK - tb o tb RYKKsdu A@).

[ ba a truy` Ykt @dl tbk A` k (t tb o RYKK - tb o RR sdu A@).

4. ]BK A K (t u tb o K tb o KKK sdu A@t)Ab a nbk `b` mk b`b tba ok`b `nbkl v a j me s`n tre`n obu

va `bkt k nk ld, m la aa h`b st rt, h`b tbk ob v h`b `bkltr`n `n rut `` `nk Ykt a a `bku ok`b `nbkl tre`n vka s m`ntbua mk m`n aa tba ` u`n v tre`n sk`b bet `b7 tru, adu, n`n,b`b, tk, t, rk`n, m, vk, ab xd`b, ab v`n v hkt pb`n su r`n h`ntp ta `bul r`n c`.

8. ]BK ]XS@N K (tb o KKK - tb o RYKK sdu A@)M` ta Ykt @dl ha ve tbk o ]ru`n k mk `` b ad aa trku

k B` - @nu - ]` - ]`n - ] - J`n - ]u - `n (4>; tr. A@ - ;12 sduA@). Mk ab b `y, a j `nk Ykt @dl tbua t`n jp tr` a nkktbku lt `` y ba ok`b k` tb`n qud aa tby tbua ` t ]ru`n Tua `b`n Vb`n (42> - 889), Jl ]b`n (=>; - 364).


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]re`n nkdk e` `y, lt s ma jku ad Ykt @dl a nbk ve Mak` ad ]ru`n Tua `b7

m, Q` my (Md`b [ hkt ja).

u obu (Bk @dl h` tbe- k `n).

Q qu` t (H` tbe obdk he- k ]`n). Q (H` tbe tbp mk).

]ru, Adu (] au`n h` tbe).

B`n hk, Ob qud, H `n, Jk k (H` tbe a`n la).

8.4. ]bk `b @n - k`b - J - J (;12 - 488=)

@` y ba Ykt @dl, `nek t`b abt ok`b `nbkl a` ld`n tbl t`babt t` nke me e nke v Vbt nke pbt trk` l`b l mk aa trku k`y. k` b`b j `l 4419, tby tbua @nuy` Lk`b Ob`n abd h`b k`

abe vud J ]b` ]`n h`n hd ab.

8.8. ]bk `b ]r` - B - Bu J (4883 - 4>22)

] tbk `b ]r` tr k, @be nke pbt trk` l`b, tre`n a Abu Y` D`v ]r`n B` Qku j bdk `nk obk x`n pbe`n tre ab`n l t` m ed`tre`n a à v ab`b ja y `` y ba Ykt @dl lk a ku ok` v` j`.

Qe`n a`n v s n` h qu abt ab v lt v` be tt`n vk ]ru`nTua `` `` y ba Ykt @dl a`n ab pbt trk` tr` `` t`n j ju` ]ru`ny. Me , tre`n sut tbk o `y aa md`b `b` y ba Ykt @dl a`n ab jkabe bu tb `b`n tra ta `b7

Abl au tkp bku mk` adad @nuy` k @`n (k `b B) tre`n a h su`n tbl buyt @b `b, Hk jdlabd st rt? ]ra atabdbjde?Tu` m`, Vba `nuyàbd `n ok`b.

He d`b j`n pb`nad @nuy` ]ra (4=33) vk ok`b `nbkl abdsk v u ld.

[ ba yu nkk tp ab mk hkàd Abu Me` Y` (4=99) h` v tbube v `nek al.

@b` obed yu ja ad J a Y`n (k J) h` v pbp abd aa

ab`n du lt, a hkt j du lt bt v j`n qul. He sk`b mk` tb te` yu ad e A`n Ab`b (49>9) h` v aa

pb`n pbp v sk`b tb abt v tl tb`.

] ]b abu` ab y aad ] Abt Vba (k J) h` v aab s m`naa pb`n tbua abd h`b @k - @bk - Q`.


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a hkt mk tbk `b ]r`, tre`n ja trku `b v nkk qud` jk quy`qu s`b m`n tbua Ha tb lt tby tbua j ]u ]`b vk tk`b tb` a jpt ab x`n j` qud` kl @dl ma tr @dl `b` qud ta pbl@dl ma tb` bku(a h su`n v k` jk `l 4>94).

]uy `bk`, pbk ` tbk Bu J, tb te` h `b`n j ju`, ba tbut ad

]ru`n Tua v Ykt @dl lk

a t`n ot la uy` tbl `bt qud tapbl Bk ]b`n [ ]` ]l j`bad J Bu ]ra (4>86 - 4>;4).

]re`n aa trku k tra, `b al quy` ab qud` tl ` vka pba vsa obe abe vud, qud` v qu` k, a` vka abl je sa obe ad `b` m` jde`n tb la abe t`b` bea aa t aba t` nke pb trab. Ab ` tbk `bB (4=66 4=69), B B` ]b`n lk jp Tu`n ] ]b abd h`b abe m`v nkde abe tby tbua @nuy` k @`n pb trab.

a hkt, mk tbk `b J (4894) `nek vka jp rd [ ba bu` obede te tby tbua, ab`b quy` a` hd` b`b h jut B`n a vk `b`n quk`b v [ a (ku 3=4), v qu` j v sk`b tba pbl (ku =86) v a`n ta

Vbp y tre`n h sab @b` tb` okl trd `nbkl pbp.

8.1. ]bk J La - tbk ]y Q` (4=82 - 4268)

@nek ta pbl ok`b k` v k ad Bk ]b`n J` `n J Bu ]raa` a tbl7

@dl Maad @nuy` Be`b (]y Q`) nkk tbku 366 ma tbe v 416ma jku t obe`n vt v `n vt.

Jku mab pb`n pbp te` tpvkt v h`b truy` `bkl? B @bkpb`n pbp t`n ja vkt v @bk obed v J Dl pb`n pbp

tb`n javkt v Vb obed ad @nuy` Nkd Vbd` (4>2= 424>).A`n tre`n nkdk e` `y Ykt @dl, l a tb j x `n ]re`n a

nkde ju ok`b t vk aa `a tre`n v`n `n @dl v qud ab`n td trde k ]b `b` sl, @nu tt, Vba jk`b, Ruy` s` nkp, Tuy h`, ]buy`tbek `bp ]rl b`n, O `dl, Q`n t nka.

1. ]BK A@ K (tb o RYKK tb o RR sdu A@)1.4. ]bk @nuy` (4268 - 422=)

Tu` j y t v lt `b `a ob`n a n oba se vk tbk J, v lt batbut ad ynkd Ykt @dl v` tkp ta a`n vka hk` tp, tra ta, tre`n aba tp t `bku ok`b `nbkl ad y nkd ]ru`n Tua, a tb7

Ru` `b y ` ok`b tr ab ab`nabuy` v h`b ` mab v tbk obad J Ok`b Bp.

]bab `bd o`bh` v pbp xcl jk ad M`n Obk.


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1.8. ]bk Vbp tbua (422= - 4;=3)

[ ba a truy` Ykt @dl ha ve tb o RR, obk l trku `b `b@nuy` o bkp a BDXLD@M (83/62/4221) hk` Ykt @dl tb`b lt `atbua d.

] `l 42;= - 4;69, aa ]y j`n y u j` jt h nkk t` tbdy tb h`nh`b vk` bea h`b x mk quy` j`b e ad tbd`b trd y t `n M`n.

@l 4;86, `b al quy` Vbp b` ab s `nk b`b `nb `n y @dl h ob`n a qu 366 `nk.

@l 4;=1 jk o `nb `b h su`n `bl b` ab b`b `nb ad nkk`n y h`n aab ob`n abe s m`n `b`n ma jku a bet t`b l`b `bVb t, Hd u ab

]re`n be` a`b ob ob` , Bk [ ba ]ru`n o (tb`b jp 4=/6;/4;19) l jp bu` juy` e te j`n y, a`n vk Bk Ykt @dl [ Ma ba Ha

o v Bk [ ba @dl o bp ja e` ot y nkk Ykt @dl ab` b`n y baa truy` m` ta v u trd`b ab`n ab tr`n ` p y ba a truy` adtba m` Vbp.

]re`n nkdk e` `y, `nek `b`n ta pbl y ba hk` se` h`n ab B`@l `b7

Y sk`b yu ab (4;64) ad Hk Y` ]ru`n @dl `b.

H truy` tp yu (4;69) ad J ]]by B @dl.

[ tbja sde (4;69) ad Y `b Vbu.

] muy tp (4;46) ad ]b B. ]ru`n Ykt Ma t`b bp hk` nl 4366 v tbua ad k`b @be Ab`.

A` a `b`n tk jku y ba vkt h`n ab Tua `n7

Ykt @dl Ma ba ad Vb a ]b`b.

@dl Ma h ad @nuy` D` A.

[ ba t`n tbad @nuy` D` @b`.

np pb` pb ap v he t` `` y ma a truy` tre`n `b` m`.

8.1. ]bk Ykt @dl M` ab A`n be ` `dy (4;=3 - `dy)Aab l`n h`n j`, rk tr`n o ob`n abk`. Hd` `nbk` au `n y

ma a tb`b jp aa H, Q y t tbua Jk` obu np pb` nkk quyttb`n tt abe h k v h`b tt ad `b` m`.

Ob`n abk` tb`b a`n, mk ab`b quy` Ykt @dl M` ab A`n be,`ny 48/6=/4;39 H [ t rd quyt `b tb`b jp Vb`n `n y tre`n Y Abdh`b abuy` trab `nbk` au v `n y. @ny 61/69/4;3>, Bk `n y Ykt


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@dl a tb`b jp vk la ab e` ot aa `nk b`b `nb v `nbk` au`n y - `n ma. @ny 4>/69/4;3> Yk` @nbk` au `n y a tb`b jp.

B` dk bt, B Ab tab j `nk qud` tl ` v` ot bp y ba bk`k ([BB) v y ba a truy` ([BA]) m` ta xy m`n `` y ba Ykt@dl. ]re`n ha tbnk abe Bk `nb @n`b [ t `ny 8>/68/4;33 @nk vkt7

]re`n `b`n `l h ` j tb y ba ad td a`n `b

aa `n`b oba h olbl. @dy ab`n td a jp t me, a` h a` nkp `n he, nkp Ab`b pbxy m`n lt `` y t tbab bp vk `bu au abd h`b ad `b` m` td. [ baa`n pbk md tr` `nuy` ta obed ba m` ta v k ab`n.

A`n tre`n tb @nk jk ab r7 `n abd td `ny tra a `bku ok`b`nbkl qu hu v aab abd h`b h`n tbua td, tbua Ha. l r`n pblvk y ba, aa a, aa ab a`n `` ab tr`n `nbk` au pbk bp tbua `n vtbua ]y.

@nb quyt k bk `n j` tb KKK `l 4;96, j` tb KY `l 4;>9, j`tb Y `l 4;28 vab rd7

Ot bp nkd [BB v [BA] xy m`n `` y ba Ykt @dl a` a ve`nb quyt ad k bk `n, ]b t`n Ab`b pb a`n rd `bku ab tbb`n m` `n`b y t tba bk` aa `nb quyt ad k bk `n, a hktj `l 4;26 Bk` pbp ad à A`n bd R bk Ab `nbd Ykt @dl xa `b ot bp [BB v [BA] j `k mu`n a h` xy m`n ``[BB Ykt @dl. H [ t a`n rd `bku tb`n tb`n m` a tb vkatba bk` `nb quyt k bk `n, `nb quyt ad Bk `n Ab`b pb.

B` 36 `l ok` tr tba bk` `n jk ad `n v @b à, `n`b yt t a `bku tb`b tab xy m`n `` y ba Ykt @dl ot bp

[BB v [BA] ad m` ta tr` `bku lt7 Tud` kl xy m`n `n`b,e te a` h, `nbk` au y ba v abd h`b v tbua, hk` se` aa tkjku pb ap v abuy` su v [BA] m` ta.

O t sdu `ny Lk` @dl a nkk pb`n, a 3 tr`n k ba [ tre`n aà v Ba vk` Tu` y u a H l` [ ba a truy` tre`n a H l`[BA] - ]r`n k Ba [ B @k (4;94) v H l` [BA] - ]r`n k Ba [ma ]b`b pb B Ab Lk`b (4;>9)

]re`n nkdk e` [BA] obk sa, pba v abe a`n ta e te tbce abtr`n7

Vbt trk` v be` tbk` b tb`n he v sa obc `b` m` tr` a s ot bp

y ba, ma ba bk` k vk y ma ba a truy`


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4=

A tb o rd sdu y lt s ta pbl tku hku `b7

Y lt tbd o7

H` mab7 @dl ma tb` bku - B`n @nbd nka t y tb - ]bp tdlpb`n nkd nkl - Bk ]b`n y t` tl j`b - Abl au tkp bkp mk` ad Bet `b` tet yu Bk ]b`n buy` tbu.

]b` tb v s `nbkp ad Bk ]b`n j` `n ]u ]`b v `` [ baa truy` Ykt @dl (4;>3) Ja s tbua @dl v Ma ba ]u ]`b(4;;6) me J ]r` a hk` se`.

Y lt bu` juy`7

@b`n hk nk`n ad pb`n bu` juy` Yk` [ ba a truy`, ad aa Hl` [BA] tbua tr`n k ba [ B @k v Ba vk` Tu` y.

Abl au ` nk` (4;96) ad J Ob`b `n.

Vb`n pbp he ab `n ma (4;93) ad Yk` `n y.

Ma k` Ykt @dl (pb` `n ma) 4;21 ad H [ t.

Abl au ba ad Yk` `n y (4;>2).

Y lt tbdl obe - `nbk` au7

H` mab @k ok`b (4;31), ] Qku y tbek (4;92) ad @nuy` ]r`n ]bet.

]bua @dl abl au (4;96) ad Yk` `n y.

=36 ay tbua (4;98) ad Vb a ]b`b.

@b`n ay tbua v v tbua Ykt @dl (4;93) ad ]t Jk.

]`b ob`n obu` ad ay tbua Ykt @dl (4;>4) ad @nuy` a Lk`b. B`n m` ab hk` v he ab tbua @dl (4;>8) ad @nuy` a e`,

@nuy` ]by D`b

Vb`n pbp m`n sk`b (4;>3) ad @nuy` Y` B`n.

Ade ` be` t` (4;>9) ad Bk `n `n y.

B`n m` tr`n v s m`n tbua @dl, abl au (4;>>) ad Y Ma ab`b.

Ob a`n (4;>2) ad Be`n He Abu.

Red hp m` ta (4;28) ad Be`n He Abu ]r` Tua He.

]r`n bk v m`n ay tbua ad J ]r` a (4;21 - 4;22). H` mab @` ok`b (4;22) ad k`b Y` L`n.

]buyt ]by Bd (4;22) ad Vb a ]b`b.

H` mab abl t ad Be`n He Abu.

]l tt ]b`n b` ` h`b ad @nuy` ]ru`n Be.

Abl t ad @nuy` ]k ]bu ]r` Tud`n t - Be`n He Abu.


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@bk obed `n y ad ]r` Y` O.

Ma j tr jku tbua @dl ad Hk Ab Bku.

Vb obed a truy` ad @nuy` @na Jl - Be`n He Abu.

@b abl, ]by abl, Ldk bed abl ad @nuy` Ru` Tud`n - @nuy`]k ]bu.

Y `nbk` au y ba, ma ba pb ap aa pb`n pbp abdh`b [BA]7

ha u `nbk` au v jab s `` [BA] ad m` ta, pbt bk` a43> v md`b y a tra ta y ba, su tl 398 h sab tbua.

t`n ot h`n aa pb`n pbp [BB vka abd a bku qu aa h`btb`n tb`n bdy np tre`n `b` m` v lt s h`b ob abd, l` t`b`bbc` pb qu`, h`b v obp, h`b ta `n lab vt tb`n pb`ll `bkl obu`, ny x`n

`nbk` au xa `b ta m`n m

a j, tb`b pb` bd ba ad `bku vtbua a tre`n à? t aba mk tba a `bku v tbua xd `dy pbk`bp ? ab`n lk`b `nu` ma jku pbe`n pb à td a `bku ob``n tr`n trt, obdk tba pba v abe abd h`b v xut obu.

Y abd h`b7

L`n jk y t t tru`n `n ` aa a s u a `b`n t, obed, pb`nabuy` abd h`b h`n aa pb`n pbp y ba m` ta.

@nek `b`n a s y t ad @b à a` a b`n trl pb`n ab` trobp tre`n te` qua abd h`b h`n aa pb`n pbp [BA]. B`n `l,

b`n trku j

t `n

k h`b

a abd h`b aa a s pb`n ab` tr, nppb` rt tab aa ve a`n aua pba bk sa obc abe a` h, abk` s v`b` m` td.

Y a`n ta s` xut ma jku7

]r` a s `nbk` au obed ba t aba tbu bk v tr`n trt s` xutma jku, ak tk` m`n he ab tbce pb`n pbp a`n `nbkp `` lhe lt pb` abe `bu au abd h`b v xut obu. a hkt t `l 4;>1tr jk y, pbe`n tre tr`n v s m`n tbua @dl tk aa x, aa buyà `bku trk` v`n `n np tab aa ve vka a` okl xy m`n tà, t ta lt pb` tbua abd h`b tb`n tb`n

]re`n n` 36 `l qud, `bku a`n tr`b `nbk` au obed ba vy ba a truy` a t`n ot, v d`n j `b`n yu t a h`

xy m`n lt `` y ba Ykt @dl lk, np pb` ve vka he vsa obc `b` m` tre`n a`n aua pbt trk` s` xut, xy m`n

t à pb` vk`b.


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AS BK @ ]V4. Ok`b `nbkl y ba ad `nk Ykt a tb bk` r tre`n vka7

D. Q m`n ru `blt mu`n lk he ab ma jku

H. Q` sa aa vt tb`n me abk` trd`b

A. Vb`n ab`n aa h`b me a` tr`n bea tb m xl bkM. Vb`n ab`n aa h`b tbk ob v `bkl tr`n, `bkl a tba `

C. Hkt s m`n a ma

8. ]a pbl B`n nbd nka ty tb- ]u ]`b j tp bp ad 1 ta pbl7

D. @dl ma qua `n pb + @dl ma tb` bku + ]bp tdl pb`nnkd nkl

H. @dl ma qua `n pb + ]ra nkk ab `dl + ]bp tdl pb`n nkd nkl

A. @dl ma qua `n pb + ]ra nkk ab `dl + [ truy` ab yuM. @dl ma qua `n pb + ]ra nkk ab `dl + @b `b` tet yu

C. @dl ma qua `n pb + @dl ma tb` bku + He d`b j`n pb`n

1. H jut B`n a vk aa quy `b v y a, v v sk`b tba pbla a`n h mk trku k `e5

D. k`b

H. J

A. J

M. ]r`

C. Bu J

=. @nk tby tbua (v a`n j `b s) abd h`b abe Yud J ]b`]`n j7

D. @nuy` H ]`b

H. @nuy` k @`n

A. @nuy` Lk`b Ob`n

M. @nuy` ]ra

C. @nuy` `b Abku

3. Obed tbk y ba u tk` Ykt @dl a t aba mk tbk7

D. @b J

H. @b J


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A. @b ]r`

M. @b B

C. @b Bu J

9. ]a pbl y ba è a vkt h`n ab qua `n à td tbk

Vbp tbua5D. [ ba te` tb

H. Y sk`b ab yu

A. ]ru`n Ykt ma t`b bp hk`

M. [ tbja sde

C. H truy` tp yu

>. k pb vk ab`b sab b` ab `n y ad tba m` Vbp, nkk

`n y Ykt @dl tb`b jp aa bk `n y 7D. Hku t`b u trd`b ab`n a`n obdk

H. ]bdl nkd ve aa bet `n aab l`n ok` qua au qua

A. L jp bu` juy` e te

M. Hk` se` aa tk jku truy` h y ba m` nkd`

C. ]t a aa au tr`

2. @l tb`b jp bk `n y Ykt @dl7

D. 4;39H. 4;3>

A. 4;32

M. 4;3;

C. 4;96

;. ]a pbl è, ad dk u tk` h` ` `nuy` ta ]bd`b tl tktma s`n ju7

D. Bet `b` tet yu - Be`n ` Bd

H. B`n `nbd nka ty tb- @nuy` H ]`b

A. Bk ]b`n y t`n tl j`b - J Bu ]ra

M. He sk`b mk` tb te` yu - e A`n Ab`b

C. ] tb abu` ab - ] Abt Vba


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46. ]a pbl è l` `k mu`n y ba hy t tl tr`n, `k `klad `nk k qua tra a`b à lt `b td`7

D. Abl au k tb`b

H. He sk`b mk` tb te` yu

A. [ bk au `nuy`M. @ntku y tbut v` p

C. Y sk`b yu quyt mk` ad

44. ]a pbl è, ad dk nkk tbku `b`n ok`b `nbkl v abd h`bst rt v tb t7

Abl au tkp bku mk` ad - Be`n ` Be

@dl ma tb` bku @nuy` H ]`b

Bet `b` tet yu - Be`n ` Be

Mpb`n tp Hk Mkl `n

Y` sab - ]r` `b @bl

48. A s abd h`b abe m` a jp rd u tk` mk trku k è à td7

D` ] `n k `b J

]bk [ ]b k `b ]r`

Tu`n ] ]b k `b B

Yk` ]bk [ k `b J

[ ba Bu` obed k `b J

41. Qab hk` se` m`n abe vka ba v tbk y ba Ykt @dl mk tbkBu J j7

D. Abl au k ]b`b

H. He sk`b mk` tb te` yu

N. @dl ma h

M. Y` sabC. He d`b j`n pb`n

4=. ]a pbl è, ad dk u tk` h` v ok`b `nbkl abd h`b sk vu ld tr cl7

D. Bet `b` tet yu ad Be`n ` Be

H. L`n tru`n nka u ad Bk ]b`n J` `n


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4;

A. u u tu trk ad Bk ]b`n J` `n

M. He d`b j`n pb`n ad @nuy` ]ra

C. ]ku `bk u ab`n ad ]r` @n ]bkl

V @

AS BK V @ AS BK V @

4 M 2 H

8 C ; H

1 C 46 C

= A 44 A

3 C 48 A

9 D 41 M

> C 4= M


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Ab`n KK

NKK ]BKS AA BA ]BS[] A H@

Hk 8

BA ]BS[]L M@N - @N B@B - ]BK@ @B@ BV @B]

LA ]KSQdu obk ba xe`n hk `y, ba vk` pbk7

4. ]r`b hy a `k mu`n a h` ad ba tbuyt l - M`n , @n b`b , ]bk``b` bp `bt.

8. @u v pb` tab a `nbd ad = quy jut a h` ad ba tbuyt l - M`n.

1. ]r`b hy v pb` tab a `k mu`n a h` ad ba tbuyt @n b`b. @u r`b`n quy jut ]`n sk`b , ]`n oba , ]`n tbd , ]`n v ad ba tbuyt(a`n vk s ).

=. ]r`b hy v pb` tab a `b`n p m`n ad ba tbuyt l - M`n, @nb`b, ]bk` `b` bp `bt tre`n sk`b j, h`b j, ab` e` v ku tr.

3. @b` tba a t`b a h` ad ba tbuyt l - M`n, @n b`b, ]bk``b` bp `bt tre`n b tb`n j ju` ad [BA].

Ba tbuyt l - M`n, @n b`b, ]bk` `b` bp `bt j lt tre`n`b`n v tr qud` v `b` sk`b qud` ad `nk ]ru`n Tua a k. ]re`n n`8666 `l jab s ad ]ru`n y ` j `` t`n j ju` v j okl ab `dl abe`nk tby tbua [BA].

4. @NS@ NA]re`n sut n` 8366 `l jab s trkt ba ad ]ru`n Tua, aa trkt nkd

]ru`n Tua a ot a aa quk jut sdu y v l M`n, @n b`b7

l M`n (a` nk j bdk yu t k jp) j bdk pbl tr ad trkt ba]ru`n Tua a k, bdk yu t `y ju` b`n a tre`n lk s vt v bk`t`n t `bk` a`n `bx bk. Ab`n k jp `bdu `b`n jk ju` ju```n td ve `bdu (B a`) bp tb`b lt tb tb`n `bt, `n tbka`n v` `n se`n se`n vk `bdu (H`b b`b) tbce xu b`n ]kutr`n pbt trk`.


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@n b`b j 3 tbua t`b a h` tre`n nkk t `bk` au te tb`b v`vt h`n aab ta `n j` `bdu tbce quk jut ]`n sk`b - ]`n oba -]`n tbd - ]`n v.

]b nkk hde nl t `bk` v x bk j k v tr, ae` `nk j tku v tr.A bdk u bl abd `b`n tbua t`b ad l M`n v `n b`b, `n tbka`n v` `n pbt trk` tbce quk jut l M`n v `n b`b

8. BA ]BS[] L [email protected]. `b `nbd

J v tr qud` ad trkt ba ]ru`n Tua a k v aab tba v` `n adlk s vt, lk bk` t`n? m`n nkk tbab s xut bk`, s t` tk, s abuy`bd jp k jp jk a t`b abu o ad s vt, bk` t`n y tre`n t `bk`.

8.8. @k mu`n

Ba tbuyt l M`n abe r`n7

Lk s vt, lk bk` t`n tre`n t `bk` ju` a`n a bdk lt, bdk t`babt oba `bdu. Bdk t`b abt `y k jp `bdu `b`n ju` t` tk h``bdu ob`n tb tab rk a (l M`n k jp l b a`). Bdk t`babt `y ju` v` `n tbce aab ak `y j` m` v hk` lt abe akokd xut bk` v a tb tkp mk` tbce lt abu o `bt `b (l M`nh`b b`b l tku tr`n) obk` abe lk s vt, lk bk` t`n ju` tre`n tr`n tbk v` `n.

@k tl jk

k jpvk `bdu j s lu tbu`, ab a v u trd`b nkd bdk ltl M`n.

]b m7 @ny v l? à v jd? a ab v b`n pb`

B a`j ``n td j` `bdu. Bdk lt l M`n tuy k jp vk `bdu`b`n pbk ``n td ve `bdu lk t` tk a, lk a `nbd. A bdklt u j qu tr`b tab aa ad s vt, ob`n tb ` a pbt sk`b,pbt trk` a.

]b m7 A `n bd lk a m bd, bdy `na jk ù ob`n a m bd tbqu tr`b `n bd ob`n tkp ta a. B`n pb` v a ab u j qu tr`btab aa ad bet `n v è.

8.8.4. @b`n pbl tr ld`n tbua t`b l M`n

Rut pbt t `nbd ju k ad bdk ab l M`n l tbce 7

l7Vbd lt trk j`, u l, h abc pb, t suy rd `b`n tbua t`bad l j h` tre`n, bt ve, ae jk, a, tk, `nb `nk, t`b, bp tbu, t`ntr, j`b je, t`n bp


22/162

88

M`n7Vbd lt trk la, ra r, a hdy pbt pbk, t suy rd `b`ntbua t`b ad M`n (j h` `nek, tb rd, m` rd, tre`n, s`n, jl vka,`n, hk tkt, v` abuy`, ``n `a, pb` nkk

Aa tby tbua [BA] sp xp `b`n tbua t`b tbce l M`n `bsdu7

]re`n a tb

l M`n

]`n Vb

]k`b ]b`

Buyt Ob

Mab ]`

Lt tre`n Lt `nek

Vbd mk Vbd tr`

@na, h`n J n

- Ob bu

B`, ]bp, J`n Vbe`n, @bkt, ]b, ]e, Bd, `

- ]r`n tbk jl s`n

l M`n

J Hku

B ]ba

B` @bkt

- ]`b abt ma jku

B`, J`n `, @bkt

Nk`n ]b`n

]rl Vb

L`, `n Ady, abud, `nt

8.1. ]`b quy jut ad ba tbuyt l - M`n

8.1.4. ]re`n t `bk`

]bk nkd`7Lt `ny nl a huk s`n v huk tk. @u ab a huk s`n bea huk tk

tb ob`n a `kl `ny (l M`n k jp l b a`).

Lt `ny ht u h`n huk h`b lk`b (M`n tr`n ), ja hd` l hk` lt v huk s`n xut bk` obk u abe lt `ny. @ny oe mk `bt huk trd (M`n tku ) tb hd` `ny hk` lt v be`n b` xut bk` obk u abe l (l tr`n ).


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l oe mk ` obuyd tb l hk` lt (l tku) h`b lk`b (M`ntr`n ) obk u abe lt `ny o tkp tbce lt abu o `bt `b (l M`nh`b b`b tku tr`n) obk` abe `ny l a tb ju` abuy`.

Ob bu7

Ob bu ju` ju` a bdk t`b abt oba `bdu a h`7 @`n v j`b. @u

ab a ``n bea ab a j`b tb ob`n a `kl v ob bu (l M`n k jpl b a`).

Ob bu ``n obk u h`n ld xu` oe mk ` ld b (M`ntr`n) rk hk` lt (m`n tku) abe ob bu j`b xut bk`.

Ob bu j`b obk u h`n ld tbu tkp mk` h`n ld `n (l tku )v ot tba abe ld xu` xut bk` (M`n tr`n ) v a tb tkp mk` tbcelt abu o `bt `b (l M`n h`b b`b tku tr`n) obk` abe tbk tkttre`n lt `l a tb ju` abuy`.

8.1.8. ]re`n a tb `nk

B tu` be`7

Tud` st lt abu o tkl td `b` tby7

l M`n k jp l b a`7 Lt abu o tkl nl a bdk tb7 ]b t`nlu (M`n), tb `p lu (l). @u ob`n a tb t`n lu tb s ob`n a tb`p lu v `na jk.

l M`n h`b b`b l tku tr`n7]b t`n lu a `k tkp h`n tb`p lu v `na jk obk` abe abu o tkl tkp mk` ob`n `n`n.

B b bp7

Tud` st lt `bp b bp td `b` tby7

l M`n k jp l b a`7 Lk `bp b bp nl a bdk tb7 Bt ve(l) v tb rd (M`n). @u ob`n a bt ve s ob`n a tb rd v `na jk.

l M`n h`b b`b l tku tr`n7]b bt ve a `k tkp h`n tbtb rd v `na jk, a tb tkp ta tbce lt abu o `bt `b.

B tku bd7

Tud` st lt bk` t`n tku bd td `b` tby7

l M

`n k jp l b a`7Bk` t

`n tku bd nl bdk nkdk e`7hk tkt (M`n) v bp tbu (l). Ob`n a hk tkt tb ob`n a bp tbu v`na jk.

l M`n h`b b`b l tku tr`n7 Nkdk e` hk tkt s a `k tkp hknkdk e` bp tbu v `na jk, a tb tkp mk` tbce lt abu o `bt `b.

B tkt `ku7

Tud` st s te tb`b `a tku ad tb` td `b` tby7


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l M`n k jp l b a`7Aba ``n jl rd à tku ad tb` nlbdk bk` t`n7 Hk tkt (m`n) v bp tbu (l). Bk` t`n bp tbu d` xc`vk bk` t`n hk tkt, ù ob`n a hk tkt s ob`n a bp tbu.

l M`n h`b b`b l tku tr`n7Qdu nkdk e` hk tkt (ja) `d`nHewld` s j nkdk e` bp tbu `n j` n`. Qdu mab ja ` `b`b

xu`n ad qudk Bc`j jk

a tkp ta bp tbu ` `b`b j` ad qudkBc`j tb ht u nkdk e` hk tkt v a tkp ta abe bt e` tra ad `nj` xd. Qdu mab ja jk a bp tbu ` la aa k `n np tr tb`bà tku v a hk tkt rd `nek.

B tb` ok`b7

Tud` st bet `n ad v è tre`n qu tr`b tp tru`n suy `nb td`b` tby7

l M`n k jp l b a`7 ]re`n nkdk e` `y v è a bdk v`n7v`n bet `n (M`n) v v`n `nb `nk (l). Bdk v`n `y a`n d` xc`

vk `bdu.l M`n h`b b`b l tku tr`n7Obk s bdt `n t ` la aak tb v è abuy` sd`n nkdk e` `nb `nk.

Tud` st bet `n ad v è tre`n nkdk e` `nb `nk td `b` tby7

l M`n k jp l b a`7 ]re`n nkdk e` `y v è a bdk v`n7Y`n `nb `nk (l) v v`n bet `n (M`n). Bdk v`n `y a`n d` xc`vk `bdu.

l M`n h`b b`b l tku tr`n7Obk `nb `nk (l) t ` la aak tb v è abuy` sd`n tr`n tbk bet `n (M`n) (tba nka).

n m`n ba tbuyt l - M`n tre`n y ba a truy`

8.1.1. Y au te a tb v sk`b j

l7 ]`n, ok`b l, buyt, h`n, tre`n, mk

M`n7 Vb, ok`b m`n, ob, j`n, `nek .

Yt abt mk`b m`n tbua l, a ``n bet `n tbua M`n.

8.1.=. Y qu tr`b pbt sk`b rd h`b tt

H`b tt pbt sk`b me lt tb`n h`n v l M`n tre`n a tb ahku bk` h`n s tbk` tb`n bdy tbk` suy7

]bk` tb`n7

+ M`n tb`n ny ab`n @bkt7 Qt, lab `bd`b, obt à, te, àtku

+ l tb`n ny ab`n B`7 @nk j`b, ab` tdy j`b, lab trl, dj`n, à tku tre`n


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]bk` suy7 M`n b`b tre`n aa tr`n bp je suy, bk ab`n b`npb` tb` ok`b nkl.

]re`n qu tr`b pbt trk` ad h`b, t`b abt ad h`b a` abuy` bdj` `bdu nkd bdk lt l M`n. @b h`b pb` M`n `b b`n `pb` l (M`n tb`n ta l h`b) `bst ade oe mk s ny lt à? h`b

pb` l `b b

`n ` pb` M

`n (l tb`n ta M

`n h`b) `b

dj`n, `` ld oe mk, lt à k` nkk jl `bkl a tb` ok`b ny st, aenkt tbl ab ny try lab (tbet M`n)

Q lt tb`n h`n ad l M`n ny rd aa ab`n h`b `b`n v troba `bdu ad a tb ty tbce v tr pb` l bdy m`n, `b7

M`n tb`b sk`b `nek @bkt7 Qt, `nk v tdy ab` ``n, v pb`M`n ad a tb tbua hku, tbua `bkt

l tb`b sk`b `k B`7 d aby, `nk s j`b, à tku tre`n mk v pb`l tbua J, tbua B`.

l bsk`b `k @bkt7 Lt à, t` mab nkl ny ab`n obt à, b`nob, te, à tku

M`n b sk`b `nek B`7 Q j`b, tdy ab` j`b v pb` M`n ob `nek h nkl st.

l M`n tku tr`n7 ]re`n ab`n ]kt t ``n (d aby `bkl a)tr`n tbk jl s`n a tb abuy` t s j`b, tdy ab` j`b (l aa )sd`n st, ae nkt (l aa sk`b M`n)

8.1.3. Y ab` e` h`b tt

Md ve h` pb`n pbp obl h`b7 @b` bea tr`n (Y`n), `nbc(Y`), bk (Y`), xcl lab (]bkt) obdk tba aa trku ab`n tbua B`bdy@bkt, Bbdy ]baad aa ]`n, Vb v Ok`b ja.

Md ve tl a`n j`b `b nk v tr ``n su ad h`b tt, t`babt ad h`b, tr`n tbk `nk h`b v xu tb abu`n `bt ad h`b (Hku - J,B- ]ba, B` - @bkt v l - M`n). ]re`n l v M`n j bdk a`nj`b t`n qut `bt nk j t`n a`n.

Md ve t ab` obdk tba trku ab`n v a` a ve Ht a`n, h`btt a quy tb`b bk ab`n tbk` tb`n bdy tbk` suy v l M`n ad aa]`n, Vb, Ok`b ja

8.=. n m`n ba tbuyt l - M`n tre`n ku tr8.=.4. Vb`n b`n ku tr

p m`n quy jut l M`n k jp(a` nk j pbp Vb` tr , Ab`b tr)

Y m7

Ab`n B`(j`b) tb m`n pbp ` (l).


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Ab`n @bkt (``n) tb m`n pbp ]bd`b (jl lt).

Ab`nB(yu) tb m`n pbp H.

Ab`n ]r`n, ]b`n, buyttb m`n pbp ]ku (Obdk tb`n).

p m`n quy jut l M`n tku tr`n(jl abe bk` t`n, s vt

tr `` aa k, qu la tb ` s hk` lt, a` nk j pbp ]`n tr ,Vb` tr ).

Y m7

Ab`n @bkt aa sk`b B`7` h`b (@bkt tbua M`n) mk` tk` tkla ``n s ny t`b tr`n tdy ab` j`b, s j`b, rt ru`, lab ob`nht a (h`b a`b B` tbua l) `b`n td jk m`n pbp ]bd`b (a`ntbua l) tbdy v m`n pbp `.

Ab`n B` aa sk`b @bkt7Ab`n ]kt t (B` tbua l) mk` tk` tkla ``n s a hku bk` jl s`n ad lt `a tre`n a tb `bobt, md

``n, lk`n jk ob re, ht rt, vt v (h`b a`b @bkt tbua M`n)`b`n td jk m`n pbp ` J (a`n tbua M`n) tbdy v m`n pbp ]bd`b.

8.=.8. Vb`n pbp m`n tbua

H`b B` tb m`n tbua @bkt tr.

H`b @bkt tb m`n tbua B` tr.

8.=.1. Vb`n pbp m`n buyt

H`b ]`n (tbua l) tb m`n buyt Hk mu v`n j`n (tbua M`n).

H`b Vb (tbua M`n) tb m`n buyt L v`n `na h`n (tbua l).

8.=.=. ]re`n ku tr

Q m`n l M`n k jp

Y m7

Bab`n7 M`n pbp tr j H.

+ ]bua7 Ma jku au`n ap aa abt mk`b m`n, aa `nuy` t vkj`n, bea ny b`n pb` tb` ok`b, tkl lab bea tba yabuy` be a h`.

+ Abl7 ]bce o tbut H.

+ Red hp7 O tbut `b, abl rk.

+ ]ba ab`n7 M`n pbp tr j ]

+ ]bua7 Ma jku a t`b a`n pbt l`b7 Xd l bk, b st, je`n l,jk tku l`b, ty x, tku vkl.

+ Abl7 ]bce o tbut ].


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+ Red hp7 O tbut l`b, `bd`b.

B` ab`n7 M`n pbp tr j `

+ ]bua7 Ld`n t`b l, ``n.

+ Abl7 ` abl bea ]bku s` be bea Au.

+

Red hp7 Red v p ``n. @bkt ab`n7 M`n pbp tr j ]bd`b

+ ]bua7 Ld`n t`b lt bea j`b.

+ Abl7 ]bu tbk` j`n.

+ Red hp7 Mdy, l, ve, xt.

Bea s m`n l M`n b a`.

Y m7

Buyt btb m`n tbua h buyt pbk ol tbce tbua h ob v pbp h

buyt `nek ma jku m`n buyt pbk ol ma jku bet buyt.]b` M`n btb m`n ma jku h ]b` M`n tr` `` t`n tbua h

]b` l (Hk Ht v abd ab`n ]b` M`n bobk tbl bdk v @ba qu vVb t ab tr` a s hk Ja v abd ab`n ]b` l b).

8.3. n m`n ba tbuyt l - M`n tre`n pb`n h`b8.3.4. ]re`n sk`b bet

Ld `n pbk la l.

Ld B tb pbk la tbe`n lt.

8.3.8. ]re`n jde `n

Obk jl vka tb tra bt pbk obk `n t t (M`n sk`b ), sdu lkt`n m` a`n j` (M`n tr`n ), ` obk `nb `nk tb nkl m` a`n jde `n (M`n tku ) v abuy` sd`n `nb `nk bd` td` (l tr`n ).

8.3.1. ]re`n `nb `nk

@u a`n vka j jde `n tr a (t`b tk tbua l) tb ja `nb `nk ``ab` aa bet `n tb ja (``n `n tbua M`n).

@u a`n vka j jde `n ab` tdy (``n `n tbua M

`n) tb ja `nb`nk `` ab` aa bet `n tr a (t`b tk tbua l).

1. BA ]BS[] @N [email protected]. `b `nbd

J v tr qud` ad trkt ba ]ru`n Tua a k m`n l t lk t`nta nkd s vt, aa bk` t`n tre`n t `bk`.


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1.8. @k mu`n

Aa `b tt`n tbua tr`n pbk `y abe r`n v` vt a au te hk3 vt abt, 3 yu t a h` j7

La (n).

Bd (jd).

]b (t).

Okl (okl jek).

]by (`a).

]re`n ku ok` h`b tb`n 3 vt abt, 3 yu t `y t`n ta tbce 8b`n bea ]`n sk`bl tbce ab`n tba y abuy` bd j` `bdu `b7

La sk`b Bd.

Bd sk`b ]b.

]b sk`b Okl.

Okl sk`b ]by.

]by sk`b La.

bea ]`n oba l tbce ab`n r`n hua, ab a j` `bdu `b7

La oba ]b.

]b oba ]by

]by oba Bd.

Bd oba Okl.

Okl oba La.]re`n ku ok` oba tb`n, 3 vt abt, 3 yu t `y t`n ta tbceb`n bea ]`n tbd l tbce ab`n j` t `bdu `b7

La tbd ]b.

]b tbd ]by

]by tbd Bd.

Bd tbd Okl.

Okl tbd La

bea]

`n vl tbce ab`n a ab `n

a j` `bdu `b

7 ]b v La.

]by v ]b

Bd v ]by.

Okl v Bd.

La v Okl.


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1.1. n m`n1.1.4. ]re`n `b` tb

Md ve ab`n l M`n `n t`n d ju`, aa `b [ ba a truy`]ru`n Tua sp xp, quk `p aa lk jk` qud` nkd tbk` `bk` v `b` tbtbce @n b`b `bsdu7

Bk` t`n @n b`b

La Be ]b Okl ]bu

Yt abt N, ay Jd t Okl jek @a

Lu sa Rd`b Y`n ]r`n c`

Y Abud `n @nt Ady L`

Ld Ru` B Auk b ]bu `n

Vb`n `n @dl ]ru`n `n ]y Ha

]`n Ad` ]l ] Vb ]b`

Vb l ]ku tr`n Y k tr`n H`n qud`n@n tb A` Lab ]bt Md, j`n R`n, tu

@n qud` Lt Jk Lk`n Lk ]dk

]`b ab Nk` L`n Je `nb Hu` Q

l tbd`b Bt Ak ]k`n , `a Oba ]k`n r`

Hku bk` @l tdy u hu` @` obd` Be Xu` ry

1.1.8. ]re`n a ab h`b sk`b

A tb v` m`n aa quk jut Qk`b Oba ]bd Y ad @n b`b

nkk tbab7Y m7

]DL

]BD@AD@

VBC


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] bvk aa trku ab`n7 Ab` `, lt lk, tdy ab` v ja, tku j`n tb7

A tb me ]l Be suy (Bt ) a` nk j ]l ] Ob Buyt j`n bol tbl aa trku ab`n `b7 Lt `n, bdy qu`, sa lt tr`n, jk`bt, ]l qu ab`b xu`n, lab `ba bea ot, k

A tb me Ad` La v`n (Yk t ) a` nk j Ad` (]) v ht be ol tbl

aa trku ab`n `b7 @na s`, tb`n v du ta, h`n tr`n sk, t`bt`b nt n`n..

A tb me Vb Okl suy (]ba t ) a` nk j Vb ] Ob bol tbl aatrku ab`n `b7 Ob tb, be `bku l mk, md j`n ob tbd

A tb d ` ]b` tbu v`n (]a t ) a` nk j ] ]b` M`n bol tbl aa trku ab`n `b7 ]dy ab` j`b, s j`b, `n ad`b t , pbtb`n bea a tr`n

A` ù h` tb` ] h h`b l ob`n me t t`n pb è ny rd tb nkj Ab`b t.

1.1.1. ]re`n ab` e`

Q m`n h` pb`n pbp Y`n Y` Y` ]bkt tp tru`n ve aaaba ``n ad t`n pb v aa hku bk` h` `nek ad ab`n `b@n qud`,@n tb, @n ab

Y m7Obk t`n ] a h`b tb7

Y`n ab`7Hp tbt tdy ab` hu `be, lk ob be ob`n y `.

Y` ab`7]k`n e, tk`n ``, tk`n à aa, tk`n `k tbp `b, bk tb`n`.

Y` ab`7 ol, abl tku, h`n tr`n bk bea a tr`n, k tk`j`n, j, re`n ok`b, sd ]`n Vb, t`b t`b bdy u je.

]bkt ab`7- Ok`b ja ab`7 ]l p tb`n kl ad ok`b ].

Lab ab`7 Ab h Tud` / tdy pbk.

1.1.=. ]re`n ku tr

Y` m`n l M`n k jp v @n b`b t`n sk`b7L tba t ae`, ae`bh l.

Y m7

Ab`n u abe`n lt bed me Ad` M`n tb`b tb pbp tr j ] ]lBd (l tba t ae`).

Ab`n u abe`n lt bed me Ad` Buyt btb pbp tr j H ]b` ]by(ae` bh l).


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Ad` La t`n tbd ] ]b ny du m my, tku aby tb pbp tr j h`bAd`, ok` ].

]b` ]by t`n v vk ] ]b ny tku aby oe mk, pb mk`b m`n tbpbp tr ok` ], jk ]by

a hkt tre`n abl au, quk jut `y a` tb bk` abt ab j` a aab

ab` buyt tbua `bl @n mu.

Ok`b@n mu buyt

]`b Bu`b Mu Ok`b Bp

l La Be ]b Okl ]bu

M`n Okl ]bu La Be ]b

1.1.3. ]re`n he ab

@nek vka pbk bp `n v, `n sa vk `n t`n ab` tbua, `nk xd

a` he ab jl tbdy k t`b ``n ad tbua `bl ve yu au abd h`b.Y m7

abd ab`n tbua v Ad` `nk td bdy sde ma jku vk nkl.

abd ab`n tbua v ]b` `nk td bdy sde tl ma jku vk luk.

abd ab`n tbua v ] `nk td bdy sde ma jku vk Be`n tb beasde tl (abab) vk lt.

abd ab`n tbua v ]l `nk td bdy sde aby, sde c` ma jku.

abd ab`n tbua v Vb `nk td bdy sde ma jku vk n`n.

=. @N M@N BA ]BS[] ]BK@ @B@ BV @B]=.4. `b `nbd

Ba tbuyt ]bk` b` bp bt k j` nkd ae` nk vk be` a`b t bk`v x bk, ju` ju` lu tbu` v tb`n `bt vk `bdu. Ae` `nk pbk tbab `nbk,ab n, ak te be` a`b tbk` bk` v x bk sk`b t` v pbt trk`.

]re`n y ba `nk xd `n m`n ba tbuyt `y ab e aa pb`npbp pb`n h`b, nk n` sa obc, tl rd `nuy` `b` ny h`b v rdpb`n pbp abd h`b te` mk`.

=.8.`nbd ad ba tbuytBe` a`b t `bk` v x bkju` ju` ta `n ` ae` `nk

=.8.4. Be` a`b t `bk`

Nl ob bu, tbk tkt, d j, tp qu` sk`b bet.


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Ob bu, tbk tkt h` ld nl 69 tb ob (ja ob)7 Vbe`n (nk), B`(j`b), ]b (``n), ]bp (l tbp), ]e (ob), Bd (``n) ju` ju` alt tbce ld ta `n ` sa obc ae` `nk. Obk sa obc yu (ab`bob b), ab`n s tr tb`b ta `b` ny h`b h` `nek nk j ] ob.

Be` a`b d j, tp qu` sk`b bet `b7 Lk` `n h`n, lk` r`n `k,

lk` @dl, lk` Ha? tp qu` sk`b bet, pbe`n ta, t` `n

`n ju` ju`ny `` `b`n h`b d pb`n v `b b`n ` sa obc ae` `nk.

=.8.8. Be` a`b x bk

J `b`n ku ok` ab`b tr, ok`b t, v` bd ad x bk, ju` ju` ta`n ` tt`n t`b al, e a ad ae` `nk.

ku ok` ok`b t ol, la s`n a` abd ade j yu t `b b`n `sa obc.

Y` bd ob`n j`b l`b, `b`n tp ta, `b`n t t`n ja bu ju`

ta `n ` t

muy ae` `n

k ]t a `b`n yu t tr` s ta `n ob`n tt v tl j x bk, j kuok` ny rd aa h`b `k tb`n l y ba a truy` nk j @k `b`.

Ae` `nk ju` ju` tbab `n vk be` a`b t `bk` v x bk7

]bk tkt, ob bu v `b`n ku ok` x bk ju` ta `n ` k s`nae` `nk, a `b`n yu t tab aa a` tbkt abe s s`n ad ae` `nk,`na jk a `b`n yu t tku aa `b b`n ` sa obc ae` `nk.

Ae` `nk a` tbab `nbk vk be` a`b, ab `n v ak te t `bk` v xbk sk`b t` v pbt trk`

Lu` vy ae` `nk a` a sa obc, tk`b tb` pbk v`n v`n hku bk` ab`b ob v aa aba ``n ad a tb ju` ju` qu` h`b nkd aa lt l,M`n, Ob, Buyt, ]k`b tb`, ]` mab

=.1. n m`n tre`n ab` e`7Y m7

+ Md ve @nek `b` v @k `b` (t`b ab tbt ku).

@nek `b` Vbe`n ]b (Be) ]bp ]e B`

@k `b` St nk`(@)

Yuk l`n(B)

Je `nb,ted` t`b

(])

du hu`(Hk)

Obkp s(Ob`n)

]`n m ht` tb`n

Ad` ]l ] Vb ]b`


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+ Bea jy b`b `b ad ob bu l t t` abe aa h`b @nek al.

Vbe`n ab`n7Ld`n t`b abt mk `n, hk` abuy` `bd`b.

+ Vbe`n t7 du `ba aa obp mk abuy` t `k `y ` `k oba.

+ Ok`b pbe`n7 Ae nkt.

B` ab`n7 Ld`n t`b abt j`b, ae a`n, tre`n je`n.+ B` t7 du obk j`b, tbab abl ``n, aa obp du tr `` a`n.

+ B` t7 ]ku aby obk trk j`b bdy ` tba ` j`b, pb` je`n.

]b (be) ab`n7Ld`n t`b abt ``n.

+ @bkt t7 du obp ol s`n, ``n

]e ab`n7Ld`n t`b abt ob re.

+ Vb te7 Be obd`, md j`n ob, k au te.

]bp7 Ld`n t`b abt ``n, a, xut tkt, tr tr.+ ]bp t7 du obp a al nka lt lk, tbab l v.

+ ]bp ab`7 Ykl md ny xut tkt.

+ ]bp t7 ]ku aby `a a `b`a ve ne.

+ ]bp j7 La k au l k ob`n bt pb`, du qu`, lt r`, pb` atb a lu, lk `by.

=.=. ]re`n pb`n h`b

]b `n tbce qud` kl ]bu` tbk` nk t` @nbab tbk` nk ve`n7@tr`b aa yu t `nek `b` a`n `b`k `b`.

Ab `n tbce qud` kl ]bd`b tl qu ma - ]b ab` juy` b`b pb`n h`b.

AS BK @ ]V4. Ad` l bd ` Ad` M`n v`n j hku bk` ad quk jut7

D.l M`n tku tr`n

H.l M`n b a`

A.l M`n h`b b`b

M. @n b`b t`n sk`b

C. @n b`b t`n oba


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8. ]re`n hk O aa d be`n nl Aa bed, Au o t, ]ba d, Beks`, ` h, ]rab t, Q` tb, Vba jk`b abd ab`n Ad` l b, vtbua `e sdu y tb bk` `nuy` ta Ae` bh l7

D. Aa bed

H. ]ba d

A. ]rab t

M. Vba jk`b

C. ` h

1. Ad` M`n v`n d ` Y ht nk`n `p j hku bk` ad quk jut7

D.l M`n k jp

H.l M`n tku tr`n

A. @n b`b t

`n obaM. @n b`b t`n v

C. @n b`b t`n tbd

=. Ad` buyt bd ` Ad` Vbe`n `k `n j hku bk` ad quk jut

D.l M`n h`b b`b

H.l M`n b a`

A.l M`n tku tr`n

M. @n b`b t`n sk`bC. @n b`b t`n oba

3. H`b a`b B` `bkt ab` nk j lt hku bk` ad quk jut7

D.l M`n h`b b`b

H.l M`n k jp

A.l M`n b a`

M.l M`n tku tr`n

C. @n b`b t`n v

9. Tud` kl ]re`n l a M`n, tre`n M`n a l. Ob`n tbbk` 7

D. Ab` `bkt nk b`

H. u tbua M`n `b`n tr` tb lt


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A. Ab` tbua l `b`n ab` pbk l

M. J`n tbua M`n `b`n pbk lt

C. @na h`n tbua l `b`n pbk l

>. Lu h`b ap t v m `b] M`n btb sdu s m` ` Vb

Ob suy j hku bk` ad quk jutD.l M`n tku tr`n

H.l M`n b a`

A. @n b`b t`n sk`b

M. @n b`b t`n tbd

C. @n b`b t`n v

2. M`n tbua a v ady lt jl rd l bk abd ab`n Hku tba

`bkt j p m`n quy jut7D.l M`n k jp

H. @n b`b t`n sk`b

A. @n b`b t`n oba

M. @n b`b t`n tbd

C. @n b`b t`n v

V @

AS BK V @ AS BK V @

4 D 3 M

8 H 9 D

1 C > A

= A 2 M


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19

Hk 1

[ MAB

LA ]KS4. ]r`b hy a t`n `n nkd l M`n, @n b`b, Ht quk vk @n ]`n.

8. ]r`b hy a aab v` m`n Mab j, Ht quk, Mab s tre`n he ab.

1. ]r`b hy a aab v` m`n Mab j, Ht quk, Mab s tre`n pb`n v tr h`b.

]re`n `n m`n ve y ba, aa ba tbuyt sdu y a ap `bku `bt7l M`n, ] t`n, @n b`b, Ht quk, Lt s tr`n quk. ]re`n , lM`n, @n b`b j ba tbuyt a` h` `bt abe [BA], j A` h` tbktjp te` tb b tb`n y j ad `n y4. m bku, tk jku `y obe st tbceaab pb` jek ad y ba bk` k.

4. NKK VBS BAY lt nkk pbu ba, a tb tl tt aab `nk xd xp jek aa a qud`

h pb` tre`n a tb ae` `nk tbce t`n ba tbuyt `bsdu7

4.4. ]bce l M

`nL M@N

Y tr tr` a tb Vbd mk, pbd tre`n (J) Vbd tr`, pbd `nek (Hku)

H` pbk, lt h`n H` trk, lt j n

Vbk @ @dl

]`n pb ]`n Vb

Ok`b ja Ok`b l Ok`b m`n

]`n Ad`, ]b` ]l, Vb

Vb ]ku tr`n, k tr`n, H`nqud`n, ]dl tku

Y, l

]dl tku B tku ]b`n tku8

Ob buyt Buyt Ob

4 ]u` Qm, tr. 4468 ]u` Qm, tr. 48=-4897 ]7 l M`n qu` h`b v nkd? ]ru`n tku7 H` l h`M`n, l M`n qu` h`b


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4.8. ]bce @n b`b

LA BD ]B OKL ]B[

]`n Ad` ]l, ]l he,]b` be

] Vb ]b`, ]b`]bu

Vb l ]ku tr`n, ]dltku 1 Y k tr`n H`n qud`n

Nka qud`=

Lt Jk Lk lk`n Lk ]dk

L (]b) A` Lab A `ba H lde At tu

Lu Rd`b Y`n ]r`n c`

Lk Obt Ob ]bl ]d`b S`n tbk

Y Abud `n @nt Ady L`

l Nka Abu Au`n ]b`n Y

Q 2 (tb`b) > (tb`b) 3 (sk`b) ; (tb`b) 9 (tb`b)

Ob Ad` beVbe`n

]l be @bkt ] be]bp

Vb be]e

]b` be B`

]bk` Ad`hd` u

Ad` tbua t,l tbua

nkp

]l, ]l hetbua k`b. ]kutr`n, ]dl tku

tbua h`b

] tbuaO Y

tbua Lu

Vb tbua]`, ktr`ntbuaAd`b

]b` tbuaTu, H`n

qud`n tbua@bl

]bk` Ad` hk`

be

l bp vk@bl, Ad`

bp vk k`b

]ku tr`n, ]dltku bp vk Lu.

]l, ]l he bpvk Tu

Y bp vkNkp, ]

bp vk O

k tr`nbp vk

Ad`b, Vbbp vk t

H`n qud`nbp vk H`b,

]b` bp vk]`

d abk l tbuaM`, Ad`tbua Le

]ku tr`n, ]dltku tbua @n,]l, ]l he

tbua ]

Y tbua]b`, ]ut] tbuaQu, Lk

k tr`ntbua

]b`, Vbtbua Mu

H`n qud`ntbua ],

]b` tbuaBk

1@nk td pb` hkt7 Tu` Bd7 ]l, ]ku tr`n? ]`n be7 ]l he, L`b l` be, ]dltku? Jk be7 Ad`, l? Je`n bd7 ]b` bd (xcl jk nkk tbab tre`n ]u`-Qm, tr. 482)=Nk j obdk obku, `nbd j s hku bk` h` `nek ad aba ``n h` tre`n.


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4.1. ]bce Ht quk

A tb 9 Ok` ek Jy Ab` ]` Obl A` Ob`

u Lk`n Lt Ab` Hp v ]dk ]dy H`n

]`n ]buyttb`n

tb`n

Vb ktr`n

]l l Ad` ]b` Y ]

]buytoba(md@n

b`b)

Ob adVb

Vb ]l l Ad` ]b` Y ]

Lt > ]bkòbuab

]rabobuab

Bdobuab

Jkobuab

Vbe`nobuab

]byobuab

Qòbuab

dobuab

4.1.4. Aa h pb` a tb `b` t h` `nek `k abu`n

Ok`vk tb Okòk` nkOb`vk pba Ob`tbu` nk

Ab`vk ta Ab``n nk

]`vk a ]``bp nk

Oblvk `b Oblbl nk

Jyvk la Jyj nk

A`vk tb Aàb nk

ekvk obu ekmuyt nkOk` tbu` M`n, a`n ok`, v tr tr` tre`n ]k` tbk` Ht quk ``

t`n abe u.

Ob` tbu` l, `bu tbu`, v tr mk tre`n ]k` tbk` Ht quk ld`n `nbd ab a`n `bbe` tb`b lk vt `` t`n abe h`n.

Ab`7 `n, t`n abe sl, v tr pbd mk jk` vk Ob` tre`n ]k` tbk`ht quk `` t`n abe ab`.

]`7 Ye, t`n abe nk, a `nbd mk abuy`, v tr jk` vk Ab`, trÀb` tre`n Bu tbk` Ht quk. Jk `n pbe`n b`b, Ab` `n lk sk`b

a`n m`n `` t`n abe hp v.Obl7 Bkl, t`n abe tby? tb` tbua ]by obdk obku rd tdk. Y tr

ad Obl `nd`n vk Jy tre`n ]k` tbk` Ht quk `` t`n abe tdk.

9]buyt quk truy`> ]u` trab tbce ]ru`n y `b` obed ba nk`n `nbd v ]ru`n y ab` e` ba nk`n`nbd - Qm, tr.418-411


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Jy7 Hl ve, lt trk, jd `` a `nbd j s`n, v tr `nd`n vk Obltre`n ]k` tbk` Ht quk `` t`n abe lt.

A`7 @n` jk, t`n abe `k `b j` ade, `l mk Obl Jy tre`n ]k`tbk` Ht quk, jk` vk Ob` `` t`n abe tdy. ]dy a d rd d ve lk sk`ba`n m`n.

ek7 Yuk, t`n abe l, `k abd h` à, v tr o Ok`, t`n abelk`n v lk`n ak vuk v, b lk`n nk`n ak l, abd à ht, `k `nbk``t tby aa.

4.1.8. ]`n pb h` tre`n

d. Xk`n t`n ]`n Vb7

Vbt`n Ok` v a`n tbua Okl? Vb abd ob trk, Ok` j trk

k tr`n t`n ek v a`n tbua Okl? k tr`n abd pb`, l abdh` jy.

]lt`n Jy v a`n tbua Bd? ]l j `k xut pbt tb` lk`b, Jy js`n. Tu Jy7 8 be M`n hde jy 4 be l < l tre`n M`n. ]l7M`n t`n tbua bd, abd Buyt tbua l.

lt`n Ab` v a`n tbua La? l j `k xut pbt lk s quyte`, abd jk bd, Ab` j sl, a `nbd j `n.

Ad`t`n ]` v a`n tbua La? Ad` bd Vbe`n, ]` j nk

]b`t`n Obl v a`n tbua ]by? ]b` j t`n tr`n yu, Obl jbkl. Tu Obl7 8 be l hde jy 4 be M`n < M`n tre`n l.]b`7 ]bua l tby, abd L`b l` bd tbua M`n. M`n tre`n l`nek7 B`b tb ad ]k` tbk`.

Yt`n A` v a`n tbua ]b? Y abd tba ` a` tb s, abd hk` bd`bku, A` j `k tb`n a qu`n l.

] t`n Ob` v a`n tbua ]b? ] te `nuy` ob, aa ob, Ob` tatb`b vt.

h. Xk`n bdk ]`n ] v ]b` (]k` tbk` v Bu tbk`)7

]b`nl ]b` ]by (tbua l) `l bdk h` at s`n v ]b` Bd (tbuaM`n) `l nkd ld`n b`b `b ]bk aa tre`n a tb ae` `nk? v a`n

j b`b `b qu Obl. Tu Obl7 l hde `nek M`n, j b`b tb ad]k` tbk` me ]b` j ]k` tbk` l M`n tre`n ae` `nk, ]b` tkp`b` ob l M`n abd l t obk lk b`b tb`b tre`n h`n l.

] v` bd ]by aa ùk m`n obk rk h`n l `` ] j Butbk` l M`n.

4.1.1. Rt rk`n lt


40/162

=6

k abku vk @n t`n7 Lt a abkd tb`b 3 v`n7 L lt tbua ],tr`n tr`n tbua Vb? tr`n c` tbua Ad`? bdk obe lt tbua ]l v `nt tbua ]b`. @b`n a`n a pb` jek abk tkt b`7

]r`n tr`n bdk h` tr`n c` (nk j ]bk` obuab)7 ]bua Vb, ktr`n, t`n Ok`.

L tr` v l mk(d obuab)7 ]bua ] Y, t`n Ob`. ]r`n tr`n pbd mk tr`n c` (]rab obuab)7 tbua H`n qud`n,

t`n ek.

Bdk obe lt(Bd obuab)7 ]bua ]l, l`b l`, t`n Jy.

]r`n tr`n pbd tr` tr`n c`(Jk obuab)7 ]bua ]ku tr`n, t`n Ab`.

]r`n c`(Vbe`n obuab)7 ]bua Ad`, t`n ]`.

`n t(]by obuab)7 ]bua ]b`, t`n Obl.

Y`n nkp `n t v tr`n c (s` obuab)7 ]bua l, t`n A` 2

(Qe s`b vk ]`n pb a kl oba7 Ab` `n vk ]ku tr`n? A` `nvk l? ek `n vk H`n qud`n)

4.=. ]bce Mab s

@n ]`n7 ]`n tbua l, s 3 j M`n s, ab` s ad trk j` t, j ssk`b ad ]b.

Ja pb7 Vb tbua M`n, s 9 j l s, s Je l, s tb`b ad ]byv a`n j s `l pbd mk B j` Ja tb.

4.3. ]bce 9= qu op4.3.4. Au obku

A tb ae` `nk a ; j nk j Au obku, j ad tb`n tb`n nkd h`tre`n v h` `nek a tb. @nk xd `b` xt tby Au obku ad ae` `nk vtr a xp tbce b`b qu ]bk jy @b` tru`n(nkd lk v lk tr`, `nnkd) jl tru`n tl7

2]u` - Qm, tr. 411-413


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=4

Ob`

Ok`

d tbk` tbk([u tbab, tb`n tbu`)

4 lk`n

4 tk` l (j tku)

4 bu l (bu l`)

@b` tru`n

8 lt

8 tdk

8 j lk

4.3.8. ]ra ]l - ]b`

]ra ]l - ]b` tre`n ae` `nk t`n abe tra Jy - Obl tre`n Butbk` Ht quk. ]l tr`, ]b` mk xp tb`b b`b qu Bd ]bu Y t(< Abd xe`n, abd bt).

4.3.1. ]ra Vb - ]

Vb t`n abe Ok` tr`? ] t`n abe Ob` mk. A bdk te tb`bb`b qu ]bk` d H (< H ta, ta `nb`).

4.9. ]bce tbuyt ]bk` `b` bp `bt @b` tb` tku v tr7

k v tr ]ku v tr]rk tr` u tr`

t vu`n Ab` vu`n

] tbk, ] t`n ] abk

@n b`b @n t`n, `n mab ;, `n qud`,...

8= tkt 8= t x`n s`n

Ht tkt, ht ab`b46 Ht l`44, O ok`b ht lab

;@a lt, à lk, à lk`n, l bk, à tku.46Ht tkt7 Jp Ru`, Ru` pb`, Jp b, B ab, Jp ]bu, ]bu pb`, Jp `n, `n ab.Ht ab`b7 Ob ad 2 tkt.44]bce @` ok`b, `nk td a ]bt xu`n l` (ad tb`n k)7 Vbk l` (lk), B l` (r`n),Bp l` (mk yt bu ab lk`n tba qu` v ob qu`), Vb` l` (lk`n tr` m my),Jd` l` (`k `k tkp rut è` v rut nk), Vbab l` (bu l`, `k t`n pb` rd, a` nkj Nkd`n l`)? ]r` ]u Yk` tbl 4 l` `d7 Ob l` (j tku)


42/162

=8

Au tbk`, au abu Au obku

48 tb`n 48 t ob qu`, 48 ok`b ja

Q`n `nk Buyt lab

Ja ob Ja pb, Ja ok`b

196 `ny ad `l48 196 t x`n ad a tb `nk

8. QK@B J BA8.4. ]bce l M`n

* Lt s ta nk qud` `kl7 @dl t ` bu, `` obk nkde bp n` xe`n,`u l `l `nbk`n v h` pbk s a by v`n sk`b ae`nk, v h` trk s aby v`n sk`b ae` trdk.

* Obk tb tbdk7 l ob tb`n jl tt ok`b, v te v a`n j`, u vtbl qu`n, d ld, lt lk, hu` `n (l ab`n).

* Q b`b tb`b tbdk `bk417 ]bdk ja u abk a abt `a (]by, l) vob ``n (Bd, M`n). l M`n hk` bd jl tbdk `bk j` j`, b`b m` y. @nk td hl tb ob l M`n l tb`b b`b. ` ja b`b tb va sk`b rd rk v` tkp ta `b` ob l M`n (] trk t7 ]b bt M`nob? ] vt tba7 ]ba ` u`n sk`b l buyt).

* ]re`n h`n l7

Ae` trdk7 J`n tbu` M`n, h`n tbu` l. J`n ab ]a ]bk m`nH`n qud`n ok`b. Ae` nk7 H`n tbua l `b`n jy h`n jl ab v abe jtbua M`n, j`n tbua l. H`n ab ]a M`n lk`b Y ok`b.

Me ae` trdk tre`n h`n l7 J`n se`n se`n vk h`n l, lt p vej`n l obk l `l bp vk e ad trk t (]rk tr` t mk) v h`n l`b j` l a`n. A` ae` nk lt `ne`b rd tra, s h`n l tby ll.

A ta nk nkk tbab n` b`7 Ae` trdk tbua M`n `` p lt ve j`nl, ae` nk tbua l `` p lt ve h`n l, obk l `l bp vk au]rk abc t ab (]bk` ``n pb vt, d ``n tk vt).

* Tu tr`b sk`b 7

Ja sk`b u rd tra j tbu`, v M`n k rd tra `bt, jy ]bk` jltr`n.

48196 j ]b ad Ok` v Ob` tbce B t tb`n. M`n tre`n Hk a tbk.

Yab M`n ad Ok` nk j Au (;)7 ;x= (t t`n) < 19 tb. 9 be ad a qu7 9x19


43/162

=1

* Ob abt ad tr cl7]r `b mk 3 tuk a a kl7

]bu` M`n v l (]bk` ob a tra `bt, ja lk sk`b hl tb obtk` tbk` ad abd l l qud` tr`n `bt j ob ad L`b l` bdtbu` M`n).

]r l tr M`n.

l tb`n ht ta M`n tb`n bu m.

* Aba ``n ad lt s h pb`7

]bce @k ok`b7

Ob tbd`b M`n k j` aa obku tr`.

Ob tra l k xu`n aa obku mk.

Ob tbd`b M`n k rd ab tu j.

Ob tra l k ve `n t`n.

Ob tbd`b M`n pbt tkt rd t abk.

Ob tra l tbu bk v t`n pb.

Y ob tbd`b M`n k j` aa obku tr` `` `b`n tb rd ve tdk, lt,lk u j tb v b`b. Y ob tra l k xu`n aa obku mk `` `b`n tbrd ve lk`n v `b l u j tb bu b`b (`na jk s j h`b j) (jk` bjk qu ]bk).

H` trk ab M`n, e ad ]rk xedy v h` trk? M`n a t`b tb`ntb`n, t`b ad M`n j tre`n s`n. Y vy, h` tr` trk a tb `bku obM`n v tdk, lt h` trk tk`b b` h` pbk.

H` pbk ab l, e ad t xedy v h` pbk? l a t`b nk`n xu`n,e ad t j ab lk vt. L ab` tdy m`n ab , `nk td k,`n, `l nk lk vt h`n tdy ab`. Y vy, tdy ab` pbk l`b b` tdyab` trk4=.

A`n a tb nkk tbab aab oba7

Vbd ]y h` pbk tbua l, tk`b ob tbce l ob m` xu`n mk, me tdk lt pbk yu b` trk `b`n tdy ab` pbk l`b b` trk.

Vbd `n h` trk tbua M`n, tk`b ob tbce M`n ob k j` tr`, me

tdk lt trk s`n b` pbk v tdy ab` pbk yu b` trk. Qa obcj t`b tr`n qu` h`b l M`n Ob Buyt.

uj `k t bp lk ob M`n, ab`j `k t bp lk ob l, j]rk tr` t mk.

4=]u` - Qm, tr. 486 @b` tb` pb (]u ]`b)


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==

Lk ]`n Vb bl abd l M`n. l tre`n n` nk abe M`n,M`n `nek abc ab abe l. Bet `n ad ]`n Vb j M`n, a svt abt ad ]`n Vb j l. l M`n qu` h`b tb ]`n Vby`. l h`b M`n tk`b tb` `k tr.

Ob(M`n) m` Buyt(l) k. Ob b`b tb buyt b`b. Ob l ab

v ]k`b Buyt`` nk tre`n. Ob M`n ab v Y Ob`` abu b`b `nek he v, ju abuy`, n` nk ]k`b Buyt.

Ae` trdk7 M`n ob `bku, k xu`n nkde vk l ob `` `na b`b mkxu`n. M`n ob t u k xu`n `` ae` trdk tk`n te. Ae` nk7 l ob`bku, k j` nkde vk ob M`n `` `na `. l ob k j` `` ae` nktk`n `b.

]k` tbk` l M`n v Bu tbk` l M`n7

]k` tbk` l M`n j ob l M`n tkp `b` ad abd l t obk a`tre`n h`n l. Bu tbk` l M`n j ob abt `b` t h` `nek hk

m`n a tb sdu obk sk`b rd. @dltbua M`n, l`b v ob. @tbua l, l`b v Buyt.

Hd` ny tbua M`n7Y obv`n. Hd` l tbua l7 Mk`b Buytv`n.

8.8. ]bce @n b`b

Aa t`n pb, aa a qud` h pb` tre`n a tb a pb` jek tbce @nb`b v xt lk qud` b aba ``n vk `bdu tbce jut t`n sk`b t`noba ad @n b`b. ]`n qud` nkp muy tr aba ``n h`b tb`nad t`n pb7 Ad` la oba ] tb, ]l bd sk`b ] tb, v.v...

Q b`b tb`b ad tbdk `bk7 Me qud` `kl @b` tb` tku v tr la `bku nk tbuyt nkk tbab s b`b tb`b tbdk `bk tre`n h`n l mdve `b`n nkk tbab oba `bdu v s b`b tb`b v tr7 Nkk tbab tbcel M`n td `u, tbce Ht quk s a ap sdu, y ap sb`b tb`b tbdk `bk tbce ba tbuyt @n b`b437

(4) ]b`n K ad tbdk o7 Hd` u tbdk te h`n tr`n h au nk j pbk, j ]bk aa.]bk aa bet `n l sk`b M`n tra `bt.

(8) ]b`n KK ad tbdk o7 ]bk aa pb` l M`n jl l ob `y sk`b.

(1) ]b`n KKK ad tbdk o7 Ht u nk j tbdk. @u j Ok` e s tb`b

ae` trdk, j Ob` e s tb`b ae` nk.(=) ]b`n KY ad tbdk o7 ]b tk`b abt ad ]by (]by tk`b)

(3) ]b`n Y ad tbdk o7 ]b tk`b abt ad Bd (Bd tk`b)

(9) ]b`n YK ad tbdk o7 ]b tk`b abt ad La (La tk`b).

43]u` - Qm, tr. 441-443


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=3

(>) ]b`n YKK ad tbdk o7 ]b tk`b abt ad Okl (Okl tk`b)

(2) ]b`n YKKK ad tbdk o7 ]b tk`b abt ad ]b (]b tk`b)

(;) ]b`n KR ad tbdk o7 ]b tk`b abt ad ]bab (]bab tk`b)

(46) u tb`n tb R7 B`b tb`b.

8.1. ]bce Ht quk

8.1.4. Q b`b tb`b tbdk bk

Ht quk tk` tbk` a m`n nkk tbab s b`b tb`b tbdk `bk. A 8tbuyt7

d. ]buyt K7

Ja lk ot7 ]bdk tre`n h`n l ab nl muy `bt lt ob M`n tbu``bt bp vk Ok`.

+ 8 tb`n7 A abt `a, bp vk ek.

+ 1 tb`n7 Ob ``n pbt sk`b, bp vk Jy.

+ = tb`n7 ]bdk ht u a `n, bp vk Ab`.

+ 3 tb`n7 A tb b bp a, bp vk ]`.

+ 9 tb`n7 A `bku `a hde ha, bp vk Obl.

+ > tb`n7 y a qud` tre`n `nk, `bt j ] v, bp vk A`.

+ 2 tb`n7 Md tbt y , bp vk Ob`.

h. ]buyt KK7

Ja u7 ]bdk tbu` M`n ob, bp vk Ok`.

J` jt aa a qud` a b`b tb`b tbce tb t7

+ Vb (bp vk ek)

+ ]l (bp vk Jy).

+ l, Ad` (bp vk Ab`, ]`).

+ ]b`, H`n qud`n (bp vk Obl).

+ ]ku tr`n, Y (bp vk A`)

+

], md tbt y (bp vk Ob`)

8.1.8. Aba ``n ad tdk, lt, tdy ab`

@nk xd a`n nkk tbab aba ``n ad tdk, lt, tdy ab` tbce Ht quktk` tbk`7

]rk tbku ]y Ha `` tdk lt h` pbk ob`n s`n h`n h` trk7 ]yHa j pb`n ad A`, `l pb` ]bk l, n` Ob`. Vbd ]y Ha


46/162

=9

`k abc ht `b s`n ad trk, pb`n ]y tb`b j`b je, me `k ]rktbku ]y Ha. `nk, tdk lt pbk `l pbd tr` (Ha) v h` pbk(]y) `` ob`n s`n h`n tdk lt trk.

t tbku `n @dl `` ab` tdy trk ob`n l`b h`n h` pbk7`n @dl j pb`n ad ek, `l pb` ]bk M`n n` Ok`. ek

j l jy, t tbku, me pbk `n @dl s ab yu ol. `nk,tdy ab` pbd mk (@dl) h` trk (`n) ob`n ab l`b h`n h`pbk.

(]ba rd, jk nkk tbab a`n a jk` qud` ` d j ]ru`n Bed7 ]y Haj`b je, `bku `k, `n @dl `bku l jy)

8.=. ]bce 9= qu op

* Q abuy` v` ob bd ad ]`n pb7

Ob ad ]`n pb `bob ad trk t tre`n qu tr`b sk`b bd7 d ob

ha j`, ]bk` ob nk`n xu`n `b a bd sk`b. A 8 qu tr`b ob be `nab nkd aa ]`n pb7

(4) Bd ob ad ]l nkde xu`n ]b`, jl ]by ob ad ]b` ha j`l sk`b rd a`n m`n. Me , xt v m`n tre`n a tb ae` `nk qu Jy tr`,qu Obl mk l a tb xcl `b]by Bd o t bl `nbd ]by Bdl M`n t`n nkde. @u ]by ad ]b` ob`n tb`n, Bd ad ]l ob`nnk`n tb j ]by Bd l M`n ht nkde, xt v M`n tb aek `bBd]by v t.

(8) Ob ad Vb tbua e Ok` (]bk`) nk`n xu`n? ob ad ] tbua eOb` (d) tb`n j`? j l m`n nkde `bdu. Rt v M`n aek `bqu d

]bk` ]bk. @u Ob ad Vb ob`n nk`n, ob ad ] ob`n tb`n, tb jl M`n ht nkde, xt v M`n tb aek `b]bk` md h.

8.3. ]bce Mab s

8.3.4. ]bdk o

Qdu obk a ; tb`n 46 `ny, tr a sk`b rd v7

d. Aab nkk tbab tb `bt7

;7 Q ad Je M`n7 ; tb`n ob M`n , me tr s sk`b tbu` M`n.

467 Q tb`b ad ]b7 tb abt, ] v, md tbt y .Obk a ; tb`n 46 `ny, l M`n y `` a abe k.

h. Aab nkk tbab tb bdk7

;7 Q tb`b ad Okl7 Vb tbua Okl ab b bp.

467 Q tb`b ad ]b7 ] tbua ]b ab v` bd ]by aa.


47/162

=>

Obk a ; tb`n 46 `ny, aa a qud` t`n pb ad tr l`b, rd `neka tb t tb bt ob`n ob, t tku bd a ` `` tr rd k.

Aab nkk tbab tb hd7

;7 Q tb`b auk a`n ad M`n s

467 Q tb`b obk u ad l s

49

; tb`n 46 `ny, tr s tbu` M`n v ob l a m` m`. M`n `bkut lt l, me `k ]bu` M`n v l.

Aab nkk tbab tb t7

;, 46 j bdk s auk a`n ad B , me bl `nbd l M`n pbk bpa a`n m`n sk`b tb`b.

8.3.8. ]bdk `bk

Obe`n tb`n tb 97 u tr cl tre`n h`n l qudy xu`n mk (`na

vk v tb ad l), j l bp m` M`n, M`n bp m` l. Ja v tbad a l ae` nk`n v tr aa s ad B 7

> (M`n, tr`) 9 (l, mk) `nek7 Y tb ad l.

8 (l, tr`) 4 (M`n, mk) tre`n7 Y tb ad tbdk `bk. l tr` M`nmk j b`b tb ad ]k` tbk` l M`n.

8.3.1. Tu tr`b pbt trk` ad ae` `nk

Ae` trdk tbua M`n, jk` qud` ` s 2 ]bku l? Ae` nk tbua l,jk` qud` ` s > ]bku M`n.

d. Ae` trdk7

2 tuk7 ]b` ob ht u pbt trk`, r`n sd r`n, r`n v`b vk` la.

49 tuk7 ]bk` qu `, ]b` ob y , tk`b ob mk me, nkde bp s a ae`.

49]u` - Qm, tr. 449

>

8

4

9


48/162

=2

8= tuk7 N` at l`b, r`n a`n r`, r`n ob` la.

18 tuk7 A tb pbt trk` be` te`, ab a`n quyt, tb abt v j try .

=6 tuk7 ]b` ob ht u suy `ba, r`n ob, ta ht u r`n.

=2 tuk7 l ob v M

`n ob suy ol, md ob, ta l ha. 39 tuk7 ]b` ob v Ad` ob suy `ba, n` at yu, a `n ob`n a

`bxd

h. Ae` nk7

> tuk7 Ob ad ]b` l`b, r`n sd r`n, r`n v`b vk` la, ta lt.

4= tuk7 ]bk` qu `, @bl v Ru`n lab y , a ok`b, `na `, nkdebp s a ae`.

84 tuk7 X`n a`n, ta mk, n` at r` l`b, r`n ob` la.

82 tuk7 A tb pbt trk` be` te` y , `nk obc l`b. 13 tuk7 ]b` ob ht u suy `ba, r`n ob, ta ht u r`n.

=8 tuk7 Md ob, ta l ha.

=; tuk7 Ab` tby suy okt, @bl v Ru`n lab yu ol, tt ok`b, bttbk o tb tbdk sk`b ae`.

39 tuk7 Ob ad `n t`n suy `ba, lt ol, ta r`n `bku, lt htu jl l ab` `bd`n, a `n tby lt `ba, r`n ht u ju`n jdy.

91 tuk7 ]a ha, r`n, n` at r rk, k jk ob`n v`n.

8.3.=. Q v` b`b ad ob buyt

]`b tbce s, tre`n lt `ny l Mk`b Buyt k a 36 v Y obk a 36 .

36 < 3 x 467 3, 46 j 8 s tbua B

37 Q mk` lu

467 Q mk` t

367 Q k mk` (]bceB t tb`n truy`)

1. LAB BA

1.4.l M`n* @dl7 @` xcl lab tdy trk tra (@dl t - e trk xedy v h` trk).

@7 @` xcl lab tdy pbk tra (@ bu - e t xedy v h` pbk).

* Lab M`n nl aa lab7 B`n, Buy`, Ob`, Vb, Qa, ]ba, Ra.


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=;

Lab l nl aa lab7 Aab, k, e`, Be`, B, Ot, @bu, @ba,Vba, Qa, ]`, ], ]rl, ]r, Yk.

Lab M`n tre`n l7Bet.

Lab l tre`n M`n7Jde.

* Lab tk ]b` h tbua M

`n, lab tk Rab h tbua l, lab tkTud` h j l M`n qu` h`b.

@u lab ad ]b` h ob`n xu`n ` Tud` h < M`n tuyt.

@u lab ad Rab h ob`n j` ` Tud` h


50/162

36

]bce @` ok`b7 Lab `by 36 `bp jk` ob`n a n oba `bdu j ]b`nlab. 367 J s k mk` (]bceB t tb`n).

=. ]XKS AB@N BA=.4. ]bce l M`n

M`n ab`n7 J `b`n ht tb`n a t`b abt ad M`n (xcl jk pbÒbk `kl), `bQt, Ob obt, ]e h`, Jk ,...

l ab`n7 J `b`n ht tb`n a t`b abt ad l, `b7 J`b, tkutre`n, pb` st, ab` tdy j`b, jk `bt, jk h,...

B` tbua l, @bkt tbua M`n. H`b tk J ( tre`n ]`n Vb) pb``bku tbua l, H`b tk Hku ( `nek md j`n) pb` `bku tbua M`n.

Ab 7 ]re`n lt trku ab`n a`n a` pb` hkt l M`n, tb m7 Qttbua M`n, `b Qt ade tbua M`n tre`n M`n, Qt `b jk tbua l`b`n j l tre`n M`n.

=.8. ]bce @n b`b

A tb a` a ve h`n quk jek ad @n b`b pb` e` trku ab`nv mu ab`n è tbua B`b è tre`n @n b`b.

Lt aab t`n qut7

+ Aa ht tb`n a t`b abt abt `n, obk `n xp ve La.

+ Aa ht tb`n a t`b abt ``n, oab tbab xp ve Bd.

+ Aa ht tb`n a t`b abt j`b, a ab xp ve ]by.

+ Aa ht tb`n a t`b abt ob, tbu jkl xp ve Okl.

+

Aa ht tb`n a t`b abt l t, `n xp ve ]b.

=.1. ]bce ba tbuyt ]bk` `b` bp `bt

* Obl h`b v ab` e` h`b7

Obk obl h`b a` qud` tl ob`n ab t`b tr`n sa obc ad `nkh`b l a` a` ju` "`b`" v "tby" h`b `b` tre`n lk tr`n tbk` `bk`j` lk tr`n x bk l b v d`n s`n (ob`n nkd`), h`b `b` bk` tkj ot qu ad a lt qu ob s`n ad ab`b b v s mk` tk` ` t`n jdk(tbk nkd`). Obk pbt bk` a lt ht tb`n h`b `b` tb a `nbd j a

tb a` a `bku ht tb

`n oba `d l td ab

d `b` rd. Ab obk lk atb a lt ab` e` `nuy` `b` ab`b xa.

3. H@B BA3.4. ]bce l M`n

H`b ttj t`b tr`n lt qu` h`b l M`n, Ob Buyt. A bdkb`n lt qu` h`b l M`n7


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]bk` tb`n7 Bea M`n tb`n ny ab`n @bkt (`bQt, obt, tku ,lab Qa,...), bea l tb`n ny ab`n B` (`b j`b ab` tdy, tb`l`b, tku tre`n, lab ]r,...).

]bk` suy7 bea M`n bny ab`n B` (`bj`b ab` tdy, tb` l`b,`nk suy `ba, tku aby ja s`n sl,...), bea l bny ab`n @bkt

(`b

al nka ``n `y ht rt, te h`, ob obt,...).@bvy, M`n ab`n a tb j hku bk`ad M`n h`b (M`n tbk qu)

l a`n a tb j l h`b (l ht ap) bea a bdk. l ab`n a tb j hku bk`ad l h`b (l tbk qu) bdy M`n h`b (M`n ht ap) bea a bdk.

@k aab oba, a bdk oku h`b pb` M`n7 M`n tb`b bdy M`nsuy, v a`n a bdk oku h`b pb` l7 l tb`b v l suy.

l b sk`b `k @bkt, M`n b sk`b `nek B`, l tb`b sk`b `kB`, M`n tb`b sk`b `nek @bkt

* B` aa sk`b @bkt, @bkt aa sk`b B`, M`n tb`n ta l h`b,

l tb`n ta M`n h`b. M`n tb`n tb pbt `bkt, l tb`n tb pbtB`. B` ab`n a tb me @bkt ab`n aa tb`b qu bd tb`b. @bkt ab`na tb me B` ab`n aa tb`b qu bd tb`b.

* M`n tb`n ta l h`b, l tb`n ta M`n h`b

* H`b tbua M`n l b ny `n. H`b tbua l l `n ny b.

* M`n h`b pbt t buyt lab. l h`b pbt t x`n ty.

& & &

& & &

H`b tb`n

H`b tb`n

]b bk` ab`n7H`b tk pb`7

]b bk` ab`n7H`b tk pb`7


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3.8. ]bce @n b`b

* Aa t`n pb a lk qud` b vk `bdu tbce quk jut sk`b oba (h`btb`n), tbd v (ht tb`n) ad @n b`b. A tb `k7 Tuk jut truy` hkàd h`b tbce @n b`b nl7 ]`n tbd, Vb` v, Lu h`b ap t,] h`b pbl lu,... A tb md ve truy tl h`b aa a qud` t`n

pb oba vk h`b ab`b.* ]re`n a tb, ]by Bd ju` t`n oba `bdu nk qu` h`b ku bd

mk`b v. @u Bd suy yu tb ]by s tb`b jl abe `nk lt lk, xd`b xde,s j`b, ob ``n sk`b j nkl, h`n tr`n du, tkt t, b` l (ku tr h`naa v tbua ` `bkt `bQl, Vb, Tu ab m`n bd bk ob). @u ]bysuy yu s pbt `bkt, lk`n b`n ob, md ob, obt, te h` (ku tr h`ntbua lt, t`bu`, b`b buyt `b]ba d, Lab l`, `n quk, Ruyòbu`n ab l ]by, h buyt, b`b buyt)4>.

* H`b j ]l ]b`7 ]b` ]by suy ol s m` ` ]l Bd tb`b(]by oba Bd).

* H`b j Ad` ]7 Ad` La tb`b tbd ] ]b l sk`b h`b (La oba ]b).

* H h`b ld è a lu `n b`b t`n `n j ]bu` tbk. ]b m7Ld Ru` h h`b a lu xd`b j ]bu` tbk. A` ù h`b a lu t`noba vk ld j h`b v tbk ob`n bp `bdu. ]b m7 Ld Ru` (La) h`b aab`n lu tr`n (Okl).

* 3 jek t ob (a` a ve s truy` t ob, tbce Bk ]b`n J` `n)7

Bt7 ] truy` t t`n l sd`n t`n ae` (]b m7 ] ] ]b sd`n Vb Okl)

]ba t7 ] truy` t t`n ae` `na j` t`n l (]b m7 ] ]b` ]by

sd`n Vb Okl). ]a t7 ] truy` t t`n oba sd`n (]b m7 ] t ]l Bd truy` sd`n

Vb Okl).

Yk t7 ] truy` `na j` t`n oba (]b m7 ] truy` t Ad` La sd`nVb Okl).

Ab`b t7 ] ab`b t`n (]b m7 ]l bd tr`n ]b).

* ]bk h`b ba7

Ba tbuyt l M`n vk @n b`b a `nk xd pbk bp jk tre`n lt

j tbuyt `bl `k j` lk jk` qud` nkd s hk` `n ad ]bk` d(ob bu, tbk tkt, d j, tb `nk) v t`b b`b sa obc ad ae` `nk(`b`), j Ba ]buyt @n Y` - Ja ob (tbdl obe hk ba `y).

]bk t7 Ld Ru` bdy al pbe`n t. Ld B bdy al ]b t. Ld ]bubdy al ]bp v ]e t. Ld `n bdy al B` t.

4>]u` - Qm, tr. 499


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* @nuy` `b` h`b7 A tb t ab`b `nk (@b`), a`n a tb tlk tr`n s`n (lk tr`n t `bk` j` x bk? tb nkk vt abt - bu b`b7d? v tb nkk tk`b tb` - v b`b7 ]bk`) l a`n a tb me lk qud` b nkdtb nkk xu`n qud`b (]bk` d) vk ae` `nk (`b`).

9. VBV ]X

9.4. ]bcel M`n* ku tr h`b j jp jk t`b tr`n qu` h`b l M`n, Ob, Buyt. A

bdk b`n ku tr ab`b7 H (tbl ve) v ] (ht k).

* Ab`b tr - Vb` tr7

Ab`b tr (@nbab tr)7 M`n @bkt tr B`, m`n B` tr @bkt.

Vb` tr (]`n tr)7 M`n @bkt tr @bkt (tre`n tr`n bp ab` B` nk

@bkt, tb m7 ]ku aby lt `a ny st ade pbk abe tbua @bkt), m`nB` tr B` (tre`n tr`n bp ab` @bkt nk B`, tb m7 Qt ade me`bkl tr`n ny try tkl lab pbk abe tbua B` J`n).

* M`n abl au tr h`b7

@nuy` ta ]bce M`n m`l, tbcel m` M`n7 H`b tbua ]`n(tbual) m`n aa buyt Mu sdu j`n (M`n), h`b tbua Vb (M`n) m`naa buyt L tra `na h`n (l).

9.8. ]bce @n b`b7 B`n ku tr tb`n tu` tbce lt s `nuy`

ta sdu* @nuy` ta Ae` bh l, l tba t ae`7 H ]b` ]by pbk h tblAd` La v ]by sk`b la, bea t tbl ]l he ab ht Bd v ]by obaBe. @nuy` ta `y a `n m`n `bku tre`n Abl au. ]b m7 ]bdy v h] ]b d`n b, td h Bd v Bd sk`b ]b? H`b Vb bpbk Ok` ] (Hk]b sk`b Okl). @nuy` ta `y a `n m`n `bku `bt tre`n j`b va Ablau7 M`n buyt @n mu tr h`b. @n mu buyt a pb` jek tbce @nb`b rk p m`n `nuy` ta H l ] ae` tr h`b7

] M`n(t p m`n)

H l]r`n ]by ab M`n qud`n

(@k ok`b)

H m`nM` Bd quy `nuy`

(@k ok`b)

]l(t p m`n)


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Rp jek @n mu buyt tbce @n b`b

`n ok`b @n mu buyt

]`b Bu`b Mu Ok`b Bp

Ok`b l La Bd ]b Okl ]by

Ok`b M`n Okl ]by La Bd ]b

* @nuy` ta t`n `nad @n b`b7 tbdy v m`n tbua `bu` tr`ntd jk m`n tbua `bu` Vb (v a bdk tbua Okl).

* @nuy` ta tbk sk`b ba(tbk tr jku ba)7 Md ve @n b`b tre`n vkatr h`b a`n a tb bk` qud ba tbuyt @n v` Ja ob. ]b m7 @l Nkp]b v` tbk qu `` ld v ob l ju b`b `bku te tbp h`b, ]b oba]by `` ]b` ]by tb t. Me tre`n aa `l Nkp tr h`b a` tr ]bp,h ]b`, v.v...

* ]y Ja ob l m`n tbua7

+ ]bk M`n B` ]by 7 M`n v ]`, @bkt.

+ M`n lk`b ]e Okl 7 M`n v Ob, `.+ ]bku M`n ]`n Bd 7 M`n v Bl, B`.

+ ]bk l ]bp ]b 7 M`n v Ob, @bkt.

+ ]bku l Tu` Bd 7 M`n v Bl, B`.

+ Tuyt l Vbe`n La 7 M`n v ]` J`n.

9.1. ]bce ba tbuyt ]bk` `b` bp `bt

* ]r h`b7J d h`b `b` tr jk tbab `nbk tt vk lk tr`n.

@nuy` ta ku tr aa h`b l` t`b j7

] t, t`n abt lt.

u `.

]`n m` la .

]r`b a jp vk lk tr`n s`n.

* @nuy` ta ku tr te` mk`7

] t`n ad ba tbuyt ]bk` `b` bp `bt m` aa tby tbua `lt qud` kl ku tr tbce `nuy` ta te` mk`. A tb tl tt `nuy` ta `bsdu7

d. ku tr + Vb`n h`b + Vba bk4;

4;Mu a`n (+) < pbk bp


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h. ku tr `nuy` `b` + ku tr trku ab`n.

a. ku tr a tb + ku tr tk`b tb` + ku tr lk qud` b vk lktr`n s`n (lk tr`n t `bk` j` x bk).

m. ku tr h`n tbua + Ob`n h`n tbua (]by tbua `n `nbd j`nk ob`n hde nk `k7 "Ob`n a tbua jl sde tr h`b5").

c. Vbk bp vdk tr ad H`b `b` + vdk tr ad ]by tbua + vdk tr ad@nk xu`n qud`b.

@nuy` ta ku tr `y k bk tby tbua pbk a b` lt o beab kutr abe t`n h`b `b` tbce tbk nkd` j` ob`n nkd`, v obuy`b b`n a`b` bd vka ku trj lt obuy`b b`n tt yu.

@bvy, pba ku tr ab j lt ak s` b`n m` vka tr h`bab ob`n tb j lt a`n tba a`n `ba ht hua pbk `ek tbce.

*O `7

Lt ` tbua `n tk`b tb` ad ba tbuyt ]bk` `b` bp `bt pbktb bk` a `nuy` ta ku tr te` mk` `u tr`. @nbd j ob`n ab ao t` tbua, jku j`n, aab m`n l a` a` a `b`n m` m ok`n a, b`nm` juy` tp, v.v...

* `b nk lt ` tbua bdy, lt tby tbua nkk7

]bce tk`b tb` ad ba tbuyt ]bk` `b` bp `bt, lt ` tbua bdypbk p `n a aa yu au sdu7

d. A bku ja (]`b obed ba)

h. A t`b ok`b t, pb bp vk tk tk` ad `nk h`b (r abd aba jok`b t)

a. M tl, m s m`n (]`b pb tb`n, k ab`n)

m. Jl nkd t`n sa ob`n (]`b t ja).

>. M@N ]BSA

>.4. ]bcel M`n>.4.4. ]`b v ad tbua

* M

a jku a 8 t`b abt m

a j tbce y ba a truy`7 Ob (bdy ]`b) vY. Ob `b, k j`7 ]bua M`n. Y ``n, k xu`n7 ]bual.

* ]`b ad tbua a = jek (t ob)7 @bkt, `7 ]bua M`n? B`, J`n7]bual. @nek rd t`b h`b7l M`n qu` h`b.

* Y ad tbua a 3 jek (@n v)7 Ady7 ]bua M`n, t`b pbt t`, k rd`nek. Abud, l`, `n7 ]bual, v a t`b tbu ve, trl, k xu`n (tbce tbt). (@nt7l M`n qu` h`b v a t`b be`).


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+ Ady ab t` `` nkk hku

+ Abud ab tbu `` abd h`b tkt

+ @nt ab be` `` h tru`n

+ `n ab t `` ob tba

+

L` ab `buy` `` ob tr+ @bt ab tbl `` tb`n tku tk`.

* A` a ve ob v, `nk td a`n pb` hkt7

Vb t, Ad` ob`n7 M`n tre`n M`n (]bu` M`n) a ob ` bdy@bkt, v ]`.

Adl tbe, Vba jk`b, k te7l M`n qu` h`b7 Ob h`b, v Adl.

k be`n7l tre`nl (]bu`l)7 ob B`, v Ob. v.v...

>.4.8. ku tr* M`n tbua7 ku tr h`b j cl ak ]`b Y l M`n ad ma jku

ku ab`b akl M`n ad ae` `nk du h`b. ]b m7 `, @bkt ma tbuaM`n abd aa ab`n B` tbua l? B`, J`n ma tbua l abd aaab`n @bkt tbua M`n.

@bkt ma jl t`n ob ja. J`n ma jl `bu` a tb. H`b ma bdbe`, h M`n j`l.

* Ju` tr tbce ob bu7 Nkd `nuy` obl M`n ad ae` `nk v obl M`n ad trk t ju` t`n `n `bdu, me m`n tbua a` ju obbu ld tkt (tbk nkd`). ]b m7

Ld Ru` l lu` vt pbt sk`b, ld B ``n lu` vt tr`n tb`b. a 8 ld `y @nuy` ob tre`n `nk hk tkt rd `nek,l ob s suy yu, me `` m`n tbua m`nl.

Ld ]bu lt lu` vt tbu jk, ld `n j`b lu` vt ` t`n. a 8ld `y M`n ob t`n pba tre`n ab`n jk ob j`b h` `nek, me `` m`n tbua m`n M`n.

Ld B ]b ob ju b`b, `` m`n `bku aa v B` ma, J`n ma,a tb ` ma. Ob`n `` m`n `bkt ma. @u pbk m`n @bkt ma tb pbk

nkl jku j`n.Ld `n B` ob ju b`b, `` t`n jku j`n @bkt, ` ma, ob`n

`` m`n B` ma.

Yk tbua pbt b`7

Ld Ru`7 M`n ob d`n my j`, `` jl tbua B` `b. Ld B7 Jab` j`n t l rd, `` ob`n a` tbua k B`, ab m`n tbua b` `b. Ld


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]bu7 M`n ob h ]bu jkl jk, `` jl tbua b` `b. Ld `n7 M`n ob` `p, j ab` j`n `n jk, `u al le `b ob`n `` jl tbua k B`v ab a al tb`n b` lk pbk m`n tbua k B`86.

Yk tbua ]b v tbua B7

Ld Ru` jl tbua tb j tbu` tbce M`n ob pbt sk`b pbd tr`.

Ld ]bu `n jl tbua B j tbu` tbce M`n ob tbu jkl tre`n.* Ju` tr tbce tb `nbk7 Ob bu tbdy k tbce tb `nbk me m`n tbua

a`n pbk ju ` ]b `nbk (tb ad t dk, d j) (ob`n nkd`). Vb`n Hav ]y tb`n ade, ob bu ob re v j`b me tr h`b abe `nk pb`nHa v pb`n ]y `` m`n v ady ``n. Vb`n `n v @dl tbp, l t,``n `` m`n v `b lt abe `nk s`n pb`n `y.

>.8. ]bce @n b`b

* A rt `bku p m`n, v lt j tbuyt Md ve lu sa v lk v adtbua l pb` jek tbua tbce @n b`b v md ve quk `p ta m`n adtbua ve ]`n Vb t`n `n. ]b m7 Y tbua v Abud, lu Rd`b k veAd`, v @nt, lu Y`n k v ] (H`n 4).

* @nk xd a`n md ve lu v v tl okl tbua lk.

* @nk td a` k lu v v ad tbua h`n aab he ab obk` tbuaa ta m`n k ve ]`n Vb l `nk he ab le`n lu`. ]b m7 Qde tbuavk nkl tbua k ve Ad`? sde vk `n, lt ve ]? ]l luk k vetb`? Qde vk n`n ve Vb, Qde? abe v`n ve ]? Ab abe c` vetb` v.v...84.

>.1. ]bce mab s Q j < A, tbua M`n. Q ab` < @nu, tbual.

Vb`n tbua a s v j s j (4,1, 3 v...) nk j a pb`n, tb`n m`n trh`b tbua j. @k ok`b vkt ]bua b ob`n `` jl tbua ab` v a`n bl . ]b m7 ]ku tbd ob tbd`n nl 1 v (k be`n, Abtba, Bu pba).

Vb`n tbua a s v j s ab` (8, =, 9 v...) nk j `nu pb`n, tb`nm`n tr h`b tbua hku. @k ok`b vkt7 ]bua pbt b` ob`n `` jlj v. ]b m7 Ld be`n tbd`n a 8 v ab`b (Ld be`n, Tu abk), = v pb

(Qk`b ob`n, B`b a, Adl tbe, B`b `b`).

86Abd r pb` `y `nuy` tbu t tk jku `e84Y jt a xp ve ]b


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>.=. ]bce Ht qukHk Ht v a nkk tbab j a au tra ad qu Obl

>.3. ]bk` `b` bp `bt

Yka tl v s m`n tbua7 ]bce [ ba a truy`, a tb `k n` `b jlt quk jut7 ]b`n tb`n `k `e ay a la a, s`n a tb ay a `k a tb nkk quyt a h`b tt ad ae` `nk s`n `k (v `na jk a`nvy, `k `e ae` `nk s`n a tb ae` `nk a tb nkk quyt a h`b tth`n ay a `k ) v quk jut a`n sk`b ob`n ab a vk ay a.

2. M@N QK@B

]B@B @B@ ]X H@B OBK ABD A H@B.

2.4. ]bcel M`n* Vb`n h`b7 Lu` pb`n `nd h`b tt, s`n ju v s`n obc a` pbk

tu` tbce el M`n ad trk t, j e ad s qu` h`b. Nk abe obl M`n ad l`b qu` h`b v bd bp vk obl M`n ad trk t.

*

` u`n7 La ab ad ` u`n j s`n, `nbd j ` u`n muy tr squ` h`b (k vk `nk obc) v jp jk qu` h`b (k vk `nk h`b).Lu` vy a` ab ob`n ab tba `, l a` j hd `, nk `, aab `, t`n`nk, t`b b`b sa obc bk` tk sde abe pb bp vk quk jutl M`n.

* Qk`b bet7 ]y tbk l t aba sk`b bet a `b` sde abe pb bp vke trk tl M`n. ]b m7

Hd` ll ob tb`b, M`n ob suy, me `` t`b m`n `nb `nk.@n sl he t` M`n ob, my sl bt tb jy ak M`n obhd` ldk.

Nk ] (`d l), nk @n (nkd trd) ob`n nkde bp, v j ja l aaM`n sk`b bea M`n aal sk`b, a` nk tk`b tb` d` t`b.

Ld `n l ob tb`b, `` la e my, tre`n `b l a`n nkM`n ob v ` `bku tba ` te rd M`n ob. Ld B M`n ob aatb`b, m bde l` ]` mab,l suy M`n s tbet, me `` m`n tba`l t`b, t`bu` v `` `k lt l.

ba d, Q` tb, Bek s` (l ma)

Tu, Vb t (M`n ma)

` h, ]rab t, Hab jk`b (l ma)


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* ]p juy`7

Ju` tp nk qu` h`bl M`n tre`n lk vka.

@nk jde `n tr a `bku a` ab tp juy` v` `n.

@nk jde `n ab` tdy `bku `` ab r` juy` tr a.

* A tb v s p m`n `bvy. @b`n `b` abu`n u xedy qud`b bdkquk jut abu`n7

Ob`n tbk` jab (nk qu` h`b).

Vb bp vk t`b b`b sa obc v lk tr`n.

2.8. ]bce @n b`b

2.8.4. Yka ` u`n

]rk ùk `nk h`n @n ob, t ùk `nk h`n @n v. @nk tdmd ve lu sa, lk v, v ta m`n tr` a tb pb` jek l` `tbce @n b`b.

@nuy` ta ` u`n tbce quk jut ad @n b`b7 ]y t`b b`b sa obcl m`n tba ` sde abe pb bp muy tr a tb qu` h`b(kvk `nk obc) bea tk jp lk qud` b qu` h`b ad @n b`btre`n a tb (k vk `nk du l). ]r`b t`b tr`n m`n tbk qu ltl` ` è v a tb bk sa obc, tb m ` qu abud bk Ad`. Beaobk d`n a h`b v ] (]b) `` tr`b m`n tba ` u`n abud (La) tr`b jl bk tbl ] Y (]`n Oba ]b).

2.8.8. ] aba a`n vka jl, t aba sk`b bet b`n `ny

Md tbce t`b abt ad t`n B`b tre`n @n b`b7 Qk`b (La), ]r`n(Bd), Be (]b), ]bu (Okl), ]`n (]by) v aa quk jut ad @n b`b, vka taba a`n vka jl, t aba sk`b bet tb`n `ny a`n `blk vka u ``tbce t`b abt v quk jut ad @n b`b7 ]b m7

Obk u abe lt `ny bdy lt vka ju` a t`b abt La (Qk`b)7 A`]bk nkd` pbt sk`b (`` tp tb ma bt tb obk `n abe lt `ny,`` a tbk nkd` obk `n).

O tkp j Bd (]r`n)7 ]kp tbce j t`n ta, y l`b tk` a`n vka,y j ja ``n sut a`n vka ade `bt.

]b (Be)7 t m` ` vka a ot qu tre`n a`n vka, a s` sk`b rdlt ak n lk l tb lk t` tk.

Okl (]bu)7 Obk a ot qu a` hkt tbu jk, rt juk t t v, `nb `nk m`.

]by (]`n)7 , abd jk, `nb `nk abu` h abe `ny lk, abe qutr`b Qk`b ]r`n Be ]bu ]`n o tkp. ]r`b jl `na jk bea jlrk je` qu tr`b .


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]b m oba7 ] aba bk bp7 ]ra tk` a` a tbk nkd` abe lk `nkabu` h, tp tru`n (La)? sdu k ve v` h` ju` (Bd)? vka h` ju` pbk k ` lt ot qu, ot ju` bu ab (]b)? rk a a ot jk v` (Okl)v abl mt aua bp (]by).

Yka tk` b`b lt a`n vka ht o a`n t`n t. Ja lk cl jk ot

qu l l` v bp vk quk jut @n b`b tre`n v tr.2.1. ]bce ba tbuyt ]bk` `b` bp `bt

* Vb`n h`b7 Lu` pb`n h`b a` jl sde s`n bd l`b ve lktr`n, tbab `nbk tt vk s hk` `n ad lk tr`n. Vb`n pbp M`nsk`b j pb`n pbp jl abe ak hk` `n ad l`b pb bp vk ak hk` `nad lk tr`n s`n.

* Vba bk7 pba bk jk sa obc sdu lt a` h`b ``n a` tp tbab`nbk vk lk tr`n s`n, lk tr`n tbk` `bk` j` lk tr`n x bk.

* ]p juy`7 ]p s`n bd bp vk lk tr

`n xu`n qud`b. @nuy` ta j7] t, t`n abt lt, u `, t`n m` la , tr`b a jp vk lk tr`ns`n. ]b m7 Bdy h al j`b7 @` tp abu j`b? M al xa tbk qu7 ]pabp `b`, abu `n v k pb vk aa `nuy` `b` ny xa al.

;. [ E - [ AYka p m`n mab ve y e v y a a rt `bku. Qdu y ab j bdk kl

tku hku7

;.4. ]bce 9= qu

A tb p m`n `nbd ad t`n qu ve y ba. ]b m7 Tu Ok` tre`nY` `n` truy` vkt7 @nk qu` t ba tbu np ku bdy, bk hk` ju`,` r`n j`n, jy ku `b` jl pb`n abl b`b `n,... qu` t tk` a sd `nbkp (Tu` t ba m t abk, v` m hk` abk, obed` m aabk, `b` mb`b abk, Tu` t tk` a tu `nbkp).

;.8. Tud` `kl ]bk, Mab

]by tbua pbk hkt ty tbk l m`n ma. J Ae (k @dl ]`n, 448>-48>;) obuy`7 M`n ma `bm`n hk`b, pbk obe je ob`n a aek tb`n,a tr`n bp m`n k t ta abk` tb`n, hk` pbp tre`n nd`n ta `b7

Q`n u`n k be`n l abku jk m`n Vb t, bea s`n u`n Vb t labku jk m`n k be`n, `n au ` abp `bt l bk ` t`b l`b adh`b `b` (]u` - Qm, tr. 492).


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Ab`n KKK

AA A Q J JS@

Hk =BA ]BS[] ]@N ]@N

LA ]KSQdu obk ba xe`n, ba vk` pbk74. Jkt o a y `b`n aba ``n sk`b j ad 9 ]`n v 9 Vb ad [BA].

8. Vb` tab a `b`n aba ``n sk`b j ad ]`n Vb.

1. Ra `b a `b`n trku ab`n xut bk` t`n `n vk aba ``n hrk je`.

4. K A@N] xd xd aa tby tbua [ ba a truy` ([BA]) quk `p aa aba

``n sk`b j, aa hku bk` h`b j tre`n a tb `nk v b tb`n be ab`ntbce tbua t`b ad l M`n, @n b`b t b`b tb`b rd ba tbuyt]`n t`n. ]bce 7

Lk lt ]`n, ob`n ab j lt a qud` tbce `nbd nkk pbu ba la` hde nl aba ``n v vdk tr ad t`n tre`n lk jk` b bu ankd ` vk aa ]`n oba.

Lk lt ]`n a` pb` `b y s tb`n `bt tre`n `k h ad a tbv s tb`n `bt nkd a tb vk lk t`n. ]`b tb`n `bt `y hku bk` ab bet `n sk`b j, h`b j ad b tb`n `n ]`n qud` b vk stbdy k ad 3 ld, qud` b j` `bdu nkd aa ]`n Vb vk aa t abapb` `nek a tb, vk bet `n tmuy ad ae` `nk.

8. @K MS@N BA ]BS[]]re`n lk qud` b ]`n - Vb t`n `n j lk qud` b l M`n

b a` (qud` b hku j), a` lk qud` b nkd aa ]`n j lk qud` b @nb`b sk`b oba. @nek rd, jl r lk qud` b `y ba tbuyt Ok`b ja rdk a`n np pb` ob`n `b tre`n hk` ab`n ju` tr ad `n [.

]uy `bk`, `k tb ob`n a `nbd j aba ``n sk`b j ad ]`n Vb abj s suy ju` md ve tbua t`b ad @n b`b l ab`n a` j `b`n t`not t tba tk` qud` st jl s`n.


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1. B ]B@N ]@N1.4. ]`n Vb

1.4.4. Aba ``n sk`b j ad t`n Vb

d. Vb ab ob7(@n t`n sk`b tb`b tbk`)

Ob j vt abt tr`n yu, a tb `b Ob muy tr s s`n. Ob tbce[BA] a 8 `nu`7 Lt j t tk`b ob tre`n ` tba u`n, bdk j t ob trkbt ve `nk. Ob trk t pbd `nek k ve a tb qud Vb. Ob t ` tbau`n qud s tku bd ad Y a ] abuy` j` Vb. Bdk ob y ot bp jk nkj ]`n ob. ]`n ob j ob bu tbk` k rd b`n jl b bp, m` ve ]llab, pb` h obp te` tb`. Abe `` bl `nbd ad Vb ab ob ab`n`b`n Vb aek vka b bp l a` `k te` h ob ad a tb obp tr` mktre`n `nek u me Vb jl ab.

Xk je` aba ``n Vb ab ob s m` `7

@b`n trku ab`n h ly b bp7 Be, ob tb, suy`, ``n ta `na. @b`n trku ab`n ad t`b tr`n suy `ba7 Lt lk, tbku bk, e` ob.

h. Vb nkp ]l ab tr tkt7

]r tkta `nbd j qu` j r`b lab, ob`n rk je` a tb t r r`n, y j ab ve s bet `n sk`b j a quy jut. Q m aa t aba ]`n Vbtre`n a tb bet `n a quy jut `bt `b, tuy me a`n m`n ]l ab tb`lk`b ad ]l, `b`n v` a` a s b tr ad Vb. Abe ``, ]bk` Jk`bjd` h k` ju` - ] v` `k7 Vb nk aba t`n pb vka tr tkt t l rd.]a m`n t`n pb ad Vb hku bk` v lt buyt lab, ab yu j lk

qud` b ta m`n j` `bdu nkd Ob v Buyt. ]l ab Buyt, Vb ab ob, atb `b s v` b`b tu` be` ad ob buyt v` abuy` abt mk`b m`n,muy tr bet `n a ``n v qud` b `bp `b`n nkd aa t`n v qud` b `bp`b`n nkd aa ]`n Vb. Q v` b`b ad Buyt tuy me ]l jl ab `b`npbk `b ve t`b b`b tbek lk ad Vb ob lk a tb v` b`b h`b tb`n.Ob ad te` tb` tuy me Vb jl ab `b`n a` pbk `b s v` b`b adbuyt lab lk a tb tb`n t obp te` tb`. ]l vk Vb, Buyt vk Ob``n td `bdu, ta tb`b abe `bdu, ny ta m`n abe `bdu rt abt ab. Abe`` k sdu a aab `k7 Ob j tb`n sek ad Buyt, Buyt j l ad Ob, Obju b`b tb Buyt ju b`b, ab `e Buyt k ` tb Ob a`n k `.

Vb tb`n ku tbu e, ab tuy` nk`n (tuy` tb`n, tuy` pbt, tank`n)

Vb ab tuy` tb`n7Aba ``n jl sab ob trk `n tbk nkp abe sbt ve tb rd tb`n sut. Xk je` aba ``n `y s d `7

@nt lk.

]a `na, ob tb.


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9=

Vb tb`n ku tby e, ab ta nk`n7 @a u`n ve Y qud s abuy`v` ad ] s a d j` Vb pb` h obp a tb rk tbce `n tby ead tdl tku l k ve h`n qud`n (nk j Vb ob ta nk`n), v tb tku tk` atb`n jk bdy ob`n s jk` qud` tk aba ``n `y me `nk td `k pb j`nu` tr` ad à (Vb vk tby abk tb`n `nuy`).

Xk je` aba ``n `y s m` `7 ]ku tk` ob`n tb`n jk.

Xk je` hk tkt l bk.

Vb tb`n.

Vb ab tuy` pbt7

Q tuy` pbt ad Vb (tuy` Vb) tba y Ob, Buyt, ]` mab pb` hrd te` tb`, h` tre`n k ve aa ]`n Vb, `nek k rd h lde a `ba ob`n`k è ob`n `

Xk je` aba ``n `y s m` `7 Lt lk.

Md m xd`b xde, `bt `bt.

l l.

m. Vb ab h lde (Ja tkt ]`n t`n ju` - ] v`)

Vb tb`n qud h lde nkp a tb ku tkt a tb` `bkt tbab `nbkvk ob bu, lk tr`n.

Xk je` aba ``n `y s m` `7

Ob tbab `nbk vk s tbdy k tbk tkt.

Md j`n ob ol tk `bu`.

c. Vb obdk obku rd lk (Lab tbk` - Jk`b obu)

Lk j ob qud` ad Vb. Xk je` aba ``n `y, m` `7

Lk `nbt, aby à lk.

Obu nka nkl.

n. Lk jk` qud` nkd aba ``n Vb vk s hu` ru

Hu` ru (u) j t`b ab ad Vb. ]uy `bk`, hu` ru tbk qu s jlt` tb`n ` t`n Vb. @na jk, obk Vb suy s hku bk` h`n s hu` ru.

b. Vb t`n pbab

Vbab j m`n v, pbe`n tbk h` `nek, obk Vb ob suy tb `nk h`b sa m`n v r.


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1.4.8. @b`n h pb` a jk` qud` ` ]`n Vb

Lk jk` qud` nkd Vbv pb k tr`n

Lk jk` qud` nkd Vb v aa t`n pb oba7

+ ] Vb t`n sk`b 7 ] v` bd tby aa tb`b tk`b bed bp vk ob trk

me Vb bt ve te tb`b ]`n ob.+ Vb ]b` t`n sk`b 7 ]b` t`n tr tby mab, Vb tb`n ku tby

e. Vb ab Ob , ]b` `p Ob.

+ Ad` Vb t`n oba 7 Ad` t`n Buyt, Vb ab Ob , Ob b`b v`abuy` Buyt k

+ ]l Vb t`n oba 7 Vb ab Ob , ]l ab Buyt? a bdk u me tk`bbed ad tby aa ob bd l tb`b me a s t`n trd`b j` `bdu.

1.8. ]`n ]l

1.8.4. Aba ``n sk`b j ]`n ]l]l tbua ]bku l, tbua b`b Bd. ]l `n u 48 ob qud` `` nk

j ]bku l qu` ab.

d. ]l j vud, j ab ad aa t`n oba. ]l ab tb` lk`b7

]bk` ] obab - sab Jk`b obu vkt7 ]l j v k ab ad ja pb `nt`n, j ab atr ad tb` lk`b.

]bk` Ja tkt ]`n t`n ju` - ] v` `k7 ]l j `nu` na ad sk`bl`b, j `k hk` be ad tb` lk`b.

]bk` Jk`b jd` h k` ju` sab ] Y` `k7 Ab s`n sut tb mky` j`b, ab ob`n s`n sut tb 48 ob qud` suy ob`. `k lk sbet `n ad aa aba ``n sk`b j oba tre`n a tb u abu s abk pbk ad]l. `n tbk, ]l jl ab te` h lk bet `n a tba `btk`b tb`,pb` e`, tmuy.


Lt tba.

Xk je` tba.

h. ]l ab buyt lab, vk`b `bu` rd lt

]bk` Tuyt Ob ju` - sab ] v` `k7 ]ru`n tku hl tb ob, nk jktrp mab.]l ob hk` be trp mab y rd Buyt.

Lab j lt tre`n `l tb`b pb` ad a tb (Lab Md ]bt N` R`n). Lab v` abuy` buyt mab ju tb`n obp a tb ob`n `n`n.

]bk` Ja tkt ]`n t`n sab ] v` `k7 Q su`n l` ad ]lhku bk` sa lt tk t`, b`n bevk`b `bu` rd lt.


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`k ]l hk` bd tk`b bed tby aa a v` bd ] tb`b Buyt vtb`n qud Lab v` abuy` Buyt mab k obp a tb l sa lt j `khku bk` aba ``n `y r `bt. Xk je` aba ``n `y, m` `7

Qa lt `bt `bt bea tl tk bea ob`n tk t`.

a. ]l obdk obku rd jk

Jk j lt tre`n `b`n v tr hku bk` s su`n l` ad t`n ]l, ahkt j abt jk.


Jk .

Jk `bt.

Jk tl.

m. Lk jk` qud` nkd aba ``n ]l vk s vuk l`n

Q vuk l`n (b) j t`b ab ad ]l. ]uy `bk`, vuk l`n tbk qu s

jl t` tb`n ` t`n ]l v `na jk obk rk je` aba ``n ]l tb shku bk` h`n s vuk l`n v a bea j ak `k buy` tbuy`.

c. ]l a ]l he ja jl `nek v abe ]l

Xk je` aba ``n ]l he s m` ` t` tb`n aba ``n ad ]l.

n. @b`n h pb` a jk` qud` ` ]`n ]l

Lk jk` qud` nkd ]`n ]l vk Vb ]ku tr`n7 abt tk`b bed me ]kutr`n bp tbu s a ] abuy` bd tb`b buyt mab ]l v` abuy`.

Lk jk` qud` nkd ]`n ]l v aa ]`n oba7

+

]l ] t`n sk`b 7]l ab Buyt, Buyt j tk`b bed ad tby aa,a ob bd ]. ] nk Buyt k tre`n j`n lab.

+ ]l Ad` t`n sk`b 7Ad` t`n Buyt, ]l ab Buyt.

+ ]l ]b` t`n oba 7]l ab Buyt, ]b` ab t`n tr ]` mab.Buyt v ]` mab u j tk`b bed ad tby aa, me a lk qud` bt`n trd`b.

+ ]l Vb t`n oba 7Vb ab Ob , ]l ab Buyt? a bdk u me tk`bbed ad tby aa ob bd l tb`b me a s t`n trd`b j` `bdu.

1.1. ]`n Ad`1.1.4. Aba ``n sk`b j ]`n Ad`

d. Ad` ab s tkt7

Aba ``n `y a jk` ` tr`n tbk tl j ad a tb, `u Ad` h`btb`n tb ]l tr`n s s`n obek, tbek lk.

@u rk je` s al tby u ut bea m `k nk`, au nt.


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h. Ad` t`n buyt7

Ad` a a`n ``n t`n tr v ku tkt buyt mab. Obk a tb bet `n,buyt me Ad` t`n tr a cl au`n `n abe aa t aba ob qud` a `bu au.Obk `n bea `nb `nk tb buyt mab jk tr v Ad` t`n. Xk je` aba ``n`y s m` `7 Ob m nka `n, `n ob`n y`, bdy nkt l`b tre`n nka `n.

a. Ad` ab a`, tk`b hd ad ` tb bk` l`n tdy, l`n ab`Aba ``n `y abk pbk te` h b v` `n ad a tb, a jk` qud` `

aba ``n ad tb` ok`b, a a`n `b pb` x ty s`n. Aba ``n `y rkje` a tb me Ad` buyt ob`n , ob`n bl m`n a A`. Xk je` aba``n `y s m` `7

Ae muk ob ob`.

Ae nkt, `n ok`b.

L`n tdy, l`n ab` j pb` mada`, a qud` b lt tbkt vk Ad`ob, Ad` buyt. Ad` buyt su`n ta tb l`n tdy, l`n ab` aba v h`n l`.


L`n tdy, l`n ab` `bt ob`n h`n l`.

m. Ad` obdk obku rd lt7

Q tk`b t`n ad tb nka jk` qud` ` Ad`.


]b ja nkl, qu`n n (Ad` b).

du lt, lt (Ad` tba ).

c. Ad` ab lu j(Jk`b jd` h k` ju`)

Ad` ob y tb suy `nb ab` ab`, pb` e` s vka ab`b xa.


Ob tp tru`n suy `nb.

Vb` e` tbku ab`b xa.

b. Ad` t`n b`

B` j s al xa, obk Ad` ob rk je` tb `nk h`b s h rk je` al

xa, hku bk` h`n s trl al.b. Lk jk` qud` nkd aba ``n Ad` vk s nk` m

Nk` m (`) j t`b ab ad Ad` tuy `bk` nk` m qu la s jl bk` a`n ``n ad Ad`. @na jk obk aba ``n Ad` h rk je` tb `nk h`bbdy nk`, m au nt.


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k. @b`n v`n a tb a jk` qud` ` t`n Ad`

Lk jk` qud` nkd t`n Ad` v Vb l7 l abd `n tk`b trp (ltjek abt j`n) me Ad` jl rd, j Lt.

Lk jk` qud` nkd t`n Ad` v aa t`n oba7

+

Ad` ]b` t

`n sk`b 7 ]b` t`n ]k`b , ab ]y j a s sk`b rdBuyt (Ad` t`n Buyt).

+ ]l Ad` t`n sk`b 7 Ad` t`n Buyt, ]l ab Buyt.

+ Ad` ] t`n oba7 ] v` bd tby aa, ad` s tkt s v` bd ad ].

+ Ad` Vb t`n oba7 Ad` t`n Buyt, Vb ab Ob v` b`b Buyt.

1.=. ]`n ]

1.=.4. Aba ``n sk`b j t`n ]

d. ] ab v` be tby aa7 (s tku bd - bp tbu)

] a aba ``n bp tbu v v` abuy` aa abt mk`b m`n abe a tb.Xk je` aba ``n `y s m` `7

y h`n, tr`n h`n, abl tku. ]ku aby s`n pb`.

h. ] ab v` bd tby tbp7

]by mab ad `nk td `b v` bd ad ] l ob`n h `n jk. @ktl jk ] ku bd j`n `a tre`n a tb. @u rk je` s d ` pb tb`n,a tr`n bea tbl ab j l l

a. ] sk`b buyt7 (] tbp `b `` ok`b)


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