以zigbee為基礎之無線感測網路研究 - tnst.org.t itri lee.pdf · ”ewratf so–“eht...

March 31. 2006 1Industrial Tech. Research Institute

Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC

Department of Internet Embedded System (X100)Information & Communications Research Labs

Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan

(Jin-Shyan Lee)

ZigBeeResearch on ZigBee-BasedWireless Sensor Networks



Outline

I.

II. ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

III. ITRI ZBnode

IV.

V.



While the last 50 years have been dominated by a march to ever more complex computers, the next few decades will see the rise of simple sensors. -- by the billions. Business Week

Sensors and sensor networks represent a great opportunity.

National Science Foundation (NSF)

The New Era: Wireless Sensor Networks

* Injectable Tissue EngineeringNano Solar CellsMechatronicsGrid ComputingMolecular ImagingNanoimprint LithographySoftware AssuranceGlycomicsQuantum Cryptography

10 Emerging Technologies That Will Change the World --Rank #1*: Wireless Sensor networks (WSN)

MIT: Technology Review, February 2003



I. () (Kruger, 2005) = + + +

(+ + + )



: Mote



Interface electronics, radio

and microcontroller

Soil moisture probe Mote

Antenna

Gateway

Server

Internet

Communications barrier

Sensor field



Gateway

Server

Internet

Sensor fieldWatershed



()



RFID

/ ()



MEMS, VLSI

() (Ubiquitous society, pervasive computing) Open source (Linux, TinyOS) E-Japan, U-Japan E-Taiwan, M-Taiwan, U-Taiwan



Boston1881



()

TI REGENCY TR-1, 1955, $450 (today)1

st Transistor, 1947 Sony TR-610, 1958

Integrated Circuit, 19631st Integrated Circuit, ~1958 Today ~$5



Size reduction of cellular telephones



Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS)

~ 1mm



MEMS

~ 1mm



~ 5 mm



Medical: Video Pill

24 hours to travel through body The pill's view of the stomach and intestine

Video pill & standard endoscope

Light, video camera, transmitter Receiver strapped on patient Swallow



RF MEMS

MEMS Filters: Qs of 98,000 in vacuum, very small

Conventional LC Filters - Qs of 100-200, significant board space



0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25 inch25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch

~14 mW~ 64 W

~ $US 35~ $US 6K (today)

512 KB Flash160 KB Floppies

128 KB RAM16-256 KB RAM

4 MHz4.77 MHz

MicaZ Mote (2005)Original IBM PC (1981)



MicaZ

2.25 in

1.25 in

Microphone

Accelerometer

LightSensor

TemperatureSensor

Sounder Magnetometer



Gateway

Server

Internet

+



II. ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 (Lee, 2005)

IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Standard

an emerging standard specifically designed for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPAN)

provide a low data rate, low power, and low cost wireless networking on the device-level communication.

with a focus on enabling the wireless sensor networks.



ZigBee Alliance

Internet Everything IP address

Wireless standard formed by an alliance of industry leaders

Mitsubishi, Motorola, Phillips, TI, Samsung, NEC, Hitachi, Cisco, III, and ITRI over 100 companies and organizations as members!!



the software Network, Security &

Application layers Brand management

IEEE 802.15.4 the hardware Physical & Media Access

Control layers

PHY868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz

MAC

NetworkStar / Mesh / Cluster-Tree

Security32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption

Application

API

ZigBeeAlliance

IEEE 802.15.4

Customer

Silicon Stack App

ZigBee over IEEE 802.15.4



Why ZigBee?(NWK)

Reliable and self healing Supports large number of nodes Easy to deploy Very long battery life Secure Low cost Can be used globally



Why IEEE 802.15.4?(PHY+MAC)

Ultra Low complexity Ultra Low cost Ultra Low power consumption Data reliability Low data rate



Comparison (1/2)

From http://www.dpactech.com/



Comparison (2/2)

From http://www.dpactech.com/



ZigBee Applications

ZigBeeWireless Control that

Simply Works

RESIDENTIAL/LIGHT

COMMERCIAL CONTROL

CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

TVVCRDVD/CDremote

securityHVAClighting controlaccess controllawn & garden irrigation

PC & PERIPHERALS

INDUSTRIALCONTROL

asset mgtprocess controlenvironmental

energy mgt

PERSONAL HEALTH CARE

BUILDING AUTOMATION

securityHVACAMR

lighting controlaccess control

mousekeyboardjoystick

patient monitoring

fitness monitoring



IEEE 802.15.4

Data rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbps Star or Peer-to-Peer network topologies Support for Low Latency Devices CDMA-CA Channel Access Handshaking Low Power Usage consumption 3 Frequencies bands with 27 channels Extremely low duty-cycle (



IEEE 802.15.4

... ...868.0 868.6 902.0 928.0

Channel 0 Channel 1-10 2 MHz

MHz

MHz

... ...Channel 11-26

868/915 MHz PHY

2.4 GHz PHY

2400.0 2483.5

5 MHz

... ...868.0 868.6 902.0 928.0

Channel 0 Channel 1-10 2 MHz

MHz

MHz

... ...Channel 11-26

868/915 MHz PHY

2.4 GHz PHY

2400.0 2483.5

5 MHz

The IEEE 802.15.4 channel structure.

Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) frequency bands:868/915 MHz and 2.4 GHz



Function DevicesFull-function device (FFD) As a PAN coordinator, a router, or an end device. Can talk to RFDs or other FFDs.

Reduced-function device (RFD) As an end device only. Use minimal resources and memory capacity. Can talk to FFDs only.



Network Topology

PAN coordinator

Full Function Device

Reduced Function Device

(a) (b)

PAN coordinator

Full Function Device

Reduced Function Device

(a) (b)

(a) Star and (b) cluster tree topologies of the IEEE 802.15.4 network.

Star topologyPeer-to-Peer topology: cluster tree is a special case



Superframe Structure

InactiveGTS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

GTS

12 13 14 15

Beacon Beacon

CAP CFP

Superframe Duration (Active)

Beacon Interval

InactiveGTS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

GTS

12 13 14 15

Beacon Beacon

CAP CFP

Superframe Duration (Active)

Beacon Interval

The IEEE 802.15.4 superframe structure.

Contention access period (CAP): uses slotted CSMA-CAContention-free period (CFP): does not have CSMA-CAGuaranteed time slot (GTS): for applications requiring specific data bandwidth

Active Inactive



Beacon Interval (BI) & Superframe Duration (SD)

BI = aBaseSuperframeDuration 2BO0 BO 14.

SD = aBaseSuperframeDuration 2SO0 SO 14.

aBaseSuperframeDuration = 960 symbols BO: beacon order SO: superframe order Nonbeancon-enabled mode: BO=SO=15.

Extremely low duty-cycle (



CSMA-CA Mechanism

Unslotted CSMA-CA Nonbeacon-enabled mode

Slotted CSMA-CA Beacon-enabled mode



Direct Data TransmissionThis data transfer is for transferring data from a device to a coordinator.

CoordinatorNetworkDevice

Data

Acknowledgment


Data

Acknowledgment

Beacon

(a) (b)


Data

Acknowledgment


Data

Acknowledgment


Data

Acknowledgment

Beacon


Data

Acknowledgment

Beacon

(a) (b)

Direct data transmission in (a) beacon-enabled, and (b) nonbeacon-enabled networks.

Data Transfer Models (1/2)



NetworkDeviceCoordinator

Data

Acknowledgment

Beacon

Data Request

Acknowledgment


Data

Acknowledgment

Data Request (polling)

Acknowledgment

(a) (b)


Data

Acknowledgment

Beacon

Data Request

Acknowledgment


Data

Acknowledgment

Beacon

Data Request

Acknowledgment


Data

Acknowledgment


Acknowledgment


Data

Acknowledgment


Acknowledgment

(a) (b)

Indirect data transmission in (a) beacon-enabled, and (b) nonbeacon-enabled networks.

Indirect Data TransmissionThis data transfer is for transferring data from a coordinator to a device.

Data Transfer Models (2/2)



Frame Formats

Framecontrol

PHYheader

MAC protocol data unit (MPDU) 127 bytes

Addressingfields

Sequencenumber Data payload

Frame checksequence

Bytes: 2 0-1024-201 2

MAC header (MHR) MAC footer(MFR)MAC service data unit (MSDU)

Preamble FramelengthStart of frame

delimiter

Bytes: 4 11

PHY service data unit (PSDU)

PHY protocol data unit (PPDU)

Synchronizationheader (SHR)

MACsublayer

PHYlayer

Framecontrol

PHYheader

MAC protocol data unit (MPDU) 127 bytes

Addressingfields

Sequencenumber Data payload

Frame checksequence

Bytes: 2 0-1024-201 2

MAC header (MHR) MAC footer(MFR)MAC service data unit (MSDU)

Preamble FramelengthStart of frame

delimiter

Bytes: 4 11

PHY service data unit (PSDU)

PHY protocol data unit (PPDU)

Synchronizationheader (SHR)

MACsublayer

PHYlayer

Data frame format of the IEEE 802.15.4.

Four Frame TypesBeacon, Command, Acknowledgment, Data frames.

Data Frame Format



III. ITRI ZBnode (Lee & Huang, 2006) SCAN (Sensing, Computing, And Networking) devices A ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Platform for Wireless Sensor

Networks

SDRAM16 M32-bit RISCMicroprocessor

ARM 720T70MHz

Flash ROM16 M

IEEE 802.15.4RF Module

PowerSupply

CPLD

SensingModule

SDRAM16 M32-bit RISCMicroprocessor

ARM 720T70MHz

Flash ROM16 M



PowerSupply

CPLD

SensingModule

Scheme of ITRI ZBnode: SCAN-ZB32.



ITRI ZBnode: ZB32 Sockets for Sensing Module

ARM720T

IEEE 802.15.4 RF Module

FlashROM

On-boardChip Antenna

SMA Connector for External Antenna

CPLD

Buttons

LEDs

Power Switch

Battery Connector

on rear side

SDRAMon rear side

Sockets for Sensing Module

ARM720T

IEEE 802.15.4 RF Module

FlashROM

On-boardChip Antenna

SMA Connector for External Antenna

CPLD

Buttons

LEDs

Power Switch

Battery Connector

on rear side

SDRAMon rear side

ITRI ZBnode hardware (SCAN-ZB32).



ZB32: Sensing Module

SounderLight Humidity

ADC & Temp. Prototype Area

SounderLight Humidity

ADC & Temp. Prototype Area

Sensing module for ITRI SCAN-ZB32.



ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Stack

Physical Layer (PHY)

Medium Access ControlLayer (MAC)

Network Layer (NWK)

Application Support Sub-layer (APS)

End manufacturer defined

ZigBee Alliance defined

IEEE 802.15.4 defined

Application Framework

ZigBee Device Object(ZDO)

Application Objects

SecurityServiceProvider

ZDO Management

Plane

ApplicationLayerDevice Profiles

Physical Layer (PHY)

Medium Access ControlLayer (MAC)

Network Layer (NWK)

Application Support Sub-layer (APS)

End manufacturer defined

ZigBee Alliance defined

IEEE 802.15.4 defined

Application Framework

ZigBee Device Object(ZDO)

Application Objects

SecurityServiceProvider

ZDO Management

Plane

ApplicationLayerDevice Profiles



Network Formation

Network formation of a 20-node tree topology.



SCAN-ZB32 Power Consumption min. (mW) typ. (mW) max. (mW)

Computing ModuleMicroprocessor Run 140

Sleep (RTC on) 0.12 0.16Sleep (RTC off) 0.03 0.07

Flash Write 115.5 198Read 49.5 66

Power-Down 0.17 0.4SDRAM Run 330

Standby 66Power-Down 3.3

Communication ModuleReceive 62.04

Transmit (0 dBm) 57.42 Idle mode (oscillator on) 1.41

Sensing ModuleADC & Temperature 10

Humidity 1 Light 5.5 8.5

Power ManagementCPLD Run mode 38.94

CPLD Standby mode 37.29



Comparison with Other Commercial Platforms ITRI ZBnode Crossbow Dust NetworksSCAN-ZB32 Mote 2400-MicaZ Mote 2020

HardwareMicroprocessor 32-bit Hynix ARM7 8-bit Atmel AVR 16-bit TI MSP430RF Transceiver CC2420 CC2420 CC2420Flash Memory 16MB 128KB 60KBRAM 16MB 4KB 2KBEEPROM N/A 4KB N/AProgramming Interfaces RS-232, JTAG RS-232 N/ANode Size (mm) 76 x 68 x 21 58 x 32 x 20 88 x 75 x 28Supported Sensors (viaan expansion connector)

Temperature,Light, Humidity

Temperature, Light,Acceleration,Acoustic, Magnetic

Temperature,Light, Tilt

Software/StackOS ARM Linux 2.4 Tiny OS N/A802.15.4 Compatible Yes Partial PartialZigBee Compliant Yes Partial NoZigBee Interoperability Yes No NoMesh Networking ZigBee Mesh XMeshTM SmartMeshTM



ComparisonITRI-ZBnode Xbow-MicaZ Dust-MoteITRI-ZBnode Xbow-MicaZ Dust-Mote

Nodes (top) with their sensing modules (bottom).



IV. : (Kruger, 2005)

:

?

?

?

?

?



From http://www.unc.edu



ECH2O Soil Moisture Probes

Probe Type Dielectric constant measurement

Measurement Time 10 ms

Resolution 0.002 m3/m3 (0.1%)

Power Requirements: 2.0 VDC @ 2mA to 5 VDC

@7mA Output: 10-40% of excitation voltage (250-

1000 mV @ 2500 mV excitation)



ECH2O Data Logger and Transmitter

Input Channels 5, with 12-bit A/D

resolution and 2.5V excitation on each channel

Data Storage: 49 kB (145 days @ 1

scan/hour) flash memory



ECH2O Data Logger and Transmitter

Communication 900 MHz with up to 5 mile LOS range (optional 2.4

GHz spread spectrum RF, up to 1.5 mile LOS range) RS-232 capability on Port 1

Power Requirements 4 AAA alkaline batteries

Operating Conditions -10oC to 50oC, up to 100% RH, weatherproof and

impact resistant enclosure



Rm1 Receiver Communication

Frequency-hopping Spread-spectrum Radio: 902-928 MHz ISM (USA) or 2.4GHz ISM (Worldwide)

RS-232 Power Requirements

7-18 VDC 70-210 mA



Measurement Setup

ECH20Logger

Rm1 RS232900 MHz

(2.4 GHz)

Soil



Graphic User Interface Basic Features

Time and measurement interval settings Radio settings (channel, subchannel, radio mode) Connect/disconnect, download data Terminal



Needs 911

Solutions

ITRI ZBnode: /



Wireless Sensor Nodes Internet

: WSN Server

sensor nodes nodes ()

ITRI ZBnode: /



Severe Resource Constraints

Energy (Power management!) Batteries, solar cells Long life time

Bird habitat monitoring: 9 months Bridges: > 10 years

Unreliable Wireless Interface Environmental noises Terrain High fault rates Asymmetric links Unknown and changing

Topologies

Unpredictable Environment When/where/how-many targets Mobile targets Sensors leave/join/move

Real-Time Requirements Timing constraints:

Locate/report targets Within 10 sec

Security and Privacy Physically exposed to potential

hackers Wireless communication Resource-constrained

Wireless sensor networks: challenge of the century!* Source: Prof. Chenyang Lu, Washington University



V. SCAN (Sensing, Computing, And Networking)

MEMS: New Sensor & Actuator

Small Size, Low Power & Low Cost

New Type of ITRI ZBnode Platform: SCAN-ZB8 Use a single chip (integrating an IEEE 802.15.4 RF, an 8051

microprocessor, and a temperature sensor)



Prof. Anton Kruger, Lecture Notes on Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, 2005.

J. S. Lee, An experiment on performance study of IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks, IEEE Int. Conf. Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation, Catania, Italy, Sept. 2005, vol. 2, pp. 451-458 (EI).

J. S. Lee and Y. C. Huang, ITRI ZBnode: A ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 platform for wireless sensor networks, submit to IEEE Int. Conf. Systems, Man & Cybernetic, Taipei, Taiwan, October 2006 (EI).



Q & AThanks for your time and attention!

Contact: Jin-Shyan Lee

Email: [email protected]

Tel: 886-3-5917337

以zigbee為基礎之無線感測網路研究 - tnst.org.t itri lee.pdf · ”ewratf so–“eht...

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