© 2008 mcgraw-hill higher education all rights reserved. ch. 4 philosophy the love, study, and...

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

CH. 4 PHILOSOPHYThe love, study, and pursuit of The love, study, and pursuit of wisdom, knowledge, and truthwisdom, knowledge, and truthIncludes what we know, how Includes what we know, how we know it, and why it’s we know it, and why it’s important that we know it.important that we know it.Research View p. 107Research View p. 107See p. 108See p. 108


Five Traditional Philosophies IdealismIdealism - a philosophical theory advocating that reality - a philosophical theory advocating that reality

depends on the mind for existence and that truth is depends on the mind for existence and that truth is universal and absoluteuniversal and absolute

RealismRealism - the philosophical system stressing that the - the philosophical system stressing that the laws and order of the world as revealed by science are laws and order of the world as revealed by science are independent from human experiencesindependent from human experiences

PragmatismPragmatism - an American movement in philosophy - an American movement in philosophy emphasizing reality as the sum total of each individual’s emphasizing reality as the sum total of each individual’s experiences through practical experimentationexperiences through practical experimentation

NaturalismNaturalism - a belief that the laws of nature govern life - a belief that the laws of nature govern life and that individual goals are more important than and that individual goals are more important than societal goalssocietal goals

ExistentialismExistentialism - a twentieth-century philosophy that - a twentieth-century philosophy that centers on individual existence and advocates that truth centers on individual existence and advocates that truth and values are arrived at by each person’s experiencesand values are arrived at by each person’s experiences


IDEALISM - Truth is universal and absolute

The mind is critical to all understanding, The mind is critical to all understanding, since only through reasoning and mental since only through reasoning and mental processes can truth emerge.processes can truth emerge.

Never-changing ideals comprise the Never-changing ideals comprise the ultimate reality.ultimate reality.

Ideals, virtues, and truths are universal and Ideals, virtues, and truths are universal and remain the same, regardless of how remain the same, regardless of how individuals may interpret them. individuals may interpret them.


IDEALISM The mind and the body are The mind and the body are

optimally to be developed optimally to be developed simultaneously, as a whole, simultaneously, as a whole, although physical activity is although physical activity is secondary to the development secondary to the development of the mind and thought of the mind and thought processes.processes.

The idealist believes that there The idealist believes that there is one correct way to perform is one correct way to perform sports skills.sports skills.


REALISM - Scientific laws are independent of human experiences

The laws of nature determine what is The laws of nature determine what is truth. truth.

The scientific method provides the The scientific method provides the process for acquiring and applying truth, process for acquiring and applying truth, i.e., knowledge originates in the physical i.e., knowledge originates in the physical world but emerges through world but emerges through experimentation. experimentation.


REALISM The physical education The physical education

curriculum includes activities and curriculum includes activities and experiences that enable students experiences that enable students to understand the laws of the to understand the laws of the physical world.physical world.

Learning is subject-centered and Learning is subject-centered and includes progressions, drills, and includes progressions, drills, and objective evaluation. objective evaluation.


PRAGMATISM - Reality is a total of individual experiences Ultimate reality must be experienced Ultimate reality must be experienced

and is ever-changing rather than and is ever-changing rather than absolute.absolute.

Truth and values are functions of the Truth and values are functions of the consequences of the time, and the consequences of the time, and the context is considered good if context is considered good if successful.successful.

Social responsibilities are essential Social responsibilities are essential as every individual functions with as every individual functions with and contributes to society.and contributes to society.


PRAGMATISM Students develop social efficiency as they Students develop social efficiency as they

experience solving the problems of life and experience solving the problems of life and learn how to become better functioning learn how to become better functioning members of society.members of society.

A student-centered curriculum encourages A student-centered curriculum encourages students to develop their social and students to develop their social and interpersonal skills and to set and achieve interpersonal skills and to set and achieve personal goals.personal goals.


NATURALISM - Laws of nature govern life and individual goals

Truth and things valued exist within the Truth and things valued exist within the physical realm of nature. physical realm of nature.

““Everything according to nature” means Everything according to nature” means that students learn and develop in and that students learn and develop in and through nature.through nature.

Physical well-being enhances a readiness to Physical well-being enhances a readiness to learn mental, moral, and social skills.learn mental, moral, and social skills.


NATURALISM

Individualized learning occurs through Individualized learning occurs through self-discovery and exploration of one’s self-discovery and exploration of one’s capabilities and interests. capabilities and interests.

Through problem-solving, students Through problem-solving, students progress in skill development at their own progress in skill development at their own rates. rates.


EXISTENTIALISM—Truth and values are based on one’s experiences Human experiences and individual Human experiences and individual

determinism construct reality.determinism construct reality. Each person’s experiences determine truth, Each person’s experiences determine truth,

which is uniquely personal.which is uniquely personal. An individual’s value system, which is An individual’s value system, which is

totally controlled by choice, is tempered by totally controlled by choice, is tempered by an understanding of social responsibility.an understanding of social responsibility.


EXISTENTIALISM

The desired educational outcome is the self-The desired educational outcome is the self-actualizing person, who must accept the actualizing person, who must accept the consequences of actions taken.consequences of actions taken.

Individualized activities in physical Individualized activities in physical education and sport encourage creativity education and sport encourage creativity and self-awareness and personal and self-awareness and personal responsibility for learning.responsibility for learning.


IMPORTANCE OF THE BODY p. 109

IdealismIdealism - simultaneous development - simultaneous development with the mindwith the mind

RealismRealism - emphasis on the whole - emphasis on the whole individualindividual

PragmatismPragmatism - variety of activities for - variety of activities for effective functioning in societyeffective functioning in society

NaturalismNaturalism - physical activity essential - physical activity essential for optimal learningfor optimal learning

ExistentialismExistentialism - freedom to choose - freedom to choose activity and to be creativeactivity and to be creative


CURRICULAR FOCUS

IdealismIdealism - teacher centered, using examples as - teacher centered, using examples as models; qualitativemodels; qualitative

RealismRealism - subject centered; quantitative - subject centered; quantitative PragmatismPragmatism - student centered; based on - student centered; based on

individual differencesindividual differences NaturalismNaturalism - individual readiness to learn - individual readiness to learn ExistentialismExistentialism - individual centered; based on - individual centered; based on

self-realizationself-realization


IMPORTANCE OF THE TEACHER

IdealismIdealism - model and example - model and example RealismRealism - orderly presentation of facts; - orderly presentation of facts;

learning through drillslearning through drills PragmatismPragmatism - motivator, especially - motivator, especially

through problem solvingthrough problem solving Naturalism Naturalism - guide and helper- guide and helper ExistentialismExistentialism - stimulator and - stimulator and

counselorcounselor


OBJECTIVES IdealismIdealism - development of personality and - development of personality and

mindmind RealismRealism - training students to meet the - training students to meet the

realities of liferealities of life PragmatismPragmatism - helping students to become - helping students to become

better functioning members of societybetter functioning members of society NaturalismNaturalism - development of the whole - development of the whole

personperson ExistentialismExistentialism - assisting students to become - assisting students to become

self-actualizing, independent beingsself-actualizing, independent beings


METHODOLOGY IdealismIdealism - lecture; question-answer - lecture; question-answer

discussionsdiscussions RealismRealism - use of real world, drills, lectures, - use of real world, drills, lectures,

and projectsand projects PragmatismPragmatism - problem solving - problem solving NaturalismNaturalism - informal; problem solving - informal; problem solving ExistentialismExistentialism - questions raised, thoughts - questions raised, thoughts

provoked, and freedom of action provoked, and freedom of action encouraged by the teacherencouraged by the teacher


EVALUATION IdealismIdealism - subjective; qualitative - subjective; qualitative RealismRealism - quantitative; using - quantitative; using

scientific meansscientific means PragmatismPragmatism - subjective and self- - subjective and self-

evaluationevaluation NaturalismNaturalism - based on the attainment - based on the attainment

of individual goalsof individual goals ExistentialismExistentialism - unimportant in the - unimportant in the

traditional sensetraditional sense


WEAKNESSES

IdealismIdealism - resistance to change; development of - resistance to change; development of the body is secondary to the mindthe body is secondary to the mind

RealismRealism - too narrow a view; everything must - too narrow a view; everything must conform to natural laws or it is wrongconform to natural laws or it is wrong

PragmatismPragmatism - lack of fixed aims to give students - lack of fixed aims to give students stability and directionstability and direction

NaturalismNaturalism - too simple an education for a - too simple an education for a complex worldcomplex world

ExistentialismExistentialism - overemphasis on individuality - overemphasis on individuality precludes preparation for social lifeprecludes preparation for social life


Sport Ethics


DEFINITIONS

EthicsEthics is the study of moral values or the doing is the study of moral values or the doing of good toward others or oneself; the study of of good toward others or oneself; the study of the principles of human duty; the study of all the principles of human duty; the study of all moral qualities that distinguish an individual moral qualities that distinguish an individual relative to others.relative to others.

MoralityMorality pertains to an individual’s motives, pertains to an individual’s motives, intentions, and actions as right or wrong, intentions, and actions as right or wrong, virtuous or vicious, or good or bad. virtuous or vicious, or good or bad.

ValuesValues are anything having relative worth. are anything having relative worth.


DEFINITIONS

Moral valuesMoral values are the relative worth that is are the relative worth that is placed on virtuous behaviors.placed on virtuous behaviors.

PrinciplesPrinciples are universal rules of conduct are universal rules of conduct that identify what kinds of actions, that identify what kinds of actions, intentions, and motives are valued.intentions, and motives are valued.


A PLAN FOR FAIR PLAY

Moral reasoningMoral reasoning is the systematic is the systematic process of evaluating personal values process of evaluating personal values and developing a consistent and an and developing a consistent and an impartial set of moral principles by impartial set of moral principles by which to live.which to live.


FOUR MORAL VALUES 121 Justice Justice (treating others with fairness)(treating others with fairness)

Do not violate the rules of the game.Do not violate the rules of the game. HonestyHonesty (being trustworthy) (being trustworthy)

Do not cheat or lie.Do not cheat or lie. ResponsibilityResponsibility (fulfilling duty) (fulfilling duty)

Do not act irresponsibly.Do not act irresponsibly. Beneficence Beneficence (fair play or doing good)(fair play or doing good)

Do not harm an opponent.Do not harm an opponent.See p. 124See p. 124Handout philosophy quizHandout philosophy quiz

© 2008 mcgraw-hill higher education all rights reserved. ch. 4 philosophy the love, study, and...

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