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SummaryWe mentioned in this study (Equilibrium of the Authorities in the Contemporary Constitutional Systems) the statement of the content of the separation principle between authorities, the reason of its origination in addition to having mentioned the most important democratic orders (Liberal) based on the principle of separation between the authorities, Britain, France and USA. We also talked about the equilibrium of authorities in the Iraqi constitutions throughout the research in the essential law / Iraq for year 1925 towards the law of the administration of the state for the transitional stage then having mentioned the permanent constitution for year 2005 and who much the balance of authorities would be in this constitution. We, so far have arrived at the conclusions and results that we will clarify as follows:1- As for the principle of separation between authorities and it

origination we have dealt with the reason of the origination of this principle in three states, whose political orders differ. We have concluded that the appearance of this principle would be made because of the political, economical and predominant circumstances. In Britain the appearance of this principle would ascribe to the age of Bourgeois revolutions to eliminate from the tyranny of the kings and feudalists and the dictatorship, where Britain is considered is a first monarchy state that took the principle of separation between authorities, but in France the Bourgeois class which has staged the revolution has took principle too as a basis of the authority usage and retaining it in addition not to lose in the159

same way it lost at the beginning of renaissance when it led the revolution against feudalism. The main legal justification which the bourgeois made was only to add the political and actual reasons, that is the principle of the nation's sovereignty. France is considered a first republic state that applied this principle but USA, it witnessed the applications of this principle, that is the separation between authorities differently and unlike the way used in Europe, that is the entire separation between authorities for the safety of independence of the states to the best it could be done against the central authority. For information USA is a first presidential state which adopted the principle of separation between authorities.2- We have included from the study of the parliamentary system, that

is a system which enjoys the flexibility of the relationship between the legislative and executive authorities along with the independence of the Judicial authority, that is the existence of a cooperation and mutual balance between these two authorities on the basis of the principle of flexible separation between authorities, but in case that any party would win the absolute majority such a cooperation and a mutual censorship would not remain. The ministry, thus would not fear if confidence would be concealed from it because this ministry is made up of party members which the latter would enjoy an entire majority in parliament and then the party would usurp the authority.3- After having studied the mixed system, that is a mixture of the

aspects of the parliamentary and presidential systems, we have concluded that the establishment of the duality of the power between the president of the state and parliament would make the president of the state a safeguarding figure to the continuity of the

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state irrespective of any factionalism or party groupism which would take place in a party pluralism democratic society and by doing so it would keep the political stability steady and then the national output would be on increase at all levels.4- As for the equilibrium of the presidential authorities we have

reached that the presidential system has adopted principle of acute separation between authorities but there would be no and absolute separation between these authorities but, on the contrary their would be the aspects of mutual cooperation and censorship between these legislative and executive authorities in away that such an aspect would result in achieving a sense of a balance between the above authorities. Perhaps, this cooperation and censorship would be dependent on the constitutional foundation or a practical factual foundation. Additionally this principle would be no more than a base of the bases of the politics aiming at restricting the power to protect the freedoms of individuals and stop tyranny. It would change and evolve by the alteration of time and place.5- Regarding the balance of the authorities in the Iraqi constitutions

particularly the basic law for year 1925 we have concluded that the parliamentary life in Iraq was not at a success. It has suffered from lots of slips, deviations, and interventions, where the executive power was domineering the parliament permanently. It has so often been dissolved between 1925-1958 and the parliament at the time couldnt conceal confidence from government. In spite of a series of rumors mentioned about the parliamentary life at the monarchy era in Iraq but it would remain a significant experience that could have developed and evolved if it would have long lived and communicated.

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6- After we have studied the most important articles of the law of the management of the state for the transitional stage we have concluded that this law didn't refer definitely the shapes of the political systems although it has mentioned the principle of separation between authorities but it didn't determine the type of the order which the law has adopted whether it was the parliamentary system or presidential or provincial or mixed in spite of its likeness to the parliamentary system because of the elections of the presidential council by the national assembly and the duality of the executive power in addition to the responsibility of the ministry before the national assembly. In spite of all mentioned above, we have arrived it would be factual that their would be a clear balance between these authorities via the principle the conformity on which the various political powers would be best and these powers had contributed in the transitional government for the year 2004 and such an act was obvious through the method the presidency council was formed. 7- After we have talked about the most important clauses of the permanent Iraqi constitution for the year 2005 we have reached the following results: it is a parliamentary system based on the principle of flexible separation between authorities along with the availability of some phenomenon of the presidential system particularly related to the banning of the constitution of having the function of membership in the parliament and the post of the ministry in addition to the vote right which the presidency council. This right which the legislator has given to the presidency council via the constitution is a good step to keep the ministerial stability steady in Iraq. Although it has been coined and formulated in the

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column of the transitional items for this constitution, we recommend that the Iraqi legislator in case that this constitution would be modified to fix the vote right to the president of republic, and the latter has to enjoy some of the real authorities in a way to be able to guard the supreme interests of the country throughout the achievement of equilibrium between the legislative and executive authorities and then resulting in the stability of political system in the state. In addition to fulfillment of stability and development at the security, economical, social and scientific levels and other aspects pertaining the lives of Iraqis who have long suffered from the loathsome dictatorship and the ever lasting heated wars up to now and they are still being tasted different shapes of terrorism and the Islamic extremism in addition to immensely intervention of the regional states away from the principles and the ethical norms of the International law and the pact of UN for protecting their interests.

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