الوافي في قواعد الانجليزية

5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :

EL WAFI

الوافــىمذكرة جمع وافى و شامل

لقواعداللغة اإلنجليزية

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Parts of speechالكالم أجزاء

Word classesالجملة تكوين مفردات

Noun أسم Pronoun ضمير Verb صفة Adjective فعل Conjunction حال / ظرف Preposition أداة ) عطف حرف

ربط ( Interjection word or sound أو تعجب لفظة

إنفعال

PROPER NOUNS ) العلم ) االسمA PROPER NOUN IS THE NAME OF AN INDIVIDUAL بذاته PERSON فرد TOWN , COUNTRY , RIVER , SEA , COUNTINENT قارة INSTITUTION .OPERA , BOOK , SHIP , ………………………………… ETC مؤسسةEX. : AHMED / ASIA COUNTINENT COMMON NOUNS ) المشترك ) االسمA COMMON NOUN IS SHARED BY THE MEMBERS OF A WHOLE CLASSEX . : MAN , ANIMAL , INSECT , BOOK , CITY , SYSTEM COLLECTIVE NOUNS ) الجماعة ) أسمA COLLECTIVE NOUN DENOTES على A COLLECTION OF PERSONS يدلOR THINGS LOOKED UPON AS ONE واحد كيان أنها على لها ينظرEX. : COMMITTEE لجنة PARLIAMENT برلمان CROWD حشد , CLASS , FAMILY , AUDIENCE مستمعونMATERIAL NOUNS ) مادة ) أسمA NOUN OF MATERIAL IS FOR SOME PARTICULAR معين KIND OF MATTER مسألة OR SUBSTANCE مادةEX. : OXYGEN , CLOTH , AIR , WATER , MEAT , GOLDABSTRACT NOUNS ) – تجريدية معنوية ) أسماءAN ABSTRACT NOUN DENOTES على STATE , النوعية SOME QUALITY يدلالعمل - OR ACTION الحالة الفعل

QUALITY : CLEVERNESS الذكاء , HEIGHT االرتفاع, COLOUR اللون STATE : POVERTY الفقر , MANHOOD الرجولة , PLEASURE السعادة ,

YOUTH الشباب, LOVE الحب , BEAUTY الجمال ACTION : PLAYلعب , WORKعمل , STUDYمذاكرة , TRIAL محاولة

NOUNSاألسماء :

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COUNTABLE NOUNSتعد التى االسماء

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNSتعد ال التى االسماء

COUNTABLE NOUNS CAN BE USED IN THE PLURAL جمع AND ARE USED WITH ))A(( AND ))AN(( WHEN THEY ARE SINGULAR

مفرد

أداة يسبقها ال لكن و المفرد معاملة تعامل نكرة

))A(( OR ))AN((THESE NOUNS ARE NOT USUALLY USED

IN THE PLURAL EVERY STUDENT HAS A BAGHAVE YOU GOT ANY EGGS ?

ANY SUITABLE ANSWER CAN DOWHICH COLOUR DO YOU WANT ?

THERE ARE NO EGGS LEFT ; NONE AT ALL

THERE ARE STILL A FEW TICKETS LEFT

EX. : RAINمطر , AIR هواء , WATER ماء , SMOKE دخان , BLOOD , TRAFFIC , NEWS , متاع BAGGAGE , زجاج GLASS , أخبار

FURNITURE أثاث

تعد : ال المعنوية االسماء هامة مالحظةABSTRACT NOUNS ARE ALSO

UNCOUNTABLE WHAT LOVELY SCENERY ?

الرائع المشهد ماI’M LOOKING FOR WORK !

عمل عن أبحث أنا

ACCOMMODATION مكاناالقامة

COURAGE الشجاعة NEWS االخبار

ANGER الغضب DAMAGE الضرر PARKING الجراجASSISTANCE المساعدة DIRT الوساخات PERMISSION بـ / إذن

ترخيصBEHAVIOUR السلوك EVIDENCE الدليل PRODUCE المنتجBUSINESS العمل FUN المرح RUBBISH القمامةCASH النقد GRASS العشب SEASIDE البحر شاطيءCLOTHING المالبس HARM االذى SOAP الصابونCONDUCT التصرف HOMEWORK الواجب

المنزلىSTEAM البخار

COUNTRYSIDE الريف INFORMATION

المعلومات TRAFFIC المرور

CUTLERY لوازمالمائدة

KNOWLEDGE المعرفة UNDERWEAR المالبسالداخلية

DANCING الرقص LEISURE الراحة WEALTH الثروةEDUCATION التعليم LUCK الحظ WORK المنتجFOOD الطعام MACARONI المعكرونةFURNITURE االثاث MACHINERY المكيناتHAIR الشعر MONEY المالHELP المساعدة MUSIC الموسيقىHOUSEWORK الشغل

المنزلىNONSENSE الهراء

JEWELLERY المجوهرات PEEL القشرةLAUGHTER الضحك THE POST البريدLIGHTNING البرق PROGRESS التقدمLUGGAGE االمتعة SCENERY المنظر /

NOUNS NORMALLY UNCOUNTABLE IN ENGLISH

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :المشهد

ADVICE النصيحة SHOPPING التسوقAPPLAUSE التصفيق SPAGHETTI السباجيتىBAGGAGE المتاع STUFF المادةBREAD الخبز TRANSPORT النقلCAPITAL رأسمال VIOLENCE العنفCHESS شطرنج WEATHER الطقسCHINA مادة

الصينىMEAT اللحوم

COOKERY الطبخ فن MUD الطين

SOME NOUNS HAVE COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE USAGE WITH A CHANGE OF MEANING EX. : LIGHT ضوء , PAPER ورق, HAIR شعر , COFFEE قهوة ,

LIGHT : THE LIGHT OF THE SUN الشمس ضوء TURN ON THE LIGHTS المصابيح أضى

PAPER : I BOUGHT A PAPER جريدة أشتريت I BOUGHT SOME PAPER الورق من بعض أشتريت

HAIR : THERE’S A HAIR IN MY SOAP الشوربة فى شعرة بى توجد الخاصة SHE HAS BEAUTIFUL HAIR جميل شعر لها هى

MOST NOUNS MAKE THEIR PLURAL BU ADDING )) S (( A HORSE / HORSES A CAR / CARSA TREE / TREES A SCHOOL / SCHOOLSAN EGG / EGGS AN APPLE / APPLES

NOUNS THAT END IN A HISSING الهسهسة SOUND MAKE THEIR PLURAL

BY ADDING )) ES (( BRUSH BRUSHESفرشاة BOX BOXESصناديق CHURCH CHURCHESكنائس

NOUNS THAT ARE BOTH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE

SINGULAR AND PLURALالجمع و المفرد

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SAFE / SAFE ROOF / ROOFS

5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :INCH INCHESبوصات FOX FOXESذئاب DRESS DRESSESفساتين

MOST NOUNS THAT END IN )) O (( FROM THEIR PLURAL A POTATO POTATOES طماطم A HERO HEROESأبطال A MOSQUITO MOSQUITOES ناموس

NOUNS THAT END IN )) F (( OR )) FE (( GENERALLY MAKE THE

PLURAL BY CHANGING THE ))F(( OR ))FE(( INTO )) VES (( LIKE THIS : LEAF ورقة LEAVESHALF نصف HALVESWOLF ذئب WOLVESWIFEزوجة WIVESKNIFEسكين KNIVESTHIEFحرامى THIEVESLOAFرغيف LOAVES

NOUNS THAT END IN ))A CONSONANT – ثابت متحرك غير )) Y + حرفMAKE THE PLURAL BY CHANGING THE ))Y(( INTO ))IES((

بحرف المنتهية الى Yاالسماء تتغير متحرك حرف يسبقها ال IESوBABY طفل BABIESLADY سيدة LADIESFLY ذبابة FLIESARMY جيش ARMIESCITY مدينة CITIESCOUNTRY بلد COUNTRIESINDUSTRY صناعة INDUSTRIESBODY اجسام BODIESSTORY قصص STORIES

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BUT

BOY / BOYSMONKEY / MONKEYS

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S OME N OUNS D O N OT F OLLOW T HE R ULES :

SINGULAR PLURALMAN رجل MEN

WOMAN أمرأة WOMENCHILD طفل CHILRENSHEEP قطيع

غنمSHEEP

PERSON شخص PEOPLEFOOT قدم FEET

TOOTH سنة TEETHOX فأر OXEN

DEER غزال DEERGOOSE أوزة GEESE

N OUNS A LWAYS P LURAL TROUSERS بنطلون JEANS جينزSHORTS نقائص PYJAMAS بيجامةSCISSORS مقصGLASSES النظاراتSPECTACLES االقداحPOLICE الشرطة

EX. :I NEED A NEW PAIR OF TROUSERSI NEED SOME NEW TROUSERS

NOUNS ENDING IN )) S (( BUT ARE SINGULAR MATHEMATICS رياضياتECONOMICS االقتصاد

ال االسماء بعضالقواعد تتبع

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :GYMNASTICS الجمباز NEWS االخبارPHYSICS الطبيعة علمATHLETICS االولمبية االلعاب EX. :WHAT TIME IS THE NEWS ON T.V. ?ATHLETICS IS MY FAVOURATE SPORT .

ARTICLES التنكيـــــــــــــر و المعرفــــــــــــــــــة أدوات

1-WEIGHTS AND MEASURES المقاييس و االوزان PETROL IS SOLD BY THE LITRE

2-MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS الموسيقية االدوات CAN YOU PLAY THE PIANO

3-A CLASS OF PEOPLE , ANIMALS , OR THINGS أو الناس من فئةاالشياء أو الحيوانات

THE MAN IN THE STREET IS FINDING LIFE INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT iد jجkي jالشارع في kالرجل mإن

n جدا kصعبة kالحياة THE WHALE IS IN DANGER OF DYING OUT jخطر في الحوت

راض jإنق THE DEEP FREEZER HAS MADE LIFE EASIER FOR HOUSEWIVES

البيوت jاتmرب على األمور العميقة iدةpجمiالم qلت mسه

4-RIVERS , SEAS , MOUNTAIN RANGES – – الجبال سالسل البحار االنهار5-ORGANISATIONS , INSTITUTIONS المؤسسات و المنظمات6-BEFORE ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY USED AS PLURAL NOUNS :GOOD/BAD/POOR/SICK/OLD/LIVING/DEAD

1. THE RICH SHOULD HELP THE POOR2. AFTER THE BATLLE المعركة THEY BURIED دفنوا THE DEAD 3. THE OLD السن المعاشات RECEVIE PENSIONS كبار4. THE YOUNG الشباب OFTEN GET IMPATIENT صبور WITH THEIR PARENTS غير

7-BEFORE SUPERLATIVES القصوى التفضيل صفات قبل AUGUST IS THE HOTTEST MONTH OF THE YEAR

THEA

AN

THE IS CALLED THE DEFINITE ARTICLE المعرفة أداة تسمى

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت : MONA IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL GIRL I’VE SEEN

8-UNIQUE OBJECTS نوعها من الفريدة االشياء SUN , EARTH , MOON , SKY , NORTH , SOUTH , EAST , WEST

THE EARTH GOES ROUND THE SUN 9-BEFORE A NOUN MADE DEFINITE BY A PHRASE OR CLAUSE

اسم أي علتم قبل kو ه جkأ عبارة أي قjبل مjن kدmمؤك kجملة I KNOW THE BOY THAT YOU MET . WAS SHE THE GIRL IN BLUE ?

10-BEFORE A NOUN ALREADY MENTIONED kكرkذ اسم أي قبل HIS CAR STRUCK A TREE YOU CAN STILL SEE THE MARK ON THE

TREE11-TO REPRESENT A PARTICULAR PERSON , ANIMAL OR THING

شيء أkو حيوان أو معيmن شخص أي لتkقديم WE SENT FOR THE DOCTOR . )OUR OWN DOCTOR( ESSA IS IN THE GARDEN . )THE GARDEN OF HER HOUSE( PLEASE PASS THE BOTTLE . )THE ONE ON THE TABLE (

12-TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PEOPLE , THINGS , ETC.. الخ أشياء، ، jالناس بين للتkمييز

WHICH AHMED DO YOU WANT THE AHMED WITH RED HAIR OR THE AHMED FROM THE SOUTH

؟ jالجنوب qنjم أحمد أkو jاألحمر jعر kبالش أحمد iريدiت أحمد mيkأ

HE THINKS HIMSELF THE “NAPOLEON” OF OUR TIMES .زماننا . نابليون نفسه iرmفكiي

SHE IS THE “ OM KALTHOUM “ OF OUR TOWN .بلدتنا “ “ . كلثوم أم هى

USES OF ))A(( / ))AN((

( النكرة االداة ( A تستخدمله الذى المفرد االسم قبل

ساكن بحرف يبدأ و جمع A BOOK A TEACHER A CAR

يبدأ المفرد االسم كان اذانسبقه( U بحرف ) ناطقليس( ) A باالداة ) ( AN و

A UNIVERSITY A UNIFORM

االداه ) قبل( AN تستخدمجمع له الذى المفرد االسم

متحرك بحرف يبذأ و( A-E-I-O-U )

AN EGG AN APPLE AN ORANGE

يبدأ المفرد االسم كان إذانسبقه( H بحرف ) ساكنليس( ) AN باالداة ) ( A و

AN HOUR AN HEIR وريث

مفرد اسم قبلجمع له

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :A DOG IS AN ANIMALA CAT CAN CATCH A MOUSE

A COW HAS HORNSAN ELEPHANT NEVER FORGETS

HE IS A TEACHERHE IS AN OFFICERA COUPLEA HUNDREDA DOZENA THOUSANDA LOT OFA MILLIONA GREAT DEAL OF

FIVE PENCE A KILOTEN PENCE A DOZENSIXTY KILOMETRES AN HOURFOUR TIMES A DAY

WHAT A HOT DAY !WHAT A PRETTY GIRL !SUCH A PITY ! / رحمة شفقة شوية

النكرة ONE الصفة أدوات محل استخدامها يمكن تستخدم A / AN الغير ,,, ال واحد عدد بقصد

ONE SHOTGUN IS NO GOOD , I NEED TWO OR THREE.HERE’S ONE OF HER FRIENDS , OTHER FRIENDS WILL BE APPEAR TOO.

استعمال يمكن استعمال . A / AN ال يمكن لكن كضمير ,,, ONE كضميرI’D LIKE A PEPSI .I’D LIKE ONE .

الكلمات ONE تستعمل حدث ,,, DAY-WEEK-MONTH قبل شيئا تروى عندماONE DAY , A TELEGRAM ARRIVED

المهـــــــــن

AN EXCLAMATION BEFORE SINGULAR COUNTABLE NOUNS :

االندهاش / الصياح

معينة عددية عبارات

الثمن - - السرعة النسبة

ONE

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :ONE NIGHT , THERE WAS A TERRIBLE STORM .

لكن عام ,,, A / AN و شئ على تدلA RAINY DAY IS VERY COMMON IN ENGLAND .

حيوان ) ( Sتستخدم ‘ أو شخص اليه المضاف االول االسم يكون عندما الملكيةاليه ) (OFتستخدم المضاف االول االسم كان إذا

جمـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــاد THE MANAGER’S OFFICE AHMED’S DAUGHTER A POLICEMAN’S HAT A HORSE’S TAIL THE DOOR OF THE ROOM THE BEGINNING OF THE STORY

يدل ) ( OFأو Sتستخدم ‘ جمعى أسم اليه المضاف االول االسم كان اذاالناس . من مجموعة على

THE GOVERNMENT’S DECISION = THE DECISION OF THE GOVERNMENTTHE COMPANY’S SUCCESS = THE SUCCESS OF THE COMPANY

البشرى ) ( .Sتستخدم ‘ للتجمع أسم اليه المضاف االول االسم كان اذاTHE CITY’S NEW THEATRETHE WORLD’S POPULATIONBRITAIN’S SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENTITALY’S LARGEST CITY

الزمنية .Sتستخدم ‘ الفترات أو الوقت على الدالة الكلمات معTOMORROW’S MEETING HAS BEEN CANCELLEDHAVE YOU STILL GOT LAST SATURDAY’S NEWSPAPER ?I’VE GOT A WEEK’S HOLIDAYI’VE GOT THREE WEEK’S HOLIDAY

بحرف ) ( ينتهى جمع اليه المضاف االول االسم كان على Sاذا النبرة ’Sنضعمعا . الملكية و للجمع

I NEED EIGHT HOURS’ SLEEP A NIGHT

MY SISTERS’ ROOM ( MORE THAN ONE SISTER)

MY SISTER’S ROOM ( ONE SISTER )

APOSTROPHE ))‘ S (( / OF

خـــــــــــــطأ : جمــــلةTHE ROOM’S DOOR ) X (

الحظأن

IT WASN’T MINE . IT WAS MARY’S . kانkك هو لي kانkك ما ماريلهو

WE MET AT THE GROCER’S jالبقال في إجتمعنkا

ALL THE BIRD’S NESTS WERE DESTROYED qمتmط iح kالطير أعشاش mلiك

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :EX. :

الفاعل ضمائر

) I – He – She – It – You – We – They )I GO TO SCHOOL HE IS A STUDENTTHEY ARE CLEVERSHE GOES TO SCHOOLI WANT MOREYOU SAID THATSHE NEEDN’T COMEWE WEREN’T TOLD ANYTHINGTHEY HAVE BEEN SET ASIDE

I WOULDN’T GIVE IT TO A MAN SUCH AS HEI HAVE NEVER SEEN A BEAUTIFUL GIRL SUCH AS SHE

) Me – Him – Her – It – You – Us – Them )

ALI IS MY FRIEND . I SAW HIM YESTERDAYTHIS IS NOHA . I LOVE HER VERY MUCHI GO TO SCHOOL WITH HER

DON’T BLAME ME تلومنى الDON’T WORRY HER بالها تشغل الDON’T DISTURB HIM تزعجه ال

IT WASN’T MINE . IT WAS MARY’S . kانkك هو لي kانkك ما ماريلهو

WE MET AT THE GROCER’S jالبقال في إجتمعنkا

ALL THE BIRD’S NESTS WERE DESTROYED qمتmط iح kالطير أعشاش mلiك

PERSONAL PRONOUNSالشخصية الضمائر

قبل الجملة أول فى تأتى

ضمير يأتىبعد الفاعل

SUCH AS االسلوب فى

أو الكتابىالرسمى

OBJECT PRONOUNSالمجرور ضمائر أو المفعول

أو الفعل بعد يسبقها

فىالمحادثات

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :DON’T TEASE HER تعاكسها ال

LET HIM HAVE SOMETHING TO EATHE SAT BETWEEN ME AND HERTHERE WAS NOBODY THERE EXCEPT MEI SAW NOBODY BUT HER

WHAT ! ME FIGHT A BIG CHAP LIKE HIMFANCY ! HIM DYING SO YOUNG AND HIM ONLY THIRTY

. فهى الملكية أما به مفعول و فاعل هو العاقلو لغير غائب ITSضمير IT IS A CAT , ITS TAIL IS LONG

الحرارة درجة و الطقس و المسافة و الوقت عن للتعبير تستعمل و IT’S HOT TODAY WHAT TIME IS IT ? IT’S SIX O’CLOCK HOW FAR IS IT TO ALEX. ? IT IS 200 KILOMETERS IS IT RAINING . IT IS FINE TODAY WHAT IS THE DATE ? IT IS THE THIRD OF MARCH IT IS BETTER TO BE EARLY IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND SUCH REASONS

) ( معين بشكل بعينها جملة فى تستعمل و IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO REACH THE PLANETS IT IS STRANGE THAT HE HASN’T RETURNED YET IT IS HOPED THAT HE WILL PASS THE EXAM IT IS TIME TO GO IT IS USELESS TO DENY لألنكار الفائدة عديمة انها IT WAS KIND OF YOU TO HELP ME IT SEEMS THERE WILL BE A WAR IN THE ARES IT APPREARS SO IT’S NO GOOD WASTING YOUR TIME IT’S NO USE CHEATING ME تغشنى ألن داعى ال IT ISN’T WORTH COMPLAINING الشكوى تساوى ال أنها

ITIS OR

WASصفة OF

علم أسمأو

ضمير مفعول

TO المصدر

IT WAS KIND OF HIM TO HELP ME

, EXCEPTبعد BUT

التعجب

It

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I THINK SO . ذلك أظن I BELIEVE SO . ذلك أعتقد I WAS TOLD SO . ذلك لى قيل I’M AFRAID SO . كذلك االمر أن أخشى SO AND SO . عالن و . YOU WILL TELL فالن

ALI IS MY FRIEND HE IS A FRIEND OF MINENOHA IS HIS SISTER SHE IS A SISTER OF HIS

ملكية مجرور TO BE ضمير ضمير BELONG أوTO

THAT HOUSE BELONGS TO HER THAT HOUSE IS HERS

THIS CAR BELONGS TO METHAT CAR IS MINE

AS AN OBJECT مفعول I RESPECT MYSELFSHE WASHED HERSELFHE ENJOYED HIMSELFWE DIDN’T PREPARE OURSELVES FOR THATONE HAS TO DEPEND ON ONESELF

كضمير SOإستعمال

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNSالملكية ضمائر

أسم – يليها ملكية صفاتالمملوك

THIS IS MY BOOKTHIS IS YOUR BOOKTHIS IS HIS BOOKTHIS IS HER BOOKTHIS IS OUR BOOKTHIS IS THEIR BOOK

بذاتها – تقوم ملكية ضمائرTHIS BOOK IS MINETHIS BOOK IS YOURSTHIS BOOK IS HISTHIS BOOK IS HERSTHIS BOOK IS OURSTHIS BOOK IS THEIRS

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNSإنعكاســـــية ضمائر

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت : TO EMPHASIZE THE SUBJECT أو الفاعل بعد يأتى و الفاعل لتوكيد

المفعولPRESIDENT MUBARAK HIMSELF OPENED THE CONFERENCEI WROTE THE LETTER MYSELFSHE CLEANED THE ROOM HERSELF

This film is nice This is a nice film That car is expensive That is my car These books are interesting These are my books Those pupils are my friends Those are my school friends Don’t be in such a hurry أمرك من عجلة فى تكون ال Such is life الحياة هكذ

WHO ?WHO BROKE THE WINDOW ?WHO IS THE LEADER ?

WHOM ?WHOM DID YOU MEET YESTERDAY ?WHOM DID YOU RECOMMEND ?

DEMONSTRAIVE االشـــــــــــــــــــــــــارة

THIS – هذه هذا) قريب)THESE ) ( قريب هؤالءSUCH كذلك

THAT ) ( – بعيد تلك ذلكTHOSE ) ( – بعيد هؤالءONE)NONE( – أحد ال أحدTHE SAME - الشئ نفس

INTERROGATIVEاالستفهــــــــــــام

أو مفرد العاقل الفاعل عن السؤالمؤنث أو مذكر أو جمع

المفعول عن السؤالالعاقل

أو مذكر أو جمع أو مفرد

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :WHOSE ?WHOSE ARE THESE BOOKS ?WHOSE IS THIS ?

WHICH ?WHICH DO YOU PREFER , TEA OR COFFEE ?WHICH OF THEM CAN YOU TRUST ?

WHAT ?WHAT IS THIS ?WHAT DO YOU EAT ?

WHO – WHOM – WHICH – THAT – WHOSE – AS – BUT

1- WHO مباشرة يعقبه و مؤنث أو جمع أو عاقل فاعل على يعود I SAW A FAT MAN . HE COULD NOT WALKI SAW A FAT MAN WHO COULD NOT WALK THE PUPIL SUCCEEDS EVERY YEAR . HE IS CLEVERTHE PUPIL WHO IS CLEVER SUCCEEDS EVERY YEAR

2- WHOM و مذكر جمع و مفرد العاقل المجرور أو به المفعول على تعود مؤنث THAT IS THE BOY . I MET HIM ON FRIDAY

THAT IS THE BOY WHOM I MET ON FRIDAY I KNOW THAT GIRL . YOU SPOKE TO HER

I KNOW THAT GIRL WHOM YOU SPOKE TO

3- WHICH الجمع أو المفرد العاقل غير به المفعول أو الفاعل على تعود THIS IS THE TRAIN . IT MADE THE ACCIDENT

THIS IS THE TRAIN WHICH MADE THE ACCIDENT

THIS IS THE TRAIN THAT MADE THE ACCIDENT

4- WHOSE محل تحل و عاقل غير أو عاقل الملكية للملكية الملكية Sأو ضمير

I KNOW THE MAN . HIS WEALTH ثروته IS GREATI KNOW A MAN WHOSE WEALTH IS GREAT

I SAW A MAN . THE MAN’S CAR MADE AN ACCIDENT

المالك عن السؤالالعاقل

أو مذكر أو جمع أو مفرد

بين االختيار عن السؤالعاقلة بدائل

جمع أو مفرد عاقلة غير أوفاعل أو

االشياء عن السؤالعموما

مذكر / / / جمع مفرد

RELATIVE PRONOUNSالوصـــل ضمائر

حذف ممكنWHICH و

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :I SAW A MAN WHOSE CAR MADE AN ACCIDENT

5- AS كلمة AS تستعمل يسبقها عندما موصول SUCHأو ASأو SAME كأسم

MEET ME AT THE SAME PLACE AS YOU DID YESTERDAY THIS IS THE SAME THING AS YOU ASKED FOR THIS IS NOT SUCH A GOOD RESULT AS I HOPED I NEVER SAY SUCH THINGS AS YOU DO AS MANY PEOPLE AS WORKED WERE GIVEN FOOD

6- BUT لكن )) (( BUT تستعمل و بمعنى للنفى لكن و موصول كأسم

THERE IS NO ONE BUT REGRETS HIS DEATH وفاته على حزن و إال أحد ال THERE IS NO ONE WHO DOES NOT REGRET HIS DEATH THERE IS NO PLANT BUT REQUIRES WATER THERE IS NO PLANT WHICH DOES NOT REQUIRE WATER

7- THAT

محل تحل أن محل WHICHأو WHOيمكن تحل ال WHOSEوأستخدام التفضيل ALLأو ITأو THE ONLYأو ANYبعد THATيجب صفة بعد أو

القصوى

ANY MAN IS A FOOL . HE LISTENS TO YOU ANY MAN THAT LISTENS TO YOU IA A FOOL

SHE IS THE FINEST WOMAN . SHE EVER LIVED SHE IS THE FINEST WOMAN THAT EVER LIVED

HE IS THE ONLY PUPIL . HE HAS GOT THE PRIZEHE IS THE ONLY PUPIL THAT HAS GOT THE PRIZE

NEVER USE A PERSONAL PRONOUN IN THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE : الملحقة الجملة فى شخصى ضمير أى تستعمل ال

THIS IS GARDEN WHICH I WALKED IN ) IT ( YESTERDAY (((((WRONG)))))

RULES قواعد

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :THIS IS GARDEN WHICH I WALKED IN YESTERDAY (((((CORRECT)))))

NEVER USE A PREPOSITION BEFORE )THAT( , AS A RELATIVE PRONOUN : موصول ) ( كضمير ، ذلك قبل mجر حرف أي iستعملkي ال nأبدا

THIS IS THE GARDEN )IN( THAT I WALKED (((((WRONG)))))THIS IS THE GARDEN THAT I WALKED IN (((((CORRECT)))))

NEVER USE )WHAT( AFTER )ALL( : ) ( ) ( mلiك بعد ماذا iستعملkي ال nأبدا

THIS IS ALL ) WHAT ( I WISH (((((WRONG)))))THIS IS ALL THAT I WISH (((((CORRECT)))))THIS IS ALL I WISH (((((CORRECT)))))

AN ADJECTIVE IS A WORD WHICH QUALIFIES A NOUN االسم تصف كلمة الصفةKINDS OF ADJECTIVES ....فقط

QUALITY a nice day – a fast train – a beautiful girlSIZE a big car – a small boy AGE a new handbag – a young man – a lifelong friendshipTEMPERATURE a cool evening – a hot countrySHAPE a round table – a square trayCOLOUR blue eyes – grey hair – a white horseORIGIN a Japanese camera – a Swiss watchQUANTITY some sugar – little water – many peopleٍٍٍ��Suffixes ملحقات and Prefixes بدايات to form Adjectives لألسم تضاف

صفة لتكوينable : changeable - valuableible : possible - visibleful : useful – faithful - gratefulless : useless - harmlessy : stormy – muddy - noisyive : expensive - activeous : dangerous - enormous

ADJECTIVES

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t : distantمثل : الكلمات بعض بعد المقارنة صفة تستعمل

Much كثير

considerably كبير حد� إلى

slightly يء mالش بعض

the ……the ….. ا........... ال....ل

Much richer Considerably hotter Slightly heaver The more you work , the more you gain

تستعمل غالبا القصوى التفضيل صفة لألشخاص : of لألماكن / in بعدMona is the most beautiful girl in the classAhmed is the best of the three boys

كـــصفات : أحيانا االسماء تستعملA woman doctorA police woman Town hallA tooth brushCairo towerA horse race

كـــصفة ) أحيانا الفاعل أسم ( v+ing يستعملThe smiling girlThe amusing story

كـــصفة – - أحيانا الثالث التصريف المفعول أسم يستعملa broken windowan educated mana gifted girl موهوبة فتاة

يتبعها التالية For الصفاتصالح – غير Boringأذى

DangerousخطرDifficultصعبEasyسهلExpensiveغاليHealthyصحmي

NecessaryضروريFashionableعصري

foradjectiveIt’sIt’s boring for some people to work in noisy placesIt’s dangerous for children to play with fire

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :يتبعها التالية That الصفات

تkأkكpد iمCertainClearواضح

Curiousفضوليسبيل – على

شبيه - تقريباLikely

المحتمل Probablyمنئة kجqا kف iالمSurprising

TrueالصدقObviousواضح

thatadjectiveIt’s

يتبعها interesting الصفة أن that or for يجوزI would be interesting for you to study on abroad

الخارج على kرسqدkأ qنkأ لkك شغوف iونiأك kس أناIt’s interesting that he made you that offer

العرض هذا لك يقدم أن إثارة . أنها

بــــ تنتهى ال عادة الحال ly الصفة أو الظرف إنما وAdjectiveadverb

Quicklyسريعاquickسريع

ببطئ – slowبطئ Slowlyبطيئا

مدهشا – wonderfulمدهش Wonderfully بإدهاش

beautifullyبجمالbeautifulجميل

My father smoke heavily My father is a heavy smoker He drives will He is a good driver

الحس أفعال بعد الصفة sense verbs تأتى

TouchاللمسgإسمعHear

FeelالملمسgشاهدSee

SoundالصوتTasteالطعم

SmellالرائحةThis flower smells niceThis food tastes good

Adjectives ending in ((…………..ly))Friendly ودiيLively بحيويةElderly مسن

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :Lonely وحيدSilly سخيفLovely رائعFatherly أبويMotherly بحنانSisterly أخويDeadly مميت بشكلCowardly بجبنUgly قبيح

He is a silly personHe is always cowardly in the face of dangerHe is a friendly manHis behaviour towards his students is fatherlyShe acts in a lovely mannerShe gave me a motherly smile .

Some Adjectives Are Followed By a

“Preposition” Or A “Prepositional Phrase”

جر عبارة أو جر بحرف تتبع الصفات بعض

AtAmazed مندهش

ForEager متلهiف

Amused لlى mسnم Famous مشهورAstonished متعجiب Fit يالئم

Shocked مmصgدnوم Good جيدSurprised مnفاجئ Grateful ممتن

Bad سيئ Tate تايتBrilliant رائع Prepared iدoعm ت gسnمClever ذكي Qualified مؤهiلExpert الخبير Ready جاهزGood جيد Sorry آسف

Hopeless يائس Suitable مناسبQuick بسرعة responsible مسؤو

لSad حزين

Weak ضعيف

ToAccustomed mعmوiد مnت

AboutAngry غاضب

Attentive فطن Annoyed nزعmج منBlind الستارة Anxious mلmهtف مnتClear واضح Certain tد mك mَأ مnتClose اإلنتهاء Clear واضح

Contrary مضاد Curious فضوليDue iالحق-

مستحقDoubtful مريب

Faithful مخلص Excited iمتحمس

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :Harmful iضار Glad مسرورInferior التابع Happy سعيدMarried وiج mزm مnت Hesitant متردد

New جديد Honest صادقPeculiar غريب Mistaken مخطئ

Responsible مسؤول Puzzled iمشوش

Sensitive حسiاس Sad حزينSimilar مماثل Selfish أنانيSuperior الرئيس Sensitive حسiاسThankful iر متشك Serious جدiي

Used مستعمل Sorry آسف

FromAbsent غائب Sure iد متَأك

Different مختلف Suspicious مريبSafe السالمة Uneasy مضطر

بSeparate منفصل Worried قلق

wrong خاطئ

Of

Afraid خائف

With

Angry غاضبAhead لألمام Annoyed nزعmج من

Ashamed خجالن Busy مشغولAware مدرك Concerned مmعgني

Capable قادر Contented قانعCertain tد mك mَأ مnت Delighted مسرور

Confident واثق Disappointed خائب األمل

Conscious الضمير Disgusted مnقرmفEnvious حسود Familiar مَألوف

Fond مولع Patient المريضFull كامل Pleased مسرور

Guilty مذنب satisfied راضيIndependent مستقل

Jealous غيورProud فخورSick مريضSure iد متَأك

Suspicious مريبTired مnتعoب

OnDependent التابع

InExperienced مجرiب

Keen متحمiس Interested iمهتم

Against Prejudiced mضرnمLeaning المmيgل

Responsible to a senior الرئيس أمام مسئول

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Responsible for a family أسرة عن مسئول

؟ أين ؟ كيف لسؤال إجابة يكون عادة و أخر ظرف أو الفعل أو الحالة تصف كلمة هو الظرف؟ متى

How does he write ? He write badly

Where does he live ? he lives here

when did he arrive ? he arrived yesterday

بإضافة تتكون الظروف الصفة ...lyمعظم الى / m} حديثا m} Lateمتَأخراlatelyأخيرا

ال / – يكاد HardبجدHardlyبالكادبالغ HighعالىHighlyبشكل

{Justlymبالعدل Justتواقيود / بدون Freelymmبحرية Freeمجانا

األحوال معظم mostاألكثرmostlyفى

The train was lateShe returned in the late afternoon

Lateصفة

He arrived late this morningHave you seen Ahmed lately

Lateظرف

Iron is hardThis question is too hard

Hardصفة

He works hard We hardly know each otherI was angry that I could hardly speak

Hardly ever = almost never I’m always at home in the evening . I hardly ever go outI almost never go out in the evening

Hardly any = almost no ; almost not ; very little We’ve got hardly any food

Hardlyظرف

Adverbsالظـــــــروف

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :We’ve got almost no foodWe’ve got very little food

The mountain is very highصفةHighThey climbed highThe plane view high above the mountain He’s risen high in the world

Highlyظرف

She’s very highly paidThey spoke very highly of themHe was highly placed

Highlyظرف

Just a momentI have just seen him

Justصفة

In accordance with justiceHe was justly punished for his crimes

Justlyظرف

You are free to do as you wishThis is a free country

Freeصفة

You can speak quite freely in front of me , I can’t tell any one what you say

Freelyظرف

He spends most of his time travelingThis is the most comfortable hotel in the town

Mostصفة

She uses her car mostly for her jobMy friends are mostly teachers

Mostlyظرف

Good Good at = clever at ماهر Good for = useful مفيد Good to = kind / helpful / طيب

جيد It’s a good day for a swim Milk is good for babies She’s always been very good to me

Well she speaks English well they speak well بالخير of him at

school well = in good health well – known مشهور well – educated مثقف well – dressed الزى حسن

Adverbs of manner الحالة ظرف

The journey was very slow We traveled slowly

Hassan is a careful driver He drives very carefully

Adverbs of place المكان ظرف

Here , There , Somewhere , In

I saw a policeman standing there yesterday

Adverbs of time الزمان ظرف Yesterday , I went to the

cinema I went to the cinema yesterday

Nabil is going to have lunch here this evening

You can speak to him then

الفعل ))) قبل يوضع زمان ((( ظرفSoon / just / already

Ahmed will soon be hereHe’s just arrivedShe’s already cooked the dinner

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المضارع أداة عليه تدخل ال و جمع أو إفراد ال و فاعل له ليس الماضى) (S(المصدر )EDأوبــــ مسبوق يكون إما المصدر بدون TOو هيئة TOأو على m} مصدرا PARTICIPLEأو

TO GO هابoللذTO BE GOING mهبgذm ي لكيTO BE GONE فيm nخت ي لكيTO HAVE GONE mهبmذ gأن----------------------------------------------------------------I WANT GOI EXPECT THEM TO BE GOING SOON I WANT THE WORK TO BE DONE WITH CARE----------------------------------------------------------------As a subject كفاعل

to err is human to live is to suffer to read gives pleasure

As an object كمفعول I hate to interrupted I like to sit in the sunshine

After a noun or pronoun ضمير أو أسم بعد He gave me some money to spend It’s time to go home

After an adjective صفة بعد He’s difficult to please Milk is good to drink It’s nice to see you

مع المصدر معينة toيأتى أفعال بعد مباشرةAgree qوافق Forget kإنس Propose qإقترح

Arrange qبmرت Hesitate qدmترد Refuse يرفضAttempt المحاولة Hope األمل Remember qرmتذك

Care العناية Learn qمmتعل Regret األسف

Cease الوقف Like مثل Seem يبدوConsent الموافقة Manage يدير Swear يقسمDecide qر mقر Neglect اإلهمال Try يحاول

Determine qر mقر Prepare qmإستعد Used مستع

THE INFINITIVEالمصـــــــــــدر

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :مل

Fail الفشل Promise الوعد Undertake qد mتعه He promised to do his best We hope to start early He managed to solve the problem He tried to climb the tree He used to play football when he was young I like to play music

و الطلب و الرغبة و االمر عن تعبر التى االفعال بعد المصدر يأتىاالذن

Advise qإنصح Invite iإدع Urge الحافزAllow له qإسمح Oblige qإلتزم warn qرmحذPermit الرخصة Order الطلبRemind qرmذك Request الطلبCompel qأرغم Show how كيف يعرض

Encourage qع mشج Teach qمmعلForbid م ر� kحiم Tell qأخبرInstruct qر iم tempt jأغر I ordered the servant to clean the room He told me to meet him at seven He allowed me to stay longer I showed her how to make a cake

مفعولها بعد أو مباشرة االفعال هذه بعد المصدر يأتىAsk qإسأل hate الحقد mean يقصدbeg qإستجد Intend ينوى Prefer qل mفض

expect qع mتوق love mالحب want يريد I want to leave I want him to leave I expect to be there

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت : I expect him to be there

الوصل ضمائر بعد المصدر يأتىWhom-which-what-how-where-when

I can’t see whom to tell I can’t se whom to tell I know well what to do She doesn’t know how to make pizza They didn’t decide where to go They don’t know when to arrive

THERE IS NO TIME FOR JOKINGTHE WEATHER IS COLD TODAYI AM READING NOWHE WAS PLAYING IN GARDENTHE FOOD WAS EATENWE ARE TO START EARLYHE WAS TO COME EARLYIT WAS KIND OF YOU TO HELP MEI HAVE BEEN TO LUXORSHE IS GOING TO HOMEHE IS GOING TO PREPARE THE PARTY

IS BEING / ARE BEING / WAS BEING / WERE BEING صفة بعدها يأتىHE’S BEING ANGRYTHEY WERE BEING NAUGHTY

Helping verbs المساعدة االفعال

1 TO BE 1

PRESENTAM-IS-ARE

PASTWAS- WERE

PAST PARTICIPLEBEEN

PRESENT PARTICIPLEBEING

مضارع ماضىمفعول أسم فاعل أسم

TO HAVE2 2

PRESENTHAVE-HAD

PASTHAD

PAST PARTICIPLEHAD

PRESENT PARTICIPLEHAVING

فاعل مفعول أسم أسممضارعماضى

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HE HAS A CARI HAD A BATHI HAD A SWIMHE HAD A BAD COLDI HAVE TO WORK HARDTHEY HAD TO CHANGE THE PLANYOU HAVE A STRONG CHARACTERWE HAD JUST BEGUN THE WORKI HAD THE ROOM CLEANED

HAVE GONE TO - – بالسفر مازال يعد لم و سافرMY FATHER HAS GONE TO LONDON HE HAS GONE TO PARIS

HAVE BEEN TO - – السفر له سبق السفر من عاد و سافرMY FATHER HAS BEEN TO LONDON HE HAS BEEN TO BENHA

I DO MY WORKI DO NOT PLAY TENNISHE DOESN’T LIKE COFFEE , DOES HE ?YOU BROKE THE CUP , DIDN’T YOU ?

الرجاء و بألحاح للطلبDO TRUST ME DO HELP ME THIS TIME

الفعل على للتاكيدHE DOES TRY HARDHE DID LOVE THAT GIRLI DID DO MY BEST

معين بفعل القيام عن للنهىDON’T SMOKE HEREDON’T OPEN THE DOOR

هامــــــة kn جدا kn جدا

TO DO3 3

PRESENTDO/DOES

PASTDID

PAST PARTICIPLEDONE

PRESENT PARTICIPLEDOING

فاعل مفعول أسم أسممضارعماضى

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بدون ) المصدر فى الفعل شكل نفس هو البسيط المضارعTO )بإضافة يتميز لكنه و

أو( S حرف ) المتكلم خالف مفرد الفاعل كان إذا له ( HE-SHE-IT المخاطب )

Ahmed plays football well He plays in the garden The sun shines in the morning It gives us heat and light

بـــــ ) ينتهى الفعل كان له( ) ss , sh , ch , x إذا ( es نضيف He goes to school every day She watches the match on T.V.

الجزء نهايةاالول

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSEالبسيط المضارع زمن

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بـــــ ) ينتهى الفعل كان تحول( y إذا ساكن حرف يسبقها ( ies الى )

He carries a bag )carry( She studies hard )study(

بـــــ ) ينتهى الفعل كان متحرك( ) y إذا حرف , a , e , i يسبقهاo , u )تغيير فال

He obeys his father )obey( She says the truth )say(

ما كثيرا و المتكرر الروتين و العادات عن للتعبير يستخدمالتى ) ( التكرار ظروف الفعل :نستخدم قبل توضع

Always kn دائما Generally عادةUsually knعادة Rarely kn نادراOften ما kn كثيرا Scarcely kn نادرا

Sometimes kn أحيانا Frequently بشكلمتكرر

Every day يوم كل

Ahmed always wears dark glasses .He usually comes late .

بدون ) الفعل كان المصدر( + S إذا نستعمل الغائب المفردDON’T

I PLAY TENNIS I DON’T PLAY TENNIS

WE SPEAK ENGLISH WE DON’T SPEAK ENGLISH

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IN THE NEGATIVEالبسيط المضارع للزمن النفى

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به ) الفعل كان نستعمل( S إذا و نحذفها الغائب المفرد DOES NOT المصدر +

HE PLAYS TENNIS HE DOESN’T PLAY TENNIS

SHE SPEAKS ENGLISH SHE DOES NOT SPEAK ENGLISH

بدون ) الفعل كان المصدر( ) + S إذا نستعمل الغائب المفرد ( DO الفاعل +

I SPEAK ENGLISH . DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH ?

به ) الفعل كان ( S إذا نستعمل( و نحذفها الغائب المفردالفاعل + + ( DOES المصدر

HE LIVES WITH HIS PARENTS DOES HE LIVE WITH HIS PARENTS ?

OR WHO(M) DOES HE LIVE WITH ?

DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH ?-YES , I DO. NO , I DON’T.DOES HE LIVE WITH HIS PARENTS ?-YES , HE DOES. NO , HE DOESN’T.

am / is / are + ( v + ing )

االن- :1 يجرى حدث عن للتعبيرI am reading now

INTERROGATIVE المضارع فى االستفهامالبسيط

ANSWER البسيط المضارع فى االجابة

The present continuous tenseالمستمر المضارع زمن

االن) (

Now – at the moment – at presentStill – look – listen – take care - hurry

كلمتكوي

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التفكير ) – – الخمسة الحواس بـــ الخاصة االتية االفعال مع يستعمل الالمساعدة – – ( االفعال الملكية العاطفة

5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :We are sitting nowListen , someone is knocking at the doorLook , a bird is flyingTake care ! a car is comingShe is still cooking the mealAt the moment we are listening to the radioHurry ! the bus is coming

الكالم- :2 لحظة يقع أن بالضرورة ليس و يتم لم حالى نشاط عن للتعبيرI am reading a novel by Nageeb Mahfouz this days The committee اللجنة is considering اهتمام القضية the case موضع

يقع- :3 لم حدث أو بشئ للقيام النية عن للتعبيرI am going to the cinema tonight

الحواسSENSES

SEE gشاهد العاطفةEMOTION

WANT يريدHEAR gإسمع DESIRE الرغبة

SMELL الرائحة REFUSE يرفضNOTICE المnالحظة FORGIVE له gإغفر

التفكيرTHINKING

REALISE gأدرك WISH األمنيةKNOW gإعرف CARE العناية

UNDERSTAND gإفهم HATE الحقدMEAN يقصد -

يعنىLOVE iالحب

SUPPOSE gإفترْض LIKE مثلBELIEVE gإعتقد DISLIKE الكراهية

REMEMBER gرi تذك الملكيةPOSSESSION

OWN يملكRECOLLECT gرi تذك OWE يعود

لــــFORGET mإنس BELONG مملوك

لــRECALL اإلستدعاء POSSESS أمتلكTRUST الثقةMIND العقل

BE – HAVE – DO – CAN – MUST – WILL االفعال مع يستعمل ال أيضا.... االتية

HAVE / HAS + )P.P(أمثلة الكلمات االستعماالت

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSEالتام المضارع

التكوين

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- HE HAS JUST GONE OUT JUST m} توا أكتمل حدث عن يعبر- I HAVE READ THE INSTRUCTIONS BUT I DON’T UNDERSTAND THEM

فى تم حدث عن يعبرأثر له لكن و الماضى

حالى- I HAVE LIVED HERE FOR THREE YEARS

فى بدأ حدث عن يعبرمستمر يزال ال و الماضى

االن حتى- THERE HAS BEEN A LOT OF CHANGE RECENTLY .- HE HASN’T FINISHED YET

ALREADYLATELY

RECENTLYYET

الكلمات مع يستعملالتالية

- I HAVE NOT SEEN HIM SINCE YESTERDAY

SINCE مع SINCEيستعملجر كحرف

I HAVE NOT SEEN HIM SINCE HE WENT TO LUXOR

I HAVE BEEN HERE SINCE I LEFT SCHOOL

SINCE مع اذا SINCEيستعملجملة فى رابط جاءت

الذى فيوضع فعالن فيهاالماضى SINCEبعد فى

االخر الفعل و البسيطالتام المضارع فى

WE HAVE LIVED IN LUXOR FOR TEN YEARS

WE LIVED THERE FOR TEN YEARS

معناها FORتستعمل والزمن - من كامل لفترة

تستعمل عندما FORوتدل البسيط الماضى مع

زمنية فترة علىمنتهية ....

HE HAS NEVER LEARNT ENGLISH

HAVE YOU EVER SEEN AN INDIAN FILM ?

NEVER

EVER

مع النفى فى يستعملNEVER

االستفهام فى يستعملEVERمع

تستخدم : ال ALL مع FOR الحظ WE LIVED THERE TEN YEARS .

ALL DAY – ALL MORNING – ALL WEEK – ALL MY LIFE I’VE LIVED HERE ALL MY LIFE . ) NOT . FOR MY LIFE (

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

المستمر التام المضارع

التكوين

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HAVE BEEN + VERB + ING

HAS BEEN

أمثلة الكلمات االستعماالت

I am sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long ?I’ve been waiting for an hour , and that fool of a typist still hasn’t turned up

إلظهار يستعملالمدة طول

بدأ حدث أستغرقهاال و الماضى فى

kn مستمرا يزالI have been working all the day Live

WaitStayReadSleepStudy

مع يستعملمن التى االفعال

االسترسال شأنهاالزمنى

He has been working all the dayShe has been sleeping all morning

SinceFor

All day

مع يستعملاالتية الكلمات

المستمر المضارع و التام المضارع زمن بين المقارنةالتام : kn المضارع توا أنتهى حدث

It has rained for two hoursIt stopped raining just now

المستمر : التام بعد المضارع يتنهى لم يكون قد حدثIt has been raining for two)perhaps it’s still raining))perhaps the rain has stopped(

The simple past tenseالبسيط الماضى

التكوين

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :بإضافة ) ( للفعل الثانى التصريف من البسيط الماضى edيتكون

بحرف ينتهى ال الذى بإضافة eللفعل ينتهى dو الذى للفعل فقطخاصة .... eبحرف تصريفات لها التى الشاذة االفعال عدا ما

أمثلة الكلمات االستعماالتI went to the cinema yesterday Yesterday

Last nightLast weekLast year

AgoOnce

Just now

الماضى يستعملالكلمات مع البسيط

التالية

I went to the cinema yesterday و وقع حدث عن يعبرفى الماضى فى أكتمل

محدد وقتI often walked to the office وقوعه يتكرر كان حدث

الماضى فى He used to smoke a lot The ancient Egyptians lived on

agriculture

يعد لم أسلوب أو عادةkn قائما

In olden times the Arabs buried their daughters alive

متبع كان تقليد أو عرفالماضى فى

The train was ten minutes late و وقع حدث عن يعبرو الماضى فى أكتمل

مذكور غير الوقتMy father worked in that bank for ten years .He lived in Alexandria for a long time

من فترة شغلت واقعةقائمة تعد لم و الزمن

أألنبعد البسيط الماضى و wish أو if only يأتى مطلوبة الحاضر الوقت فى أمنية أن ليعبر

متحققة ... غير I wish I saw Ahmed now

I wish I had enough money . I would buy a carبعد جاء إذا و if only أو wish و الماضى فى مطلوبة كانت أمنية عن يعبر فإنه تام ماضىتتحقق .... لم

I wish I had seen Ahmed yesterday)I’m sorry I didn’t see Ahmed yesterday(

I wish I had had enough money . I would have bought a car .

االتية الربط أدوات قبل البسيط الماضى : يأتى

I saw the film after I had written the letterبعد البسيط الماضى sinceيأتى

I haven’t seen Ahmed since he went to Tantaبعد البسيط الماضى جملة than يأتى no sooner فى

She had no sooner seen the thief than she criedبعد جملة when يأتى hardly فى

she had hardly reached the station when she changed her mind

AfterAs soon as

Whenuntil

Past simple Past perfect

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :جملة فى if يأتى

If he ran fast he would catch the train . )he will not run fast and so will miss the train(

Was / were + )verb+ing( I was playing They were swimming

الوقت لبعض الماضى فى استطال حدث عن للتعبير He was living in brazil What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night

أنتهى قد يكن لم الحدث أن يعنى المستمر الماضى Mona was cooking the dinner

بسببه االول الفعل يتوقف ربما و أخر حدث وقع حدوثه أثناء و الماضى فى وقع حدث kn مستمرا ظل أو

Mona burnt her hand when she was cooking the dinner It was raining when I got up

البسيط الماضى و المستمر الماضى بين الفرق When Ahmed arrived , we were having dinner

)we had already started dinner before ahmed arrived when Ahmed arrived , we had dinner

)Ahmed arrived and then we started dinner

I had eaten my breakfastأخر ماضى حدث قبل تم قد كان ماضى حدث عن للتعبير

When I arrived at the party , Ahmed had already gone home .Hassan didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because he had already seen the film twice .

استعملنا الثانى when إذا الحدث يبدأ أن قبل وقوعه أكتمل االول الحدث أن معناه ذلكWhen we had eaten , we began to watch T.VWhen I had seen the car , h bought it .

بعد التام الماضى قبل after يستعمل ماضى before و زمنها التى الجمل فىHe returned home after he had left the officeI had already finished my work before my friends arrived

الربط أدوات مع التام الماضى يستعمل

No sooner أن ما حالما As soon as - حتى ) Till ) until - بمجرد

He refused to go until he ha seen all papers As soon as I had eaten I left the house She had no sooner seen the accident than she fainted عن غابت الحادثة شافت ما أول

الوعى He had no sooner seen her than his face lit up نور وشه شافها ما أول

The past continuous tenseالمستمر الماضى

The past perfect tenseالتام الماضى

Had +)pp(التكوي

ن

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THE PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSEالمستمر التام الماضى


HAD BEEN + )VERB + ING (

* I HAD BEEN WORKED iلتmتغ iأش qد kق iتqنiك أنا

الماضى فى مستمر كان حدث عن للتعبير الزمن هذا يستعملأخر ماض فعل حدوث حتى

I HAD BEEN WORKED IN A SHOP FOR YEARS BEFORE I GOT THIS JOB

kn وقتا تكراره أستغرق الماضى فى حدث عن للتعبير يستعملSHE HAD BEEN TRYING TO GET HIM ON THE PHONE

عدا ما مستمر مضارع لها ليس التى االفعال مع يستعمل الWISH / WANT

THE BOY WAS DELIGHTED WITH HIS NEW BICYCLE . HE HAD BEEN WANTING ONE FOR A LONG TIME.

: التام الماضى و المستمر التام الماضى بين الفرق

WHEN I LOOKED OUT OF THE WINDOW , THE SUN HAD BEEN RISING . )) IT HAD NOT BEEN FULLY RISING ((

WHEN I LOOKED OUT OF THE WINDOW , THE SUN HAD RISING . )) IT WAS UP THERE IN FULL ((

التكوين

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PRESENT MEANING PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

AWAKE يستيقظ AWOKE AWOKEBEAR يولد – يلد BORE BORNBEAR يحمل BORE BORNEBEAT يضرب – يهزم BEAT BEATENBECOME يصبح BECAME BECOMEBEGIN يبدأ BEGAN BEGUNBEND ينثنى – يثنى BENT BENTBID يأمر BADE BIDDENBIND يربط BOUND BOUNDBITE يقضم – يعض BIT BITTENBLEED ينزف BLED BLEDBLOW يهب – يعصف BLEW BLOWNBREAK يكسر BROKE BROKENBREED يربى BRED BREDBRING يأتى – يحضر

بـــBROUGHT BROUGHT

BROADCAST يذيع BROADCAST BROADCASTBUILD يبنى BUILT BUILDBURN يحرق BURNT BURNTBURST ينطلق – ينفجر BURST BURSTBUY يشترى BOUGHT BOUGHTCATCH يمسك CAUGHT CAUGHTCAST يلقى CAST CASTCHOOSE يختار CHOSE CHOSENCLING بــ يتعلق CLUNG CLUNGCOME يأتى CAME COMECOST يساوى – يكلف COST COSTCREEP يزحف CREPT CREPTCUT يقطع CUT CUTDEAL يتعامل DEALT DEALTDIG يحفر DUG DUG

CONJUGATION OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBSالشائعة الشاذة االفعال تصريفات

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :DO يفعل DID DONEDRAW يجر – يرسم DREW DRAWNDRINK يشرب DRANK DRUNKDRIVE يدفع – يقود DROVE DRIVENDWELL يقطن DWELT DWELTEAT يأكل ATE EATENFALL يقع – يسقط FELL FALLENFEED يغذى – يطعم FED FEEDFEEL يشعر FELT FELTFIGHT يحارب FOUGHT FOUGHTFIND يجد FOUND FOUNDFLEE يهرب FLED FLEDFLY يطير FLEW FLOWNFORGET ينسى FORGOT FORGOTTENFORGIVE عن يعفو FORGAVE FORGIVENFREEZE يتجمد FROZE FROZENGET على يحصل GOT GOTGIVE يعطى GAVE GIVENGO يذهب WENT GONEGRIND يطحن GROUND GROUNDGROW يصبح – ينمو GREW GROWNHANG يشنق HANGED HANGEDHANG يعلق HUNG HUNGHEAR يسمع HEARD HEARDHIDE يخفى HID HIDDENHIT يضرب HIT HITHOLD يمسك HELD HELDHURT يؤذى HURT HURTKEEP يحفظ –

بـ يحتفظKEPT KEPT

KNEEL يركع KNELT KNELTKNOW يعرف KNEW KNOWNLAY يضع LAID LAIDLEAN يستند – يسند LEANT LEANTLIE يرقد LAY LAINLIE يكذب LIED LIEDLEAD يقود LED LEDLEAP يقفز LEAPT LEAPTLEARN يتعلم LEARNT LEARNTLEAVE يترك LEFT LEFTLEND يقرض LENT LENTLET يدع LET LETLOSE يفقد LOST LOST

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :MAKE يجعل – يصنع MADE MADEMEAN يقصد – يعنى MEANT MEANTMEET يقابل MET METPAY يسدد – يدفع

مبلغPAID PAID

PUT يضع PUT PUTREAD يقرأ READ READRIDE يركب RODE RIDDENRING يدق RANG RUNGRISE يشرق – ينهض ROSE RISENRUN يجرى RAN RUNSAW بمنشار يقطع SAWED SAWNSAY يقول SAID SAIDSEE يرى SAW SEENSEEK عن يبحث SOUGHT SOUGHTSELL يبيع SOLD SOLDSEND يرسل SENT SENTSET يضع – يغرب SET SETSEW يخيط - يحيك SEWED SEWNSHAKE يهز SHOOK SHAKENSHINE يلمع SHONE SHONESHOOT يطلق SHOT SHOTSHOW يعرض – يرى SHOWED SHOWNSHRINK ينكمش SHRANK SHRUNKSHUT يقفل SHUT SHUTSING يغنى SANG SUNGSINK يغرق SANK SUNKSIT يجلس SAT SATSLAY يذبح SLEW SLAINSLEEP ينام SLEPT SLEPTSMELL يشم SMELT SMELTSOW يبذر SOWED SOWNSPEAK يتكلم SPOKE SPOKENSPEND – يقضى

يصرفSPENT SPENT

SPELL يتهجى SPELT SPELTSPILL يسكب SPILT SPILTSPIN يدور – يغزل SPAN SPUNSPIT يبصق SPAT SPATSPLIT – يشطر

ينشطرSPLIT SPLIT

SPOIL يفسد SPOILT SPOILTSPREAD يغذو – ينشر SPREAD SPREAD

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :SPRING يقفز SPRANG SPRUNGSTAND يقف STOOD STOODSTEAL يسرق STOLE STOLENSTICK يلتصق – يلصق STUCK TUCKSTING يلدغ STUNG STUNGSTRIKE يضرب STRUCK STRUCKSWEAR يحلف – يقسم SWORE SWORNSWEAT يعرق SWEAT SWEATSWEEP يكنس SWEPT SWEPTSWELL يتورم SWELLED SWOLLENSWIM يسبح SWAM SWUMSWING يتأرجح SWANG SWUNGTAKE يأخذ TOOK TAKENTEACH يدرس - يعلم TAUGHT TAUGHTTEAR يمزق TORE TORNTELL يخبر TOLD TOLDTHINK يعتقد – يفكر THOUGHT THOUGHTTHROW يحدف – يلقى THREW THROWNTHRUST يلقى – يدس THRUST THRUSTTREAD يدوس TROD TODDENUNDERSTAND يفهم UNDERSTOOD UNDERSTOODWEAR يرتدى WORE WORNWEAVE ينسج WOVE WOVENWEEP يبكى WEPT WEPTWIN يكسب WON WONWIND يلف WOUND WOUNDWRITE يكتب WROTE WRITTEN

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I shall go to the cinema tonightThey will come soon

Next Friday we shall visit the zooThey will soon visit us

ما . موقف فى فعل كرد نيه سابق بدون شئ فعل تقرر عندما

I think I’ll stay at home this evening I don’t think I’ll go out tonight I’m too tired

االتية : الكلمات مع أيضا يستخدمProbably I’ll probably be a bit late this eveningI’m sureYou must meet Mona I’m sure you’ll like herI expect

البسيط المستقبل زمنThe simple future tense

Shall / Will )or( LL + infinitive

التكوين

سوف بحدث لألخبار يستخدمالمستقبل فى يحدث

Tomorrow – Next – In the future – Soon – Shortly –In a few minutes , days , weeks , months

كلمات

Think , know , believe , doubt , supposeAssume , expect , hope , be afraid

البسيط المستقبل يستعملاالتية االفعال بعد

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :I expect ALI will get the jobThinkDo you think we’ll win the mach ?

المؤكدة : االحداث عن للتعبيرWinter will come again

مستقبلية : خطط عن للتعبيرThe president will open a new factory in Banha next week

الكلمات بعد البسيط المستقبل من بدال البسيط المضارع يستخدماالتية :

WHEN – AFTER – TILL – UNTIL – IF – AS SOON AS When he comes tomorrow , I’ll meet himAfter he eats . he will watch T.VI’ll wait for her till she comesIf he works hard , he will succeed

فى going to أو will نستخدم حدث عن مسبقا يتحدث عندماالمستقبل :

Do you think Ahmed will get the job ? Oh dear it’s already 4 o’clock we’re going to be late .

سوف going to نستخدم الحدث أن من متأكدا المتكلم يكون عندما : يقع

look at those black clouds , it’s going to rain I feel terrible now . I think I’m going to cry .

Shall / Will + be + ) verb + Ing (I shall be studyingHe will be playing

لكن و المستقبل فى حدث عن للتعبير المستمر المستقبل يستخدمعن يعبر الذى البسيط المستقبل عن يختلف هذا و بعاطفة أو بعفوية

موضوعية ... و بقصد المستقبلI shall come to your house tomorrow ) بسيط )مستقبلI shall be coming to your house tomorrow ) مستمر )مستقبل

Will or Going to

The future continuous tenseالمستمر المستقبل زمن

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :المستقبل فى حدوثه المرجح من حدث عن للتعبير يستخدم

Mr. Zaki is 65, so he will be leaving the company next month Will you be staying late at the office tomorrow ?Yes , I will . I’ve a lot of work to do.

فى الوقت لبعض تستمر سوف التى االحداث عن للتعبير يستخدمالمستقبل

We’re washing up now , but this time next week we won’t be washing up we’ll be sitting on the beach in the sun

غيره قبل المستقبل فى يبدأ سوف حدث عن للتعبير يستخدمI’ll be waiting for you , ) when you arrive (

I shall have finished فرغت قد سأكونThey will have finished فرغوا قد سيكونون

فى المستقبل فى أنتهى قد يكون سوف حدث عن للتعبير يستخدممعينة زمنية فترة غضون

نkة kالس مد�ة In a year’s timeفي kن kس غضون In two year’s timeتينفي n غدا jالوقت This time tomorrowهذا

اإلسبوع من الوقت هذا مثل فيالقادم

This time next week

القادمة الجمعة By next Fridayبحدود n غدا jالوقت By this time tomorrowبهذا

الوقت ذلك By thenفيالقادمة المرة في Before next timeقبل

n غدا jالوقت هذا Before this time tomorrowقبلI have some work to do but I’ll have finished it by about eightThey will have finished the bridge in a year’s timeI shall have received a reply by this time tomorrow

The future perfect tenseاالسبق ) ( التام المستقبل

Shall / Will ) or ’LL ( + have + pp

كلم

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :قبل المستقبل فى وقوعه تم يكون سوف حدث عن للتعبير يستخدم

أخر : حدث يحدث أنWhen I have finished this work , I will ring you

على فعل ألسبقية أو مدة لتحديد يتعرض ال البسيط المستقبلفعل

I shall have dinner by 8 O’clock أو الزمن و الفعل بين أسبقية عالقة عن يعبر التام المستقبل

أخر فعل و الفعل بينI shall have had dinner by 8 O’clock

تحل أن المستقبل WILLمحل MIGHTأو MAYيمكن فىالجواز أو الشك الى اليقين من المعنى فيتغير التام

االحتمالية) (By 2020 pollution will have been eliminated )certain(

التلوث 2020بحلول سيزالBy 2024/18/20230 the common cold may have been cured )uncertain(

العادى 2020بحلول الزكام سيعالجBy 2020 the Jupiter might have been visited ( very uncertain(

المشترى 2020بحلول سيزار

Verb to be ) am not – is not / are not / was not / were not ( Verb to have ) have not – has not – had not ( Defective verbs المعيوبة األفعال

Will not / shall not / would not / should not Can not / could not / may not / might not Must not / ought not to / don’t have to

Will not qنkل سوفshall not qنkلwould not الshould not ال qنkأ iب jجkيCan not iستطيعkي الcould not qنkأ iستطيعkي الmay not ال qد kقmight not ال qد kقMust not qأن iبjجkي الought not to qأن iبjجkي الdon't have to الضروري من ليس

أن

Negation / النفى

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He is clever he is not clever he isn’t cleverHe may com he may not come he mayn’t comeShe can play music she can not play music she can’t play music

Affirmative االيجاب------------------negative السالب

Used to أن Used not to ---------------------didn’t use to أعتادOught to يجب Ought not to-----------------Need to يحتاج Need not to – do not have toDare to يجرؤ

Dare not to ---------------------

He used to smokeHe used not to smokeHe didn’t use to smoke

They date to speak openlyThey dare not to speak openly

I speak English I do not speak English

I don’t speak English

You leave the door open You do not leave the door open

You don’t leave the door open

They play football They do not play football

The don’t play football

حرف من الخالى البسيط المضارع الفعل المفرد sننفىالغائب

حرف به و الخالى البسيط المضارع الفعل المفرد sننفىبـ حذف does notالغائب مع المصدر الغائب sثم المفرد

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He writes clearly He does not write clearly

o He doesn’t write clearly

She studies hard She does not study hard

o She doesn’t study hard

He went to the cinema yesterday He did not go to the cinema yesterday

He didn’t go to the cinema yesterday I saw them

I did not see them I didn’t see them

I have a car I don’t have a car I don’t have a car I have not a car I haven’t a car

He has a car He does not have a car He doesn’t have a car He has not a car He hasn’t a car

He had a car He did not have a car He didn’t have a car He had not a car

بــــــــــ البسيط الماضى ننفى ثم did notوالمصــــــــــــدر

Verb to have as a principal رئيسى verb

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت : He hadn’t a car

نضع المنفى السؤال بعد notفى أو أسم كان اذا الفاعل قبلضميرا كان اذا الفاعل

Why do you come early ?Why do you not come early ?

Why don’t you come early ?Why did you come early ?Why did you not come early ?

Why didn’t you come early ?Why does Ahmed come early ?Why does not Ahmed come early ?

Why doesn’t Ahmed come early ?Why does he not come early ?

Why did Ahmed come early ?Why did not Ahmed come early ?

Why didn’t Ahmed come early ?Why did he not come early ?

نستخدم االمر :do notللنهى فعل قبل Writ it twice Do not write it twice Send him this letter Do not send him this letter Let him go Do not let him go

تحول . noالى someتحول أو الفعل نفى anyالى someبدونالفعل : نفى مع

Negative with anyنفى مع نفى

الفعل

Negative with noنفى بدون نفىالفعل

Affirmativeإثبات

AnyoneNo oneSomeone

Questions نفى

Command االمر

SOME

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :AnybodyAnywhereAnything

NobodyNowhereNothing

SomebodySomewhereSomething

I give him some money I give him no money I do not give him any money

I heard somebody speaking I heard nobody speaking I did not hear anybody speaking

He went somewhere He went nowhere He did not go anywhere

Eat something Eat nothing Do not eat anything

نستخدم kn باتا kn نفيا الكلمات هذه هذه neverلنفى تحذف والجملة : من الكلمات

He usually goes to the theatreHe never goes to the theatre

Sometimes , they winThey never win

الجملة : فى الكلمات هذه بقاء مع العادية بالطريقة فننفى باتا"! ليس و جزئي النفى كان إذا أماHe does not usually go to the theatre It did not always rain during our stay there He should not do that very often

األحيان أغلب في ذلك nلmعمm ي ال gنm أ nبoجm ي هو

نفىAlways , sometimes , often , usually

نفىEvery , Any , Each

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الى البات النفى فى الكلمات هذه بــ noتحول فتنفى إلا حاله :notو على الفعل بقاء معEvery boy came lateNo boy came lateNot every boy came late

Anyone can solve this problemNo one can solve this problemNot any one can solve this problem

نفينا بــــ not allبـ allإذا نفينا إذا أما البعض أستثناء تم وقع none of themفقد فقدأستثناء ... بلا الجميع على النفى

All the pupils in the school are cleverNot all the pupils in the school are cleverNone of them is clever مفرد فعل يليها

مثل كلمات بكلمة someday , never , everهناك الا لها نفى الفعل .neverلا قبل توضع وSomeday they will win They will never winHave you ever been to Rome ?No , I’ve never been there

كانت تحول and اذا واحد فاعلهما جملتين و or الى and تربط الاول الفعل نفى بعدبدون المصدر فى الثانى to وضع

we went to the cinema and enjoyed the film we did not go to the cinema or enjoy the film

كانت إذا تظل and اما مختلفان فاعلان لهما جملتين كل and تربط فعل ينفى و تغيير بدونحده على جملة

The boy went to the cinema and his sister stayed at home The boy did not go to the cinema and his sister did not stay at

home either

All نفــــــى

AND

BOTH……………..AND

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :الثانى . neither…….nor بــــــــ both…..and ننفى الفعل يتبع الفعل أن مراعاة مع

both the officer and the soldiers are braveneither the officer nor the soldiers are brave

جمع الاخيرة الجملة فى الفاعل أن soldiersلاحظBoth Ahmed and Hassan are childrenNeither Ahmed nor Hassan is a child

مفرد . للفعل المجاور الفاعل أن childلاحظBoth of them are childrenNeither of them is a child

neither …………norبـــــ either………orننفى either he or sister must goneither he nor his sister must go

تحول الكلمات هذه نفى الفعل eitherعند نفى مع الجملة أخر توضع و Ali also play s music Ali doesn’t play music either Ali plays music too / as well Ali doesn’t play music either

تحول و االصلى الفعل and neitherالى and soننفىHe went to the cinema and so did IHe didn’t go to the cinema and neither did I

الى as…..asتتحول النفى not so ……..asأو not as …..asفىhe is as clever as his friendhe is not as clever as his friendhe is not so clever as his friend

Either ……………….or

Also , Too , As well

And so do I / And so did I

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As ……………..As 16

Just , recently , already , presently 17

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :الى النفى فى الكلمات هذه نفى yetتتحول مع الجملة أخر فى

بـــ notالفعلI have already seen this filmI have not seen this film yetHe has just arrivedHe has not arrived yet

Never n kبkدا أHardly غير من

المحتملSeldom n نادراnot only kوحيد kيسkلscarcely بالكادrarely n نادرا

We rarely go to the cinema nowadaysI shall never see my home againHe not only succeeded but his father agreed to let him fly to Italy as wellShe hardly had seen the thief when she cried

هذه جاءت فإذا السؤال هيئة على الفاعل و الفعل قلب مع النفىهو ) و السؤال فى كما الفاعل الفعل يسبق الجملة أول فى الكلماتفقط ( االدبى االسلوب فى تستعمل و تعبيرية قوة الجملة يعطى

Rarely do we go to cinema nowadaysNever shall I see my home againNot only did he succeed but his father agreed to let him fly to Italy as wellHardly had she seen the thief when she cried

كانت الالزام mustاذا عن الى necessityأو obligationتعبر النفى فى mustn’tفتتحولأو shouldn’tأو النهى أو don’t have toأو needn’tبمعنى الضرورة إنتفاء بمعنى

الالزام ... عدمyou must take a taxiyou shouldn’t take a taxi ( don’t be so wasteful)you needn’t take a taxi ( the weather is fine and the way isn’t long )you don’t have to take a taxi ( no one wants you to )

Never , hardly , seldom , not only , scarcely rarely

18

Must 19

Must be 20

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تعبر اليقين mustعندما شبه الى near certainlyعن المنفية الجملة فى لا can’tتتحول بمعنىيعقل ... لا أو يمكن

He must be tiredHa can’t be tiredHe must have been mistakenHe can’t have been mistaken

A lot – a lot of – a great deal – a great deal ofالى الكمية عن نعبر عندما الكلمات هذه الفعل muchتتحول نفى مع النفى عند

My father smokes a lot My father does not smoke muchHe did a great deal of workHe did not do much work

A lot of – a great manyالى العدد عن نعبر عندما الكلمات هذه الفعل manyتتحول نفى مع

He smokes a great many cigarettesHe does not smoke many cigarettesHe bought a lot of pencilsHe did not buy many pencils

قسمين الى تنقسمknإجابتها : أوال تكون و مساعدة بأفعال تبدأ التى هى و هل بـ أسئلة

من بواحدةYes , No , I don’t know , I have no idea

They are at home . are they at home ?

I have finished my work .Have you finished your work ?

I shall go to Alexandria .Will you go to Alexandria ?

الجملة فعل كان اذامن من to beجزء toأو

have االفعال أحد أويكون الناقصة

بتقديم االستفهامالفاعل . على الفعل

A Lot 21

A Lot of 22

الثانى الجزء نهاية

How to make a question سؤال عمل كيفية

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت : They work hard

Do they work hard ?الجملة فعل كان اذاالبسيط المضارع فى

فى doنضع sبدون يبقى و السؤال مقدمة

هو . كما الفعل He helps the poor

Does he help the poor ?الجملة فعل كان اذاالبسيط المضارع فى

بــــــ نضع sالمنتهىdoes مقدمة فى

حرف نحذف و السؤالs. الفعل من

He bought a new carDid he buy a new car ?

الجملة فعل كان اذاالبسيط الماضى فى

مقدمة didنضع فىيحول و السؤال

مصدر الى الماضىبدون toالفعل

kn إستفهام : .ثانيــا بأدوات تبدأ أسئلةمناسبة استفهام أداة نستخدم ثم عنه االستفهام المراد تحدد الحالة هذه فى

الفاعل على الفعل تقديم فى الطريقة نفس نتبع بعدها و االتية االدوات منحالة))) فى عدا مبتدأ – (((what – whoما أو فاعل عن تسأل حينما

Who الفاعل عن للسؤالWho came yesterday ? )Ali (

1

Whom مجرور أو مفعول عن للسؤالWhom did you meet yesterday ? )Raghda(To whom did you write ? Whom did you send for ?

2

What عاقل غير فاعل عن للسؤالWhat sang on the tree ? ) bird (

3

What عاقل غير مجرور أو مفعول عن للسؤالWhat did you see on the tree ? )a bird (What is it for ?

4

What الفعل عن للسؤالWhat are you doing ) writing from a magazine (

5

Which معلومين أو محددين بين من عاقل غير أو عاقل ألختيارWhich boy car first ? )Ali (Which do you play , the guitar or the piano ? ) the guitar (

6

Whose عاقل غير أو عاقل المالك عن للسؤالWhose car is this ? )Ali's (Whose is that dog ? ) mine (

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :When الزمن عن للسؤالWhen did the accident happen ? ) an hour age (

8

Where المكان عن للسؤالWhere did the accident come to your knowledge ?

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Why الغرض أو السبب عن للسؤالWhy did he stay at home ?Why doesn't he work harder ?

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How الطريقة عن للسؤالHow do you go to school ? ) on foot (

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How الصحة عن للسؤالHow is your father ? he's fine . thank you

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إستفهاميــــــــــــــــــة عباراتQuestion phrases

What time What time did you leave ? at half past fiveWhat color What color is the carpet ? greenWhat kind ofWhat sort of

What kind of shop is it ? it's a news agent'sWhat sort of shop is it ? it's a news agent's

What about I'm hungry جعان or ( I'm not hungry ( .أناWhat about you ? أنت وYes , me too . ) or ( me neither أنا ال و

How much السعر أو الكمية عن للسؤالHow much did you pay for this pencil ? )75 P.T(How much was this pencil ?

How many العدد عن للسؤالHow many brothers have you ? two

How often المرات – عدد عن للسؤال مرة كمHow often do you go to the cinema ? once a month

How old العمر عن للسؤالHow old are you ? sixteen

How long الزمنية المدة أو المسافة عن للسؤالHow long is the distance to the station ? 2 kilometersHow long did you stay in Alexandria ? a whole week

How far للمسافة كمHow far is your school from your house ? only a short walk

How high االرتفاع عن للسؤالHow high is the tower of cairo ?

How tall الطول عن للسؤالHow tall is your brother ?

How wide االتساع عن للسؤالHow wide is the hall ?

How large الحجم عن للسؤالHow large is the high dam ?

How deep العمق عن للسؤالHow deep is the well )البئر( ?

إألتى : الحــظHow + صفة What + أســـم

How oldHow much

How long / far

للعمر كمللثمن كم

للمسافة كم

What ageWhat price

What distance

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :How heavy

How high / tallHow deep

للوزن كملألرتفاع كم

للعمق كم

What weightWhat hightWhat depth

Offers and invitations الدعوة و العرض1. Can I help you ?2. Shall I do it for you ?3. Would you like me to get you a taxi ?

Agreement الموافقة 1. Yes , please .2. Thank you very much .3. That's very kind of you .

Disagreement الرفض 1. No , thank you2. But it's all right . I can manage

Requests الطلب 1. would you mind taking me to the station ?2. will you wait a moment , please ?3. could you tell me when the next train is ?

Agreeing بالموافقة الرد1. NO NOT AT ALL ) I DON'T MIND AT

ALL (2. ALL RIGHT 3. YES OF COURSE / SURE /

CERTAINLY

Declining التمكن لعدم اعتذار1. unfortunately I haven't time2. I have to go now , actually3. I'm sorry , but I'm just going

out4. I'm afraid I can't just at the

moment

Suggestions االقتراح 1. shall we go for a swim ?2. what about / how about playing cards ?3. why don't we go shopping ?

Agreeing بالموافقة الرد1. it's a good idea / ok / fine2. yes , let's do that3. yes , why not ?

DISAPPROVAL / Declining التمكن لعدم اعتذار

1. I'm sorry it's too hot for me let's go to the club instead

2. that would be nice , but I have to meet someone

رجاء أو خبرية جملة تأييد بها يقصد استفهامية عبارة المذيل : السؤال

يكون منفية الخبرية الجملة كانت اذامثبت : المذيل السؤال

Mona didn't arrive yesterday , did she ?

يكون مثبتة الخبرية الجملة كانت اذا n} منفيا المذيل : السؤال

Ahmed is here , isn't he ? It was lovely today , wasn't it ?

Questions in situations في المواقفأسئلة

و العرض

الط

االقتراح

QUESTION TAG المذيل السؤال

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت : They won't come tomorrow ,

will they ? I can't swim , can I ?

You'll be on holiday next week , won't you ?

Ahmed likes this weather , doesn't he ?

They left early , didn't they ?المذيل : للسؤال خاصة صيغ

I am …………………………. Aren't I ?I'm tired , aren't I ?I'm tired , am not I ?

Need We need to ask first , don't we ?We needn't ask first , need we ?

Used toThey used to play together , didn't they ?

االمر نبرة لتخفيفOpen the door , will you ?Shut the window , would you ?Come here , won't you ?Stand up , could you ?

Had better / 'd better – hadn't You'd better go , hadn't you ?

Would rather / 'd rather – wouldn't You'd rather stay , wouldn't you ?

Let's – shall Let's have some fresh air , shall we ?

Inversion of subject and verbAfter certain adverbs

((تقديم الفعل على الفاعل)) hereفى غير حاالت االستفهام و بدء الجملة بــ

قد يقدم الفعل على الفاعل فىthereأو

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االسلوب االدبى أو القانونى لذا يفضل عدم لجوءالطالب اليه فى غير ضرورة ....

يأتى الفعل قبل الفاعل فى الحاالتاالتيـــــــــــــــــــــــة :

Questions :Are you at home at 7 o'clock ?Where did he go yesterday ?

Question tagsHe is a doctor , isn't he ?She came late , didn't she ?

عند حذفها فى االسلوب االدبى أو القانونى if بدال من if he worked hard , he would succeed . should he work hard , he would succeed .

if he had run fast , he would have caught the train . had he run fast , he would have caught the train .

if I were you , I would help him . were I you , would help him .

اذا جاءت الصفة فى أول الجملة بقصد أعطائها قوة فى التعبير فى االسلوب االدبى خاصة .The pupil was happy when he succeeded .Happy was the pupil when he succeeded .

The lesson is difficult to answer .Difficult is the lesson to answer .

اذا جاءت الظروف االتية فى أول الجملة بقصد التَأكيــــــــــــد kn أبدا ال

I have never been to LondonNever have I been to London

never

غالبا He has often warned me not to listen to her

Often

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2

3

4

5

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :Often has he warned me not to listen to her

- kn عبثا جدوى بالHe tried in vain to open the door Vainly did he try to open the door

In vain )vainly (

بـــ الجملة بدء thenأو thereأو hereعندThe man I spoke to you about is hereHere is the man I spoke to you aboutHere comes the milkman

Here

يوجد ) ( بمعنىThere are flowers of all colors in the gardenThere have been many wars in the history of the world.

There هناك الى goes everyone وThen ذلك تال marched soldiers و

There isAre

Have been

مكان أى فى ليسWater is found nowhere in the desertNowhere in desert is water found

Nowhere

بعد يعد لمWe no longer use kerosene stovesNo longer do we use kerosene stoves

No longer

kn نادراMona seldom visits usSeldom does mona visit us

Seldom Rarely

مرتينI visited Europe twiceTwice did I visit Europe

Twice

قلماLittle does he realize how foolish he looks

Little

االحوال من حال بأىOn no account must you smoke again

On no account

مطلقا – – حاشا كالBy no means does he smokeAt no time has it been so easy as nowadays

By no means

مثل only بعد الظروف التى تبدأ بــــ Only by chanceOnly with difficultyOnly on rare occasionsOnly by luckOnly whenOnly then

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :Only todayOnly yesterday

Only then can we overcome our problems ناo مشاكل على mبiتغلm ن gنm أ nنoكgمn نت عندما فقطOnly by luck could he pass the test .

)عطف نفى على and neither ) عطف مثبت على مثبت ( and so بعد نفى (he likes chocolate and so does shehe doesn't like chocolate and neither does she

اذا جاءت العبارات االتية فى أول الجملةNo sooner ……………..than………Hardly…………………when……..Scarcely………………..when……..Not only………………..……………So……………………….such………

No sooner had he bought his bicycle than he smashed هشم the head light الفانوس Hardly had he recovered from influenza when he caught malariaSo hot is the pot that I can't hold idSuch a noise did they make that no one overtook him يالحقه Such was their noise that I almost burst with anger

} تقريبا oبالغضب nفحgطm أ حيث mهم ضوضائ mانmت ك هكذاNot only did he break his promise but he told a lie as well

} أيضا كذبة mأخبر lه mكن ل وعدmه mقضm ن فقط mيسmل

فاعل ) + + ( متعدى فعل مفعول للمعلوم المبنية الجملة أركانSubject + Transitive + Object

المبتدأ ) + للمجهول المبنية الجملة االصلى + (be + ppأركان الفاعلAffected subject + be + pp + ) by agent (

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8

Active voice and passive voiceالمبنى و للمعلوم المبنى

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للمجهول : مبنى الى للمعلوم مبنى من الجملة تحول طريقةالفعل ) .1 و الفاعل للمعلوم المبنية الجملة فى الثالثة االركان نحدد

المفعول ( و المتعدىفيها .2 المبتدا ليصير الجملة أول فى المفعول يوضعنضع beنضع .3 ثم الجديد المبتدأ يالئم بما االصلى الفعل زمن فى مصرفا

االصلى للفعل الثالث التصريفاالصلى .4 الفاعل نضع الضرورة by + agent / doerعندالمفعول .5 على منصب االهتمام يكون حينما للمجهول الجملة تبنى و هذا

معروف غير الفاعل كان مفعولين : ملحوظةأو يأخذ أحيانا و مفعول من المتعدى للفعل لابد The boy eats that food That food is eaten by the boy

--------------------------------------------------------- The boy ate the food The food was eaten by the boy

--------------------------------------------------------- The boy will eat the food The food will be eaten by the boy

--------------------------------------------------------- The boy is going to eat the food The food is going to be eaten by the boy

--------------------------------------------------------- The boy is eating the food The food is being eaten by the boy

--------------------------------------------------------- The boy was eating the food The food was being eaten by the boy

--------------------------------------------------------- The boy has been eaten the food The food has been eaten by the boy

--------------------------------------------------------- The boy had eaten the food The food had been eaten by the boy

---------------------------------------------------------

حاالت خاصةللمعلوم .1 المبنية الجملة فعل كان الى have اذا يحول يمتلك own بمعنى

possess أو

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :I have a carA car is owend by meA car belongs to me

حال .2 للمعلوم المبنية الجملة فى جاء التصريف adverb اذا قبل يوضعللمجهول المبنية الجملة فى الثالث

The teacher punished the boy severelyThe boy was punished .

The pupils can solve the problem quicklyThe problem can be quickly solved .

االصلى .3 الفاعل ذكر عن االستغناء سياق doer يتم من مفهوم كان اذااالتية الكلمات أحد أو المعنى

people , somebody , someone معروف غير أو أهمية ذى غير أو

The police arrested the thiefThe thief was arrested

Someone broke the windowThe window was broken

They saw me walking down the streetI was seen walking down the street

People speak well of herShe is well spoken of

يمكن .4 مفعولين لها التى االفعال من للمعلوم المبنية الجملة فعل كان اذاالعاقل بالمفعول نبدأ أن

give , send , show , tell , askمثل He gave me a presentI was given a present

نضع و العاقل غير بالمفعول نبدأ أن يمكن العاقل to و المفعول قبلA present was given to me

للمعلوم .5 المبنية الجملة فاعل كان فى no one أو nobody اذا يذكر الالفعل نفى مع المجهول

Nobody has seen him yetاآلن لحد آه kر أحد ال

He was not been seen yet اآلن لحد أى kر ما هو

مثل .6 بعبارة للمعلوم المبنية الجملة تبدأ عندما1. People say

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت : kولون iقkي الناس

2. Doctors think kعتقدونkي األطباء

3. Scientists believe kعتقدونkي العلماء

4. The papers say iول iقkت حiف iالص

People say that peace will prevail It is said that peace will prevail iود iسkي kس jالسالم mبأن iقالiي

Doctors think it is malaria It is thought to be malaria مالريا qانتkك بأنه يiعتقد

They say he's jealous of herIt's said he's jealous of her هاqن jم غيور بأنmه iقالiي

Some people still believe that fairies العفاريت existIt is still believed that fairies existFairies are still believed to exist

الـــــــــــــــى .7 يحول االمر let………be فعلOpen the doorLet the door be opened

الـــــــــــــــــــــى .8 يحول don't let …………..be النهىDon't open the doorDon't let the door be opened

انعكاس .9 ضمير نستعمل واحدا شخصا المفعول و الفاعل يكون عندماللمجهول المبنى فى الفاعل على يعود

He let people cheat himHe let himself be cheated

Don't let people hear youDon't let yourself be heard

Don't let your wife mock تسخر youDon't let yourself mocked ) by your wife (

بدون .10 المصدر يليها التى االفعال من للمعلوم المبنية الجملة فعل كان اذاto مثل

Make , Hear , Help , See , Let مع المصدر المبنية to يعطى الجملة فىللمجهول :

We heard warda singWarda was heard to sing

He made me write the lessonI was made to write the lesson

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لو .11 كما للمجهول يبنى المستمر التام الماضى أو المستمر التام المضارعالتام : الماضى أو التام المضارع كان

He has been writing a letterA letter has been written

We had been building the houseThe house had been built

فيها .12 المساعد الفعل يتحول استفهامية للمعلوم المبنية الجملة كانت اذاالى للمجهول مبنية الى تحويلها verb to be عند

Do people speak English all over the world ?Is English spoken all over the world ?

Does she break the plates ?Are the plates broken ?

Has anyone broken the window ?Has the window been broken ?

استفهام .13 بأداة السؤال بدأ الى who اذا by whom تحولWho killed the man ?By whom was the man killed ?

Who will carry out the project ?By whom will the project be carried out ?

استفهام .14 بأداة السؤال بدأ الى whom اذا who تحولWhom did the teacher punish yesterday ?Who did the teacher punish yesterday ?

Who was punished by the teacher yesterday

Whom did the thief steal last week ?Who did the thief steal last week ?

Who was stolen last week ?االخـــــــــــــــــــرى .15 االستفهام أدوات

Where did they hide the moneyWhere was the money hidden ?

How could they overcome the problem ?How could the problem be overcome ?

When are they going to tell the people ?When are the people going to be told ?

Why must I type the letters ?Why must the letters be typed by me ?

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :مع ) .16 مصدر المفعول بعد جاء مثل ( to اذا

Tell / Ask / Advise / ExpectHe advised me to give up smokingI was advised to give up smoking

للمجهول .17 المصدر يبنى أحياناI never expected the police to arrest the thiefI never expected the thief to be arrested

به .18 المفعول يكون noun clause أحياناWhy he is sad is known to every bodyIt is known to everybody why he is sad

بعد الذى الفاعل عليك byنضع محذوف كان اذا و الجملة أول فىالجملة سياق من تخمينه أو أستنتاجه

زمن الثالث ) (beنحدد التصريف فى تجده الذى االصلى الفعل نضع والجديد الفاعل يالئم بما

تحذفbe ( وby + agent ) وجدت إن مباشرة الفعل بعد به المفعول نضع

The letter was written by AhmedAhmed wrote the letter

The thief has been arrested The police have arrested the thief

The lesson is being explainedThe teacher is explaining the lesson

The window could be broken Someone could break the window

الى للمجهول مبنية جملة من خبرية جملة تحويل

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تحولverb to be المساعد المناسب الفعل الى حقيقة بالفعل قام الذى الفاعل يليه المفعول و الفعل يلية

Is the house cleaned ?*Does the servant clean the house ?

Is the house built by the men ?*Are the men building the house ?

Was the enemy attacked yesterday ?*Did our army attack the enemy yesterday ?could the problem be solved ?*could they solve the problem

have the books been collected ?*has the teacher collected the books ?

who الى by whom تتحول by whom was the man killed ?who killed the man

whom الى who تتحول who was punished by the teacher ?whom did the teacher punish ?

االستفهام أدوات باقىWhy was the work neglected أهمل ?Why did they neglect the work ?

When will the patient be examined ?When will the doctor examine the patient ?

الى سؤالتحويل للمجهول مبني سؤال مبني

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الضمائر مع المستقبل عن للتعبير we , I تستخدمWe shall be away next weekWe'll be away next week

I shall be ready in about half an hour I'll be ready in about half an hour

I shall have finished the book by FridayI'll have finished the book by Friday

I shall not be here next weekI shan't be here next week We shan't stay long

أستخدام المستقبل shall يمكن لتأكيد االخرى الضمائر معI will go out ; no one shall keep me inHe shall never forget my good advice

النيـــــــــــــــة عن للتعبير الفاعل intention تستخدم بعد جائت اذاI shall visit luxor tomorrowI intend to visit luxor tomorrow

الخدمة او المساعدة عرض اسلوب فى offer to help تستخدمجائت سؤال shall اذا شكل على الفاعل قبل

shall I open the window ?shall I carry your bag for you ?

االقتراح تقديم فى suggestion تستخدم

I suggest going out this evening

الوعد تقديم فى أيضا promise تستخدمI shall / I'll get your money back .I promise I'll get your money back .

MODEL VERBS = النموذجية االفعال

1 - SHALL

shall I ? / shall we ?I / we +suggest ) v + ing (

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الضمائر will تستخدم كل مع المستقبل عن للتعبيرthey say that it will rain tomorrowlife will be very different in a hundred yearsenjoy your trip . thank you . I'm sure I will

تستخدم االتية will غالبا الكلمات مع Probably المحتمل من

I'll probably be a bit late this evening I'm sure متأكد أنا

You must meet mona . I'm sure you'll like her I expect أتوقع أنا

I expect samy will get the job I think أظن أنا

Do you think we'll win the match I hope أمل أنا

I hope all of you succeed .

للرجاء : will تستخدم أو االمر حدة لتخفيف مذيل سؤال فىshut the door , will you ?you won't tell him , will you ? = I hope not .

التأكيد can بمعنى will تستخدم سبيل على لتبينthis car will hold six people

تاليــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــة : will تستخدم أخرى مواقف فى

المساعدة That bag looks heavy . I will help you with itعرضعمل رفض أو موافقة

ما I've asked Ahmed to help me but he won'tشئThe car won't start . what's wrong with it

شيئا تفعل بأن I promise to phone you as soon as I arrive *الوعدI'll phone you as soon as I arrive

شئ طلب أو الرجاءشخص ? Will you shut the door , pleaseمن

Will you telephone me later , please ?اللحظة وليد قرار I think I'll buy this carاتخاذ

Oh no I forget I'll do it now ? Will you sit downالدعوةWill you come to tea tomorrow ?

2 - WILL

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :Will you have dinner with us ?Will you visit us to see our new house ? I sent the parcel last week , so they'll have it by nowاليقينHe left an hour ago , so he'll at home by now

لا و الحازمة الاوامرأختصار فى willيتمالحالة هذه

You will do as I tell you .Nurses will wear uniform at all times .

و العادة عن تعبيريتغير لا الذى Boys will be boysالدأب

¢ أولاد ¢ك£ونون¢ ي س¢ الأولادA dog will obey his master

سيد¢ه ¢ط¥يع£ ي س¢ كلب أيAccidents will happen

¢ْحªدُث£ ت س¢ الحوادُثOil will float on water

¥ الماء على £وم£ ¢ع ي س¢ النفطHe will ask silly questions

¢ سخيفة ¢ أسئلة أل£ ªْس¢ ي س¢ هو

ماضى should تدل ليست هى و المضارع زمن حالة shall على فى االالمباشر . غير الى المباشر الكالم من الجملة تحويل

He said to me . I shall visit you tomorrowHe told me that he would visit me the next day

فعال should تنبه واقع حدث على تدل ال و فكرة علىhe is here he should be here

االستحباب should تستخدم و للنصحyou must be carefulyou should be careful

ينبغى ما خالف على الواقع أن على تنبهYou should be ashamed of yourself

الوجوب درجة الى يرقى ال لكن فيه مرغوب شئ على تدلTry to help or something : why should I ?

تعبر النفى حالة أو shouldn't فى فكرة هناك أن بأعتبار مستحب غير واقع عنأكرم و أفضل حال

The children shouldn't be playing = ) they ought to be / to have been in class (

you shouldn't do that = ) you are old enough to know better (

تعلق تصبح should عند الواقع should have بالماضى خالف شئ عن تعبر وyou should have come earlier = ) but you didn't (

3 - SHOULD

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :ينبغى كان الذى الصح على الخطأ موقع فى التنبيه و اللوم توجيه عند تستخدم

We should have booked well in advance n مiقدما nسناkح kجز qحkن qأن iبjجkي كان= ) but we didn't and now we've only got those uncomfortable seats (

تنبه مثلما تنبه . should have و يقع لم ما على النفية should not have المثبتة: kn فعال حدث ما على

You should not have sent that fool . jاألحمق ذلك kرسلiت qنkأ iب jجkي kانkك ا kم = ) but you sent him and only spoiled the day ( kاليوم kوأفسدت أرسلتkه لkكن�كفقط

االتية should تأتى االفعال بعدSuggest يقترحRecommend يوصىDemand يطلب –

يتطلبInsist يصرPropose يفترض –

يقترحThey insisted that we should meet again to discuss that matterShe demands that I should apologize to her

االتية should تأتى الصفات بعدImportant مهمNatural طبيعيStrange غريبOdd mشاذSurprised مiفاجئSurprising ئة kجqا kف iالمTypical مثاليFunny مضحكEssential ضروريInteresting تjمام qهjاإلexpected متوقmع

It's strange that he should be late . he's usually on timeI was surprised that he should say such a thing .

بعد lest بعد should تأتى بعد so that و التوقع for fear that و عن للتعبيرhe works lest he should failI remained silent , for fear that he should hear meThe door was locked so that no one should get out

جملة should تأتى يمكننا if فى و الشرط لفعل kn ملطفا أو مهذبا وقعا لتعطىالشرط ) ( : جواب من الثانى و االول الشرط نوع تبين

if I should die , you would get the money ) – ثانى نوع تمثيلى شرط(if you should be late , I'll wait for you ) – أول نوع يقينى شرط(

الثانى : if محل should تحل أو االول النوع من الشرط حالة فىif he works hard , he will succeed = ) should he work hard , he will succeed (

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :if he worked hard , he would succeed = ) should he worked hard , he would succeed (

want to بمعنى should like to تستخدم I should like to be rich = ) I want to be rich (We should all like to become great men= ) we all want to become great men (I should like to ask a question= ) I want to ask a question (

للتعبير I believe بمعنى I should think تستخدمCan you come ? yes , I should think so , كالم عايزة موش نعم ؟ المجئ تستطيع.= ) I believe I can come (

duty الواجــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــب You should pay your debtsYou shouldn't tell lies

advice النصيحــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــة I think you should go by air , it's much quickerYou shouldn't park in this street . it's narrow

if جملــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــة If you should be late , I'll wait for you

تستخدمwould االشخاص و الضمائر كل مع تختصرwould الــــــــــــــى'd تختصرwould not الــــــــــىwouldn't تحولwill الىwould تحول كالم wouldn'tالى won'tو من التحويل عند

مباشر غير الى مباشر

* Ahmed said to Mona , " I'll lend you some money "- Ahmed told Mona that he would lend her some money* Ali said , " I promise I won't be late "- Ali promised that he wouldn't be late

الماضى would تستخدم فى مميزة أو مستحبة عادة عن للتعبير* when we were children , we lived by the sea . in summer , if the weather was fine , we would all get up early and go for a swim .* when he was a boy , he would often stay out late* whenever Ahmed was angry , he would just walk out of the room

االفعال would تأتى بمعنى care / like مع تكون المضارع want to و فىI would like to see Ahmed .= ) I want to see Ahmed (

4 - WOULD

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :would you care for some milk ?= ) do you want some milk (

استخدام فى would you care / would you like يمكن المضارع هذا عن للتعبيرنفى و سؤال صيغة

Would you care to have a cup of tea ?= ) would you like to have a cup of tea ? (= ) do you want to have a cup of tea ? (

التفضيل rather / sooner مع would تستخدم عن للتعبيرI would rather go= ) I would prefer to go (

يجور wish بعد would تستخدم ال و المضارع فى االستبطاء أو الضيق عند will استخدام

I wish it would stop rainingI wish someone would answer the telephone , it' been ringing for about five minutes .The music next door is very loud . I wish they would trun it down .

االخرين wish بعد wouldn't تستخدم تصرف يعجبنا ال عندماI wish you wouldn't drive so fast . it makes me nervous .

أخرى would تستخدم مواقف فى

المواقف تخيلImagining situations

It would be nice to have a party here one weekIf I had a lot of money , I'd travel round the world

أو الرغبةالتمنىwishing

I'd like to meet your brotherI wish this rain would stop

بطريقة الطلبمهذبة

Polite request

Would you write your address here , please ?Would you please let me know this as soon as possible ?Would you mind waiting a moment please ?

الدعوةinvitation

Would you like to come to dinner ?= I invite you to dinner .would you mind lending me your pen ?= please lend me your pen .

التفضيلpreference

I'd rather have tea than coffee= ) I prefer tea to coffee (

Wouldn't))))He would not give me back my book

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :الرفض refusing

= he refused to give me back my book

االستعداد –الموفقة

Willingnessagreement

I should buy the car if he would sell it

بمعنى to know how to تستعملShe can speak French =)she has the ability to speak French without difficulty(

بمعنى be allowed to / have permission to / may تستعملYou can't play football here =)you aren't allowed to play football here(

=)you don't have permission to play football here(

االدراك و الحس أفعال مع تستعملSee / Hear / Believe / Smell / Imagine / Guess / Remember / Understand

I'm looking at him and I can see him I'm listening hard but I can't hear it I can smell something burning I can believe that I can't imagine why ? Can you remember where they live ?

ألستخدام أخرى Can مواقف

I can swim Ahmed can't drive

القدرةAbility

Dreadful accidents can happen in coal minesالفحم jمناجم في kدثqحkت qنkأ iنjك qمiي المiخيفة الحوادث

It can rain un Egypt even in the summer jالصيف في حتى غير مصر kمطرiي qنkأ iنjك qمiي

عدم = نظريا االمكاناالستحالةPossibility

People can drive a car in Britain when they are seventeen الحق – االذنPermission

Can I use your pen , please ? االذن طلبAsking permission

Yes , of course , you can االذن إعطاءGiving permission

5 - CAN

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :No , I'm afraid , you can't االذن رفض

Refusing permissionCan you help me lift it , please ? ما شخص من الطلب

ما شئ عملAsking someone to do

something

The past tense of canالماضى فى قدرة أو مهارة على للداللة

I can't swim now , but I could when I was young مثل االفعال بعض مع

See , Hear , Smell , Taste , Feel , Remember , Understand When we went into the house , we could smell something burning .She spoke in low voice , but I could understand what she was saying .

التقريرى )) (( could تستعمل الخطاب فىInstead of )) can (( in )) reported speech ((

He said , " you can smoke "= )) he said we could smoke ((

االتية : could تستعمل المواقف فىpossibility ) in the present time or future (don't do that ; it is very dangerous ; you could easily kill yourselfI could come tomorrow ) if you would like me to (

Ability ) in the past (Could = ) was able to (The doctor could save the patient's life = ) the doctor was able to save the patient's life (

polite request المهذب الطلبمن could youتعتبر knتأدبا من would youأكثر can youو

could you show me the way to post office , please ?yes , of course باالثبات االجابةI'm afraid . I can't بالنفى االجابة

6 - Could

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :Probability االحتمال Could = might االحتمال عن للتعبيرAn accident could happen so easily .An accident might happen so easily .

Possibility The window was open . a thief could get in =) there was a possibility / chance ; but in fact nothing happened (

the window was open . and a thief was able to get in .=) the house was actually robbed because a thief got in through the open window (

could = feel ready to do something ) present or future (I am very happy ; I could jump for joy= ) I feel ready to jump for joy (

I dislike him so much that I could hit him = ) I feel ready to hit him (

could = had the power to I could solve the problem = ) I had the power to solve the problem (

couldn't = tried and failed فشل و حاولI couldn't solve the problem = ) I tried and failed to solve the problem (= ) I didn't have the power to solve the problem (

to express permission ) in the present ( = have permission to المضارع فى االذن عن للتعبير

They say we may go home=) we have the permission to go home (

نستخدم الماضى حالة فى أماWas / Were allowed toWe were allowed to go home= ) we had permission to go home (

after ))so that (( , ))in order that(( , ))hope that(( to express purpose – المفعول الغرض if the main verb is present or future ألجلهhe works hard so that he may get high marks

الحظ الفرق

7 - May

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :I shall go to bed in the hope that I may sleep

To express wishes الدعاء و االمنيات عن للتعبيرMay you live for ever !May we all meet again soon !May your baby be a boy .

To express uncertainly التأكد عدم عن للتعبيرHe may come nowIf you are careful you may winIt may be a fine day tomorrow , or it may not

To express possibility بها مجزوم غير أمكانية عن للتعبيرYou may learn to drive in a week=) it is possible for you to learn in a week (why hasn't he come ? he may have missed the train =) perhaps he has missed the train (

to express probability أخر شئ على شئ رجحان عن للتعبيرhe may be in his office =) perhaps he is in his office , but I'm not 100% sure (

the past tense of )may(

past tense of may in reported speechhe said , " we may go home "he said that they might go home

after ))so that(( , ))in order that(( , ))in the hope that(( if the principal الرئيسى verb is in the past :he worked hard so that he might succeed .he ran fast in the hope that he might catch the train .I hoped that we might meet again .

To express doubt pك kالش إلبqداءLet us go to Ahmed's house , he might be inNobody knows what might happen tomorrowDon't touch it . it might go off تنطلق He is not good at English . but he might pass

To show a very unlikely possibility إمكانية nجدا المحتمل غير منHe might come , but I don't think he will

8 - Might

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :He might have missed the train =)perhaps he missed it , but I don't think so(

تعتبر االحتمال حالة من might فى بكثير may أضعفتعتبر االستئذان حالة فى من might بينما knأدبا may أكثر

Might I come in ? " yes , you certainly can "

Used like )) ought to ((You might at least say )thank you( when someone helps you .=)you ought to say "thank you" when someone helps you (

فورا must تعبر التنفيذ الواجبة النصيحة أو االلزام عنwe must go now.must you leave tomorrow .you must tell the truth .

تتغير أو must ال االلزام بمعنى كانت اذا المباشر غير الكالم فى تحويلها عندالتحذير أو النصح

I said to him , " you must go "I told him that he must go

حالتين must تستخدم فىالحتمية -1 أو الضرورة عن التعبير necessityعندالرجحان -2 عن تعبر near certainlyعندما

صورة على تكون المنع mustn'tو أو الحظر حالة ,prohibitionفىصورة على أو can't – mayn't – mightn'tو االستحالة حالة فى

الترجيح . عدم أو االستبعاد

االلتزام و الضرورة حالة فى أن necessity تستخدم تستطيع ال أنك تعنى وشئ : فعل تتجنب

You must buy a ticketYou must get up early

تكون الماضى فىI had to buy a ticket

المضارع فى الضرورة أنتفاء حالة فىI don't have to buy a ticket

الماضى صيغة فىI didn't have to buy a ticket

أستخدام من have to يمكن must بدالOh dear ! it's later than I thought . I have to go now .You have to have a passport to visit most foreign countries .

9 - Must

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mustHave toااللزام و الضرورة عن للتعبير تستخدم

الخارج من I must write to my cousin , I

haven't written to him for ages I must be at the station at nine You must give up smoking

knn أحيانا روتين عن للتعبير تستخدم Excuse me. I have to be at the

station at nine Mona's eyes are not very good she

has to wear glasses for reading

Mustn'tDon't have toالحظر و النهى عن تعبر

You mustn't do that I promised I'd be on time . I

mustn't be late The baby is sleep . you mustn't

shout

الداعى أو الضرورة أنتفاء عن تعبر You don't have to do that I don't have to wear a suit to work

but I usually do I can't meet you on Friday . I have

to do some work .

أمر must تستخدم لترجيح أو القوى لألستنتاج1-father is not at home , or at the office . he must be at the club .2-my husband always comes straight home from office . tonight he is little late his train must be late . 3-that man never works . he must be getting his money somewhere .4-I always see Mr. Zaki coming home in the early morning he must be working nightshifts .

الماضى : must have + pp تستخدم بالزمن معلق أستنتاج عن knحاليا للنعبيرhe must have been miskaken )ترجيح(he can't have been right . )استحالة(

ought to مثل must ) ( الماضى تصف أنها و المضارع واحدة صيغة لها أن فىالمباشر غير الكالم فى

he ought to work harder than he doesI told him what ought to be doneI asked him what I ought to do

ماضى ought to have + pp تستخدم زمن عن للتعبيرwhy haven't you learnt your lesson ? you ought to have learnt it yesterday

من ought to تعبر أقوى هى و فقط بواجبه الشخص التزام should عنyou ought to )should( finish your work before going out .

oughtn't to بمعنى و يقع أن يجب كان ما الفعل أن it's wrong تعنىyou oughtn't to talk so loud ; you might wake the baby = ) it's wrong to talk so loud (

to express duty الواجب عن التعبيرyou ought to obey your parents

10 – ought to

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :to express obligation الفائدة أو المصلحة أجل من االلزام عن التعبيرyou ought to walk . you should walkto express probability يحدث أن ممكن سوف لما االحتمال عن التعبيرthe Nile is high this year . there ought to be a good harvest .he works hard ; he ought to pass the examination easily.

الضرورة needn't تستخدم إنعدام أو االلزام نفى عن للتعبيرyou needn't get up early on holidaysyou needn't talk so loud . I can hear you quite well

الصريح needn't تستخدم النهى لتخفيفyou needn't take any more mediciene

مستقبل won't need تستخدم كصيغةyou won't need take a taxi . the station is very near .

الماضى needn't have to تستخدم فى لصيغةyesterday you needn't have phoned me . I would come myself .

التأكيـــــــــــــد مراحل

1ABSOLUTE CERTAINTY / مطلق يقين مؤكد

البسيط TO BEتستخدم المضارع زمن فى فعل أى أوYOU ARE MISTAKEN = ( I'M VERY SURE YOU ARE MISTAKEN )

البسيط TO BEتستخدم الماضى زمن فى فعل أى أوYOU WERE MISTAKEN = (I'M VERY SURE CERTAIN YOU WERE MISTAKEN )

2NEAR CERTAINTY اليقين الى أقرب

المضارع MUST BEتستخدم زمن فىYOU MUST BE MISTAKEN = ( I THINK YOU ARE MISTAKEN )

الماضى MUST HAVE + PPتستخدم زمن فىYOU MUST HAVE BEEN MISTAKEN = ( I THINK YOU WERE MISTAKEN )

3PROBABILITY االحتمال

11 - Needn't

Stages Of Certainty

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :المضارع MAY BEتستخدم زمن فى

YOU MAY BE MISTAKEN= ) PERHAPS YOU ARE MISTAKEN BUT I'M NOT SURE (

الماضى MAY HAVE + PPتستخدم زمن فىYOU MAY HAVE BEEN MISTAKEN= ) PERHAPS YOU WERE MISTAKEN BUT I'M NOT SURE (

4UNCERTAINTY – – التأكيــــد عدم االحتمال ضعف االستبعاد

المضارع MIGHT BEتستخدم زمن فىYOU MIGHT BE MISTAKEN= ) YOU CAN'T BE CERTAINLY MISTAKEN (

الماضى MIGHT HAVE + PPتستخدم زمن فىYOU MIGHT HAVE BEEN MISTAKEN = ) YOU CAN'T HAVE BEEN MISTAKEN FOR CERTAIN (

مخطئ كنت بأنك الجزم يمكن ال

أخريــــــن عن المنقول الكالم

DIRECT & INDIRECT

تحولSAY الىTELL PROTEST – POINT TO – OBJECT – EXPLAIN - COMPLAIN كما تظل

هى تضع و االقواس عن THATتحذف االستغناء يجوز ذلك مع و ربط كأداة

THAT الحالة حسب الضمائر تحول القول فعل كان المستقبل SAYاذا أو البسيط المضارع زمن فى

و التحويل عند تتغير ال االشارة أسماء و الظروف و االزمنة فأن البسيطالضمائر فى فقط التغيير يكون

HE SAYS , "I USUALLY VISIT MY UNCLE EVERY WEEK" HE SAYS THAT HE USUALLY VISITS HIS UNCLE EVERY WEEK HE SAYS TO US , " I'M HAPPY " HE TELLS US THAT HE IS HAPPY

ماضى الى قيل الذى المضارع تحول الماضى فى الكالم نقل عندWASAMWEREARE HADHAVE / HAS COULDCANWOULDWILLMIGHTMAYSAWSEE

REPORTED SPEECH

1 - STATEMENT الخبرية الجملة

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت : التام الماضى الى الماضى يحول HAD + PPو

HAD BEENWASHAD BEENHADMAY HAVE BEENMAY BEHAD BEENWEREMUST HAVE BEENMUST BEMIGHT HAVE BEENMIGHT BE

الضرورة عند المكان و الزمان ظروف و االشارة أسماء تحول كماIndirectDirect

ThatThisThoseTheseThereHereThenNowThat dayTodayThat nightTo nightThe next dayTomorrowThe day before YesterdayThe following week / monthNext week / monthThe night beforeYesterday evening / last nightBeforeAgoTwo days agoThe day before yesterdayIn two day's timeThe day after tomorrow

He said , " it is hot today " He said that it was hot that day He said , " I took a car " He said that he had taken a car He said to me , " I went to Tanta with my father yesterday " He told me ) that ( he had gone to Tanta with his father the day before She said to her friend , " this was my school " She told her friend ) that ( that had been her school

ترتب أذا خاصة االقواس داخل االفعال أزمنة تغيير االمر يقتضى ال أحياناالمعنى . اضطراب ذلك على

He said , " my name is Ahmed "He said that his name is Ahmed

He said to me , " my father enjoys good health "He told me that his father enjoyed good health ) but doesn't now (

The teacher said to us , " the earth is round "The teacher told us the earth is round .

معا فنربطهما خبرتين جملتين على يحتوى المباشر الحديث كان اذابالعبارة

and that / and added that

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :the man said , " I know that it is wrong . I shall try to do it better tomorrow "the man said that he knew that it was wrong and added that he would try to do it better the next day

جملة تأتى كالم he said / said heقد الى تحويلها فعند الجملة أخر فىبـــــــــ الجملة نبدأ مباشر he saidغير

" I went to the cinema yesterday " , he saidhe said )that( he had gone to the cinema the day before .

جملة أن نفترض التحويل فعند المنادى على المباشر الكالم أحتوى اذاهى القول

المخاطب)) + ((said toأسم" you can phone me from your office , Ahmed " , said Alice Alice told Ahmed )that( he could phone her from his office .

بكلمة المباشر الحديث جملة بدأت تحول yesاذا و التحويل عند فنحذفهاالى saidكلمة

Answered in affirmative ) ( أو باألثبات أجاب acknowledgedأو agreeبمعنىأو ) ( أقـــر بـــ ) ( ) ( .admittedبمعنى سلم أو أعتــــــرف بمعنى

He said , " yes , this is my coat "He answered in affirmative )that( that it was his coat= ) he acknowledged / admitted that it was his coat .

بكلمة المباشر الحديث جملة بدأت تحول noاذا و الى saidنحذفهاAnswered in the negative ) ( أو بالنفى أو ) ( refusedأجاب أنكر ) ( deniedرفض

He said , " no , it isn't ."He answered in negative )that(it was not= ) he denied it to be so (

مثل تحية صورة على المباشرة الجملة كانت saidتحول good morningاذا wishedالى

He said to me , " good morning . it is fine today "He wished me good morning and added that it was fine that day

مثل وداع كلمة جاءت تحول good-byeاذا المباشر الكالم الى saidفىbade

He said to me , " goodbye . I shall see you next week "He bade me goodbye and added that he would see me the following week .

تحول المباشر الحديث فى شكر كلمة جاءت thankedالى saidاذاHe said to me , " thank you very much "He thanked me very much

مثل اعتذار كلمة جاءت الى I'm sorryاذا he apologizedتحولها جاءت االلتزام necessityبمعنى must , needn't , mustn'tاذا compulsionأو

. ) المباشر ) غير الكالم فى الماضى الى فتحول مضارع التكلم لحظةMust – had to

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :Needn't – didn't have toMustn't – wasn't to

He said , " I must go now "He said he had to go then .

He said , " I needn't go "He said he didn't have to go .

He said , " I mustn't go "He said he wasn't to go .

كالتالى التغيير فيكون بالمستقبل عالقة له الكالم كان اذاMust – would have toNeedn't – wouldn't have toMustn't – wasn't to

He said , " I must go next week "He said he would have to go the following week

He said , " I needn't go next week "He said he wouldn't have to go the following week

He said , " I mustn't go next week "He said he wasn't to go the following week

جاءت كذلك mustاذا و تتغير ال اليقين أو التأكد حالة mustn'tبمعنى فىالنهى أو المنع

she said , " he must be tired "she said he must have been tired

he said to us , " you mustn't cross the road against the red light "he told us we mustn't cross the road against the red light .

جملة جاءت الى come hereاذا تتحول المباشر الكالم فى go thereفىالمباشر غير الكالم

He said to me , " I shall come here tomorrow "He told me that he would go there the next day .

كالم الى مباشر كالم من التحويل عند تتغير ال التالية الناقصة االفعالمباشر غير

He said , " I would help if I could "He said that he would help me if he could

" You ought to read the instructions ," said he .he advised me to read the instructions .

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التالى :SAIDتحول - 1 الجدول حسبINDIRECTDIRECTالحالة

خادمه الى سيد ORDERED / COMMANDEDSAID/SAID TOمن

مدرس / / طبيب من نصيحةوالد

ADVISESAID/SAID TO

كلمة بدون PLEASE BEGGED / PRAYEDSAID/SAID TOرجاء

له مساو لشخص شخص منالمقام

ASKED / TOLD / REQUESTEDSAID/SAID TO

النهى و WARNEDSAID/SAID TOللتحذير

REMINDEDSAID/SAID TOللتذكير

2 - COMMANDS AND REQUESTSالطلــــــــب صيغة و األمـــــــر صيغة

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :WANTED / WISHEDSAID/SAID TOللرغبة

THREATENEDSAID/SAID TOللتهديد

الفعـــــــــــــــل TOنضع – 2 مصدر قبلنحذف – 3 النهى حالة تكتب DON'Tفى المصدر NOT TOو قبلالجملة – 4 فى الحالة حسب الضمائر تحول

THE OFFICER SAID TO HIS MEN , " FIRE " THE OFFICER ORDERED HIS MEN TO FIRE

HE SAID TO THE SERVANT , " CLEAN MY ROOM AND SHUT THE DOOR " HE ORDERED THE SERVANT TO CLEAN HIS ROOM AND SHUT THE DOOR

THE DOCTOR SAID TO ME , " GIVE UP SMOKING AND GO TO BED EARLY" THE DOCTOR ADVISED ME TO GIVE UP SMOKING AND GO TO BED EARLY

" OPEN THE DOOR FOR ME " SHE SAID TO ME SHE ASKED ME TO OPEN THE DOOR FOR HER

SHE SAID , " REMEMBER TO THANK YOUR TEACHER " SHE REMINDED ME TO THANK MY TEACHER

" DON'T MAKE SO MUCH NOISE " SHE SAID TO THE CHILDREN SHE WARNED THE CHILDREN NOT TO MAKE SO MUCH NOISE

تحولSAID أوSAID TO الـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــىASKED / ENQUIRED / WANTED TO KNOW / WONDERED

نضع هل بـ السؤال كان خبرية .WETHERأو IFاذا الى االستفهامية الجملة تحول و تحذفDO أوDOES تحذف و الماضى الى الفعل تحول الى DIDو الفعل تحول و

التام الماضى kn رابطا الموجودة االستفهام أداة تستخدم أو

WHAT / WHEN / WHERE / WHY / HOW…………… الحالة حسب الضمائر تحول االستفهام عالمة تحذف

HE SAID TO ME , " WHERE DO YOU GO ? "HE ASKED ME WHERE I WENT

HE SAID TO ME , " WHERE DID YOU GO YESTERDAY ?"HE WANTED TO KNOW WHERE I HAD GONE THE DAY BEFORE

3 – QUESTIONSاالستفهامية الجمل

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :HE SAID , " ARE YOU READY ? "HE WONDERED IF I WAS READY

(( بــ يبدأ السؤال كان الى WOULD YOU MIND + GERUNDاذا تحول = ( المصدر أسم (GERUNDملحوظة

HE ASKED ME TO + INFINITIVEHE WANTED ME TO + INFINITIVE

HE SAID , " WOULD YOU MIND OPENING THE DOOR ?"HE ASKED ME TO OPEN THE DOOR .HE WANTED ME TO OPEN THE DOOR .

( بــ يبدأ السؤال كان (WOULD YOU LIKE TO + INFINITIVEاذاالى HE SUGGESTED + GERUNDتحول

HE SAID , " WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE A CUP OF TEA ? "HE SUGGESTED HAVING A CUP OF TEA

( بــ يبدأ السؤال كان الى ( WOULD YOU LIKE + NOUNاذا تحول(HE OFFERED ME + NOUN)

HE SAID , " WOULD YOU LIKE TEA ? "HE OFFERED ME TEA .

( بــ يبدأ السؤال كان (WHAT ABOUT + NOUN / GERUNDاذاالى ) (HE SUGGESTED + NOUN / GERUNDتحول

"WHAT ABOUT TEA ? " HE SAID HE SUGGESTED TEA "WHAT ABOUT GOING TO THE CINEMA TONIGHT ?" HE SAIDHE SUGGESTED GOING TO THE CINEMA THAT NOGHT .

( بــ يبدأ السؤال كان ………..?(WHY DON'T YOUاذاالى ) (ADVISED +TO+INFINITIVEأو ( )SUGGESTED + GERUNDتحول

"WHY DON'T YOU ASK HIM ? " HE SAID .HE SUGGESTED ASKING HIM=) HE ADVISED ME TO ASK HIM ( .

( بـ يبدأ السؤال كان الى ( COULD YOUاذا تحول الطلب عن للتعبير (ASKEDمفعول + + TOمصدر) +

"COULD YOU SIGN THE REPORT , PLEASE ? " HE SAID .HE ASKED ME TO SIGN THE REPORT .

( بـ يبدأ السؤال كان الى ( )COULD I HAVEاذا تحول الطلب عن … ASKEDللتعبيرFOR)

"COULD I HAVE A CUP OF TEA ? " HE SAID HE ASKED ME FOR A CUP OF TEA . / OR / SHE ORDERED TEA .

THE SIMPLE SENTENCETHE COMPOUND SENTENCETHE COMPLEX

IT CONSISTS OF ONE SUBJECT AND ONE PRINCIPAL VERB . IT DOES NOT CONTAIN A JOINING WORD OR A CONJUNCTION . IT HAS A COMPLETE MEANING .

متكامل . معنى ذات جملة هى و ربط كلمة أو رابط أى تحتوى لا و واحد رئيسى فعل و واحد فاعل على تحتوىTHE NILE RUNS FROM CENTRAL AFRICA TO EGYPT

مصر إلى أفريقيا وسط qنjم iالنيل qجرىkيOUR SOLDIERS WERE ABLE TO CROSS THE SUEZ CANAL DESPITE THE BAR-LEV BARRIER

بارليف مانع qنjم بالرغم السويس قناة عiبiور على قادرين كkانوا جنودنا

KINDS OF SENTENCESالجمــــــــل أنواع 1 - THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

البسيـــــــــطة الجمــــــــــــلة

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :WE HAVE BEEN LIVING HERE FOR SEVEN YEARS

jواتkن kس لسبع هنا iيشjعkن نحنHE MUST BE TIRED AFTER SUCH AN AMOUNT OF WORK

jالعمل jكمية هذا مثل بعد kبkتعiي qأن يجبHE SUFFERS FROM A CHRONIC ILLNESS

مiزمن مرض qنjم يkعانيHE VISITED US WITHOUT BEING INVITED

نiدqعkيه qنkأ بدون نا kزار

JOINING TWO SIMPLE SENTENCES TO FORM ONE SIMPLE SENTENCEواحدة بسيطة جملة لتكوين بسيطتين جملتين ربط

وصفية : عبارة أو صفة بأستعمالTHE BOY IS CLEVER . HE ANSWERS WELL

THE CLEVER BOY ANSWERS WELLTHE SOLDIERS ARE ON THE FRONT LINES . THEY PROTECT THE OTHER TROOPS

THE SOLDIERS ON THE FRONT LINES PROTECT THE OTHER TROOPSالفاعل : أسم من تعبير بأستعمال

HE HAD FINISHED HIS COMPOSITION . HE REVISED IT HAVING FINISHED HIS COMPOSITION , HE REVISED IT

THE DAY WAS HOT . I COULD NOT GO OUT . THE DAY BEING HOT , I COULD NOT GO OUT

جـــــــــــــــــر : حرف بأستعمالTHIS BOY SUCCEEDS . HE WORKS HARD

THIS BOY SUCCEEDS BY WORKING HARDHE WROTE HIS COMPOSITION . NO ONE HELPED HIM .

HE WROTE HIS COMPOSITION WITHOUT HELP FROM ANYONE المصــــــــــــــــــــدر : بأستعمال

HE WENT TO TANTA . HE WISH TO VISIT HIS UNCLE HE WENT TO TANTA TO VISIT HIS UNCLETHE BOY WANTED TO GO THE CINEMA . HE ASKED HIS FATHER THE BOY ASKED HIS FATHER TO LET HIM GO TO THE CINEMA .THE MAN WAS VERY WEAK . HE COULD NOT WALK THE MAN WAS TOO WEAK TO WALK .

It consists of two or more simple sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction عطف likeحرفAnd وBoth……and و …… كالNot only ….but also … n أيضا لكن فقط kيسkلAs well as إلى باإلضافةBut لكنYet ذلك رغمHowever حال أية علىNevertheless هذا من الرغم علىStill kزال ماThus هكذا

2 - THE COMPOUND SENTENCEالمركبة الجمــــــــــــلة

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :So لذاTherefore لذاEither….or أkو … ا mأمOr … otherwise ذلك … عدا ما أkوNeither …..nor وال …. . ال

And المفعول أو الفعل أو الفاعل نفس لها جمل لربط تستعملThe boy opened the door . the boy walked into the roomThe boy opened the door and walked into the room

My father was happy . I was happy , tooMy father and I were )both( happy .

I read the letter . I singed it .I read the letter and singed it .

Both……and الفعل لنفس فاعالن فيهما جملتين لربط تستعملALI likes mangoes , AHMED likes mangoesBoth ALI and AHMED like mangoes

واحد مبتدأ على صفتين ألجتماع أوShe is both rich and beautiful

واحد فعل و واحد لفاعل مفعولين لوجود أوHe speaks both English and French .

Not only ….but also He listens carefully in class , he works hard at homeHe not only listens carefully in class but also works hard at home

As well as He speaks English , he speaks FrenchHe speaks English as well as French

I as well as he , am cleverHe , as well as I , is clever

But / nevertheless However / yet

متناقضتين بسيطتين جملتين لربطWinter is cold , summer is hotWinter is cold but summer is hotHe is blind . he found his wayHe is blind ) but / nevertheless ( he found his way

) And ( then he said a few words . we lefthe said a few words ) and ( then we left .

كلمة حذف ممكن andملحوظةSo ThereforeThus

نتيجـــــــــــــــــــــة عن تعبر كلهاHe was very tired . he could not walkHe was very tired , ) so /thus / therefore ( he could not walkHe was very tired ) consequently ( لذلك he could not walk وShe was sick . she went to the doctorShe was sick ) hence ( لذلك she went to the doctor

Either….orOtherwise

بدائل بين من لألختيارYou must study hard . you will not get high marks Either you study hard or you will not high marks

You either study hard or get low marksYou must study hard otherwise you will not get high marks

الفاعل يتبع الفعل فأن واحد فعل على فاعالن الجملة فى اجتمع اذامن ) ( القريب الثانى

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :Either I or he is to blameEither he or I'm to blame

Neither …..nor فاعلين أو فعلين لنفى تستخدمHe cannot read . he cannot writeHa can neither read nor write He did not come early . he did not stop talking eitherNeither did he come early nor did he stop talking

من تتكونذاتها- 1 حد فى كامل معنى تؤدى هى و رئيسية principal clauseجملةمعنى- ) - ( 2 لها يكون أن دون للمعنى تضيف أكثر أو فعلية أو أسمية جملة شبه تابعة جملة

بمفردها تابعة- 3 جملة كل تسبق ربط اداة

I met ALI)principal clause(

I was walking in the street )subordinate clause(

While )joining word(

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES ARE OF THREE KINDSAVERBIAL CLAUSEADJECTIVAL CLAUSENOUN CLAUSE

مجرور / / مفعول مبتدأ تكون أن يمكن

WHAT HE SAID WASN'T TRUE مبتدأ I HEARD WHAT HE SAID به مفعول I DON'T BELIEVE IN WHAT HE SAID مجرور

WHAT WHAT HE SAID WAS OF LITTLE VALUE

THAT THAT HE IS GENEROUS WASKNOWN TO EVERYONE

WHEN HAVE YOU ANY IDEA WHEN HE SHOULD ARRIVE ?

WHERE I KNOW WHERE YOU LIVE

WHY I KNOW WHY HE FAILED

3 - THE COMPLEX SENTENCEالمعقدة الجمــــــــــــلة

1 - THE NOUN CLAUSE

CONJUNCTIONS BEFORE A NOUN CLAUSE

الروابط

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت : WHOSE

I CANNOT TELL WHOSE CAR IT IS HOW

SHE KNOWS HOW A CAKE IS MADE HOW MUCH

I WAS ASTONISHED متعجب HOW MUCH THEY WANTED HOW MANY

GUESS HOW MANY THEY WERE HOW DEEP

HE HAS NO IDEA HOW DEEP THE LAKE IS HOW HIGH

I KNOW HOW HIGH THE TOWER IS HOW LONG

IMAGINE HOW LONG ROAD WAS HOW BOARD

HE ASKED HOW BOARD WE WANTED THE TABLE HOW FAR

YOU MUST CONSIDER HOW FAR WE'LL HAVE TO GO HOW OLD

FANCY HOW OLD THE PYRAMIDS ARE HOW TALL

WRITE DOWN HOW TALL EACH IS

بأسم عادة تبدأ و الموصوف تعقب انها اال الصفة عمل تعملموصـــــــــــــــــــول :

1- WHO A MAN WHO DOES NOT WORK DOES NOT DESERVE TO BE FED2-WHOMTHE GIRL WHOM YOU LOVE IS COMING TO THE TEA PARTY3-WHICHONE TOWN WHICH IS CALLED ALEXANDRIA IS IN USA.4-WHOSEWE SAT IN THE SHADE OF THE TREE WHOSE BRANCHES WERE THICK5-THATTHE BOX THAT HE WANTS IS FULL OF SUGAR6-WHENTHE HOUR WHEN HE ARRIVED WAS ILLSTARRED منحوسة 7-WHERE THE WORKMEN COULDN'T HELP DESTROYING THE PLACE WHERE THE TREASURE WAS BURIED

kنjفiد jالكنز حيث jالمكان تkحqطيم على يiساعدوا qنkأ kستطيعونkي ال العiمmال

2 - THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE

3 - THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

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الى تنقسم و الظرف عمل الظرفية التابعة العبارة تعملالزمان ظرف جملة CLAUSE OF TIME -1شبهالمكان ظرف جملة CLAUSE OF PLACE -2شبه

السبب بيان جملة CLAUSE OF CAUSE -3شبهألجله المفعول جملة CLAUSE OF PURPOSE -4شبه

التناقض – التعارض جملة CLAUSE OF CONTRAST -5شبهالنتيجة جملة CLAUSE OF RESULT -6شبه

الكيف – الحال جملة CLAUSE OF MANNER -7شبهالمقارنة جملة CLAUSE OF COMPARISON -8شبه

الشرط فعل جملة CLAUSE OF CONDITION -9شبه

فى كل ربـــــــــــــــــط و يليهــــــــــا CLAUSEأداة فاعـل :::::::::::فعـل

I'LL MEET HIM TOMORROW . )ADVERB( ظرف I'LL MEET HIM ON HIS ARRIVAL . )PHRASE( عبارة I'LL MET HIM WHEN HE ARRIVES . )CLAUSE ( – بند جملة شبه

CONJUNCTIONSالـــــــــ فى الربط أدواتCLAUSE

PERPOSITIONفى المقابلة الجر حروف

PHRASEWHEN / WHENEVER IN / AT / ONWHILE / AS WHILE / DURINGAFTER AFTER / HAVING + PPBEFORE BEFORESINCE / EVER SINCE SINCEAS SOON AS IMMEDIATELY ONNO SOONER ….THANHARDLY………..WHENSCARCELY……..WHEN

IMMEDIATELY ATIMMEDIATELY AFTERJUST AFTER

TILL / UNTILL TILL / UNTILL

المعقدة الجملة COMPLEX تبدأSENTENCE أو الرئيسية بالعبارة

::::::::::سواء الظرفيةWHEN :

WHEN HE COMES I'LL GIVE YOU A RING WHEN THE SUN RISES FARMERS GO TO THEIR FIELDS I WAS SLEEPING WHEN HE ARRIVED

1 – CLAUSE OF TIME

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت : THE HOUR HE ARRIVED , I WAS SLEEPING

WHILE / AS WHILE I WAS WALKING IN THE STREET I MET ALI HER TEARS RAN AS SHE WAS READING HIS LETTER

AFTER I'LL START WORKING AFTER I EAT I'LL START WORKING AFTER I'VE EATEN AFTER I HAD EATEN I STARTED TO WORK

BEFORE I WASH BEFORE I HAVE MY BREAKFAST WE AGREED UPON EVERY THING BEFORE WE PARTED

نفترق qنkأ kلqب kق jشيء mلiك على إتmفقنkا I HAD EATEN BEFORE I SAT TO WRITE

SINCE I HAVE BEEN HERE SINCE I ARRIVED FROM MY VILLAGE

AS SOON AS AS SOON AS HE REACHED THE AIRPORT HE GAVE US A RING

NO SOONER…………THAN

NO SOONER HAD SHE ARRIVED THAN IT BEGAN TO RAIN HARDLY HAD I SEEN HIM WHEN HE DISAPPEARED

SCARCELY …………WHEN SCARCELY HAD HE COME IN SIGHT WHEN SHE SHOT HIM

TILL / UNTILL I'LL WAIT FOR HIM UNTILL HE COMES I'LL NOT LEAVE UNTILL HE HAS SIGNED MY PAPERS



PHRASE

2 – CLAUSE OF CAUSE

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :BECAUSESINCEAS

BECAUSE OFOWING TODUE TOON ACCOUNT OFOUT TOTHROUGH FORAS A RESULT OFBEING لكونه )ADJ(THANKS TO - بسبب بفضل

BACAUSE I DID NOT PAY HIM BECAUSE I HAD NO MONEY

iمال نqدي jع kانkك ما ألنني أkدqفعqه qمkل أنا I DID NOT PAY HIM AS I HAD NO MONEY

iمال نqدي jع kانkك ما بينما أkدqفعqه qمkل أنا I DID NOT PAY HIM SINCE I HAD NO MONEY

iمال نqدي jع kانkك ما منذ أkدqفعqه qمkل أنا HE WAS ABSENT DUE TO ILLLESS HE WAS ABSENT BECAUSE OF HIS ILLLESS BEING ILL , HE WAS ABSENT

SINCE SINCE HE IS CLEVER HE WILL GET HIGH MARKS BEING CLEVER HE WILL GET HIGH MARKS SINCE HE WAS LAZY HE DID NOT SUCCEED

AS AS THEY DIDN'T PLAY , THEY LOST THE GAME THEY LOST THE GAME THROUGH BAD PLAY THEY LOST THE GAME OWING TO BAD PLAY THEY LOST THE GAME FOR LACK OF GOOD PLAY SHE STAYED IN BED AS SHE WAS ILL BEING ILL SHE STAYED IN BED



PHRASE

3 – CLAUSE OF PURPOSE

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :THATSO THATIN ORDER THATIN THE HPOE THATFOR FEAR THATLEST

IN ORDER TO لكىSO AS TO لكىTO الىFOR THE PURPOSE OF لغرض FOR FEAR OF لخوف SO AS NOT TO ال لكى

PRESENT THATSO THAT

IN ORDER THAT

MAY + INFINITIVE

PAST MIGHT + INFINITIVE

عمل ) تعمل التى الغرضية الجملة تحمل kn دائمامعنى ( :::::: ألجله المفعول

HOPE / WANT / WISH / AIM HE'S RUNNING FAST . HE WANTS TO CATCH THE BUS HE RUNS FAST SO THAT HE MAY CATCH THE BUS HE RAN FAST HE WANTED TO CATCH THE BUS HE RAN FAST SO THAT HE MIGHT CATCH THE BUS

ANY TENSE

LESTFOR FEAR THAT

SHOULD + INFINITIVE

HE WORKS HARD HE IS AFRAID TO FAIL HE WORKS HARD LEST HE SHOULD FAIL HE GOT UP EARLY HE WAS AFRAID TO MISS THE TRAIN HE GOT UP EARLY FOR FEAR THET HE SHOULD MISS THE TRAIN



PHRASE1-ALTHOUGH من بالرغمTHOUGH من بالرغمEVEN THOUGH ذلك مع وEVEN IF لــــــــــو حتى

1- IN SPITE OF DESPITEEVEN IN CASE OF

2- HOWEVER REGARDLESS OF / FOR ALL / mلiلك عن النظر بغض

3- WHATEVER REGARDLESS OF / FOR ALLNOT WITH STANDING kيسkلبالموقف

4- ADJECTIVE + AS أن WITH ALL مع

ALTHOUGH / THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH / EVEN IF

4 – CLAUSE OF CONTRAST

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :HE IS POOR . HE IS HAPPY ALTHOUGH HE IS POOR HE IS HAPPY ) COMPLEX ( IN SPITE OF BEING POOR HE IS HAPPY ) SIMPLE ( IN SPITE OF HIS POVERTY HE IS HAPPY ) SIMPLE (HOWEVER صفة بعدها يأتى

ALTHOUGH HE WAS POOR HE WAS HAPPY )COMPLEX( HOWEVER HE WAS POOR , HE WAS HAPPY )COMPLEX( REGARDLESS OF HIS POVERTY HE WAS HAPPY )SIMPLE(

WHATEVER ضميــــــــــر أو أسم بعدها يأتى ALTHOUGH HE TELLS LIES , YOU BELIEVED HIM . ) COMPLEX ( WHATEVER LIES HE TELLS YOU BELIEVED HIM . ) COMPLEX ( YOU BELIEVED HIM WHATEVER ) LIES ( HE TOLD . ) COMPLEX (

ADJECTIVE + AS ALTHOUGH HE IS POOR HE IS HAPPY POOR AS HE IS , HE IS HAPPY ALTHOUGH HE WAS EDUCATED HE BEHAVED BADLY

أنmه من سيئ . عiلmمk متبالرغم بشكل kف mصرkت EDUCATED AS HE WAS , HE BEHAVED BADLYهو بينما سيئ بشكل kف mصرkت ، متعلmم

الفعل حال أو المبتدأ صفة على أثر يترتب حينماCOMPLEX SENRENCE

PRINCIPAL CLAUSE REST OF THE SENTENCESUBJECT +VERB+)SO(+ADJ./ADV.SUBJECT+VERB+)SUCH(+NOUN

)THAT(+CLAUSE OF RESULT)THAT(+CLAUSE OF RESULT

SIMPLE SENTENCEPRINCIPAL CLAUSE REST OF THE SENTENCE

SUJECT + ADJ. / ADV. +)ENOUGH(

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE )FOR…(INFINITIVE PHRASE )TO…….(

SUBJECT + VERB + )TOO( +ADJ. / ADV.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE )FOR…(INFINITIVE PHRASE )TO…….(

THE LESSON IS ) VERY / QUITE ( EASY . A CHILD CAN DO IT . The lesson is easy enough for a child to do . (simple) The lesson is too easy to be a test . (simple) The lesson is so easy (that ) a child can do it . (complex) The lesson is so easy (that) it mustn't be a test . (complex) It is such an easy lesson (that) a child can do it . (complex) It is such an easy lesson (that) it cannot be a test .(complex)

HE HID WELL ; HENCE HE COULD NOT BE DISCOVERED . )COMPOUND( kشفkكتiي qأن يiمqكن ال هو لjذلك حkسناn؛ إختفى

He hid too well to be discovered . (simple)

5 – CLAUSE OF RESULT

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت : He hid well enough to remain safe . (simple) He hid so well (that) he could not be discovered . (complex) He hid so well (that) he remained safe . (complex) He hid in such a way (that)he could not be discovered . (complex) He made such hiding (that) he remained safe . (complex)

من such استخدام knبدال so the tea is to hot that I can't drink it

it is such a hot tea that I can't drink it

the man was so busy that I couldn't meet himhe was such a busy man that I couldn't meet him

تحويل يلزم قد to have الـــــــى to be و He is such a strong man that he can defeat his rival

He has such strength that he can defeat his rival

He was such a clever boy that he passed the examinationHe had such a cleverness that he passed the examination

بـــ الجملة نبدا أن يمكن فى so و كما الفاعل يسبق الفعل ثم الصفة فتتبعهااالسئلة . صيغة

He is so polite that he respects every one So polite is he that he respects every one

He was so clever that he passed the examinationSo clever was he that he passed the examination

بـــ البدء يمكن بالمثل such و Such a polite man was he that he respected everyone

Such a surprise did they get that they were struck dumbخرسوا و وجموا جعلتهم jمفاجأة من لها يا

SO AND SUCHSuch + a / an + adj. + noun So + adj. + a / an + noun

Such a nice girlSuch a long time

Such a wonderful view

So nice a girlSo long a time

So wonderful a view such الى so تحويل

مناسب -1 بضمير محله احالل و الفاعل حذفقاعدة -2 الموجود suchأو soنطبق الوضع حسب

The view is wonderful It is a wonderful view It is so wonderful a view It is such a wonderful view

AHMED IS FRIENDLY Ahmed is so friendly person Ahmed is so friendly a person Ahmed is such a friendly person

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PHRASEAS كماAS IF / AS THOUGH أن لو كما

ACCORDING TOIN ACCORDING WITHLIKE / AS

AS ::::::::::::::HE WORKS AS I ORDER HIM . )COMPLEX (HE WORKS ACCORDING TO MU ORDERS . (SIMPLE )ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AS I HAVE TAUGHT YOU . ( COMPLEX )ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THOSE EXAMPLES . ( SIMPLE )HE ANSWERED AS I INSTRUCTED HIM . ( COMPLEX)HE ANSWERED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MY INSTRUCTIONS

AS IF – AS THOUGH ::::::::HE WALKS PROUDLY AS IF HE WERE A KING . )COMPLEX(HE WALKS PROUDLY LIKE A KING . (SIMPLE )HE WALKS PROUDLY IN A KINGLY WAY .HE SWAM AS THOUGH HE HAD BEEN A CHAMPION . ( COMPLEX )HE SWAM LIKE A CHAMPION . (SIMPLE )



PHRASE1-AS……..ASمثـــــــــــــــــل2-NOT AS…..AS

كمثـــــــــــــــل ليس3-MORE…..THAN

أثنين بين مقارنة4-THE MORE…THE MORE

كلما ........ كلما

EQUAL IN

DIFFERENT IN

NOT EQUAL IN

NOT THE SAME OF ………

AS…………..ASHE IS AS TALL AS I AMWE ARE EQUALLY TALL

NOT AS ……AS / NOT SO ……..AS HE IS NOT SO CLEVER AS I AMWE ARE NOT EQUAL IN CLEVERNESSWE ARE NOT EQUALLY CLEVER

THANI AM STRONGER THAN HE IS

6 – CLAUSE OF MANNER

7 – CLAUSE OF COMPARISON

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :WE ARE NOT EQUAL IN STRENGTHWE ARE NOT EQUALLY STRONG

THE………THE…….THE MORE HE STUDIES THE BETTER HE GETSTHE HARDER YOU WORK THE MORE YOU GAIN

شقين من الشرطية الجملة تتكونبكلمة : االول تبدأ التى هى و الشرط على UNLESSأو IFجملة تحتوى و

شرط .الــــ : الثانى هى و الشرط جواب PRINCIPAL CLAUSEجملة

الشرطية الجملة أنواع

TYPE 1فيكون حدوثه ظروف لتوافر راجح حدث عن تعبر الشرطية الجملة كانت اذا

المضارع أو البسيط المستقبل فى الشرط جواب و المضارع فى الشرط فعلالبسيط .

IF HE WORKS HARD , HE WILL SUCCEED IF HE RUNS FAST , HE WILL CATCH THE TRAIN

TYPE 2الماضى فى الشرط فعل فيكون حدوثه المرجح غير من حدث عن تعبر كانت اذا

الشرط جواب يكون و البسيطيشير ( WOULDالمصدر) + إنه إال الماضى فى الفعل صيغة أن من بالرغم و و

بمعنى المضارع الىIT'S IMPROBABLE) – ( الفرض سبيل على المنتظر غير من

IF HE WORKED HARD , HE WOULD SUCCEED .IF HE RAN FAST HE WOULD CATCH THE TRAIN .

TYPE 3الشرط فعل يكون بالماضى يتحقق لم حدث تعبرعن الشرطية الجملة كانت اذا

التام الماضى فى(HAD + PP ) الشرط جواب يكون يسمى (WOULD HAVE + PP)و ما هو و

الممتنع الشرط بأسلوبIF HE HAD WORKED HARD , HE WOULD HAVE SUCCEEDED .IF HE HAD RUN FAST , HE WOULD HAVE CAUGHT THE TRAIN .

الفعل- 1 العبارة WISH نستخدم أمنية IF ONLY أو عن للتعبير البسيط الماضى زمن معالمضارع : فى متحققة غير

8 - THE CONDITIONAL CLAUSEالشـــــــــــــــرطيــــــــــــــــــــــــــة الجملة

IF ONLY / I WISH

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :I WISH AIR TRAVEL WAS LESS EXPENSIVEI WISH I SAW HIM NOWI WISH I KNEW THE ANSWERI WISH I COULD STAY A BIT LONGER

تأتى أن الشكوى WISH بعد WOULDN'T أو WOULD يمكن عن للتعبيرI WISH YOU'D BE MORE CAREFULI WISH YOU WOULDN'T DROP YOUR CIGARETTE ASH ON THE CARPET

التام - 2 الماضى لم IF ONLY أو WISH بعــــــــد HAD + PP نستخدم أمنية عن للتعبيرالماضى فى تتحقق

I WISH I HAD SEEN HIM LAST NIGHTالضمائر COULD نستخدم - 3 مع للمستقبل أمنية عن نستخدم I / WE للتعبير و فقط

WOULD الضمائر باقى معI WISH I COULD BE WITH YOUI WISH WE COULD MEET SOONI WISH YOU WOULDN'T MAKE SO MUCH NOISE

الثالثة IF بمعنى IF ONLY أو WISH نستخدم- 4 و الثانية الحالتين فىI WISH I SAW AHMED , I WOULD INVITE HIM TO DINNERIF ONLY I HAD SEEN AHMED , I WOULD HAVE INVITE HIM TO DINNER

قواعد UNLESS تستعمل جميع بمعنى IF فى هى IF NOT و

IF HE DOES NOT MANAGE THE MONEY WELL , I WON'T LEND HIM AGAIN=((( UNLESS HE MANAGE THE MONEY WELL , I WON'T LEND HIM AGAIN )))

IF SHE HAD NOT MADE THAT MISTAKE , SHE WOULD HAVE PASSED THE EXAM=((( UNLESS SHE HAD MADE THAT MISTAKE , SHE WOULD HAVE PASSED THE EXAM )))

محلها IF نحذف -1 يحل و الثانية و االولى الحالة WOULD منIF I SEE HIM TOMORROW , I WILL TELL HIM=(((SHOULD I SEE HIM TOMORROW , I WILL TELL HIM )))

تعبر هنا اليقين SHOULDو عدم UNCERTAINTYعن

نقدم IF نحذف -2 و الثالثة الحالة الفاعل HAD من علىIF I HAD HAD ENOUGH MONEY , I WOULD HAVE BOUGHT A CARHAD I HAD ENOUGH MONEY , I WOULD HAVE BOUGHT A CAR

نقدم هب نحذف -3 و الفرض حالة الفاعل صثقث فى علىIF WERE A BIRD , I WOULD FLY .WERE I A BIRD , I WOULD FLY .

IF NOT = UNLESS

OMMISSION OF ))IF(( حذف

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AT متميزة AT تستخدم جزئية أو الزمن من معينة لحظة لتحديدAT 5 O'CLOCK AT 11:45 AT MIDNIGHT AT NOON AHMED USUALLY LEAVES WORK AT FIVE O'CLOCK

تحذف الوقت AT عادة عن السؤال عندWHAT TIME ……..?WHAT TIME ARE YOU GOING OUT THIS EVENING ?

*AT NIGHTI DON'T LIKE GOING OUT AT NIGHT*AT THE WEEK – END / AT WEEK – ENDSWILL YOU HERE AT THE WEEK END ?*AT CHRISTMAS / AT EASTERWE SEE EACH OTHER AT EASTER*AT THE MOMENT / AT PRESENTMY FATHER IS BUSY AT THE MOMENT*AT THE ENDTHE TEACHER LEAVES AT THE END OF THE CLASS*AT THE SAME TIMEMONA AND I ARRIVED AT THE SAME TIME*AT THE AGE OF .ZAKI LEFT SCHOOL AT THE AGE OF 16 )OR( AT 16

ON االرقام ON تستخدم و التواريخ مع

PREPOSITIONSالجـــــــر حروف

PREPOSITIONS OF TIMEالزمن / الوقت جر حروف

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ATON

BEFOREAFTERFROMUNTIL

BYBY THE TIME

BY THENSINCEFOR

DURINGAGO

5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :ON 12 MARCH ON FRIDAY )S( ON CHRISTMAS DAYTHEY GOT MARRIED ON 12 MARCH

المسماة ON تستخدم االيام أجزاء فىON FRIDAY MORNING )S( ON SUNDAY AFTERNOON)S(ON MONDAY EVENING)S( ON SATURDAY NIGHT)S(ON THE MORNING OF THE NEXT DAYI USUALLY GO OUT ON MONDAY EVENINGS .

IN العصور و الفصول و الشهور و السنين مع تستخدمIn april in 2000In the winterIn the 20 th century In the middle agesThey got married in 2001

االيام أسماء ذكر عدم بشرط االيام أجزاء أكثر مع تستعملIn the morningIn the afternoonIn the eveningI'll see you in the morning

معينة ) ( ) ( مدة خالل أو مدى على بمعنى تستخدمWe have a lot to do in the end of the yearI learnt to drive in four weeks

تستعمل : ال هامة next / latsقبل at/in/onملحوظةI'll see you next FridayThey got married last march

Before The post office is very busy before ChristmasI had eaten before going to school

After We had to take taxi to home after the partyAfter eaten I went to bed

From الحدث زمن بدايـــــــــــــــة تبينHe lives in alex. From 1990 until 2002I'll be at home from 7 pm to 8 pm

UntilTill

أن – إلــــــــــــــــى لغايــــــــــــــــةI'll wait until it stop rainingI was so tired this morning I stayed in bed until past eleven

By By + a time = not later thanتتجاوز – ال مدة فى قبل بمعنى

I posted the letter today , so they should receive it by Monday

By the time

مستقبال – ...............) ( أن الى ما أثناء بمعنىIt's not worth going shopping now . by the time we get to the shops they will have closed .I'm flying to united states this evening so by the time you receive this letter , I'll probably be in new york .

بالماضـــــى – ...............) ( أن الى ما أثناء بمعنىAhmed's car broke down on the way to the party last night by the time ha arrived most of the guests had left .I had a lot of work to do yesterday evening by the time I finished I was very tired .

By then

By then = by that time Ahmed finally arrived at the party at midnight but by then , most of the guests had left .

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Since كلها :::: المدة ليست و المدة بدايــــــــــــــــــــــــة دائما تليهاI have lived here since 1992 .She has disappeared since her husband's death .

For كلها :::: المدة دائما تليهاI have lived here for five years .Ha had been absent for ages .

During I'm always out at work during the day .I met ali during my going to office = ) on my way there (

Ago ماضية ) ( كاملة مدة دائما تليهاI lived here three years agoHe went to prison two months ago

ATINON

المكان جر حروفمحدود ATتستخدم أو صغير مكان حالة فى للتعبير

SAMIRA WAS AT THE BUS STOP .HE LIVE AT 30 SAIF STREET .WE STOPPED AT A VILLAGE NEAR ALEXANDRIA .

عند ( )ATتعبيرات بمعنى المكان على الدالةAT THE BUS STOPAT THE TOPAT THE DOORAT THE END OFAT THE WINDOWAT THE BOTTOMAT THE FRONT AT THE BACKAT CROSSROADS

قارة ( / / )INتستخدم بلد مدينة واسع و كبير مكان حالة فى للتعبيرSALMA WAS IN THE GARDEN . WE LIVE IN RAMSES STREET .WE LIVE IN ALEXANDRIA . THEY'RE ON HOLIDAY IN SPAIN .

فى ( )INتعبيرات بمعنى المكان على الدالةIN A ROOM IN A ROWIN THE WATER IN A QUEUEIN THE SEA IN THE HANDIN THE NEWSPAPER IN AN ARMCHAIRIN THE SKY IN THE MIRRORIN THE MIDDLE

المكان ONتعبيرات على الدالةON THE CEILING ON THE LEFTON THE WALL ON THE FIRST FLOORON THE FLOOR ON THE COASTON THE GOUND ON THE BEACH

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :ON THE WAY ON THE NOTICEBOARDON THE CORNER OF A STREET ON THE BLACKBOARD

BETWEEN & AMONG

الاتية BETWEEN تستخدم الحالات فى شيئين أو شخصين بين

SHE SAT BETWEEN HER FATHER AND MOTHER كبير عدد من مكونين شيئين أى

HE WALKED ACROSS THE GARDEN BETWEEN THE FLOWER BEDS له مْستمعون و متْحدُث

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN ! BETWEEN OURSELVES , I HAVE……..

التالى AMONG تستخدم النحو على

THEIR HOUSE IS HIDDEN AMONG TREES . I SAW A POLICEMAN STANDING AMONG THE CROWD . AHMED IS AMONG THE BEST OF OUR STUDENTS . DIVIDE THE MONEY AMONG THE FIVE OF THEM .

االتجاهات : جر حروفAlongAroundRoundUpwardTowardsByDownBackDownward)s(Forward )s(PastthroughThroughoutOfBackward)s(On From Into To Out Up Off

INTO :I KNOCKED ON THE DOOR ANE WENT INTO THE ROOMOUT OF :HE GOT OUT OF BED AND TOOK SOME CLOTHES OUT OF THE WARDROBEON AND OF :HE GOT ON THE BUSHE GOT OFF THE PLANEBY AND PASTTHEY ALWAYS GO BY / PAST THE POST OFFICETHROUGH :I CAN SEE THE CROWD THROUGH THE WINDOWI CAN'T SEE ANYTHING THROUGH A CLOSED DOOR

بيــنخالل

prepositions of direction

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الموقع : جر حروفBELOWتحتABOVEفوقINفيONعلىATفيUNDERتحت

BESIDEبجانب مjنقjبل

BY

OVERفوقBENEATHتحت

THANK YOU

IndexSubjectPage

PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :NOUNS / COUNTABLE / UNCOUNTABLE1-4SINGULAR AND PLURAL4-6ARTICLES A-AN-THE-ONE7-9APOSTROPHE ))‘ S (( / OF10PERSONAL PRONOUNSOBJECT PRONOUNS

11

SO 12 أستعماالتPOSSESSIVE PRONOUNS الملكية 13 ضمائرREFLEXIVE PRONOUNS إنعكاســية 13ضمائرDEMONSTRAIVE 14االشــارةINTERROGATIVE 14االستفهـــامRELATIVE PRONOUNS الوصـل 16-15 ضمائرADJECTIVES17-19Some Adjectives Are Followed By a “Preposition” Or A “Prepositional Phrase”

جر عبارة أو جر بحرف تتبع الصفات بعض

20-21

Adverbs 23-21الظـــــــروفTHE INFINITIVE 25-23المصـــــــــــدرHelping verbs المساعدة االفعالTO BE / TO HAVE / TO DO

26-27

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE البسيط المضارع 28زمنTHE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IN THE NEGATIVE

البسيط المضارع للزمن النفى29

INTERROGATIVE البسيط المضارع فى 29االستفهامThe present continuous tenseاالن ) ( المستمر المضارع زمن

30

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE التام 31المضارعTHE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

المستمر التام المضارع32

The simple past tense البسيط 33الماضىThe past continuous tense المستمر 34الماضىThe past perfect tense التام 34الماضىTHE PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE

المستمر التام الماضى35

CONJUGATION OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBSالشائعة الشاذة االفعال تصريفات

36-39

The simple future tense البسيط المستقبل 41-40زمنThe future continuous tense المستمر المستقبل 41زمنThe future perfect tense ) ( االسبق التام 42المستقبلNegation / 43النفىDefective verbs - المعيوبة األفعال 43الناقصةAffirmative االيجابnegative 43السالب

البسيط / الماضى نفى البسيط المضارع 44نفىVerb to have as a principal Verb 45

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :Questions نفى 45السؤالCommand نفى 46االمرSOME 46 نفىAlways , sometimes , often , usually 47 نفىEvery , Any , Each 47 نفىAll 47نفــــــىAND 48نفــــــىBOTH……………..AND 48نفــــــىEither ……………….or 48نفــــــىAlso , Too , As well 48And so do I / And so did I 49نفــــــىAs ……………..As 49نفــــــىJust , recently , already , presently 49نفــــــىNever , hardly , seldom , not only , scarcely 49نفــــــىMust 50نفــــــىMust be 50نفــــــىA Lot 50نفــــــىA Lot of 50نفــــــىHow to make a question 51Question phrases52Questions in situations المواقف في أسئلةOffers and invitations الدعوة و العرضRequests الطلب Suggestions االقتراح

53

QUESTION TAG المذيل 54 السؤالInversion of subject and verbAfter certain adverbs )) الفاعل على الفعل ))تقديم

55-57

Active voice and passive voiceللمجهول المبنى و للمعلوم المبنى

58-63

MODEL VERBS641-1 SHALL641-2 WILL65-661-3 SHOULD66-681-4 WOULD68-691-5 CAN701-6 Could711-7 May72-731-8 Might731-9 Must74-751-10 ought to751-11 Needn't75Stages Of Certainty1-ABSOLUTE CERTAINTY

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5252005مكتبة عيسى ت :2-NEAR CERTAINTY 3-PROBABILITY4-UNCERTAINTY*****REPORTED SPEECH*****DIRECT & INDIRECT

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1- STATEMENT الخبريــــــــة 80-77الجملة1-2 COMMANDS AND REQUESTS صيغة و األمـــــــر صيغةالطلــــــــب

81

1-3 QUESTIONS االستفهامية 82الجمل1-4 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE الجمـــــــــــلةالبسيـــطة

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1-5 THE COMPOUND SENTENCE المركبة 85-84 الجمــــــــــــلة1-6 THE COMPLEX SENTENCE المعقدة 85 الجمــــــــــــلة**SUBORDINATE CLAUSES ARE OF THREE KINDS**851 - THE NOUN CLAUSE851-1- CONJUNCTIONS BEFORE A NOUN CLAUSE 86 الروابط2 - THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE العبارةالوصفيــــــــــــــــــة

86-87

3 - THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE العبارةالظرفيـــــــــــــــــــة

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الزمان ظرف جملة CLAUSE OF TIME87-88 -1-3شبهالسبب بيان جملة CLAUSE OF CAUSE89 -2-3شبه

ألجله المفعول جملة CLAUSE OF PURPOSE90 -3-3 شبهالتناقض جملة CLAUSE OF CONTRAST90-91 -4-3 شبه

النتيجة جملة CLAUSE OF RESULT91-93 -5-3شبهالكيف – الحال جملة CLAUSE OF MANNER93 -6-3شبه

المقارنة جملة CLAUSE OF COMPARISON93-94 -7-3شبهالشرط فعل جملة CLAUSE OF CONDITION94 -8-3شبه

3-8-1 IF ONLY / I WISH94-953-8-2 IF NOT = UNLESS953-8-3 OMMISSION OF ))IF(( 95حذف1- PREPOSITIONS الجر 96حروف1-1 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME الوقت جر 98-96 حروف1-2 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE المكان جر 98حروف1-3 BETWEEN & AMONG خالل و 99بين1-4 PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTIONS جر حروفاالتجاهات

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1-5 PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION جر حروفالمواقع

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106

الوافي في قواعد الانجليزية

Education