4.1 4.1.1 (1) (2) () (3)

4.1.2 4.1.2.1. 4.1.2.2. 4.1.2.3.

4.1.3 4.1.3.1.()

()

4.1.3.2.()

4.1.3.3.

4.1.4 QWQ/SW/m2q

Qq

4.1.5 QQ

4.2 ()

1. S=dL

2. () ()

() S=ndL

4.3 4.3.1 4.3.1.1 t=f(x,y,z,) t=f(x,y,z,) t=f(x,y,z)t=f(x)

4.3.1.2 4.3.1.3 tn

4.3.2 - dQWdSm2W/(m)

4.3.3

4.3.3.1 35420W/(m)0.23.0W/ (m) t t

tW/(m) 0 0W/(m) >0

4.3.3.2 0.070.7W/(m) t ()Na m=0.9aii m=aii

aii

4.3.3.3 0.0060.6 7W/(m) t P(>2105kPa)(

4.3.4 4.3.4.1 xxt1t2QS>>b, S

x=0bt=t1t2

tR(R) RQtR t=f(x) = 0(1+t)t=f(x)

0.37mt11650t2300 =0.815+0.00076t(t W/(m))(1)

(2)

4.3.4.2 t1>t2>t3>t4Sb1b2b31 2 3 Q1=Q2=Q3=Q

Q>Q(t1-tn+1)QRt1>tn+1Q>0 t1

: 15mm0.043W/(m)40mm,0.10W/ (m) 200mm,1.3W/ (m) -1824:t1-18,t4=24,1=0.043W/(m), 2=0.10W/(m), 3=1.3W/ (m) t1-18,t4=24,1= 0.10W/(m),2= 0.043W/(m),3=1.3W/ (m)

4.3.5 ()4.3.5.1 r1r2Lt1>t2rdrS=2rL

QSrQ/SQ/Lr:

r

tR

4

4-2 133mm0.2W/(m)16040240W/m

b=r2-r10.125-0.06650.058 m

4.3.5.2 123

QQ/LQ

4.4 4.4.1

TTTwTwTsTstststwt TbtbT tTtTwtwTsts Tbtb

4.4.2 4.4.2.1 1 2x0 tts-t=0.99(ts-t0)(t)

4.4.2.2 u0t0

4.4.2.3 4.4.2.3.1 dQ WdSm2t W/(m2 )

1.aha Q=aSt Q W S m2 t () a W/(m2 ) 2.dQ=ai(Tb-Ts)dSidQ=ao(Tb-Ts)dSodQ=ai(ts-tb)dSidQ=ao(ts-tb)dSo

4.4.2.3.2 h

4.4.4 4.4.4.1 a1. < > 2. Cp Cp

3. t4. Re < 5. <

4.4.4.2 6. ()

4.4.4.2.1 1. lCp u f(l, Cpu)2. f(1, 2, 3 i)=0i=j-m i j m(LMT) i=7-4=3

3.(1)

(2)m(4)d,ll,u,,Tl, ,,u3

(3)

4.4.4.2.2 gtf(l, Cp gt)

4.

Nu(Nusselt) Re(Reynolds) Pr(Prandtl)Gr(Grashof)

4.4.4.2.3 1. RePrGr2. 3t=(t1+t2)/2T=(T1+T2)/2t=(tw+Tw)/2t=(tw+t)/2t=(Tw+T)/2 3. NuRel

4.4.5 4.4.5.1 1.(1)(

(2)

2.

3 2300

4-13 254252.5mm6m50kg/s208050%t=(20+80)/2=50=860kg/m3cP=1.80kJ/kg=0.4510-3Pas=0.14W/m

1

2 Re>100(1)(25%) h

(2)dide

GrPr Nu(rPr)n Cn

rPrCndo104~1090.531/4109~10120.131/3L104~1090.591/4109~10120.101/3

4-4 20m159mm12020 t(120+20)/270 701.03kg/m32.0610-5Pas 0.0297W/mK1/(273+70)=1/340 1/KPr0.694

4.4.8 4.4.8.1 (1)(2)

1. (1)

(2) 510

2. tq

1%60%

3. ReReMRe=f(M)Mkg/(ms) A m2b m,W kg/s

(1)()

(2)() ()Q=oSo(ts-tw)W=Q/rM=W/bRe

4.4.8.2

1 DEF(1)ABt

2 (1)(Mostinski)

(2)

3 (1) (2)t ttw-ts c(t)ncnn23(3) t(4)

4.5 4.5.1 4.5.1.1 (0.40.8m)(0.820m)0.420m(0.40.8m)

4.5.1.2 QQAQRQD QAQRQDQ

4.5.1.3 ()A1A0.960.98A()R1R0.97D1(H2N2O2He)

A0D=0AR1Ak ARDD0AR1 R0AD14.5.1.4

4.5.1.5 4.5.1.5.1 (T>0K) EW/m2 EW/m2mE

Eb

4.5.1.5.2 (MPlanck) EbT

m T K C13.74310-16 m2 C21.438710-2 mK

4.5.1.5.3 -(JStefan-D.Boltzman) -

05.6710-8 W/(m2K4) C05.67 W/(m2K4) -

-

CW/(m2K4)C0

()5-6

4.5.1.5.4 (Kirchhoff) EA 12 1()E1A1T1 2EbA2(=1)T2T1>T2,1221E122Eb1A1Eb(1-A1)Eb21 Q/S=Q/S-Q/S=[E1+(1-A1)Eb]-Eb=E1-A1EbT1=T2 Q/S=0

1

AE AE/EbE/EbAA A ;A

4.5.2 4.5.2.1 1T1E1A12T2E2A2 12 1 (Q/S)1=(E1+R2R1E1+R22R12E1+ )- (R2E1+R22R1E1+R23R12E1+ ) = (E1-E1R2) (1+R2R1+R22R12 +R23R13 + ) = E1A2(1+R2R1+R22R12 +R23R13 + )

2 (Q/S)2=(E2+R2R1E2+R22R12E2+ )- (R1E2+R2R12E2+R22R13E2+ ) = (E2-E2R1)(1+R2R1+R22R12 +R23R13 + ) =E2A1(1+R2R1+R22R12 +R23R13 + )12

12

4.5.2.2

SP3815-7

4-5 1.80.75m2()107122()1() S=S1=1.80.75 m2, =1,C1-2=1C0 P3785-61=0.15

4.5.4 qC=cSw(tw-tb)

T= C+ R-W/(m2) T1 T=9.8+0.07(tw-tb) T=9.4+0.052(tw-tb) tw5m/s T=7.8+u0.78

4-6 194mm0.09W/mK1334020T=9.4+0.052(tw-tb)=9.4+0.052(40-20)=10.44W/(m2)

4.6 4.6.1 4.6.1.1 1 1.()

2.()

3.() 2 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.

3 1. 2. 3.

4 1. 2.

4.6. 2 4.6. 2.1 ()

(40150m2/m3) 50

1. ()()700.6MPa1.2.3.

2. 1.2.3.

3.U U 1.U2.3.

1.

2.

3 46mUtm

P39810

1. ()40.53mm46mm

(1)(Re=200)K12001500W/m2K(2)2501000m2/m3(3)(4)tm 2MPa1302502050

2. IIIIIIG

(1) (Re=14001800)(2m/s20m/s)K=20003000W/m2K(2) (3) (4) 24mm150500m2/m3 2MPa3004001.5m2001200mm24mm525mm

3. () 25004000m2/m3350W/m2K5MPa

4.6.2 4.6.2.1 4.6.2.1.1 dS dQ=K(T-t)dS=KtdSKW/(m2.) T t

1.K t=1K=dQ/dS 1()J 2.K 1/K3.K K dQ=Ki(T-t)dSi=Ko(T-t)dSo=Km(T-t)dSm dQ(T-t)

4.6.2. 2 () dSdQ=-WhdIhWcdIc Q=Wh(Ih1-Ih2)=Wc(Ic2-Ic1)

1. Qh=Wh(Ih1-Ih2)WhCph(T1-T2) Qc=Wc(Ic2-Ic1)WcCpc(t2-t1)Cph(T1+T2)/2Cpc(t1+t2)/22. 1() Q=WhrWcCpc(t2-t1)2 Q=Wh[r+Cph(Ts-T2)]WcCpc(t2-t1) Ts

4.6.2. 3 1.K

2. RsiRso

3.(1)KKKKKkKKhKK

(2)KS SKSoSoKoKKo(3)() di=do=dm

(4)K()()K

4-8 252.5mm50W/m21000W/m245W/mKoKo

4.6.3 4.6.3. 1 dQ=KtdS Q=CK=C

1. t=T-t

2. (1) 1212

(2) dSdQdTdtdQ=WcCpcdt dQ=-WhCphdT tTtQ

tQ tm

(1)t1=T1-t1t2=T2- t2(2)tm>tm(3)tm=tm(4)1/2

4-9 300200120180: 300200 300 200120180 180 120t1=180 t2=20 t1=120 t2=80 100t1/t2=937%t1/t2=4/31.3%tm>tm

tm>tmKQ=KStm(t2-t1)T1t1T2t2T1T2t1t2

3tm (Underwood)(Bowman)tmt tm= ttm,tPR t=f(PR) tPR4-19(a)(b)(c)(d)12342468 1-2()t

4-10 252.5mm2055100W/m2100702000W/m250%()

4-11 20m21.4kg/s804525230W/(m2)1.0kJ/(kg),

4.6.3.2 1.

Q=WhCph(T1-T2)WcCpc(t2-t1) (T1-t1)(WCp) Qmax= (WCp)min (T1-t1)

Cmin2.NTU dQ=-WhCphdTWcCpcdt=K(T-t)dS

3.NTU

1.NTU2.Cmin=WhCph Cmax=WcCpc(NTU)min=KS/Cmin3.

()4.tT0Cmax==1-exp[-(NTU)min]5.Cmin=Cmax6.Cmin=min(WhCph,WcCpc)(NTU)min (NTU)minKS/ Cmin

t2T2

4-12 15.8m22.85kg/s1100.667kg/s351.9kJ/(kg)4.187 9kJ/(kg) 320W/(m2)WhCph=2.851900=5415W/ WcCpc=0.6674180=2788W/Cmin/Cmax=2788/5415=0.515(NTU)min=KS/Cmin=32015.8/2788=1.8

4.7

KtmS1.

2.tm tmtmtm

3.K K

(2)(3)

4.8 4.8.1 1 ()(1)(2)

(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(Re100)(8)

2 4-144-16

3 tm10(CaCO3,MgCO3,CaSO4MgSO4)45

4. 192mm252mm252.5mm6m1.5236m3m6mLDL/D46 4-40tt=1.25dot=(1.31.5)dot(do+6)mm

5. P4316-300.150.450.200.25 0.21.0150300600mm150200300480600mm

6. 1246 t

7. D=t(nc-1)+2b D m tm bmb=(11.5)do nc nc=1.1n0.5 nc=1.19n0.5 n

8. (1) pip1p2 pi=(p1+p2)FtNpNs Ft 252.5mm1.4192mm1.5 Np Ns

(2) pop1p2 po=(p1+p2)FsNsp1=Ffonc(NB+1)uo2/2 p2=NB(3.5-2Z/D)uo2/2 Fs 1.151.0F F=0.5F=0.3F=0.4fo Reo>500fo=5.0Reo-0.228 Reo=douo/nc NB Z muo Ao=Z(D-ncdo)m/s 10100kPa110kPa

4.8.2 1(1)(2)(3)t0.8(4)(5)K(6)S()

2 3 K1020%K

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.

()

()

()