საქართველოს ახალგაზრდობის ეროვნული...

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saqarTvelos axalgazrdul organizaciaTa nacionaluri sabWo

saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis

erovnuli kvlevis angariSi

Tbilisi 2009

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UDC (uak) 061.213-053.81(479.22)+00189+65.012.1

s-323

saqarTelos axalgazrdul organizaciaTa nacionaluri sabWo gansakuTrebul madlobas uxdis fridrix ebertis fonds, samoqalaqo institucionalizmis ganviTarebis fonds, gaeros ganviTarebis programas da qalaq Tbilisis merias winamdebare angariSis gamocemis finansuri mxardaWerisTvis.

saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis erovnuli kvlevis proeqtze muSaobdnen:

vaxtang asaniZe - proeqtis xelmZRvaneligiorgi gamyreliZenino wulaiaqeTevan cucqiriZeekaterine cvarianiTamar qavTaraZemagda sikorska

gamomcemloba Sps `jeoprinti~q. Tbilisi, baxtrionis q. 1.

ISBN 978-9941-0-2196-1

saqarTvelos axalgazrdul organizaciaTa nacionaluri sabWo

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saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis erovnuli kvleva organizebulia saqarTvelos axal-gazrdul organizaciaTa nacionaluri sab-Wos mier

saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis erovnuli kvlevis angariSi momzadebulia sazogadoe-brivi azris kvlevisa da marketingis insti-tutis mier

proeqtis partniori:axali Taoba, axali iniciativa

saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis erovnuli kvleva ganxorcielda Semdegi donori organizaciebis finansuri mxardaWeriT:

samoqalaqo istitucionalizmis ganviTarebis fondi

gaeros ganviTarebis programa

qalaq Tbilisis meria

fridrix ebertis fondi

publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi warmoadgens kvlevis Sedegebs, romelic SesaZloa ar emTxveodes donorTa pozicias

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saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis erovnuli kvleva

Zvirfaso wevrebo, megobrebo da partniorebo!

maqvs pativi mogesalmoT sa-qa rTvelos axalgazrdul or-ganizaciaTa nacionaluri sab-Wos, saons-is saxeliT. romel-ic bolo 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi Rirseulad icavs organizaciis ZiriTad principebs da mrava-li wlis manZilze Camoyalibe-bul Rirebulebebs. saons-is

ukanaskneli ori wlis erTerT ZiriTad mimarTulebas sAaqarTvelos axalgazrdobis problemebis da interesTa sferoebis kvleva warmoadgenda. swored am mizniT ganx-orcielda saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis erovnuli kvle-va, romlis saboloo angariSic yvelaze farTo mcdelobaa axalgazrdobis Sesaxeb zogadi informaciis yovelmxrivi Seswavlisa. misi mizania, maqsimalurad amomwuravad moi-povos informacia axalgazrdobis Sesaxeb uSualod axal-gazrdebisgan.

Cveni dakvirvebiT axalgazrduli politikis warmate-biT ganxorcielebas da axalgazrdebis winaSe mdgomi problemebis gadaWris procesis sworad warmarTvas win unda uZRvodes saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis problemebis Seswavla, kvleva da amis safuZvelze marTebuli axalgaz-rduli saxelmwifo politikis SemuSaveba.

winamdebare angariSi mniSvnelovani Rirebulebis ma-tarebelia axalgazrdul sakiTxebze momuSave nebismieri subieqtisaTvis, vinaidan igi praqtikulad faravs axal-gazrdobasTan dakavSirebul TiTqmis yvela sakiTxs.

kvlevis angariSi mniSvnelovanad wingadadgmuli nabi-jia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo axalgazrduli politikis formirebaSi, romelsac samwuxarod naklebi yuradReba

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eTmoboda da bevri savalalo Sedegi gamoiwvia, ramac uaryofiTad imoqmeda qveynis axalgazrdobis ganviTare-baze, gansakuTrebiT gauaresda axalgazrdobis social-ur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, gaizarda umuSevrobis done, gauaresda demografiuli mdgomareoba, axalgazr-dobaSi arnaxulad gaizarda damnaSaveoba da katastrof-ulad moimata narkotikebis momxmarebelTa ricxvma. migvaCnia rom ukve droa saTanado yuradReba daeTmos qveynis momavals.

`saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis erovnuli kvlevis an-gariSi” uzrunvelyofs informacias axalgazrdul prob-lemebze, saWiroebebsa da moTxovnebze, romelic erT-nairad gamosadegia rogorc saerTaSoriso organiza-ciebis da arasamTavrobo seqtorisTvis ise saqarTvelos xelisuflebis axalgazrdobaze pasuxismgebeli struq-turebisTvis, romelTac saSualeba eqnebaT SeimuSaon kv-levaze dafuZnebuli saqarTvelos axalgazrduli poli-tika da gansazRvros saxelmwifo axalgazrduli politi-kis prioritetuli mimarTulebebi, rac xels Seuwyobs ax-algazrdobis winaSe mdgari gamowvevebis da problemebis mogvarebas.

winamdebare kvlevis mxardaWerisTvis msurs gansa-kuTrebuli madliereba gamovxato gaeros ganviTarebis programis da baton jos de la heis mimarT, romelmac fundamenturi wvlili Seitana proeqtis ganxorcieleba-Si, fridrix ebertis fondis, samoqalaqo instituciona-lizmis ganviTarebis fondis da Tbilisis meriis mimarT.

saqarTvelos axalgazrdul organizaciaTa nacionaluri sabWos Tavmjdomarevaxtang asaniZe

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zogadi informacia qveynis Sesaxeb

oficialuri saxeli: saqarTvelodedaqalaqi: Tbilisi

damoukidebloba 1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTveloSi Catarda sayovelTao-sax-

alxo referendumi, romlis erTaderT kiTxvas: „gsurT Tu ara saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-bis aRdgena 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtis safuZvelze?“ dadebiTi pasuxi gasca qveynis saarCevno xmis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis 98%-ma, maT Soris afxazebma da osebma. referendumis Sedege-bis safuZvelze, 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos respubli-kis uzenaesma sabWom miiRo „saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti“. imave dRes aSS-is kongresma sagangebo rezoluciiT legitimurad scno 31 martis refer-endumis Sedegebi, rac warmoadgenda saqarTvelos damoukide-blobis de-faqto cnobas. saqarTvelos konstitucia: miRebu-lia 1995 wlis 24 agvistos

saxelmwifo simbolika

himni

saqarTvelos amJamindeli saxelmwifo himni, „Tavisufleba“, SemoRebul iqna saqarTvelos organuli kanonis safuZvelze, romelic ZalaSi Sevida saqarTvelos prezidentis xelmoweris Semdeg 2004 wlis 21 maisidan. saqarTvelos himnis teqstis avto-ria daviT maRraZe, musika ekuTvnis zaqaria faliaSvils, romel-ic himnad daamuSava ioseb keWaymaZem.

gerbimewamul velze gamosaxulia oqros jvriT daboloebuli vercxlis SubiT, vercxlis gveleSapis ganmgmiravi vercxlis mxedari wm. giorgi oqros SaravandediT; fars amS-venebs - qarTuli anu iveriuli gvirgvini; fa ris mtvirTvelebiT gamo sa xu lia oqros ori lomi; faris safuZveli (sayrdeni) gamosaxavs vazis qarTul, stilizebul ornaments, Cawnuli sadevize bafTiT;

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TeTr-wiTel sadevizo bafTaze gamosaxulia devizi (legenda): Zala erTobaSia mxedruli anbaniT. saxelmwifo gerbis avto-ria mxatvari, heraldikosi mamuka gongaZe.

droSasaqarTvelos droSaze mo cemuli gamosaxuleba ver cxlis (TeTr) fonze erTi sworkuTxa jvari kuT xeebSi oTxi mcire jvriT zogadqristianuli sim-boloa, romelic macxovarsa da oTx evangelists ganasaxierebs. es zogadqristianuli simbo lo, rogorc heraldikuri niSani pirvelad 1099 wels

jvarosan Jofrua de builonis gerbze dafiqsirda, vinaidan am pirovnebam macxovris saflavis mcvelis tituli miiRo.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikuri mowyoba

saqarTvelo Sereuli tipis, naxevradsaprezidento respub-likaa. saxelmwifos meTauria prezidenti, romelic airCeva 5 wlis vadiT pirdapiri wesiT. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas ax-orcielebs mTavroba, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs premier-min-istri. qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organoa erTpalatiani parlamenti (150 wevri), romelic oTx weliwadSi erTxel irCeva proporciuli da maJoritaruli sistemiT.

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saxelmwifos meTauri - prezidenti

saqarTvelos prezidenti - saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTau-ri, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsarda-li, qveynis warmomadgeneli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba - mTavroba

saqarTvelos mTavroba aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRlesi organo, romelic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Se-sabamisad uzrunvelyofs qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikis ganxorcielebas. mTavroba Tavisi saqmianobiT angariSvalde-bulia saqarTvelos prezidentisa da parlamentis winaSe. mTav-roba Sedgeba premier-ministrisa da ministrebisagan, maT Soris saxelmwifo ministrebisagan.

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba - parlamenti

saqarTvelos parlamenti aris qveynis umaRlesi warmomad-genlobiTi organo, romelic axorcielebs sakanonmdeblo xe-lisuflebas, gansazRvravs qveynis saSinao da sagareo poli-tikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs, konstituciiT gansazRvrul farglebSi kontrols uwevs mTavrobis saqmianobas da axorcie-lebs sxva uflebamosilebebs. saqarTvelos parlamenti Sedge-ba sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze faruli kenWisyriT, 4 wlis vadiT, proporciuli sistemiT arCeuli 75 da maJoritaruli sistemiT arCeuli 75 parlamentis wevrisagan.

sasamarTlo xelisufleba - sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo aris sakonstitu-cio kontrolis organo, romelic amowmebs saqarTvelos prezi-dentis, parlamentisa da sxva organoebis mier miRebuli norma-tiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobas saqarTvelos konstituciasTan. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo saqarTvelos konstituciis uzen-aesobis garantia.

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uzenaesi sasamarTlo

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo saqarTvelos mTel ter-itoriaze marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis umaRlesi da sab-oloo instanciis sakasacio sasamarTloa.

administraciuli dayofa

qveyanaSi 9 regioni da 2 avtonomiuri respublikaa: guria, imereTi, kaxeTi, qvemo qarTli, mcxeTa-mTianeTi, Sida qarTli, samcxe javaxeTi, raWa-leCxum - qvemo svaneTi, samegrelo - zemo svaneTi, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika, aWaris avtonomi-uri respublika

geografia

mdebareoba: saqarTvelo mdebareobs samxreT kavkasiis cen-tralur nawilSi, Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris, evropisa da aziis damakavSirebel uZveles da umokles satransporto gzajva-redinze. qveyanas CrdiloeTiT esazRvreba ruseTis federacia, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT – azerbaijani, samxreTiT – somxeTi da TurqeTi, dasavleTiT ki Savi zRva.

buneba: saqarTvelos CrdiloeT nawils warmoadgens didi kavkasioni, saqarTvelos yvelaze maRali mTebiT: Sxara 5068 m, yazbegi (myinvarwveri) 5047 m, uSba 4710 m. qveynis samxreT nawils ki warmoadgens mcire kavkasioni an samxreT saqarTvelos zegani. yvelaze dabali adgili -1,5 m. aris paliastomis tbis Semogare-ni. saqarTveloSi 26 000 mdinare da 860 tbaa. qveynis yvelaze gr-Zeli mdinareebia: mtkvari, alazani, Tergi, rioni.

mineraluri resursebi: saqarTvelo cnobilia mineraluri wylebis nairsaxeobiT. aq aris 2000-ze meti mineraluri wyaro, rogoricaa: borjomi, sairme, nabeRlavi, java da a.S. qveyana mdi-daria mtknari da Termuli wylebiT (misi temperatura zogan 110 °C-mdea, rac umaRlesia msoflioSi). saqarTvelo mdidaria min-eraluri resursebiT: rkina, magniumi, spilenZi, TuTia, vercxli, oqro, bazalti, graniti, qvanaxSiris da navTobis mcire maragi.

klimati: saqarTvelos SedarebiT mcire teritoriaze de-

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damiwis zedapirze arsebuli havis TiTqmis yvela zonaa, sub-tropikulidan alpur zonamde da xSiri tyeebidan naxevrad udabnoebamde. lixis qedi saqarTvelos or mkveTrad gansxvave-bul klimatur nawilad hyofs: dasavleT saqarTveloSi aris subtropikuli hava xSiri wvimebiT, xolo qveynis aRmosavleT nawilSi mSrali, kontinenturi havaa. wlis yvelaze civi Tve aris ianvari saSualo tempetatura +3 °C–dan -2 °C-mde yvelaze Tbili Tve ki agvisto, saSualo temperatura 23-26 °C.

geografiuli parametrebi:

teritoria: qveynis farTobi Seadgens 69.700 kv. km-s, saz-Rvrebis sigrZe — 1776 km-s, maT Soris saxmeleTo — 1.461 km (somxeTi 164, azerbaijani 322, ruseTi 723, TurqeTi 252) da saz-Rvao — 315 km.

koordinatebi:

samxreT-dasavleT azia (kavkasia) geografiuli koordinate-bi: 42.00 CrdiloeTiT, 43.30 aRmosavleTiT;

saxelmwifo ena: qarTuli, xolo afxazeTSi agreTve afxazuri religia: ZiriTadi religia marTlmadidebloba erovnuli valuta: lari (GEL)

dro: GMT (grinviCis droiT) + 3 satelefono kavSiri: qveynis kodi: 995; Tbilisis kodi: 32

qveynis kodi: Geointernet kodi: ge

demografia

(2009 wlis ianvris monacemebiT)

mosaxleoba: 4,385,400

asakobrivi struqtura: 0-14 wlamde: 17% (mamakacebi 395,4 aTasi; qalebi 354,2

aTasi); 15-64 wlamde: 69% (mamakacebi 1 445,9 aTasi; qalebi

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1 559,6 aTasi); 65 wlisa da zemoT: 14% (mamakacebi 239,5 aTasi; qalebi 390,8 aTasi)

saSualo asaki: mTlianad: 37 weli; mamakaci: 33 weli; qali: 38 weli (2009 wlis monacemebiT)

didi qalaqebi: Tbilisi - 1.136.600, quTaisi - 188.600, rusTa-vi - 117.400, baTumi - 122.500, soxumi – aRwera ar Catarebula, zugdidi - 69,000, foTi - 47,400, gori - 42.000, cxinvali - 7,000.

eTnikuri jgufebi: qarTvelebi 83.8%, azerbaijanelebi 6.5%, somxebi 5.7%, rusebi 1.5%, sxvebi 2.5% (2002 wlis mixedviT)

sarwmunoeba: marTlmadidebeli qristianebi 83.9%, somx-uri samociqulo eklesiis mimdevrebi 3.9%, kaTolikeebi 0.8%, musulmanebi 9.9%, sxva 0.8%, arcerTi 0.7% (2002 wlis mixedviT)

enebi: qarTuli 71% (oficialuri), rusuli 9%, somxuri 7%, azerbaijanuli 6%, sxva 7%

istoriuli cnobebi

saxelwodeba „saqarTvelo” momdinareobs „qarT” Zirisagan, rac uZveles satomo saxels „qarTu, kardu, xaldu”-s ukavSirdeba.

saqarTvelos istoria 4000 welze mets iTvlis. misi adgilm-debareoba uZvelesi droidan sacxovreblad xelsayreli teri-toria iyo. amas adasturebs dmanisSi Catarebuli arqeologi-uri gaTxrebi. dmanisSi aRmoCenili adamianis ConCxis fragment-ebi uZvelesia mTels evraziaSi da misi asaki 1 600 000 – 1 800 000 wlis aris. SeiZleba iTqvas rom dmaniseli adamiani uZvelesia mosaxlea evraziis.

qarTulma kulturam, romelic saqarTvelos xangrZlivi is-toriis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda, dasabami misca Zlieri lit-eraturuli tradiciebis ganviTarebas. unikaluri qarTuli an-bani, romelic msoflioSi arsebul 14 anbans Sorisaa, Cvens wel-TaRricxvamde me-5 saukuneSi Seiqmna.

saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrceleba I saukunidan iwyeba. qristianoba aq iqadages qristes mociqulebma andria pirvel-wodebulma da svimon kananelma. saqarTvelos avtokefaluri samociqulo marTlmadidebluri eklesia uZvelesia msoflios qristianul eklesiebs Soris, romelic andria pirvelwodebu-

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lis saxelTana dakavSirebuli. aRsaniSnavia rom 325 wlisaTvis qristianoba farTod iyo gavrcelebuli dasavleT saqarT-veloSi, radgan biWvinTaSi arsebobda saepiskoposo, romlis episkoposi stratofile daeswro nikes pirvel msoflios saeklesio krebas.

saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxa-deba wminda ninos saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli, wminda nino warmoSobiT kabadokiidan iyo man xangrZlivi da rTuli gza gaiara sanam qarTlSi moaRwevda ninom saboloo sacxovreblad mcxeTa airCia, man sakuTari TmiT vazis lerwmisgan jvari Sekra da qristianobis qadageba daiwyo. me-4 saukunis dasawyisSi 337 wels mefe mirianis da dedofal nanas dros qristianoba saxelm-wifo religiad gamocxadda.

saqarTvelos gaqristianebam xeli Seuwyo qarTvelTa Soris erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaZlierebasa da qarTuli TviTmyofa-dobis SenarCunebas, miuxedavad ucxoel dampyrobelTa ganuw-yveteli Semosevebisa da asimilirebis mcdelobisa.

mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze saqarTvelos udidesi im-periebis garemocvaSi uxdeboda arseboba. amis gamoa, rom aziis uZlieresi saxelmwifoebi misi miwa-wylis dapyrobas saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi cdilobdnen. miuxedavad uricxvi Semosevebisa da omebisa, saqarTvelos udidesma da saxelganTqmulma mefem da-viT aRmaSenebelma (1089-1125) XII saukuneSi saqarTvelos gaer-Tianeba SesZlo. daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis (1184-1213) mmarTveloba istoriaSi Sevida rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis, kulturuli aRorZinebis, socialur-ekonomi-kuri aRmavlobisa da eklesia-monastrebis mSeneblobis xana.

msoflioSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba iseTi qveyana, romelmac, saqarTvelos msgavsad, uamrav Tavdasxmas gauZlo da Tavisi TviTmyofadoba SeubRalavad moitana Cvens dromde. saqarT-velos teritoriaze mimofantuli uricxvi eklesia Tu cixes-imagre qveynis mSfoTvare istoriuli warsulis mowmea.

saqarTvelos ukanasknelma dampyrobelma, ruseTma, qveynis aneqsia 1801 wels ganaxorciela. saqarTvelom 200 weli gaat-ara ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi: Tavdapirvelad, rogorc ruseTis guberniam, xolo Semdgom, rogorc sabWoTa respub-likam. ruseTis revoluciis Semdeg, saqarTvelom Tavisufleba mxolod 3 wliT (1918-1921) moipova, sabWoTa ruseTis mier mis srul aneqsiamde.

1991 wels saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom sabWoTa kavSiris-

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gan damoukidebloba gamoacxada, amave wlis martSi zviad gam-saxurdia arCeul iqna saqarTvelos respublikis pirvel prezi-dentad, rac dadasturebul iqna imave wlis 26 maisis sayovel-Tao-saxalxo saprezidento arCevnebze misi gamarjvebiT.

1992 wels saqarTvelo gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 179-e wevri gaxda.

2003 wels, mTavrobis mier saparlamento arCevnebis gayalbe-bam farTomasStabiani saxalxo-saprotesto moZraoba gamoiwvia, rac vardebis demokratiul revoluciaSi gadaizarda da Sed-egad prezidentis eduard SevardnaZis gadadgoma mohyva. 2004 wlis 4 ianvars mixeil saakaSvili saqarTvelos prezidentad airCies. saakaSvilis winasaarCevno programis ZiriTad princi-pebs saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena, eTnikuri wmendis Sedegebis likvidacia da ltolvilTa TavianT sacx-ovrebel adgilebSi dabruneba warmoadgenda.

2008 wlis 8 agvistos ruseTis federaciam agresiuli Seteva ganaxorciela saqarTvelos mimarT da misi teritoriebis afx-azeTis avtonomiuri respublikis da cxinvalis regionis okupa-cia moaxdina.

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kvlevis meTodologia

winamdebare kvleva kiTxvaris masStaburobidan da kom-pleqsurobidan gamomdinare, uprecedento SemTxvevaa saqarT-veloSi. igi axalgazrdebTan dakavSirebul TiTqmis yvela mniS-vnelovan sakiTxs Seiswavlis da analizs ukeTebs Tanamedrove etapze sazogadoebis 16-30 asakobrivi jgufis problemebsa da damokidebulebebs sxvadasxva socialuri Tu politikuri sakiTxebis mimarT.

kvlevis meTodologia zogadi sociologiuri Teoriebis bazazea agebuli. es aris axalgazrduli sakiTxebis Seswavlis struqturirebuli mcdeloba, sadac raodenobrivi da Tviso-brivi monacemebi, gamokiTxva da eqpsertuli (CaRrmavebuli) in-terviuebi erwymis erTmaneTs.

kvleva organizebuli iyo esomaris (ESOMAR) socialuri da samarketingo kvlevebis eTikis kodeqsis dacviT.

kvlevis mizani iyo saqarTvelos axalgazrdobasTan dakav-Sirebuli Semdegi sakiTxebis Seswavla:

1. axalgazrduli politika 2. demografia 3. socialur –ekonomikuri mdgomareoba 4. dasaqmeba 5. janmrTeloba 6. ganaTleba 7. samoqalaqo monawileoba 8. axalgazrdebis uflebebi 9. religia da kultura10. garToba, Tavisufali dro11. iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi;

TvalnaTelia, rom kvleva farTo areals moicavda, rac kidev erTxel xazs usvams mis mniSvnelobas. aqedan gamomdin-are kvlevis instrumentisa da meTodologiis SemuSavebis pro-cesSi agreTve gaTvaliswinebuli iyo axalgazrdul sakiTxebSi eqspertebis mosazrebebi.

saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis erovnuli kvlevis miznobriv auditorias Seadgendnen 16-30 wlis axalgazrdebi, romelTa wilic saqarTvelos mTlian mosaxleobaSi 24,12%.

kvlevis areali saqarTvelos didi da saSualo zomis 19 qalaqs moicavs da saqarTvelos mosaxleobis reprezentatiulia. gamokiTxva warmoebda SemTxveviTi (randomuli) SerCevis safuZ-velze, romlis farglebSic 1000 axalgazrda gamoikiTxa. xolo

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damatebiTi kvotis saxiT Semotanili iyo asakobrivi jgufi - in-terviu tardeboda respondentebTan 16-30 wlis diapazonSi.

gamokiTxvas awarmoebda ai fi em-is (IPM – Institute for Polling and Marketing) 80 interviueri 2009 wlis 13 oqtombridan 30 oq-tombramde. kiTxvaris Sevsebis Semdeg, igi mowmdeboda, kodird-eboda da kompiuterulad muSavdeboda specialuri sociolo-giuri monacemebis dasamuSavebeli programis (SPSS) gamoyenebiT, romelic saSualebas iZleva, Sedegebi sxvadasxva parametrebis mixedviT da garkveuli korelaciebiT dajgufdes.

eqspertuli interviuebis ZiriTadi mizani iyo saqarTvelo-Si samTavrobo, arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizacie-bis monawileobiT axalgazrdobis winaSi mdgari problemebisa da gamowvevebis kvleva, maT mier axalgazrdobasTan dakavSire-buli, dRemde ganxorcielebuli, mimdinare da mosalodneli programebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba da maTi Sedegebis Sefaseba. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi axalgazrdebis mdgomareo-bis Semdegi aspeqtebis mixedviT Sefaseba:

axalgazrdebis dasaqmebaaxalgazrduli politikis sakiTxebiaxalgazrda ojaxebis sakiTxebiaxalgazrdebis ganaTlebis sakiTxebiaxalgazrdebis janmrTelobis dacva

amas garda gaTvaliswinebuli iyo problemebis sxva jgufic, romelic saqarTvelos axalgazrdobisTvis mniSvnelovan sxva konkretul sakiTxebs exeboda.

kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iyo Tvisobrivi meTodi, romelic iTvaliswinebs kvlevis raodenobrivi etapisaTvis Sesabamisi indikatorebis identifikacias, damuSavebasa da momzadebas. mo-cemuli meTodi aseve optimaluria sakvlev sakiTxebze siRrm-iseuli informaciis SegrovebisTvis.

kvlevis instrumentebs warmoadgenda kvlevis miznebis sa-fuZvelze SemuSavebuli CaRrmavebuli intervius saxelmZR-vanelo – gaidi da kiTxvari.

interviuebi respondentebTan Catarda pirispir intervius gamoyenebiT da winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, moxda dis-kusiis audioCawera, rac saSualod 1,5 saaTi mimdinareobda. in-terviuebis dasrulebis Semdeg, audio-Canawerebis saSualebiT Seiqmna diskusiebis detaluri transkripti, romelsac efuZne-ba saboloo angariSi.

17


axalgazrduli politika

18


axalgazrduli politika

saxelmwifo struqturebi

qarTveli axalgazrdoba 80-iani wlebis bolodan aqtiurad aris CarTuli saxelmwifoSi mimdinare TiTqmis yvela politi-kur procesSi. politikuri CarTulobis niSnebi sabWoTa kav-Siris drosac ar iyo mcire, gansakuTrebiT ki 1970-iani wlebis bolos, rodesac sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxridan qarTul enaze zewolas sazogadoebis mwvave protesti mohyva.

sxva sakiTxia, ra damokidebuleba aqvs Tavad saxelmwifos axalgazrdobis mimarT. ramdenad kargad aris organizebuli esa Tu is samTavrobo struqtura, romlebsac axalgazrduli politikis SemuSaveba da gatareba evalebaT; ramdenad srulyo-fili da moqnilia kanonmdebloba; ra donezea ganviTarebuli axalgazrduli organizaciebi da a.S.

axalgazrdul politikasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos prezidentis 2001 wlis 12 martis #92 brZanebuleba “axalgazrdobis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris koncefciis Sesaxeb”, romelic samwuxarod ar ganxorcielebula. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo saqarTvelos prezidentis 2000 wlis 6 aprilis #132 brZaneb-uleba “saqarTvelos prezidentTan arsebuli sazogadoebrivi axalgazrduli sabWos Sesaxeb” romelmac funqcionireba 2004 wlidan Sewyvita.

am sakiTxebis gasaanalizeblad kiTxvarSi Cadebuli iyo specialuri bloki, romelic axalgazrdobis saxelmwifos-admi zogadi ganwyobisa da konkretuli situaciuri aRqmebis analizs isaxavda miznad.

kvlevis mixedviT Tavidanve dafiqsirda arasaxarbielo mo-nacemi. kiTxvaze “zrunavs Tu ara mTavroba axalgazrdebze” re-posndentTa mxolod 3% pasuxobs dadebiTad; samizne asakobrivi jgufis (16-30) 58% ki fiqrobs, rom ase Tu ise zrunavs; 21 procen-tisTvis saxelmwifos mxridan axalgazrdobaze zrunva saerTod SeumCnevelia, xolo 18% uWirs pasuxis gacema. amgvari damokide-bulebis axsna albaT ufro im faqtoriT aris SesaZlebeli, rom saxelmwifos winaSe uamravi iseTi masStaburi problema dgas, romelic zogadad sazogadoebas, xandaxan ki mis sasicocxlo pi-robebsac exeba, da Sesabamisad xelisuflebas ubralod naklebi resursi rCeba SedarebiT konkretuli problemebis garSemo, maT Soris axalgazrdul sakiTxebze koncentraciisTvis.

19


axalgazrdul problemebze orientirebuli pirveli saxelmwifo struqtura saqarTveloSi 1994 wlidan Cndeba – ax-algazrdobis sakiTxTa da sportis saxelmwifo departamenti, Tumca ra Tqma unda, igi maSinve ar gamxdara imdenad efeqturi, rom axalgazrdobis yvela sakiTxze erTbaSad daewyo zrunva, da arc saxelmwifo politikis prioritetad qceula.

dReisaTvis axalgazrduli politikis SemuSavebasa da ganx-orcielebaze pasuxismgebelia Semdegi saxelmwifo struqture-bi: saqarTvelos parlamentis sportis da axalgazrdul saqmeTa komiteti; kulturis, ZeglTa dacvis da sportis saministro; saqarTvelos sportisa da axalgazrdobis saqmeTa departamen-ti; bavSvTa da axalgazrdobis ganviTarebis fondi (departa-mentis daqvemdebarebaSi); bavSvTa da axalgazrdobis erovnuli centri (ix. sqema).

parlamentis sportis da axalgazrdul saqmeTa komiteti

mTavroba

departamentis administraciuli

erTeulebi regionebSi

kulturis, ZeglTa dacvis da sportis

saministro

saqarTvelos sportisa da axalgazrdobis

saqmeTa departamenti

bavSvTa da axalgazrobis

erovnuli centri

bavSvTa da axalgazrdobis

ganviTarebis fondi

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro

rogorc Cans sakmaod didia axalgazrdobis sakiTxebiT dakavebuli saxelmwifo organoebis sia, Tumca realurad am etapzec ki saxelmwifoSi jer ar aris SemuSavebuli saxelmwifo axalgazrduli politika, rogorc oficialuri dokumenti.

axalgazrdobis sakiTxebisTvis gamoyofil finansebs rac Seexeba, sportisa da axalgazrdul sakiTxTa departamentis bi-ujeti 2 mln. lars Seadgens, Tumca TiTqmis mTlianad patriot-uli banakebis organizebaze ixarjeba. bavSvTa da axalgazrobis erovnul centrs saxelmwifo biujetidan 500 aTasi lari, xolo msoflio bankis mxridan kidev 1,219,350 dolari aqvs gamoyo-

20


fili, Tumca es ukanaskneli konkretulad mxolod axalgazr-dobis regionuli centrebis gansaviTareblad aris gamiznuli. garda amisa, bavSvTa da axalgazrdobis ganviTarebis fondisT-vis kidev 100 000 laria gamoyofili.

dabalia cnobadobis maCvenebeli axalgazrduli politikis dasafinanseblad gamoyofil TanxebTan dakavSirebiTac. aTasi respondentidan mxolod 21% icis, rom saxelmwifo da sxva fon-debi axalgazrduli programebis dasafinanseblad garkveul Tanxebs gamoyofen. gamokiTxulTa 66% ki ar aqvs informacia am programebis dafinansebis Sesaxeb.

SedarebiT ukeTesi ganwyoba aqvs axalgazrdobas maTT-vis gankuTvnil programebze gaweuli finansuri danaxarjebis Sedegebis SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT (ix. grafiki)

rogor SeafasebdiT gamoyofili dafinansebis gamoyenebas

rogor SeafasebdiT gamoyofili dafinansebis gamoyenebas

307

16

46

efeqturi

metnaklebadefeqturiaraefeqturi

miWirs pasuxi

gamokiTxulTa 30%1 Tvlis, rom gamoyofili Tanxebi efeqturad daixarja, xolo kidev 46% am danaxarjebs metnaklebad efeqturad mi-iCnevs. gaweul danaxarjebs araefeqturad afasebs axal-gazrdebis mxolod 7%.

miuxedavad amisa, bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze aSkaraa mTavrobis mier sko-lis asakis da agreTve stu-

dentebis mimarT garkveuli win gadadgmuli nabijebi, meti yuradReba.

sainteresoa agreTve axalgazrdobis RirebulebiTi gan-wyobebi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mimarT. miuxedavad imisa rom, axalgazrdebi advilad SesamCnevebi da wina planze wamoweulebi arian sxvadasxva saprotesto gamosvlebis, zoga-dad saxelisuflebo struqturebSi dasaqmebisa Tu politikur partiebSi aqtiurobis dros, winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi garkveul sakiTxebSi isini ar gamoxataven msgavs tendencias. magaliTad axalgazrdebis 79% dadebiTad pasuxobs debule-bas “me da Cemi megobrebi ar viRebT monawileobas sazogadoe-briv aqtivobaSi”. ufro metic, respondentebis 88% afiqsirebs “saerTod ar viReb monawileobas politikur aqtivobaSi”.

1 monacemebi mocemulia 207 respondentidan - smenia axalgazrduli programebis dafinansebis Sesaxeb.

21


SedarebiT Sesustebulia es tendencia, rodesac saubaria ara monawileobaze raime politikur Tu sazogadoebriv aq-tivobaSi, aramed ubralod damokidebulebebze. axalgazrdebis 44% Tvlis, rom ar aris aucilebeli Tavisuflad gamoxatos sa-kuTari mosazrebebi, Tumca 23% realurad Tavisuflad gamox-atavs sakuTar politikur Tu sazogadoebriv Sexedulebebs.

sainteresoa, rom adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobasTan dakav-SirebiT axalgazrdebs ufro aqtiuri pozicia uWiravT: respon-dentTa 63% fiqrobs, rom “mis qalaqze/sofelze zrunva mx-olod mTavrobis saqme ar aris da TviTonac aqtiuri monawileo-ba unda miiRos amaSi” da mxolod 28% ambobs, rom “misi saqme ar aris, rogor gaanaTebs mTavroba quCebs”.

SedarebiT frTxilia damokidebuleba saxelmwifos marT-visa da ganviTarebis procesSi axalgazrdobis rolTan dakav-SirebiT. axalgazrdebis 19% Tvlis, rom “ufrosebma ukeT ician, rogor aaSenon axali qveyana”, 73% ki miiCnevs, rom ufrosebma “axalgazrdebis mosazrebebi unda gaiTvaliswinon TiToeul im sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, romelic axalgazrdobas exeba”. rogorc vxedavT qarTveli axalgazrdoba mainc erideba pasuxismgeblo-bis sakuTar Tavze aRebas, rodesac saxelmwifo politikis Se-muSavebasa da gatarebazea saubari.

yvela respondents daesva kiTxva `ramdenad endobiT qalaq-is mTavrobas” (ix. grafiki)

endobiT Tu ara qalaqis mTavrobas

7 67 16 11

srulad vendobi

metnaklebad vendobi

saerTod ar vendobi

uari pasuxze

ndobis gansazRvra am monacemebiT, rogorc xedavT, sakmaod rTulia. qalaqis mTavrobis mimarT srul ndobas axalgazrdebis mxolod 7% gamoxatavs. gacilebiT sainteresoa is 67%, romel-ic afiqsirebs pasuxs “metnaklebad vendobi” - aq an sakiTxisadmi gulgril damokidebulebas vawydebiT an/da axalgazrdebi mar-Tlac ver xedaven sakuTari socialuri jgufis mimarT qalaqis mTavrobis iseT aqtivobas, romelic maTSi ndobis xarisxs gaz-rdida. respondentTa 16% saerTod ar endoba qalaqis xelmZR-vanelobas.

22


sakanonmdeblo baza

saqarTveloSi axalgazrdebTan mimarTebaSi garkveuli le-galuri CarCos Seqmnasa da maregulirebeli aqtebis miRebaze muSaoba mxolod 1990-iani wlebis bolodan daiwyo. ra Tqma unda, dRevandeli etapisTvis am kuTxiT sakmaod mniSvnelo-vani nabijebia gadadgmuli, Tumca, rogorc kvlevis monacemebi gviCvenebs, gasakeTebeli kidev bevria. am etapze ori ZiriTadi kanoni moqmedebs axalgazrdebTan dakavSirebiT.

kanoni bavSvTa da axalgazrduli kavSirebis saxelmwifoe-brivi mxardaWeris Sesaxeb (2001 wlis 27 aprili)kanoni arasrulwlovanTa mavne zegavlenisgan dacvis Sesax-eb (2001 wlis 28 seqtemberi)

kvlevis Tvisobrivi nawilis respodentebis cnobiT arse-bobs mcdeloba Seiqmnas axalgazrduli politikis mareguli-rebeli axali kanonmdebloba, romelzec Semdegi struqturebi muSaoben:

parlamentis sportis da axalgazrdul saqmeTa komiteti2008 wels parlamentis sportis da axalgazrdul saqmeTa komitetTan Seqmnili axalgazrduli samecniero-sakonsul-tacio sabWo, sadac warmodgenilia arasamTavrobo, samTav-robo seqtorisa da studenturi TviTmmarTvelobebis war-momadgenlebisportis da axalgazrdobis saqmeTa saxelmwifo departamenti saqarTvelos axalgazrdul organizaciaTa nacionaluri sabWo

iciT Tu ara ra aris axalgazrduli politika

axorcielebs Tu ara saxelwifo axalgazrdul politikas

24

76

diax ara

34 27

39

diax ara ar vici/miWirs pasuxi

23


kiTxvarSi Cadebuli iyo specialuri bloki, romelic axal-gazrduli politikis, rogorc formaluri faqtoris mimarT 16-30 asakobrivi jgufis damokidebulebebis analizs isaxavda miznad. rogorc gamovlinda am WrilSi pozitiuri monacemebi sakmaod dabalia. TviT cnobadobis mxrivac ki, kiTxvaze “iciT Tu ara ra aris axalgazrduli politika” axalgazrdebis mx-olod 24%2 pasuxobs dadebiTad. analogiuri dabali monacemi dafiqsirda kiTxvaze “axorcielebs Tu ara saxelmwifo axal-gazrdul politikas” - mxolod 34%3 upasuxa dadebiTad. es kiTxva mxolod im respondentebs esmebodaT, romlebmac zoga-dad axalgazrduli politikis Sesaxeb icodnen.

amgvari dabali monacemebis ganmapirobebel faqtorebad SesaZloa axalgazrdobis zogadad dabali sazogadoebrivi aq-tiuroba da politikuri Tu socialuri sakiTxebiT naklebi daintereseba CavTvaloT. amis safuZvels garkveulwilad mom-devno TavSi dafiqsirebuli (ix. axalgazrduli organizaciebi) monacemebic gvaZlevs. meores mxriv, saqarTvelos axalgazrdo-ba SesaZloa sakuTar Tavs ar moiazrebdes ganyenebul erTobad, sazogadoebis calke nawilad da, Sesabamisad, cota bundovan cnebadac miaCndes “axalgazrduli politika”.

amaze metyvelebs monacemi, romelsac respondentebi Semdeg kiTxvaze afiqsireben: “rogor fiqrobT, saWiroa Tu ara axal-gazrdebis Sesaxeb calke kanonis miReba”. am kiTxvas dadebiTad gamokiTxulTa mxolod 26% (1000 respondentidan) pasuxobs, xolo 48% ver xedavs calke kanonis miRebis saWiroebas. pasuxis gacema uWirs axalgazrdebis 25%.

saWiroa Tu ara axalgazrdebis Sesaxeb calke kanonis miReba

2625

48

diax ara ar vici/miWirs pasuxi

2 monacemi mocemulia 1000 respondentidan3 monacemi mocemulia 238 respondentidan - icis axalgazrduli poli-

tikis Sesaxeb.

24


sainteresoa, rom im respondentebs Sorisac, romlebic ax-algazrdebis Sesaxeb calke kanonis miRebas saWirod Tvlian (264 respondenti), umetesoba mTlianad sazogadoebisTvis aqtua-lur problemebs gamoxatavs da ara raime viwro axalgazrduli xasiaTis sirTuleebs. kiTxvaze “romeli yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi unda daregulirdes am kanoniT” axalgazrdebis 42% dasaqmebis problemas asaxelebs. meore adgilze narkotike-bis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxi dgeba 10%, xolo 25% saerTod uWirs am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.

saxelmwifo axalgazrduli politikis mimarTulebebi, programebi da Sefaseba

mimarTulebebi da programebi

saxelmwifo axalgazrduli politikis mimarTulebebi Semdegia:

saqarTvelos sportisa da axalgazrdobis departamentis mimarTulebebi (cxovrebis jansaRi wesis damkvidreba, Tav-isufali drois organizeba, narkomaniasTan brZola, axal-gazrdebis dasaqmebis xelSewyoba, danaSaulebrivi qmedebe-bis prevencia da Semcireba, araformaluri ganaTleba axal-gazrda damnaSaveebisTvis, sxv.) axalgazrdebTan mimarTebaSi sakanonmdeblo bazaze muSaoba parlamentSi sportis da axalgazrdobis komitetTan arse-bulma axalgazrdulma sabWom daiwyo

saxelmwifos axalgazrduli programebi Semdegia:

sazafxulo banakebi axalgazrduli organizaciebisTvis konferenciebis da fes-tivalebis dafinanseba arasamTavrobo organizaciebis programebis finansuri mxardaWera sazafxulo da saSemodgomo dasaqmebis programebi studenturi dReebi stipendiebis programebisportul-gamajansaRebeli aqciebi/proeqtebisocialurad zrunvas moklebuli axalgazrdebisaTvis ufaso enis kursebi, kompiuteris Seswavlaaxalgazrduli sainformacio centri jansaRi cxovrebis wesis propaganda

25


eqspertTa azri

saxelmwifo axalgazrduli politikis mimarTulebebze sau-brisas, Semdegi mosazrebebi iyo gamoTqmuli:

saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia axalgazrdobasTan dakavSirebuli erTiani politika/ mimarTuleba:

me ramdenadac vici, erTiani axalgazrduli politika dRes saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs, saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia erTiani politika. . . . arsebobs calkeuli programebi, patriotTa banakebi da a.S. .. . magram konkretulad kanon-mdebloba namdvilad ar arsebobs. ar gvinaxavs da arc ar-sebobs raime grZelvadian an moklevadian perspeqtivaSi gawerili dokumenti ... [saerTaSoriso seqtori]

rogorc aseTi ver vityvi, rom saxelmwifos aqvs raime er-Tiani strategia axalgazrdobasTan mimarTebaSi... [arasamTav-[arasamTav-robo seqtori]

saqarTvelos sportisa da axalgazrdobis departamentis mimarTulebebi:

... ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba cxovrebis jansaRi we-sis damkvidrebaze, es aris Tavisufali drois organi-zeba, narkomaniasTan brZola, axalgazrdebis dasaqmebis xelSewyoba, sxvadasxva dawesebulebebTan erTad axalgaz-rdobaSi danaSaulis prevencia da Semcireba. aseve gvaqvs araformaluri ganaTleba, ra Tqma unda unarSezRuduli bavSvebisTvis xelSewyoba [samTavrobo seqtori]

axalgazrdebTan mimarTebaSi sakanonmdeblo bazaze muSaoba parlamentSi sportis da axalgazrdobis komitetTan arse-bulma axalgazrdulma sabWom daiwyo

parlamentis sportis da axalgazrdul saqmeTa komite-tis, ZalisxmeviT gadawyda rom Seiqmnas samuSao jgufi, romelic arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da saxelmwi-fos warmomadgenlebiT dakompleqtda aRniSnuli jgufi muSaobs sakanonmdeblo iniciativaze, romelic momaval wels unda daidos kanonis saxiT. rac yvelaze mTavaria

26


maqsimalurad vcdilobT, rom kanoni qarTul realobas movargoT da maqsimalurad Seesabamebodes im interesebs, romlebic axalgazrdebs aqvT. [samTavrobo seqtori]

respondentebis mixedviT, yvelaze didi programa, romelic saxelmwifos mxridan finansdeba, es aris sazafxulo banake-bi “patrioti“, sadac yovelwliurad 15–dan 18 wlamde 15000-dan 20000-mde axalgazrda isvenebs da aerTianebs eqvs banaks, am programis farglebSi aseve xdeba axalgazrdebis dasaqmeba garkveuli anazRaurebis sanacvlod.

saxelmwifo axalgazrduli politikis mimarTulebebis da programebis Sefaseba

dadebiTi

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camosuli axalgazrdebis gacnoba/ garToba/dasveneba, erTmaneTTan integracia da axalgazrdebis gaaqtiureba/ Tavisufali drois ufro aqti-urad gatareba (“patrioti”)axalgazrdebis erTmaneTTan kontaqti integracias da in-teresebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels (“patrioti”)socialurad daucvel adamianebs eZlevaT dasvenebis saSu-aleba (“patrioti”)codnis gaRrmavebis SesaZlebloba (konkursebi).axalgazrdebis dasaqmeba SeRavaTiani kreditebi axalgazrdebis ganaTlebisTvis arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mxardaWera axalgazrdobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ufro efeq-turad administrireba

uaryofiTi

ar xdeba Sekrebili axalgazrdebis potencialis bolomde gamoyeneba (sazafxulo banakebi “patrioti”)Tanxebis koncentrireba xdeba mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT (mag. sazafxulo banakebi “patrioti”) xSirad dasdevs patriotizmis paTosi da nacionalizmis gaRviveba (sazafxulo banakebi “patrioti”) moklevadian da ara grZelvadian Sedegze orientacia

27


erTiani politikis/xedvis/midgomis ararseboba erTjeradi/araefeqturi/zedapiruli programebi, romel-Sic didi Tanxebi ixarjeba programebi korumpirebulia (programebSi moxvedra/gamar-jveba proteqciiT xdeba)

axalgazrdul sakiTxebze momuSave institutebis saWiroebebi

axalgazrdebs Soris saxelmwifo doneze saerTaSoriso Tan-amSromlobis ganviTareba arasamTavrobo organizaciebis ufro meti xelSewyoba/da-finanseba grZelvadiani socialuri daxmarebebis danergva droSi gawerili saxelmwifo axalgazrduli politikis Se-muSavebaaxalgazrdobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo bazis ganviTareba

eqspertTa azri

saxelmwifo axalgazrduli politikis programebi gansx-vavebulad iqna Sefasebuli. qvemoT warmodgenilia am programe-bis negatiuri Sefasebis mizezebi:

axalgazrduli politikis WrilSi `patrioti~-s banakebSi ar xdeba axalgazrdebis potencialis bolomde gamoyeneba~

es formati produqtiulobis SesaZleblobas iZleva, Tumca mxolod da mxolod aq mTavrdeba, es politikac. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

Tanxebis koncentrireba xdeba mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT (mag. sazafxulo banakebi “patrioti”)

ubralod efeqturi ar aris imis gamo, rom konkretuli erTi mimarTulebiT keTdeba bevri ram. igive departamen-tis mxridan Zalian bevri Tanxa ixarjeba banakebze... [sam-sam-Tavrobo seqtori]

xSirad dasdevs patriotizmis paTosi da nacionalizmis gaRviveba (sazafxulo banakebi “patrioti”)

28


kargia sxvadasxva regionebidan axalgazrdebis Tav-moyra, Tumca Zalian xSirad dasdevs patriotizmis paTosi da nacionalizmis gaRviveba. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

moklevadian da ara grZelvadian Sedegze orientacia

problema, rac yvelganaa, aris is, rom programebi erTjeradi saxisaa. anu ar aris Camoyalibebuli da gaw-erili xedva ra mimarTulebiT mivdivarT da ra problemis aRmofxvras vcdilobT. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

erTiani politikis, xedvis, midgomis ararseboba

rogorc aseTi ver vityvi, rom saxelmwifos aqvs raime erTiani strategia axalgazrdobasTan mimarTebaSi. [aras-amTavrobo seqtori]

erTjeradi, araefeqturi, zedapiruli programebi, romel-Sic didi Tanxebi ixarjeba (mag. axalgazrdebma mxolod himni iswavles banakebSi, isini mxolod erTobian, TamaSoben da a.S.)

getyviT, rom saxelmwifo politikad ar mimaCnia konkre-tuli erTi programis Catareba. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

programebi korumpirebulia (programebSi moxvedra, gamar-jveba proteqciiT xdeba)

programebSi mxolod is xvdeba, visac nacnobebi an ax-loblebi hyavs. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

qvemoT warmodgenilia am programebis pozitiuri Sefasebis mxareebi:

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camosuli axalgazrdebis gacnoba, garToba, dasveneba, erTmaneTTan integracia da axalgazrdebis gaaqtiureba, Tavisufali drois ufro aqti-urad gatareba (sazafxulo banakebi “patrioti”)

warmatebad SeiZleba CavTavloT is, rom bevri axalgaz-rda isvenebs, erToba, da TamaSobs [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

29


aris patriotuli banakebi, romelic ramdenime mi-marTulebiT muSaobs. anu es aris axalgazrdebis gaaq-tiureba, Tavisufali drois ufro aqtiurad gatareba... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

axalgazrdebis erTmaneTTan kontaqti integracias da in-teresebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels (sagazafxulo banake-bi “patrioti”)

patriotuli banakebi... aseve emsaxureba imas, rom sxva-dasxva regionebis warmomadgenlebi erTad arian da axdenen erTmaneTTan integracias... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

[banakebi] aris adamianebs Soris gacnobis saSualeba... Zalian kargia es komunikaciisaTvis, roca amdeni axalgaz-rda iRebs erT RonisZiebaSi monawileobas, SeuZliaT sxva-dasxva umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebi gaicnon da saerTo interesebi Camoayalibon. [samTavrobo seqtori]

socialurad daucveli axalgazrdebisTvis dasvenebis saSualebaA(sazafxulo banakebi “patrioti”)

patriotuli banakebi... es aris... socialurad daucveli adamianebisTvis imis saSualeba, rom sadRac daisvenon... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

codnis gaRrmavebis SesaZlebloba (saswavlo grantebi).

aRsaniSnavia igive konkursebi, romlebic tardeba skoleb-Si da saswavleblebSi, ris Sedegadac gamarjvebulebs, saxelm-wifos dafinansebiT sxvadasxva qveynebis saswavlo daweseb-ulebebSi wasvlis saSualeba eZlevaT. [samTavrobo seqtori]

dasaqmebis programebi

ramdenadac vici, zafxulSi iyo programa dasaqme-bis kuTxiT, romelsac SarSan da SarSanwin meria uwyobda xels.... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

SeRavaTiani kreditebi axalgazrdebis ganaTlebisTvis

yvelaze metad SeiniSneba gaumjobeseba ganaTlebis

30


sferoSi, is rac studentebisTvis gakeTda, kreditebis SemuSaveba, SeRavaTebis daweseba studentebisTvis, rac 4 wlis win ar iyo. .. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

axalgazrduli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mxardaWera

aseve arsebobs, kidev, axalgazrduli organizaciebisTvis grantebis miRebis SesaZlebloba... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

garda saxelmwifo axalgazrduli politikis programebis Sefasebisa, kvlevis monawileebma isaubres im saWiroebebze, romlebic axalgazrdobis sferoSi momuSave institutebs aqvT. maTi azriT, kargi iqneboda, rom dafinansebuliyo Semdegi mi-marTulebebi:

axalgazrdebs Soris saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gan-viTareba da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis ufro meti xelSewyoba/dafinanseba

... aseve kargi iqneboda rom saerTaSoriso TanamSrom-lobis ganviTarebisaTvis Casmuliyo raRac Tanxebi... ig-ive SeiZleba iTqvas arasamTavrobo organizaciebis dafi-nansebaze [samTavrobo seqtori]

grZelvadiani socialuri daxmarebebis danergva (mag. axal-gazrdebisTvis, axalgazrda ojaxebisTvis socialuri SeRa-vaTebi da axalgazrduli samedicino sadazRvevo paketebi da sxva)

is rac dasaqmebis programis dros xelfasebSi gadaixa-des SeuZliaT socialuri daxmarebis saxiT gauSvan. da-vuSvaT axalgazrda ojaxebisTvis socialuri garantiebi, samedicino dazRveva da sxva. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

axalgazrdobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo bazis ganviTareba

yvelaze mniSvnelovnad, rac migvaCnia da razec aq-tiurad vmuSaobT es aris sakanonmdeblo baza. pirvel etapze unda Seiqmnas saerTo koncefcia, romelsac ar aris aucilebeli rom kanoni erqvas. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

31


axalgazrduli organizaciebi

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam RirebulebaTa gadafasebis Seuqce-vad process daudo saTave, romelic gansakuTrebiT axalgaz-rdebis cxovrebas Seexo. es tendecia axalgazrduli kavSirebi-sa da organizaciebis mimarTac gamovlinda. gauqmda iseTi sab-WoTa axalgazrduli organizacia, rogoric iyo “komkavSiri”, , romelic axalgazrdebis cxovrebis sulieri da ideologiuri kontrolis meqanizms warmoadgenda, sadac gawevrianeba faq-tobrivad savaldebulo iyo TiToeuli axalgazrdisTvis. am ukanasknelis gauqmebam, garkveulwilad mokle drois manZilze vakuumi Seqmna am mxriv sazogadoebaSi. axalgazrdebi axali re-alobis winaSe dadgnen, axali erovnuli RirebulebiTi sisteme-bis Camoyalibeba daewyoT, ramac axali miswrafebebis, interese-bis gaCenas Seuwyo xeli.

saqarTveloSi pirveli axalgazrduli organizaciebis Camoyalibeba damoukideblobis mopovebisTanave daiwyo. am kuTxiT agreTve pirveli mercxlebi iyvnen universitetebis farglebSi organizebuli studenturi kavSirebi da sabWoebi, romlebic SemdgomSi konkretulad axalgazrdul politikasa da axalgazrdul sakiTxebze koncentrirdebodnen.

bolo 15 wlis manZilze ganviTarebulma movlenebma cxadyo, rom axalgazrduli da studenturi organizaciebic ki, rom-lebic wesiT studentebis uflebebis dacviTa da maTTvis swav-lis ukeTesi pirobebis SeqmniT unda yofiliyvnen dakavebulni, rogorc wesi, romelime socialuri Tu politikuri moZrao-bis axalgazrdul frTas warmoadgendnen, politikaSi mosvlas cdilobdnen ama Tu im politikuri Zalis Sefaruli an aSkara mxardaWeriT. rasakvirvelia, es tendencia ufro xsenebuli or-ganizaciebis xelmZRvanel pirebs exebodaT, vidre mTel Semad-genlobas, Tumca faqti saxeze rCeba. aqedan gamomdinare gasak-viri ar aris is faqtic rom saqarTveloSi moqmed TiTqmis yvela politikur partias yavs Tavisi axalgazrduli organizacia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1995 wels Seiqmna saqarTvelos axalgaz-rdul organizaciaTa nacionaluri sabWo, romelmac SeZlo gaeerTianebina ZiriTadi axalgazrduli arasamTavrobo orga-nizaciebi, da im droidan moyolebuli aqtiurad muSaobs axal-gazrduli politikis Temaze, rogorc adgilobriv ise saerTa-Soriso doneze.

politikuri orientaciis mqone gaerTianebebis garda saqarTveloSi amave periodSi axalgazrduli organizaciebis

32


kidev erT frTad Camoyalibda e.w. arasamTavrobo organiza-ciebis frTa, romlebic ucxouri organizaciebis farglebSi grantebis mopovebasa da konkretuli RonisZiebebis gatareba-ze iyvnen orientirebulni. maTi udidesi nawili daniSnulebis da funqciebis gareSe rCeboda, rogorc ki grantis aRebas ver moaxerxebda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom orive es tendencia dRevandel qarTul re-alobaSic SenarCunebulia. magram zemoxsenebuli mimarTulebe-bis paralelurad dRes ukve arseboben axalgazrduli organiza-ciebi, romlebic kulturis, ganaTlebis, axalgazrdebis ufle-bebis dacvis da sxva socialur sakiTxebze ufro arian orien-tirebulni. zogadad bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze SeiniSneba kidec axalgazrdebis interesis moduneba politikuri sakiTx-ebis mimarT, rasac mocemuli kvlevis Sedegebic xazs usvams.

kvlevidan Cans rom, axalgazrduli organizaciebis wevro-bis dainteresebis mixedviT liderobs (50%)4 organizaciebis tipi, romelic kulturuli sakiTxebiT aris dakavebuli. Semdeg adgilebs ki daaxloebiT Tanabari procentuli maCveneblebiT (40% dainteresebuli) axalgazrdebi im organizaciebs aniWeben upiratesobas, romlebic maswavleblebisTvis da mSoblebisT-vis rCevebis micemiT iqneba dakavebuli. im axalgazrduli or-ganizaciebis wevroba ki, romlebic xelisuflebasTan urTier-Tobaze muSaoben, respondentebis mxolod 29% ainteresebs. rogorc Cans, axalgazrdebi politikuri sakiTxebisgan metnak-lebad gamijvnas cdiloben.

sxvaTa Soris unda aRiniSnos, rom SedarebiT mcire maCven-ebeli hqonda agreTve zogadad axalgazrduli organizaciebis wevrTa cnobadobas. saxeldobr, winamdebare kvlevis fargleb-Si respondentebs esmebodaT kiTxva “icnobT Tu ara romelime axalgazrduli organizaciis wevrs”, razec mxolod 26% upa-suxa dadebiTad. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kvlevis samizne jgufis specifikas (16-30 asakobrivi jgufi), es monacemi marTlac sak-maod dabali SeiZleba mogveCvenos.

4 monacemebi mocemulia 1000 respondentidan

33


socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

34


socialur–ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

saqarTvelos bolo oci wlis istoria sakmaod mravalfer-ovnad da xSiri dramatuli movlenebis fonze viTardeboda. sab-WoTa kavSiris daSlam da axali, erovnuli mTavrobis kursma, damoukideblobis pirveli wlebi erisTvis „dauviwyari“ gaxada. ruseTTan, sabWoTa kavSiris farglebSi arsebuli, ekonomikuri kavSirebis gawyvetam Seqmna samrewvelo da zogierTi sameur-neo saqonlis uecari deficiti. sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikur sistemaze damokidebulma saqarTvelos meurneobam ki, ra Tqma unda, ver SeZlo am deficitis aRmofxvra, miT umetes, iseT swraf vadebSi, rom es mdgomareoba xalxisTvis naklebad sagrZnobi yo-filiyo. ekonomikuri problemebis gadaWris mcdelobebis gzaze gamoCnda fiskaluri sistemis ususurobac – 1993 wels gamoSveb-uli axali droebiTi valutis (romelmac rusuli maneTi Caanacv-la), kuponis kursi jer yovelTviurad, Semdeg ki yoveldRi-urad icvleboda. amgvarma hiperinflaciam faqtobrivad gaau-qma am valutisTvis cneba msyidvelobiTunarianoba. es yvelaferi iwvevda rigebs sakvebze, samuSao adgilebis totalur Semcire-bas, sabanko garantiebis darRvevas (bankis mxridan) da a.S.

ekonomikuri situaciis saboloo kraxi orma eTnikurma kon-fliqtma gamoiwvia. afxazeTSi da samaCabloSi (samxreT oseTi) dawyebuli SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis Sedegad ekonomika saerTod gaCanagda da es ori teritoriuli erTeuli saqarT-velos faqtobrivad CamoSorda.

amave periods daemTxva samoqalaqo omi da samxedro gada-trialeba. 1990–iani wlebis Suaxanebidan situacia qveyanaSi Se-darebiT stabilurdeba, Tumca yvela zemoxsenebuli problema mougvarebeli rCeba. saqarTvelos ekonomika ruseTis saxelm-wifoze aris mibmuli, ruseTia bazari adgilobrivi sameurneo produqciisTvis da ruseTia energomatareblebis wyaro. amas-Tan adgilobrivi problemebis sias emateba saxelisuflebo wreebSi korufciis damkvidreba.

fiskaluri politikis stabilur kalapotSi moqceva 90–iani wlebis meore naxevarSi erovnuli valutis, laris mimoqcevaSi gamoSvebam ganapiroba, romelic ukve saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis zedamxedvelobis qveS bevrad myar valutad iqca.

mTeli rigi am problemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ra sakvirvelia, am periodSi arc Tu pirveladi mniSvnelobis sakiTxad iqneboda dayenebuli saqarTveloSi axalgazrdobis sakiTxebi da axal-gazrduli politika. aqve mxedvelobaSia misaRebi saqarTvelos, rogoc postsabWoTa qveynis specifika: saqme imaSia, rom sabWoTa

35


kavSirSi axalgazrdobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi arasdros aRiqmeboda ise, rogorc es dasavlur qveynebSi iyo miRebuli, da miT umetes, arc axalgazrduli politika iyo Camoyalibe-buli struqturirebuli saxiT. amgvarad saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg am kuTxiT memkvidreobiT araviTari tradiciebi ar ergo da e.i. axalgazrdobas, ra sakvirvelia, sxva-dasxva saxelisuflebo struqturebTan da organizaciebTan er-Tad, nulidan uwevda am mimarTulebiT muSaobis dawyeba.

demografia

mocemuli kvlevis farglebSi demografiuli monacemebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda: mamakacebi axalgazrdebis 43%, xolo qalebi 57% Seadgenen. maTgan 60% dauqorwinebelia da arc arasdros yofila qorwinebaSi, 35% daojaxebulia, xolo 5% ganqorwinebuli. yuradsaRebia, rom bavSvebi daojaxebul wyvilTa mxolod 36% procents hyavs.

asakobriv danawilebas rac Seexeba, aq jgufebis mixedviT monacemebi metnaklebad Tanabrad gadanawilda: 16-20 asakobri-vi jgufi axalgazrdebis daaxloebiT 38% Seadgens, 21-25 jgufi - 30%, xolo 26-30 asakobrivi jgufi - 32%.

eTnikuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT, axalgazrdebis umetesoba - 93% qarTvelia, xolo Semdeg adgilze eTnikuri somxebi arian 3%, mesame adgils ki azerbaijanelebi ikaveben 1%. sxva eTni-kuri jgufebis maCvenebeli 1%-ze dabalia da aravalidurobis CarCoSi xvdeba.

bavSvebi axalgazrdebis 36% hyavs da maTi saSualo raode-noba ojaxze 1-2 bavSvia (ix. grafiki).

ara,

64.0%

diax,

36.0%

gyavT Tu ara bavSvebi sainteresoa binis sakuTrebis sakiTxi. SemTxvevebis 61% im binis mesakuTre, sadac axalgazrda cxov-robs, arian mSoblebi, xolo kidev 16% SemTxvevebSi - meuRlis mSoblebi. sak-uTari bina axalgazrdebis mxolod 7% aqvs da 10% ki daqiravebul/dagirave-bul binaSi cxovrobs. didwilad am maCveneblebidan gamomdinareobs meo-re SekiTxvaze dafiqsirebuli monace-

mebi, “visTan erTad cxovrobT”. respondentTa 70% mSoblebTan erTad cxovrobs. mSoblebTan erTad cxovreba xSir SemTxveveb-Si da-Zmis yolas moiazrebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, da-ZmasTan

36


erTad cxovrebas aseve maRali maCvenebeli - 44% ufiqsirdeba (ix. cxrili).

70%

13%

44%35% 35%

8% 1%

mSoblebi babua

bebia

da-Zma meuRle bavSvi

bavSvebi

naTesavebi marto

axalgazrdebis 35-35% meuRlesTan da bavSvebTan erTad cx-ovrobs, xolo 8% naTesavebTan erTad. marto aris saxlSi re-spondentTa mxolod 1%.

ojaxis wevrebis raodenoba saSualod 3-dan 5-mde meryeo-bs (respondentTa 74%), xolo respondentTa 16% SemTxvevaSi ojaxSi 6-7 wevria.

dasaqmebas rac Seexeba, zogadad axalgazrdebis daaxloebiT 20% aris dasaqmebuli5, dasaqmebul ojaxis wevrTa raodenoba ki 1-dan 3-mde meryeobs (84%). 14% SemTxvevaSi ojaxis arcerTi wevri ar aris dasaqmebuli.

Semosavlisadmi damokidebulebac friad sainteresoa, Tumca arasaxarbielo. sakuTari ojaxis Semosavlis gaTval-iswinebiT respondentTa mxolod 7% ambobs, rom Semosavali maT komfortulad cxovrebis saSualebas aZlevT. yvelaze maRa-li procentuli maCvenebeli, 46% fiqsirdeba pasuxze “Cveni Se-mosavali saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvidan Tvemde gavitanoT Tavi”, xolo kidev 41% afiqsirebs, rom maTi SemosavliT cxovreba Zne-lia an Zalian Znelia.

respondentebs agreTve Txovdnen winaswar SemuSavebuli debulebebis mixedviT SeefasebinaT TavianTi ojaxis materi-aluri statusi.

aRmoCnda, rom axalgazrdebis 8% ojaxebi imdenad cud mate-rialur pirobebSia, rom maTTvis sakvebis yidvac ki problemas warmoadgens. 33% sakuTari ojaxis sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa Seu-Zlia, magram uWirs tansacmlis SeZena. Tu martivad gavaanalizebT saerTo jamSi respondentTa 41% moklebulia elementarul sacx-ovrebel pirobebs. e.w. saSualo fenas qmnis respondentTa 21%, romelTac wvrili da msxvili saojaxo teqnikis SeZena SeuZliaT, xolo materialuri sirTuleebis gareSe mxolod 7% cxovrobs.

5 mocemuli kvlevis farglebSi dasaqmebad iTvleboda bolo Tvis man-Zilze Tundac kviraSi 1 saaTi muSaoba.

37


dasaqmeba

umuSevrobis problema ar idga sabWoTa kavSirSi im saxiT, rogorc es dRes mTel msoflios awuxebs. amitomac saqarT-velos, rogorc axal saxelmwifos, garkveuli dro dasWir-da, rom umuSevroba jer rogorc movlena, ise daenaxa, Semdeg problemad gaecnobierebina da bolos ki misi aRmofxvrisaTvis daewyo muSaoba. amgvar situaciaSi, ra Tqma unda, saerTod ar eqceoda yuradReba axalgazrdebis dasaqmebas. amasTan samar-Tlianad Tu usamarTlod yovelTvis gacilebiT did probleme-bad aRiqmeboda magaliTad araerTxel ganxorcielebuli ener-goblokada ruseTis mxridan, arCevnebis sakiTxi, iZulebiT gad-aadgilebuli pirebis sakiTxi da a.S.

dRevandeli dRisTvis saqarTveloSi isev aqtualuria umu-Sevrobis sakiTxi da es problema msoflio krizismac gaamwva-va, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, usamarTlo iqneboda 1990-ian wlebTan paralelis gavleba. gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria axalgazrdo-bis umuSevroba, miT umetes, rom kvleva exeba ara mxolod qveda asakebs (mag: 16-21 wlis asakobrivi jgufi), sadac umuSevroba SeiZleba bunebrivic ki iyos6, aramed asakobriv jgufs 16-dan 30 wlamde. 2009 wlis noembris SedegebiT am jgufis axalgazrde-bidan (gamokiTxuli iyo 1000 respondenti) mxolod 20% aris dasaqmebuli (ix. grafiki). aqve unda iTqvas, rom kiTxva Semdeg-nairad iyo dasmuli: gimuSaviaT Tu ara bolo Tvis ganmavloba-Si, Tundac kviraSi 1 saaTi?

muSaobT Tu ara

diax,

20%

ara, 80%

umuSevari – Sromisunariani pirovneba, romelic eZebs samuSaos, ar iRebs raime saxis pensias an daxmarebas (marCenaldakargulobis pensiis garda) da mzad aris iSromos.

6 aq umuSevroba SesaZloa ganpirobebuli iyos im faqtoriT, rom am asa-kobriv jgufSi Semavali axalgazrdebi an skolis damamTavrebel klasebSi ari-an, an kidev bakalavriatis studentebi – aqtiuri swavliT arian dakavebulni da Sesabamisad dro ar rCebaT muSaobisTvis.

38


unda aRiniSnos, rom e.w. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg saqarTvelos xelisufleba aqtiurad axorcielebda proeqtebs, romlebic axalgazrdobis dasaqmebaze iyo mimarTuli. aseTi iyo magaliTad studenturi dasaqmebis programa, romelic ramden-ime etapad ganxorcielda, da sakmaod didi raodenoba moicva. miuxedavad amisa rTulia am programis efeqturobaze saubari, radgan igi mxolod droebiT xasiaTs atarebda, konkretuli mizniT iyo organizebuli da, rogorc sabolood aRmoCnda (amas dasaqmebulTa mxolod 20% metyvelebs), ar gaamarTla daxar-juli saxsrebi. saxeldobr, es iyo an profesiuli gadamzadebis mizniT organizebuli proeqtebi, romlebSic saxelmwifos sxva-dasxva kerZo kompaniebi uWerdnen mxars, an proeqtebi, romlis farglebSic garkveuli xanmokle periodis manZilze (1,5-3 Tve) studentebs unda SeeZinaT garkveuli xeloba, romelsac moma-valSi gamoiyenebdnen7. orive SemTxvevaSi studentebi stipendi-is saxiT iRebdnen garkveul Tanxas saxelmwifos mxridan, xolo damsaqmebel kompaniebSi usasyidlod muSaobdnen.

1%

1%

1%

2%

4%

4%

5%

5%

6%

6%

8%

15%

16%

18%

7%

mecniereba

energetika

saerTaSorisoorganizaciebi

sastumro-restornebi

mrewveloba/warmoeba

transporti dakomunikaciebi

sajarommarTveloba

finansuri sfero

municipaluri dakerZo momsaxureba

jari, policia

kultura

mSenebloba,remonti, montaJi

ganaTlebis sfero

jandacva

vaWroba/distribucia

monacemebi mocemulia 202 dasaqmebuli adamianidan

7 aRsaniSnavia, rom igive tipis proeqti xelisuflebam zeda asakobrivi jgufebisTvisac (18-60) ganaxorciela.

39


aqve gamoikveTa kidev erTi tendencia: xSir SemTxvevaSi studen-tebi erTjeradad fiqsirdebodnen im samuSao adgilze, romelzec iyvnen ganawilebulni, damsaqmebeli kerZo kompaniis xelmZRvaneli ki maT proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli kursis gavlis dokuments um-owmebda xelmoweriTa da beWdiT. amiT maTi urTierToba mTavrde-boda da amis Semdeg studenti ubralod proeqtis farglebSi mis-Tvis gamoyofil Tanxas iRebda. ra sakvirvelia, amgvar situaciaSi zedmetia imaze saubari, rom axalgazrda raime saxis ganaTlebas, codnas an unar-Cvevebs iRebda, xelobas eufleboda.

kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad im 20%-danac, romelic dasaqme-bulia, dasaqmebis sferoebi metad sainteresod aris ganawile-buli (ix. grafiki).

pirvel adgilze 18% moxvda vaWroba/distribucia, anu sf-ero, romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT gansakuTrebul momzadebas da codnas ar moiTxovs da amasTan arc Tu ise cud Semosavals iZleva. meore da mesame adgilebze arian iseTi sferoebi, sadac swavlisa da muSaobis SeTavseba xdeba. jandacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi ZiriTadad studentebi arian dasaqme-buli, romlebic savaraudod swavlis damamTavrebel wlebze staJirebas gadiodnen da garkveuli drois Semdeg darCnen imave adgilebze arasrul an srul samuSao grafikze.

rac Seexeba ganaTlebis sferos, aq dasaqmebulebi arian an mag-istraturis studentebi, romlebic paralelurad sxvadasxva sagan-manaTleblo dawesebulebebSi (baRi, skola da a.S.) aswavlian, an sxva kvalifikaciis axalgazrdebi, romlebic sakuTari profesiis Sesabam-is samsaxurs ver pouloben da iZulebulni arian sxva sferoSi dakavd-nen. ganaTlebis sferoSi ki dasaqmebis SedarebiT didi SesaZleblobaa.

dasaqmeba asakis mixedviT

8%

25%

36%

92%

76%

64%

16-21

22-26

27-30

ara

diax

sqesis mixedviT dasaqme-bis maCvenebeli daaxloebiT erTgvaria (mamakacebi 23%, qalebi 18%).

agreTve sainteresoa da-sa qmeba sxvadasxva asakobri-vi jgufebis WrilSi. aq mkve-Tr gansxvavebebs vawydebiT (ix. grafiki).

rogorc vxdevaT, dasaq-me bis maCvenebeli yvelaze da balia qveda asakobriv jgu f Si da yvelaze maRali ki zeda asakobriv jgufSi. amgvari maCveneblebi Sei-

40


Zleba aixsnas im faqtiT, rom 16-21 asakobrivi jgufi skolis damamTavrebeli klasebis moswavleebi an studentebi arian da Sesabamisad umetes dros saswavlo dawesebulebebSi atare-ben, anu mcire dro rCebaT imisaTvis, rom imuSaon. amasTan maTi kvalifikaciac ar aris am asakisTvis sakmao doneze da maTTvis ufro rTulia samsaxuris Sovna.

zeda asakebSi, 22-30 asakobriv jgufSi ki dasaqmebis maCve-nebeli ukve izrdeba. es is asakia, sadac axalgazrdebs bakala-vriatis done ukve aqvT da Sesabamisad am mxriv dasaqmebisken gza xsnilia. 22-26 wlis asakSi aqtualuria samagistro kursebi, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom ufro sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ste-reotipebis gamo da ara axalgazrdebis survilisa, gaagrZelon samecniero muSaoba. saqarTveloSi axalgazrdebis didi nawili agrZelebs magistraturaSi swavlas da ramdenadac SesaZlebe-lia isev Tavs ikavebs muSaobisgan, Tumca samagistro progra-mas SedarebiT naklebi dro miaqvs da aq ukve xSiria swavlisa da muSaobis SeTavsebis SemTxvevebi. am etapze ZiriTadad arasrul samuSao grafikTan gvaqvs saqme.

magistraturis Semdeg ki cota axalgazrda Tu fiqrobs samecniero kuTxiT ganviTarebas an ufro rTulad miaCnia. Se-sabamisad dasaqmebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli (36%) 27-30 asakobriv jgufSi gvaqvs, rodesac swavla ukana planzea gad-aweuli. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc Semdgom TavebSi da-vinaxavT, optimalur asakad ojaxis SeqmnisTvis mamakacebica da qalebic 25 wels miiCneven. amdenad, safiqrebelia, rom 27-30 asakobrivi jgufis wevrebis nawils Seqmnili aqvs kidec ojaxi da Sesabamisad maT win ufro mwvaved dgeba materialuri prob-lema8, misi gadaWris gza ki aris muSaoba.

niSandoblivia, rom dasaqmebulTa 68% kviraSi 30 saaTsa da mets, anu srul grafikze muSaobs da dasaqmebulTa 57% ki saku-Tari ganaTlebis Sesabamis sferoSia dakavebuli.

maRalia agreTve sakuTari samsaxuriT kmayofilebis done – 77% (ix. grafiki), rac albaT im garemoebebiT unda aixsnas, rom mocemuli asakobrivi jgufis wevrebis umetesobisTvis SromiT gamocdilebaSi es an pirveli SemTxvevaa da maT ubralod ar aqvT Sedarebis saSualeba, an/da naklebi moTxovnilebebi aqvT da advilad ikmayofileben maT arsebul samuSao adgilze (arse-buli xelfasiT).

8 mocemuli kvlevis Tanaxmad axladSeqmnili ojaxebisTvis materi-aluri problema pirveli rigis problemaa.

41


61%

16% 18%

4% 1% 0%

kmayofili Zalian

kmayofili

ukmayofilo Zalian

ukmayofilo

ar vici uari

pasuxze

kmayofili xarT Tu ara sakuTarisamsaxuriT

damsaqmeblis statusis mixedviT dasaqmebulTa 47% kerZo se-qtorSia dakavebuli da mxolod 23% sabiujeto organizaciebSi.

sainteresoa agreTve umuSevarTa demografia. umuSevarTa 70% arc arasdros umuSavia, rac albaT dabali asakobrivi jgu-fis specifikiT aris ganpirobebuli. umuSevarTagan bolo 4 kviris ganmavlobaSi mxolod 28% eZebda aqtiurad samuSaos.

niSandoblivia samuSaos Ziebis gzebic (ix. grafiki).

1%

12%

15%

18%

44%

51%

aplikacia Sevavse Cems samuSao adgilze

gancxadeba gavakeTe gazeTSi, internetSi

mivmarTe dasaqmebis saagentos

Tavad davukavSirdi damsaqmebels da SevTavaze Cemikandidatura

vakansiebs veZebdi presaSi, internetiT da a.S.

axloblebs SevTavaze Cemi kandidaturaaxloblebs SevTavaze Cemikandidatura

vakansiebs veZebdi presaSi,internetiT da a.S.

Tavad davukavSirdi damsaqmebelsda SevTavaze Cemi kandidatura

mivmarTe dasaqmebis saagentos

gancxadeba gavakeTe gazeTSi,internetSi

aplikacia Sevavse Cems samuSaoadgilze

ra gzebs mimarTeT samuSaos saSovnelad

51% axloblebis meSveobiT cdilobs samsaxuris povnas, 44% presas da internets mimarTavs da a.S. dasaqmebis saagentos ki mxolod 15% Tvlis im faqtorad, romelmac SesaZloa samsaxu-riT uzrunvelyos. amgvari damokidebuleba SesaZloa im gare-moebiT iyos nakarnaxebi, rom saxelmwifo dasaqmebis saagentos saqmianoba gaurkvevelia, (aRniSnuli saagento 2007 wlis 1 iv-lisidan gardaiqmna “socialuri subsidiebis saagentod”) ufro metic, es saagento ar aris saTanadod reklamirebuli da mosax-leobis nawilma misi arsebobis Sesaxebac ar icis, araTu saqmi-anobis. dasaqmebis saxelmwifo saagentoSi deklarirebis doneze

42


arsebobs vrceli baza adamianebisa, romlebic unda daasaqmon, Tumca dasaqmebis faqtebi sazogadoebisTvis saerTod ar aris cnobili. saxelmwifos aqcenti dasaqmebis zemoxsenebul droe-biT da etapobriv programebzea gadatanili.

kerZo dasaqmebis saagentoebs rac Seexeba, bolo wlebis tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini ZiriTadad maRalkvali-ficiuri kadrebis erTi kompaniidan meores sasargeblod gada-birebiT, e.w. head hantingiT (Head Hunting) arian dakavebuli, rac principSi bunebrivadac SeiZleba CavTvaloT. samuSao adg-ilebis raodenoba cotaa, saagentoebi ki maT Seqmnaze gavlenas ver axdenen, amitom rCebaT erTaderTi gza: arsebul kompaniebs arsebulze ukeTesi kadrebi SesTavazon. es arsebulze ukeTesi kadrebi ki ukve dakavebulni arian sxva kompaniebSi.

reposndentebi, romlebic umuSevrebi arian da eZeben samsax-urs, samsaxuris povnis xelisSemSlel faqtorebad pirvel rig-Si ubralod samuSao adgilebis ararsebobas (70%)9, xolo Semdeg sanacnobo wris ararsebobas (35%) asaxeleben (ix. grafiki).

9%

0%

1%

1%

2%

4%

5%

5%

6%

6%

9%

18%

35%

70%

samsaxuris Sovnis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi

qveyanaSi ar aris samuSao adgilebi

ar myavs sanacnobo wre

ver vpoulob profesiis Sesabamis samsaxurs

aradamakmayofilebeli xelfasi

maRalia konkurenciaa

aradamakmayofilebeli samuSao saaTebi

swavlisdmi SevuTavsebloba

ucxo enis ar codna

ar moTxovnadi profesiaze

kompiuteris ucodinaroba

asaki da gamocdileba

ar maqvs profesia

rusuli diplomi

ar vici

9 monacemebi mocemulia 223 respondentidan, vinc umuSevaria da eZebs samsaxurs

43


respondentTa im nawilisTvis ki, romlebic miuxedavad um-uSevrobisa samsaxurs ar eZeben (umuSevarTa 72%), amis mTavar mizezad asaxeleben swavlasTan dakavSirebul mizezebs: stu-denti var da ar maqvs samuSao dro – 27%10; skolaSi vswavlob – 21%. mniSvnelobiT mesame adgilzea bavSvebis yolis faqtori (mcirewlovani bavSvi myavs 20%).

axalgazrdebis dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebul amgvari rTul situacias xazs usvams umuSevrobis momavlis aRqmasTan dakav-Sirebuli monacemebic: gamokiTxulTa mxolod 29%11 (ix. grafi-ki) Tvlis, rom momaval 1 weliwadSi umuSevrobis done Semcird-eba, e.i. dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli situacia gaumjobesdeba. 31% ki miiCnevs, rom situacia piriqiT, gauaresdeba.

umuSevroba saqarTveloSi momavali 1 wlis manZilze

gaizrdeba

igive darCeba

ar vici/miWirs pasuxi

Semcirdeba

29%

31%

23%

17%

eqspertTa azri

kvlevis monawileebis azriT, dasaqmebis mdgomareoba sak-maod mZimed dgas, ara marto axalgazrdebSi, aramed zogadad qveyanaSi (“Zalian cota adamiani muSaobs Tavisi profesiiT”). Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi respondentis azriT, “ufro metad axalgazrdebi arian dasaqmebuli” da “privile-girebulebic arian saSualo asakis xalxTan SedarebiT”.

axalgazrdebis umuSevrobis gamomwvev mizezebze saubrisas, kvlevis monawileebma daasaxeles Semdegi mizezebi:

qveynis cudi socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

10 monacemebi mocemulia 573 respondentidan, vinc umuSevaria da ar eZebs samsaxurs

11 monacemebi mocemulia 1000 respondentidan.

44


es ufro zogadi problemaa, anu, me imis Tqma minda, rom konkretulad axalgazrdebs ar exeba es problema. [aras-amTavrobo seqtori]

qveyanaSi arsebuli stagnaciis da uZraobis wlebis Sedegi

es aris zogadad qveyanaSi arsebuli situacia, es aris is wlebi, romlis drosac saxelmwifo erT adgilas idga da iyo uZraobis xana, saxelmwifo ver ganviTarda. [samTa-samTa-vrobo seqtori]

konkretul sferoebSi saTanado kvalifikaciis kadrebis ararseboba

profesiuli codnis naklebobac aris mizezi da garkveulwilad ganaTlebis sistemis sisustec. [aras-amTavrobo seqtori]

axalgazrdebis dabali motivacia

gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu isini iqnebodnen Ses-abamisad motivirebulebi samsaxuris saZebnelad, Tu unda adamians, rom samsaxuri ipovos, is adgeba da ipovis. [sam-sam-Tavrobo seqtori]

ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis bazrebis Seusabamoba/infor-maciis ararseboba imis Sesaxeb Tu romel profesiazea moTxovna da ra kvalifikacia esaWiroeba ama Tu im sam-saxurs (“axalgazrdebi iseT profesias irCeven, romelic bazarze ar aris moTxovnadi”)

ar arsebobs monacemebi, romlis meSveobiTac adamians ecodineba, rom ama da am kompetenciis codna, mas daex-mareba samuSaos moZebnaSi. gaurkvevelia sad, ra da rogor unda eZebo. ra unda icode imisaTvis, rom es Tu is samsax-uri ipovo. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

samsaxuris moZebnis adeqvaturi unar-Cvevebis (mag. urT-ierTobis/ komunikaciis, informaciis moZiebis, eTikis, sxv.) ararseboba axalgazrdebSi

45


samwuxarod es [samsaxuris moZebnisTvis saWiro] unar-Cvevebi ar aqvT axalgazrdebs. isini elodebian, rom viRac mokidebs xels da egreve dasvams Tanamdebobaze.E es prob-lemaa dasaqmebisac, Tumca rom aris problema amis, ucxo araa. [samTavrobo seqtori]

swavliT warmatebis miRwevis modelis ararseboba an damaxinjebul idealebTan identifikacia (axalgazrde-bi cdiloben aseve swrafad miaRwion warmatebas, maTi saxelmwifo marTvaSi myofi Tanatolebis msgavsad) ax-alagazrebs mxolod prestiJuli samsaxurebi undaT / mentalitetis Secvlis sakiTxis gadaWraa saWiro

23–25 wlias axalgazrdebi arian sakmaod did Tanamde-bobaze saxelmwifo struqturaSi, axalgazrdas romelic uyurebs amas, uCndeba survili, rom TviTonac miaRwios aseT warmatebas am asakSi, Sesabamisad uqreba interesi, rom nabij–nabij ganviTardes, esec problemaa da amazec aravin ar muSaobs. . [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

rac Seexeba imas, Tu ZiriTadad romel sferoSi arian axal-gazrdebi dasaqmebulebi, respondentebma gansxvavebuli mosaz-rebebi gamoTqves12:

sxvadasxva saxis servisebi/momsaxurebis sfero komerciuli struqtura (ZiriTadad sabanko, ZiriTadad asaqmeben 35 wlamde axalgazrdebs). arasamTavrobo seqtori saxelmwifo struqturebSi prestiJul sferoebSi: fin-ansTa saministro, ekonomikis departamenti, da sxva. saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi prestiJul sferoebSi: sazogadoebasTan urTierToba, saerTaSoriso urTier-Tobebi, da sxva.

kiTxvaze axorcielebs Tu ra saxelmwifo dasaqmebis raime programebs axalgazrdebisaTvis, respondentebma ramdenime programa gaixsenes:

12 saintresoa, rom erT-erTma respondentma am kiTxvaze pasuxis dros aRniSna: “ZiriTadad ufro kerZo kompaniebSi, ratomRac eride-bian saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebas”.

46


qalaq Tbilisis da didi qalaqebis meriebis mier Catare-buli studenturi dasaqmebis programebi – moklevadi-ani saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo samuSaoebi.studentebis staJirebis programebi

kvlevis monawileebi ZiriTadad negatiurad afase-ben saxelmwifos mier axalgazrdobisTvis Catarebul pro-gramebs da RonisZiebebs, vinaidan efeqti aragrZelvadiani iyo (erTjeradi daxmareba/gasamrjelo) da es midgoma problemas ar Wris, da srulad ar akmayofilebs axalgazrdebis moTxovnebs (radgan isini ver dasaqmdnen TavianTi profesiis mixedviT, ubralod mcireodeni erTjeradi gasamrjelo aiRes).

respondentebis azriT, savaraudod msgavsi saxelmwifo dasaqmebis programebi axalgazrdobisTvis momavalSic gagr-Zeldeba (mag. Tbilisis da didi qalaqebis meriis mier organize-buli saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo moklevadiani dasaqmeba) da gaaqtiurdeba arCevnebis win13.

respondentebma gamoTqves mosazrebebi imis Sesaxebac, Tu ra unda/SeiZleba gakeTdes Ddasaqmebis problemis gadasaWrelad:

saxelmwifom xeli unda Seuwyos kerZo struqturebis da warmoebis ganviTarebas, rom am ukanasknelma SeZlos sam-uSao adgilebis Seqmna (gaixsnas axali ofisebi, fabrika-qarxnebi, sxv.).mniSvnelovania unarSezRuduli da socialurad daucveli axalgazrdebis xelSewyoba. saWiroa yvela regionSi daarsdes axalgazrduli klube-bi an centrebi, sadac axalgazrdebs SeeZlebaT miiRon is unar– Cvevebi, romlebic Semdeg daexmarebaT maT samsax-uris moZebnaSi. unda moxdes komunisturi mentalobis (“diplomi aris samsaxuris garanti”) Secvla.

13 sainteresoa, rom erT-erTma respondentma aRniSna, rom saxelmwifo dasaqmebis programebs axlgazrdebisTvis ZiriTadad wina-saarCevno periodSi marTavs xolme.

47


axalgazrda ojaxebi

mocemul kvlevaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo agreTve kiTxvebis bloki, romelic axalgazrdebis ojaxebs exeboda da mis mizans warmoadgenda maT winaSe mdgari problemebis, sxvadasxva so-cialuri sakiTxebis mimarT damokidebulebebis analizi.

qorwinebis ceremoniasTan dakavSirebiT axalgazrdebis um-etesoba (59%) Tvlis rom ceremonia unda Catardes rogorc eklesiaSi aseve mmaCis biuroSi, Tumca 35%-isTvis ufro mniS-vnelovania jvriswera.

ojaxis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT axalgazrdebis azri ufro erTgvarovania, 78% Tvlis rom ojaxis Seqmna aris yvelaferze da yvelaze mniSvnelovani.

axalgazrdebis 43% Tvlis rom mamakacisTvis ojaxis Sesaqm-nelad optimaluri asaki aris 25 weli da 17% Tvlis rom opti-maluri asakia 30 weli. qalebis SemTxvevaSi optimalur asakad 31%-s miaCnia 25 weli, 22%-s 20 weli da 26% 22-23 weli. rogorc vxedavT axalgazrdebis warmodgenaSi qalebi ufro adreul asakSi unda Txovdebodnen.

48


ojaxis Sesaqmnelad yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorad saxel-deba ormxrivi siyvaruli (89%), Semdegi mniSvnelobis faqtore-bia imave religiis aRmsarebloba (64%), saerTo interesebi (58%), sakmarisi Semosavali (56%), cxovrebiseuli Rirebulebe-bis damTxveva (54%).

gamokiTxulTa 92%-s ar smenia axalgazrda ojaxebisTvis saxelmwifos mier gaTvaliswinebuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb.

ojaxis SeqmnisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtorebi

54%

51%

50%

44%

34%

64%

89%

52%

58%

56%

ormxrivi siyvaruli

erTidaigive sarwmunoeba

saerTo interesebi

saSualo Semosavali

Rirebulebebis Tanxvedra

sacxovrebeli adgili

saarsebo minimumi

erTidaigive erovneba

sqesobrivi ltolva

maRali Semosavali

axalgazrda ojaxis ZiriTad problemebad saxeldeba finansuri mdgomareoba (92%), umuSevroba (71%) da sacxovrebeli adgili (55%).

axalgazrda ojaxis yvelaze mniSvnelovani problema

92

71

55

20

14

12

materialuri/finansuri

samsaxuri

sacxovrebeli

janmrTeloba

bavSvebze

zrunva/aRzrdabavSvebis ganaTleba

axalgazrdebis umetesoba Tvlis rom gacileba gamarTle-bulia Ralatis SemTxvevaSi (65%), fizikuri Zaladobis SemTx-vevaSi (46%), erT-erTi meuRlis alkoholze an narkotikul niv-

49


Tierebaze damokidebulebis SemTxvevaSi (43%), erT-erTi meuR-lis fsiqiuri aSlilobis SemTxvevaSi (17%), sxvadasxva Sexed-ulebebis gamo (16%).

gamokiTxuli axalgazrdobis 50% Tvlis, rom ojaxSi Svilebis idealuri raodenoba aris 3 - 50%; 2 - 25%; 4 - 12% (ix. grafiki).

bavSvebis idealuri raodenoba

1

25

50

12

18

4

1 2

3 4

5 7

miWirs pasuxi

bavSvebis raodenobis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad faqtorebad ax-

algazrdebi asaxeleben finansur mdgomareobas (90%).meore ZiriTad faqtorad saxeldeba janmrTeloba (47%), mesame

faqtorad – dedis survili (44%) da 43% procenti ZiriTad faq-torad asaxelebs sacxovrebel pirobebs (sacxovrebel adgils).

axalgazrdebis 99% Tvlis rom bavSvis aRzrdaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols idealur SemTxvevaSi unda asrulebdes deda da 97% Tvlis rom es asec xdeba. 88% Tvlis rom idealur SemTxvevaSi bavSvis aRzrdaSi mniSvnelovan rols unda iRebdes mama da 83% Tvlis rom realobaSi mama iRebs monawileobas bavS-vis aRzrdaSi.

gamokiTxuli axalgazrdobis 95% ambobs rom maTTvis fin-ansurad misawvdomia saxelmwifo baga-baRi. gamokiTxulTa 57%-isTvis finansurad miuwvdomelia kerZo baRebi da 66%-isTvis miuwvdomelia ZiZa.

saxelmwifo baRebTan dakavSirebuli problemuri sakiTxebi Semdegia:

baga-baRebis/baRebis arasakmarisi raodenoba (gansakuTrebiT regionebSi/ soflebSi baga-baRebi saerTod ar aris)bavSvebis didi raodenoba baRSi da Sesabamisad naklebi yuradRebis gadanawileba TiToeul bavSvze

50


gamokiTxulTa 96%-isTvis absoluturad miuRebelia mravalcolianoba, 94%-isTvis erTi sqesis registrirebuli qorwineba, 71%-isTvis absoluturad miuRebelia bavSvis gaCe-na qorwinebis gareSe da 65%-isTvis absoluturad miuRebelia qorwinebamde sqesobrivi kavSiri.

9

5

0

0

8

6

1

1

10

9.9

2.2

0.8

8

8

2

2

94

65

71

96

sqesobrivi kavSiri qorwinebamde

qorwinebamde bavSvis gaCena

erTi sqesis registrirebuli qorwineba

oficialuri mravalcolianoba

absoluturad misaRebi 2 3 4 absoluturad miuRebeli

kvlevis TiTqmis absoluturad yvela monawile aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifo programebi axalgazrda ojaxebisaTvis, ar ar-sebobs da arc igegmeba an maT amis Sesaxeb ar smeniaT.

kerZo biznesi

umuSevrobis maRali maCveneblebis da bolo wlis manZilze ganviTarebuli ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi, adamianebi sa-kuTari biznesis wamowyebaSi eZeben gamosavals. amasTan, xSir SemTxvevebSi, axali biznesis mimarTulebad vaWrobas irCeven, rac aseve bunebrivia, radgan aq axali saqmis dawyeba SedarebiT martivia, nakleb sawyis kapitals moiTxovs da am mxriv prece-dentebic mravalia.

Cveni respondenti axalgazrdebis 38% ganixilavs sakuTari biznesis dawyebis SesaZleblobas, rac arc Tu mcire maCvenebe-lia. Tumca imaTgan, vinc sakuTari biznesis dawyebas fiqrobs (377 respondenti) mxolod 25% (anu 93 adamiani) mimarTavs amisTvis konkretul qmedebebs. Tavad am qmedebebidanac um-etesad zogadi xasiaTis aqtivobebi gamoirCeva. magaliTad 54% (zemoxsenebuli 93 respondentidan) mxolod informacias agrovebs, xolo 23% biznes gegmaze muSaobs. sxva monacemebi am orTan SedarebiT Zlier mcirea.

agreTve sainteresoa, ra barierebs da Semaferxebel faq-torebs awydebian is axalgazrdebi, romlebic garkveul qmede-bebs mimarTaven sakuTari biznesis dasawyebad (93 respondenti). rogorc kvlevis Sedegebidan irkveva, mTavari barieri arasakma-risi sawyisi kapitalia 59%, xolo mis Semdeg modis gadasaxade-

51


bisa da valdebulebebis didi raodenoba - 10%, mesame adgilze ki 8% kreditis gacemaze uaria.

19%

2%

2%

8%

10%

59%

• 59% arasakmarisi sawyisi kapitali

• 10% gadasaxadebis, baJebis raodenoba

• 8% ar maqvs kreditis aRebis SesaZlebloba

• 2% eqsporti SeCerebulia

• 2% SeuZlebelia mogebis miReba

• 19% miWirs pasuxi

anu biznesis dawyebis winaSe mdgari pirveli rigis prob-lemebi wmindad finansuri xasiaTisa aris, rac qveyanaSi arsebu-li materialuri fonis gamoZaxils warmoadgens.

imave 93 respondentis (vinc sakuTari biznesis dawyebas apirebs) farglebSi dasmuli iyo kidev ramodenime SekiTxva, romelic kerZo biznesis dawyebisas da misi warmoebisas saxelm-wifos mxridan garkveul garantiebs exeboda. kiTxvaze “uzrun-velyofs Tu ara mTavroba dokumentaciisa da nebarTvebis ad-vilad xelmisawvdomobas” axalgazrdebis 50%14 dadebiTad pa-suxobs, xolo 30% - uaryofiTad. SedarebiT mcire pozitiuri maCvenebeli ufiqsirdeba sakuTrebis dacvis garantiebs - 40% Tvlis, rom SeuZlia darwmunebuli iyos, rom misi sakuTreba daculi iqneba. mogebis miRebasTan dakavSirebul SekiTxvaze ki dadebiTi maCvenebeli kidev ufro mcirea - mxolod 34% fiqrobs, rom saxelmwifo xels ar SeuSlis mas kargi mogebis miRebaSi.

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

kvlevaSi Cadebuli iyo kiTxvebis bloki, romelic afasebs respondentTa ekonomikur mdgomareobas realur da momaval drosTan mimarTebaSi, agreTve analizs ukeTebs maT damokideb-ulebebs ama Tu im ekonomikuri xasiaTis movlenebis mimarT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mimdinare etapze axalgazrdebis mxridan cx-

14 monacemebi mocemulia 93 respondentidan - konkretul qmedebebs mi-marTavs sakuTari biznesis dasawyebad

52


ovrebis donis Sefaseba sakmaod kargia. respondentTa 41% (1000 respondentidan) ambobs cxovrebis done umjobesdeba, 43% ki afiqsirebs, rom igive rCeba. gauaresebas mxolod 13% aRniSnavs.

naklebad pozitiuri damokidebulebebia saqarTveloSi umu-SevrobasTan mimarTebaSi momavali 1 wlis manZilze (ix. grafiki)

gaizrdeba

Semcirdeba

igive darCeba

miWirs pasuxi

17%

23%

31%

29%

momavalSi umuSevrobis Semcirebas gamokiTxulTa mxolod 29% varaudobs maSin, roca am mxriv situaciis gauaresebis prognozs 31% akeTebs. 23% miiCnevs, rom mdgomareoba ucvleli darCeba.

pozitiuri samomavlo mdgomareobis dafiqsirebisken aris midrekili axalgazrdoba, rodesac es konkretulad mis cx-ovrebas exeba. kvlevis farglebSi respondentebs 10 baliani Skalis mixedviT “yvelaze uaresidan” “yvelaze ukeTesamde” unda SeefasebinaT sakuTari mdgomareoba mimdinare etapze da momavalSi. mimdinare mdgomareobis Sefasebisas maCveneblebi ZiriTadad gadanawilda niSnulebze 3-dan 8-mde (respondentTa 92%), e.i. saSualo Sefasebebi dafiqsirda. rac Seexeba samomav-lo pozicionirebas, aq Sefasebebi ZiriTadad 5-dan 10-mde (re-spondentTa 90%) gadanawilda. am kuTxiT axalgazrdobis um-etesoba optimisti aris.

optimisturi damokidebuleba Cans pirad SemosavalTan dakav-SirebiTac. kiTxvebi dasmuli iyo piradi Semosavlis cvlilebis Sesaxeb bolo 1 wlisa da momavali 1 wlis manZilze. responden-tebis mxolod 14%15 ambobs, rom bolo erTi wlis manZilze misma xelfasma moimata, magram momaval erT weliwadSi xelfasis mo-matebas ukve 38% imedovnebs; bolo erTi wlis manZilze xelfasi 19% Seumcirda, samomavlod ki mxolod 4% varaudobs, rom Sesa-Zloa xelfasi Seumciron; bolo erTi wlis manZilze Semosavali 59 procentisTvis ar Seicvala, momavali erTi wlis manZilze mx-olod 29% varaudobs, rom Semosavali ar Seecvleba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kiTxvaze “SesaZlebelia Tu ara saqarT-veloSi Tavdauzogavi SromiT warmatebis miRweva” aTasi re-spondentidan 64% dadebiT pasuxs afiqsirebs, xolo 24% uaryofiTs, anu imedi, rom Sroma jerovnad dafasdeba, axalgaz-rdobaSi sakmaod didia.

amave blokSi kiTxvebi exeboda krizisis sakiTxsac da mis


53


gamomJRavnebebs. umetesoba ojaxebisTvis krizisuli periodi fasebis zrdasa (57%) da samsaxuris dakargvaSi (18%) aisaxa. re-spondnetTa 15% xelfasebi Seumcirda, xolo 23 procentze ara-nairi gavlena ar hqonia.

agreTve dasmuli iyo kiTxva “bolo 12 Tvis manZilze xom ar dagklebiaT fuli imisaTvis, rom Tqveni ojaxisTvis normaluri sacxovrebeli pirobebi uzrunvelgeyoT”, razec 32% dadebiT pasuxs scems (ix. grafiki).

ara,

64%

diax,

32%

ar

vici,

2%

uari

, 1%

ojaxisTvis normaluri sacxovrebeli pirobebis uzrunvelyofis problema

ara,

57%

diax,

41%

ar

vici,

1%

uari,

1%

ojaxisTvis aucilebeli sakvebi produqtebis SeZenis problema

SedarebiT didi maCvenebeli - 41% fiqsirdeba im SemTxveva-Si, Tu am kiTxvas aucilebeli sakvebi produqtebis SeZenaze davsvamT.

kvlevis farglebSi aRiwera ojaxebis mier sxvadasxva sayofacx-ovrebo teqnikis floba. Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilis saxiT.

telefoni (xazis) 78,4% kondicioneri 13,3%

televizori 98,9% mikrotalRovani

Rumeli ღუმელი 28,5%

interneti 50,7% DVD fleieri 39,7%

mobiluri telefoni 93,8% videokamera 15,4%

agaraki 35,8% cifruli fotoaparati

ფოტოაპარატი

26,7%

avtomanqana 35,7% musikaluri centri 33,1%

personaluri kompiuteri 49,1% WurWlis sarecxi

manqana მანქანა 2,3%

macivari 88,4% satelituri antena 12,0%

gazqura sacxobi RumeliT 87,8% tosteri 28,8%

avtomaturi sarecxi manqana 60,2% miqseri 73,5%

wylis gamacxelebeli 63,6% wvensawuri 46,1%

mtversasruti 49,3% samzareulos kombaini

კომბაინი 27,2%

eleqtro radiatori 24,0%

54


migracia

migracia qveynis SigniT

gamokiTxulTa 21%-s Seucvlia mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili saqarTvelos farglebSi, maT Soris 61% gadavida sacxovreblad Tbi-lisSi, 17% regionis centrSi da 14% raionis centrSi. sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvlis ZiriTad mizezebad saxeldeba: daojaxeba(33%), ganaTleba(21%) da dasaqmebis ukeTesi perspeqtivebi.

gamokiTxulTa 83% ar apirebs sakuTari sacxovrebeli adgi-lis Secvlas momavali 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

sakuTari qalaqis yvelaze did problemad axalgazrdebi miiCneven dasaqmebis programebs (70%), narkomaniis proble-mas (16%) da ojaxis finansur mdgomareobas (15%). xolo sa-kuTari ojaxebis ZiriTad problemad asaxeleben dasaqmebis problemas(42%) da mZime finansur mdgomareobas (26%)

70

16 158 6 5

das

aqmebis

programa

narko

mani

a

ojax

is mZime

fin

ansuri

mdgomareo

ba

ar aris

gas

arTobi

adgil

ebi

ganaT

leb

ismiReb

ispr

oblemeb

i

ganaT

leb

isdab

ali

done

qalaqSi arsebuli problemebi

ojaxSi arsebuli problemebi

4229 25

6 3 2

das

aqmebis

programa

miWir

s pas

uxi

ojax

is mZime

fin

ansuri

mdgomareo

ba

ar aris

problemeb

i

cxovr

ebis

arad

amakmayo

fi

leb

eli

pirobeb

i

maRal

igad

asax

adeb

iganaT

leb

issfer

oSi

55


regionis da Tbilisis axalgazrdobas Soris arsebobs gansx-vavebuli azri barierebze romlebic aris Tbilisisa da regions axalgazrdebis urTierTobaSi. dedaqalaqis axalgazrdoba ZiriTad barierad miiCnevs gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs (34%), es parametri regionis axalgazrdebisTvisac miiCneva barierad (13%), meore mniSvnelovan barierad Tbilisis axalgazrdobas miaCnia ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli done (20%), igive procentu-lobiT saxeldeba es barieri regionebSic (21%) da mesame Ziri-Tadi barieri aris – ganaTlebis gansxvavebuli done – Tbilisi (10%), regioni (28%). am monacemidan gamomdinare vxedavT, rom zogadad axalgazrdebi asaxeleben erTi da igive barierebs, ubralod gansxvavdeba maTi mimdevroba. Tbilisis axalgazrde-bisTvis mimdevroba Semdegi: gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi, gan-viTarebis gansxvavebuli done da ganaTlebis gansxvavebuli done, xolo regionis axalgazrdebisTvis ZiriTadi barieri aris: ganaTlebis gansxvavebuli done (28%), ganviTarebis gansx-vavebuli done (21%) da gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi (13%).

respondentebis azriT, did qalaqebSi Camosvlis Semdgom, axalgazrdebi saxelmwifos mxridan adaptaciisTvis aranair daxmarebas ar Rebuloben da mxolod sakuTar Tavze (niWze da unarze) arian damokidebulebi. ZiriTadi problemebi, romleb-sac qalaqSi Camosuli axalgazrdebi awydebian Semdegia: I ver naxuloben samuSaos, II sxvadasxva adilebze uwevT muSaoba, III uwevT sakuTar wvrili biznesis dawyeba, da IV uWirT binis qiris gadaxda16. gamoiTqva iseTi mosazrebac, rom regionebidan Camo-sul axalgazrdebi advilad adaptirdebian, radganac ar ganic-dian diskriminacias da xSirad Rebuloben qalaqSi macxovre-beli naTesavebisgan/megobrebisgan daxmarebas.

migracia sazRvargareT

16 wlis asakis Semdeg sazRvargareT namyofi aris gamokiTx-uli axalgazrdobis 19%, aqedan umetesoba (53%) namyofia erTxel, 17% orjer da 12% samjer. Tbilisis da regionebis ax-algazrdoba erTnairad aris namyofi sazRvargareT, Tbilisi (18%), regioni (18%), gansxvavdeba maTi sazRvargareT mogzau-

16 ~erT-erTi problemaa studenturi sacxovreblebi. roca Camodixar da aq ar gyavs naTesavi, unda iqiroa bina, fasebi ki katastrofulia. studenturi sacxobreblebi TiTqmis arcerT universitets ar aqvs da esec socialuri prob-lemaa”.

56


robis mizezebi. Tbilisis axalgazrdobis 52% namyofia saz-RvargareT turizmis mizniT, 15% ganaTlebis miRebis mizniT, 10% sacxovreblad naTesavebTan da 9% samuSaod. regionebSi aris radikalurad gansxvavebuli situacia. umetesoba namyofia sazRvargareT samuSaod (34%), didi wili modis agreTve dasve-nebaze (30%), 22% namyofia naTesavebTan sacxovreblad da mx-olod 3% ganaTlebisTvis.

gamokiTxuli axalgazrdobis 27%-s ufiqria sazRvargareT wasvla ganaTlebis misaRebad, 24%-s samuSaod.

48

52

38

42

39

51

10

10

11

sul

Tbilisi

regionebi

diax ara ar vici

respondentebis 48% ganixilavs momavali 2 wlis ganmav-lobaSi sazRvargareT ganaTlebis miRebis mizniT wasvlis Sesa-Zleblobas. Tbilisis axalgazrdobaSi aseTi msurvelebi ufro didi procentiT arian warmodgenilni (52%), xolo regionSi na-klebad (38%).

ZiriTadad saswavleblad wasasvlelad saxeldeba germania (26%), inglisi (22%), amerika (19%). Tumca Tbilisis da regioneb-is axalgazrdebis Sexedulebebi gansxvavdeba qveynis arCevaSic. Tbilisis axalgazrdebi asaxeleben qveynebs Semdegi mimdevro-biT: gemrania (25%), inglisi 25%), amerika (16%). xolo regionis axalgazrdebi ki: germania (27%), amerika (27%) da inglisi (10%).

im respondentebidan, romlebsac bolo 24 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ganaTlebis miRebis mizniT sazRvargareT wasvla ufiqriaT (ase-Ti 271 axalgazrdaa), 44% ukve dawyebuli aqvs saamisod mzadeba.

analogiurad iyo dasmuli kiTxva muSaobis mizniT sazRvar-gareT gamgzavrebaze (analogiurad bolo 24 Tvis manZilze). im respondentTagan, vinc zogadad qveynis datovebas apirebs (239 respondenti), 39% ambobs, rom samuSaod gegmavs wasvlas. am kuTxiT saintereso aris, rogor nawildeba miswrafebebi. muSao-bis mizniT sazRvargareT gasamgazvreblad yvelaze sasurveli qveyana aris saberZneTi 19% da es tendencia gansakuTrebiT

57


TvalsaCinod aris gamoxatuli regionebis mosaxleobisTvis (27%). Semdeg adgilze germaniaa 15% da gansakuTrebiT aris gamoxatuli Tbilisis mosaxleobisTvis (20%). muSaobis mizniT gasamgzavreblad momzadeba ukve 33% (239 respondentidan) aqvs dawyebuli.

zogadad yvela gamokiTxuli respondentidan 21% sazRvar-gareT mcxovrebi ojaxis wevri (-ebi) hyavs. 205 respondentidan (sazRvargareT yavs ojaxis wevri) umravlesobas 66% droebiT mcxovrebi mxolod 1 ojaxis wevri hyavs sazRvargareT. mudmi-vad cxovrebas rac Seexeba, gamokiTxulTa mxolod 18% hyavs sazRvargareT mudmivad macxovrebeli ojaxis wevri.

axalgazrdebis sazRvargareT emigraciis ZiriTadi mizezebi:

samsaxuris Zieba/ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobeseba swavla/swavlis gagrZeleba sakuTari Tavis realizebis survili (sporti, sxva miRweve-bi), risi saSualebac sakuTar qveyanaSi ar aqvs araswori warmodgena sazRvargareT fulis advilad Sovnis/gamdidrebis Taobaze

eqspertTa azri

axalgazrdebis emigraciis sakiTxi ori kuTxiT iqna Seswav-lili: qveynis gareT da qveynis SigniT.

respondentebis azriT, miuxedavad winandelTan odnav gamo-sworebuli situaciisa, axalgazrdebis mier qveynis datovebis survili jer kidev sakmaod maRalia (naklebad Tbilisis axal-gazrdebSi). respondentebis azriT saqarTvelodan qarTveli axalgazrdebi emigracia ZiriTadad xdeba aSS-sa da dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, da amis mizezebi Semdegia:

samsaxuris Zieba/ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobeseba

ra Tqma unda, rogorc yvela qevyanaSi, aqac axalgaz-rdebis gadinebis ZiriTadi mizezi ekonomikuri mdgomare-obis gaumjobesebaa... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

swavla/swavlis gagrZeleba

rasac vuyureb, visac saSualeba aqvs yvela cdilobs

58


saswavleblad Tu samuSaod, wavides qveynidan. SeiZleba bevri fiqrobs rom dabrundes, magram gasvlis survili bevrs aqvs. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

sakuTari Tavis realizebis survili (sporti, sxva miRweve-bi), risi saSualebac sakuTar qveyanaSi ar aqvs

ver xedaven adgilze sakuTari Tavis realizebis Sesa-Zleblobas. . . anu adgilobriv doneze ara aqvT Sesabamisi SesaZleblobebi. . . [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

araswori warmodgena sazRvargareT fulis advilad Sovnis/gamdidrebis Taobaze

axalgazrdebs mcdari warmodgena aqvT imasTan dakav-SirebiT, rom sazRvargareT martivia warmatebis miRweva, dasaqmeba da fulis Sovna. anu erTia rom adgilobriv do-neze ara aqvT SesaZleblobebi da meorea rom mcdari war-modgena aqvT martivad fulis Sovnis Sesaxeb. [arasamTa- [arasamTa-arasamTa-vrobo seqtori]

axalgazrdebs hgoniaT, rom iq advilad iSovian fuls, arada es ase ar aris. [samTavrobo seqtori]

aqve unda aRiniSnos axalgazrdebis qveynis SigniT migraciis sakiTxebi

axalgazrdebis regionebidan qalaqebSi migraciis prob-lemis gamomwvev mizezebad, respondentebi Semdeg sakiTxebs asaxeleben:

saxelmwifos mier regionebis/raionebis mimarT araswori poli-tikis gatareba (mag. Semosavlebis 80%-is dedaqalaqSi daxarj-va, araprioritetuli sakiTxebis pirvel rigSi Casma, sxv.)

Semosavlebis 80 procenti dRes TbilisSi ixarjeba. Tbilisi mdidrdeba da sofeli piriqiT Raribdeba. [ara-ara-samTavrobo seqtori]

regionebSi warmoebis SeCereba

59


regionSi rTulia samsaxuris Sovna. ar muSaobs fabri-ka-qarxnebi [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

regionSi infrastruturebis ararseboba

regionSi ar arsebobs aranairi infrastruqtura. ara-nairi struqturebi. winsvlis an realizebis sivrce. [saer-TaSoriso seqtori]

regionebis mZime socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebi (rac ax-algazrdebs narkotiebis, alkoholis moxmarebisken ubi-Zgebs da kriminalur dones zrdis)

axalgazrdebi regionSi Zalian rTul mdgomareobaSi arian, gacilerbiT rTulSi, vidre dedaqalaqSi mcxovrebi axalgazrdebi. es yvelaferi ki maT mavne Cvevebisaken ubi-Zgebs. narkotikebisa da alkoholisaken.. . [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

axalgazrdebisTvis garTobis saSualebebis ararseboba

garda imisa rom dasaqmebasa da yofiT problemebzea aq laparaki, axalgazrdas Wirdeba garTobis saSualebebi da kidev Zalian bevri moTxovna aqvs. Znelia am adamianebs moTxovo soflad darCena. [samTavrobo seqtori]

qalaqSi ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis meti SesaZleblobebis arseboba

soflebidan qalaqSi migracia marTlac Zalian didia... imitom rom iq ara aqvT maT ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba, ar SeuZliaT miiRon ganaTleba, dasaqmdnen, hqondeT infor-macia, Sesabamisad xdeba maTi qalaqSi migracia [arasamTa-[arasamTa-arasamTa-vrobo seqtori]

qveyanaSi arsebul SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb informirebu-lobis dabali done (kompiuterebis/intrenetis ararseboba)

regionebSi axalgazrdebis ZiriTadi problema dasaqme-bis garda aris is, rom isini ar arian informirebulebi. ar ician ra xdeba zogadad am qveyanaSi. ra gamowvevebi arse-

60


bobs, sad SeiZleba iswavlon, Zalian cotas miuwvdeba xeli internetze da kompiuterze. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

isini, sxva sainformacio garemoSi cxovroben, sxva so-cialur pirobebSi da ganviTarebis sxva doneze arian. .. . [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

regionis axalgazrdebs aqvT araorganizebuli Tavisufali dro da misi didi raodenoba

axalgarzdebis wamosvlis kidev erTi motivi, aris Tav-isufali drois problema, axalgazrdas gansakuTrebiT awuxebs, rom es dro gansakuTrebiT araorganizebulia. amas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs da TbilisSi raRaTq-maunda, gasarTobi ufro metia, rac izidavs axalgazrdas qalaqisaken... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

socialurad daucveli jgufebi

maSin roca sazogadoeba mraval sferoSi Zalian mwvave prob-lemebs ganicdis, es problemebi gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia so-cialurad daucveli fenebisTvis. am kuTxiT, pirvel rigSi, sainteresoa romel jgufebs aRiqvamen axalgazrdebi socialu-rad daucvelad, ra niSniT aniWeben maT daucvelobis statuss.

gamokiTxuli axalgazrdebi warmodgenebis mixedviT, 21% Tvlis, rom socialurad daucvel jgufebs fizikurad unarSez-Ruduli adamianebi Seadgenen, xolo 19% am statuss obol bavS-vebs aniWebs. 5% azriT socialurad daucvelis statusi aqvT agreTve gonebrivad unarSezRudulebs, xolo 3% azriT - siR-aribis zRvars qvemoT myof mosaxleobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom um-ravlesobas – 60% uWirs Sefasebis gakeTeba.

kiTxvaze, “gyavT Tu ara ojaxSi axalgazrda socialurad daucveli piri”, sul 3% pasuxobs dadebiTad da aqedan 1% gone-brivad unarSezRudulebis wilze modis, xolo 2% fizikurad unarSezRudul pirebze.

respondentebs agreTve unda SeefasebinaT gonebrivad da fizikurad unarSezRuduli adamianebis sazogadoebasTan inte-

61


graciis done. xuTbaliani Skalis mixedviT gamokiTxulTa 9% mi-iCnevs, rom zemoxsenebuli tipis adamianebi saerTod ar arian sa-zogadoebasTan integrirebulni, xolo 7% - srulad arian integ-rirebulni. respondentebis ZiriTadi masa (72%) saSualo Sefase-bebisken ixreba, xolo 12% uWirs am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.

kiTxvaris mocemuli blokSi agreTve fasdeboda fizikuri da gonebrivi unarSezRuduli adamianebis mimarT sxvadasxva uflebebis daculobis done. aRmoCnda, rom yvelaze metad samedicino daxmarebis miRebis (50% fizikurad unarSezRud-ulebisTvis, 46% gonebrivad unarSezRudulebisTvis) da sacx-ovreblis (TavSesafaris) uflebebia daculi (45% fizikurad, xolo 37% gonebrivad unarSezRudulebisTvis). yvelaze nak-lebad aris daculi muSaobisa da dasvenebis ufleba – respon-dentTa mxolod 25% ambobs, rom es ufleba daculia fizi-kurad unarSezRudulTa mimarT da 15% - gonebrivad unarSez-RudulTa mimarT.

saintereso monacemebia zogadad socialurad daucveli sxvadasxva jgufebis mimarT situaciur damokidebulebebSi (ix. grafiki).

97%

95%

96%

93%

15%

91%

88%

91%

87%

14%

88%

84%

87%

56%

18%

78%

74%

78%

42%

24%

imegobrebdiT Tu ara Tqven

mouwonebdiT Tu ara megobrobasTqvens Svils

aqtiurad imezoblebdiT Tu ara

daasaqmebdiT Tu ara Tqven rom iyoT

damsaqmebeli

problema iqneboda Tu ara

TanamSromeli rom gyavdeT

devnilebi usaxlkaro bavSvebi

fizikurad unarSezRudulebi gonebrivad unarSezRudulebi

62


rogorc vxedavT, metnaklebad pozitiuri da Tanabari mo-nacemebia mezoblobisa da megobrobis sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca am mxriv mainc SedarebiT dabali maCveneblebiT gamoirCe-va gonebrivad unarSezRudulebis mimarT damokidebuleba. axal-gazrdebi yvelaze metad problemas xedaven imaSi, rom socialu-rad daucveli fenis warmomadgeneli TanamSromeli yavdeT.

iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi

saqarTveloSi 1990-iani wlebis ori eTnikuri konfliqtis Semdeg dRemde Zlier aqtualuria devnilebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. miT umetes, am situaciis gamwvaveba im faqtmac gam-oiwvia, rom 2008 wlis agvistoSi17 am ukanasknelTa rigebs kidev ramdenime aTeuli aTasi adamiani Seemata.

gamokiTxuli axalgazrdebidan 5% devnilia, rac Seexeba ojaxSi devnili wevrebis raodenobas, monacemebi18 Semdegnairad nawildeba (ix. grafiki).

18 14 42 10 610

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

anu devnilTa saSualo raodenoba ojaxSi 3-dan 6 wevramde meryeobs – 76%19.

kvlevis farglebSi, ra Tqma unda, analizi gaukeTda agreTve iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa ZiriTad problemebs. kiTx-va esmeboda yvela respondents. amgvari SerCeva imiT iyo gan-pirobebuli, rom ufro saintereso iyo zogadad axalgazrde-bis damokidebuleba zemoxsenebuli problemebis mimarT da ara konkretulad mxolod devnilebis ganwyobebi.

gamovlinda, rom devnilebis udides nawils - 57% (1000 re-spondentidan), yvelaze metad sacxovrebeli garemos problema awuxebs (ix. grafiki).

17 igulisxmeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmoebuli ruseT-saqarT-velos omis Sedegad.

18 monacemebi mocemulia 50 respondentidan - devnilia19 gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom zogierTi monacemi SesaZloa statisti-

kurad aravaliduri iyos mocemul kiTxvaze SerCevis simciris gamo (mxolod 50 adamiani)

63


57

32

30

14

12

6

5

13

sacxovrebeli garemos problema

umuSevroba

rTuli ekonomikuri situacia

teritoriebis dabruneba

samSoblos datoveba

ar vici

socialuri problemebi

fsiqologiuri stresi

meore adgilze 32% dgas umuSevrobis problema, romelic zogadad axalgazrdebisTvis (da sazogadoebisTvis) erT-erTi yvelaze mwvave sakiTxia. Semdeg adgilzea saxelmwifoSi rTuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. danarCeni problemebi pirvel sams mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba da aRsaniSnavia, rom maT Soris aris agreTve teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis problema – 14%. TvalnaTelia, rom iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebTan mimarTe-baSi, socialuri da ekonomikuri problemebi bevrad ufro aq-tualuri aris axalgazrdebisTvis, vidre sxva, saxelmwifo mniS-vnelobis sirTuleebi.

sainteresoa axalgazrdebis damokidebuleba devnilebis mier konfliqtur regionebSi dakarguli an datovebuli qone-bis anazRaurebis mimarT. respondentTa mxolod 16% fiqrobs, rom es danakargebi kompensirdeba, 61% am kiTxvaze uaryofiT pasuxs afiqsirebs, xolo 23% uWirs pasuxis gacema.

rac Seexeba sakiTxs, Tu vin unda iyos zemoxsenebul SemTx-vevaSi kompensatori, respondentTa didi nawili 74%20 afxazeTs asaxelebs, 22% samxreT oseTs da mxolod 8% ruseTs.

respondentebs agreTve unda daefiqsirebinaT sakuTari damokidebulebebi saxelmwifos mxridan devnilebis mimarT garkveuli valdebulebebis Sesaxeb. maT amisTvis winaswar Se-muSavebuli debulebebi ekiTxebodaT. aRmoCnda, rom am kuTxiT axalgazrdoba TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesobiT yvela val-debulebas saxelmwifos akisrebs (ix. grafiki.)

89

95

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2

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2

1

2

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1

3

5

3

2

3

4

2

96

96

diax ara miWirs pasuxi

•sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa

•samsaxuriT uzrunvelyofa

•samedicino uzrunvelyofa

•socialuri daxmarebebi

•saxis sxvadasxva SeRavaTebi

•ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa

•daxmarebebi mravalSvilian ojaxebs

20 monacemebi mocemulia 159 respondentidan – fiqrobs rom danakargebi kompensirdeba.

64


axalgazrdebi SedarebiT naklebad midrekilni arian if-iqron, rom saxelmwifom iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi sam-saxuriT unda uzrunvelyos (6% uari) da maT garkveuli SeRa-vaTebi misces ganaTlebis sferoSi (4% uari).

65


ganaTleba

66


ganaTleba

ganaTlebis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania axalgaz-rduli politikis WrilSi, radgan misi TiTqmis yvela aspeqti mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli axalgazrdobis sakiTxebTan.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi ganviTare-bulma movlenebma, ra Tqma unda, ganaTlebis sistemazec moax-dina uaryofiTi gavlena. damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi arsebobda gancda, rom ganaTlebis sistema TiTqosda rbilad transformirda sabWouridan qarTul sistemaze. igive darCa saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis struqtura, standartebi, Sefasebis sistema, kurikulumebis Sedgenis wesi da a.S. samwux-arod igive darCa korufciac, ufro metic, damoukideblobis TandaTanobiT ganmtkicebasTan erTad, misi xarisxic matulob-da. swavlebis xarisxs rac Seexeba, igi korufciis matebis uku-proporciulad viTardeboda.

ganaTlebis sistemam axal relsebze gadasvla daagviana: pirveli, ganaTlebis kanonis dagvianebiT miRebam da meorec, am kanonis deklarirebulma xasiaTma da Seusruleblobam.

sistemaSi sagrZnobi gamococxleba da cvlilebebi dai-wyo 2003 wlidan da es saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa yvela dones Seexo dawyebuli skolebidan damTavrebuli umaRlesi saswavleblebiT. sazogadoeba sakmaod aqtiurad Sexvda xe-lisuflebis am kurss, Tumca dRevandeli gadasaxedidan am re-formebTan dakavSirebuli eiforia ukve gamqralia da, piriqiT, metia kritikuli mosazreba.

zogadad miRwevad SeiZleba CaiTvalos erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis sistemis SemoReba da ganaTlebis sistemaSi koru-fciasTan brZolaSi win gadadgmuli mniSvnelovani nabijebi. agreTve sxvadasxva wamaxalisebeli programebi miuxedavad maTi erTjeradi Tu mravaljeradi xasiaTisa.

miuxedavad amisa sazogadoebis mxridan did problemad aRiqmeba ganaTlebis standartebis cvalebadi xasiaTi, sasko-lo saxelmZRvaneloebis sxvadasxva variantebi da maTi wlidan wlamde cvla, mudmivi reformirebis Sedegad axalgazrdebis sxvadasxva TaobebSi gaCenili uTanxmoeba miRebuli ganaTlebis kuTxiT da a.S.

67


saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSirSi yofnis periodSic gamoir-Ceoda diplomirebulTa didi raodenobiT erT sul mosax-leze gaangariSebiT. 1990-iani wlebis stagnaciam da am siste-maSi ganviTarebulma korufciam ki am movlenas kuriozuli elferi misca: gaadvilda umaRles saswavleblebSi moxvedra, kursebis dasruleba da e.i. diplomis aReba, Sesabamisad kidev ufro moimata diplomirebulTa ricxvma erT sul mosax-leze, aman ki saboloo jamSi Tavisi wvlili Seitana umuSev-robis donis zrdaSi. diplomirebul da kvalificiur (Tun-dac deklarirebis doneze kvalificiur) kadrs, ra sakvirve-lia, SedarebiT maRalanazRaurebadi da prestiJuli samsax-uris miRebis ambicia aqvs, amgvari samuSao adgilebis ricxvi ki metad SezRuduli iyo saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis pirvel etapebze da SezRudulia dResac. Sesabamisad, am kat-egoriis kvalificiuri kadrebi SeZlebisdagvarad uars ambo-ben dabali kvalifikaciis samuSao adgilebze muSaobaze da av-tomaturad ewerebian umuSevarTa ricxvSi.

dReisTvis arsebuli situaciiT 16-30 asakobrivi jgufis farglebSi ganaTlebis statusis mixedviT pirvel adgilze dganan umaRlesdamTavrebulebi 32% (ix. grafiki)

0% umaRlesi 32%

saSualo 28%

dawyebiTi/arasruli saSualo 18%

arasruli umaRlesi (sami weli mainc) 11%specialuri (teqnikuri) 10%

samecniero xarisxi 0%

rac Seexeba ganaTlebis xarisxs, am mxriv arcTu saxarbielo situaciaSi arian saSualo skolebi da teqnikuri (saxelobo) sas-wavleblebi (ix. grafiki). sxva doneebze mdgomareoba daaxloebiT erTferovania, magram saukeTeso mdgomareobiT mainc gamoirCeva samagistro ganaTleba kerZo da saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi.

68


5

3

1

1

1

1

7

6

2

2

1

2

18

15

9

8

7

6

31

28

22

20

17

16

10

11

22

21

21

21

4

4

13

16

19

20

1

9

6

9

12

14

23

25

24

25

21

23

saSualo

saSualo-profesiuli

saxelmwifo (bakalavriati)

umaRlesi kerZo (bakalavriati)

saxelmwifo samagistro

kerZo samagistro

absoluturad uxarisxo 2 3 4 5 6 Zalian xarisxiani miWirs pasuxi

saSualo ganaTlebis aradamakmayofilebel xarisxs xazs usvams agreTve sxva monacemic. kiTxvaze “SesaZlebelia Tu ara umaRles saswavlebelSi Cabareba saSualo skolis ganaTlebis bazaze” mxolod 28% pasuxobs dadebiTad, 57% ki uaryofiTad (ix. grafiki). uaryofiTi aris damokidebuleba konkretulad saSualo ganaTlebis 12 wliani sistemis mimarTac (ix. grafiki), risi mizezic SesaZloa iyos is faqti, rom es reformac morig, bolomde gauazrebel nabijad aRiqmeba da tovebs gancdas, rom male isev cvlilebas daeqvemdebareba.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara umaRles saswavlebelSi Cabareba saSualo

skolis ganaTlebis bazaze

miWirs

pasuxi,

15%diax,

28%

ara,

57%

damokidebuleba saSualo

ganaTlebis 12 wliani sistemis mimarT

negati

uri,

60%

poziti

uri,

14%neitra

luri,

23%

miWirs

pasuxi,

3%

rac Seexeba araformaluri gziT miRebul saxelobo ganaTlebas, aq sakmaod didi monacemi fiqsirdeba – gamokiTx-ulTa 29% flobs garkveul xelobas. pirvel adgils 69%21 ikavebs qsova/kerva/qargva, xolo meore adgili mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba mas da 15% ukavia samSeneblo/saremonto samuSaoebs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom profesiuli ganaTlebis (xelobis) pop-ularizacia profesiebze moTxovnis cvlilebam ganapiroba. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gaCenilma mSeneblobis bumma avtomaturad gamoiwvia am sferoSi saWiro profesiebze moTx-

21 monacemebi mocemulia 294 respondentidan, vinc flobs raime saxis xe-lobas.

69


ovnis gazrda da umuSevar mosaxleobas biZgi misca axali spe-cialobebis dauflebisken.

saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg didi xania ukve aqtualuria sazRvargareT ganaTlebis miRebis sakiTxi. am mimarTulebis wina planze wamoweva garkveulwilad adgilobri-vi ganaTlebis sistemis maSindelma ususurobam da regresul-ma xasiaTmac ganapiroba. amasTan ar unda dagvaviwydes meore efeqtic: sabWoTa kavSiris farglebSi sazRvargareT gamgza-vrebac, araTu ganaTlebis miReba, did sirTuleebTan iyo dakav-Sirebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, sabWoTa barieris moxsnam avtoma-turad axalgazrdebis didi nakadi daZra ucxoeTisken.

1990-ian wlebSi sazRvargareT saswavleblad gamgzavreba gaigivebuli iyo studentur gacvliT programebTan, romleb-sac universitetebis xelmZRvaneloba akontrolebda. zemox-senebuli tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT ki aqac korufcia iyo Semaferxebeli faqtori mravali studentisTvis. mogvianebiT sazRvargareT swavleba konkretuli qveynebis universitetebis calkeul programebsa da konkursebs daukavSirda, xolo 1990-iani wlebis II naxevridan ki saqarTveloSi daiwyo dReisTvis yvelasTvis kargad nacnobi inglisurenovani testebis sistemis danergva, romlebic mniSvnelovnad aadvilebda sazRvargareT saswavleblad gamgzavrebas.

ucxouri ganaTlebis upiratesobas xazi gausva bolo ram-denime wlis tendenciam – saxelisuflebo struqturebSi (anu prestiJul) pirveli da meore rgolis Tanamdebobebze iniS-nebian swored ucxoeTSi, saxeldobr ki dasavlur qveynebSi ganaTlebaa miRebuli kadrebi.

miuxedavad am garemoebebisa, zemoaRniSnulidan mxolod SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom gaizarda moTxovna sazRvargareT ganaTlebis miRebaze, Tumca SesaZleblobebi TiTqmis igive darCa. gamokiTxuli axalgazrdebis 43% (ix. grafiki) miiCnevs, rom sazRvargareT ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba saerTod ar gaaCnia.

16% 14%9%

14%

6%

42%

SeuZlebelia 2 3 4 adviladSesaZlebelia

miWirs pasuxi

sazRvargareT ganaTlebis miRebisSesaZlebloba

70


xolo Tu am monacems davumatebT xuTbalian Skalaze 2 niS-nulTan dafiqsirebul 16%, aRmoCndeba, rom axalgazrdobis naxevarze mets ubralod warmoudgenlad miaCnia sazRvargareT saswavleblad gamgzavreba.

rac Seexeba praqtikaSi sazRvargareT saswavleblad gamg-zavrebasTan dakavSirebul problemebs, isini mravalferovania da, rogorc wesi, mxolod erTi konkretuli xasiaTis sirTu-liT ar Semoifargleba. Tumca aq aSkarad gamoirCeva finansuri problemebis roli (ix. grafiki).

0%

2%

8%

10%

22%

58%

ver vxedav raime bariers

ar maqvs survili

miWirs pasuxi

enis arasakmarisad codna

ojaxuri mizezebi

finansuri

sazRvargareT swavlis barierebi

enis aradamakmayofileblad codnis problema, rogorc vxe-davT, mxolod mesame adgilzea da mxolod 10% Seadgens.

samecniero sferoSi muSaobis survili sakmaod mcire raodenobas (15%) gaaCnia, miuxedavad magistraturaSi swavlis popularobisa da ganaTlebis zeda donis safexurebisadmi Se-darebiT pozitiuri ganwyobisa. im axalgazrda specialiste-bisTvis, romlebsac samecniero sferoSi muSaoba surT, mTavar xelisSemSlel faqtorebad saxeldeba dabali xelfasi (22%) da gaurkveveli momavali (19%). es ukanaskneli, safiqrebelia, imiT iyos ganpirobebuli, rom rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saqarT-veloSi sakmaod didi raodenobaa diplomirebuli adamianebisa da maT Soris axalgazrdebisa. aqedan gamomdinare maRalkvali-ficiuri samuSao adgilebis moZebna maTTvis sakmao sirTules warmoadgens.

rac Seexeba iseT monacemebs, rogorebicaa sazRvargareT zogadi ganaTlebis miReba, an zogadad ganaTlebis miRebis miz-niT sazRvargareT cxovreba, an kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mizniT sxvadasxva treningebsa Tu seminarebze daswreba, aq gamokiTx-

71


ulebidan imdenad mcire raodenoba pasuxobs dadebiTad, rom monacemi metad Sors aris validurobisgan da, Sesabamisad, ganx-ilvas da analizs ar eqvemdebareba.

gacilebiT sainteresoa zogadad saqarTvelos ganaTleb-is sistemis Sefaseba, gansakuTrebiT ki evropul da amerikul ganaTlebis sistemebTan SedarebiT (ix. grafiki).

12 7

1

22

4

5

20

6

6

21

13

14

12

25

22

4

23

20

2

27

30

2

9

2

qarTuli ganaTlebis sistema

evropuli ganaTlebis sistema

amerikuli ganaTlebis sistema

Zalian cudi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Zalian kargi

ganaTlebis sistemis Sefaseba aTbaliani Skalis mixedviT

grafikidan TvalnaTliv Cans, rom 10 balian Skalaze Sefase-bis gakeTebisas qarTul ganaTlebis sistemasTan SedarebiT ab-solutur upiratesobas aniWeben amerikul da evropul siste-mebs. am damokidebulebis mTavari mamoZravebeli faqtori, ra Tqma unda, is aris, rom zogadad qarTuli ganaTlebis mimarT dakargulia ndoba. bunebrivia, rodesac qveynis pirvel umaR-les dawesebulebas amTavreb, mis diploms iReb da Semdeg umu-Sevari rCebi, avtomaturad akeTeb daskvnas, rom arasaTanado ganaTleba mogces. imavdroulad evropul qveynebSi da amerikaSi ganaTleba miRebuli axalgazrdebi, sakmaod prestiJul da xSir-ad umaRlesi donis samsaxurebs iReben, rac agreTve avtomat-urad warmoaCens dasavluri ganaTlebis sistemis upiratesobas.

zogadad qarTuli ganaTlebis sferosTvis, rogorc ze-moTqmulidan gamoikveTa, rCeba finansebis arasakmarisi raode-noba. es exeba, rogorc adgilobriv universitetebSi ganaTlebis miRebas, agreTve sazRvargareT saswavleblad gamgzavrebas. er-Tiani erovnuli gamocdebis SemoRebis paralelurad, saxelm-wifom studentebis dafinansebis kuTxiTac gadadga garkveuli nabijebi. damkvidrda studentTa ganaTlebis miRebis nawilobri-vi dafinansebis sistema, romelic erovnul gamocdebSi miRebuli qulebis Sesabamisad ufinansebs axalgazrdebs swavlas. SesaZle-belia agreTve 100% dafinansebis mopoveba, Tumca es erovnul

72


gamocdebSi imdenad maRal SefasebebTan aris dakavSirebuli, rom mxolod aTeuli studenti Tu axerxebs mis mopovebas.

agreTve funqcionirebs grantebis saprezidento programa, romlis meSveobiTac gansakuTrebiT niWier axalgazrdebs saSu-aleba eZlevaT swavla ganagrZon evropisa Tu amerikis sxvadasx-va umaRles saswavleblebSi.

miuxedavad dafinansebis zemoxsenebuli wyaroebisa, did problemad rCeba sakuTriv umaRles saswavleblebSi swavlis sa-fasuris zrda. saxelmwifo cdilobs mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof universitetebSi xelmisawvdomi gadasaxadi SeinarCunos, Tumca am kuTxiT ukve sxva xasiaTis ramdenime problemas vawydebiT:

erTi, rom qveyanaSi sxva uamravi kerZo umaRlesi saswavle-belia, romelTac SesaZlebloba aqvT yovelTvis ufro dabali fasi SesTavazon studentebs da, amasTan, am kerZo saganmanaTle-blo dawesebulebebSic igive pedagogebi arian miwveulni, rom-lebic saxelmwifo universitetebSi aswavlian, e.i. swavlis im-ave xarisxs sTavazoben, ufro iafad; da meorec, qveyanaSi bolo aTwleulis manZilze wina planze wamoiwia ramdenime kerZo um-aRlesma saswavlebelma, sadac ganaTlebis miReba saSualod samjer da metjer ufro Zviri Rirs, vidre saxelmwifo daweseb-ulebebSi, magram es kerZo saswavleblebi studentebs ganaTleb-is dasavlur sistemas sTavazoben, romlis aTvisebis Semdegac dasaqmebis Sansi metia.

kvlevis monawileebSi saqarTveloSi axalgazrdebis ganaTlebis sistemis mimarT araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba gamovlinda. ganaTlebis sistemaze saubrisas, respondentebma misi Semdegi dadebiTi mxareebi daasaxeles:

dadebiTi

umaRlesSi Cabarebisas korufciis sakiTxis met-naklebad mogvarebaswavlebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba/Tanamedrove dasavlur standartebTan ganaTlebis sistemis SesabamisobaSi moyvana axalgazrdebis swavlis didi surviliyvela saganis Tanabari doniT Seswavla saboloo dajamebu-li niSnis misaRebad erovnuli gamocdebis efeqturoba (bavSvebs Tanabar pi-robebSi ayenebs)araqarTulenovan teritoriebze (mag. samcxe-javaxeTSi) qarTuli enis maswavleblebis gagzavna

73


uaryofiTi

ucxouri diplomebis upiratesoba qarTulTan SedarebiT sxvadasxva avtorebis saxelmZRvaneloebis didi raodenoba qmnis problemebs erTian erovnul gamocdazeskolis saswavlo wignebi/saxelmZRvaneloebi Zviria saSualo skolebi ver uzrunvelyofen adeqvatur sani-tarul-higienur pirobebs skolis infrastuqtura ar aris ganviTarebuli (araa bufetebi, saTamaSo moednebi, gaTboba/ganaTeba, sxv.) reformis araefeqturoba (skolis Semdeg moswavleebi ar arian mzad umaRlesSi Caabaron da maT kerZo maswavle-blebTan momzadeba sWirdebaT)Sewyda axalgazrdobis departamentis mier studenturi dReebis/ moswavleebis naSromebis konkursebis Catareba. universitetSi axali profesorebis dabali kvalifikacia da simcire saqarTveloSi ganaTlebamiRebuli studentebi saerTaSor-iso bazarze arakonkurentunarianebi arian.stipendiebis ararseboba/ simciredireqtorebis daniSvnis politika araerTgvarovani programebi skolaSi (skola TviTon irCevs programas)

ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi Semdegia:

xelmisawvdomia, radgan . . .

arsebobs ufaso saSualo skolebi (arsebobs vauCerebis sistemac); umaRlesis studentebs SeuZliaT swavlis paralelurad muSaoba;saxelmwifo socialuri programebi exmareba socialurad daucvel fenebs ganaTlebis miRebaSi; warCinebuli studentebi Rebuloben 100%-ian dafinansebas saxelmwifos mxridan; saxelmwifo afinansebs bakalvriatis programebs

74


araxelmisawvdomia, radgan . . .

saSualo skolebSi saxelmZRvaneloebis xSiri cvla arTu-lebs maT SeZenas skolebis saxelmZRvaneloebi, saswavlo masalebi (rveule-bi, kalmebi, sxv.) fasiani da Zviria socialurad daucveli moswavleebis didi segmenti (mag. quCis bavSvebi) uyuradRebod aris datovebuli komerciuli saswavleblebi, sadac swavlis done ufro maR-ali da Zviria saxelmwifo programebze/stipendiebze mxolod erTeulebs miuwvdebaT xeli

mecnieruli moRvaweobis saSualeba saqarTveloSi garTule-bulia gansakuTrebiT im dargebisTvis, romlebic did finansur danaxarjebs ukavSirdeba (mag. laboratoriebs moiTxovs) an saerTod Sewyvetilia zogierT dargSi (mag. fizika-maTematika).

mecnieruli moRvaweoba ar finansdeba/ar aqvs saTanado mxardaWera saxelmwifosgan; qveyanaSi arsebuli rTuli ekonomikuri pirobebi (mec-nierebi cdiloben datovon qveyana da TviTrealizacia moaxdinon sazRvargareT, mecnierebi gadadian momgebian dargebSi samuSaod, sxv.); saqarTveloSi zogierTi mecnieruli dargi saerTod ar aris ganviTarebuli; samecniero ganaTleba (aspirantura, doqtorantura) fa-siani da Zviria;

miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavlur diploms dasaqmebisas upi-ratesoba eniWeba, saqarTveloSi miRebuli ganaTleba mainc sakmarisia Tanamedrove realobaSi adaptaciisaTvis, vinaidan saqarTveloSi ganaTlebuli warmetebuli adamianebis bevri magaliTi arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, respondentebi aRniSnaven, rom es adaptireba ufro efeqturia, Semdegi pirobebis arsebo-bis dros:

axalgazrdas ganaTleba miRebuli aqvs karg, prestiJul an komerciul umaRles saswavlebelSi; axalgazrdas xeli miuwvdeba internetze, informaciaze;axalgazrda motivirebulia;

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miuxedavad imisa, rom respondentebis nawili Tvlis, rom saxelmwifo arafers axorcilebes an gegmavs saqarTveloSi ganaTlebamiRebuli axalgazrebis Tanamedrove realobaSi adaptaciis xelSewyobisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebisTvis an araferi icis amis Sesaxeb, respondentebis garkveuli nawili mainc asaxelebs rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve sxva seqtorebis programebs, romlebic am sakiTxebs exeba kerZod:

sxvadasxva saxelmwifo stipendiebi, programebi (mag. pr-ezidentis fondi), romlebic axalgazrdebs sazRvarga-reT ufro kvalificiur saswavlebelSi swavlisa da mag-istris an doqtoris xarisxis miRebis saSualebas aZlevs. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis grantebi (mag. britaneTis sabWoebis Civningis programa, sxv.)arasamTavrobo organizaciebi/fondebi (afinanseben ax-algazrdebis ganaTlebas, aZleven grantebs mecnierul kvlevebs, sxv.)

respondentebma gamoTqves mosazrebebi imis Sesaxebac, Tu ra unda/SeiZleba gakeTdes saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis sistemis gaumjobesebisaTvis:

skolebsa da universitetebSi swavlebis Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT ganxorcieleba;saerTaSoriso universitetebidan leqrtoebis Camoyvana da master klasebis Catareba; skolis pedagogebisaTvis kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli kursebis Catareba axali Tanamedrove meTodebis dasau-fleblad (saklaso samuSaoebSi meti interaqtiuloba, meti orientacia moswavleze, sxv.)swavlis periodSi axagalzrdebisTvis staJirebis uz-runvelyofa sxvadasxva dawesebulebebSi an imave univer-sitetSi/ institutSiaxali Taobebis ise aRzrda, rom sazRvargareT ganaTle-ba miRebuli axalgazrdebi dabrundnen da qveyanas moax-maron maTi codna. saxelmwifos mier moxdes ufro meti raodenobis axal-gazrdebisTvis ganaTlebis ufasod miRebis SesaZleblo-bis uzrunvelyofa.

76


enebis codna

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi mSobliuri qarTulis Semdeg yvelaze gavrcelebuli ena iyo rusuli. amas ganapirobebda jer erTi, istoriuli faqtori me-19 saukunidan saqarTvelo ruseTTan erTad, mis farglebSi viTardeboda da Zalauneburad iTavisebda kulturasTan erTad enasac; meorec, saxelmwifo moTxovna sabWoTa periodSi, rom oficialuri do-kumentacia rusulad unda ewarmoebinaT.

tendencia dResac SenarCunebulia. qarTul enasTan erTad (99%) saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis 84% rusul enasac flobs (ix. grafiki).

9984

61

11 4 4

qarTuli rusuli

inglisuri germanuli

franguli somxuri

enebis codna

Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavad enis codnis xarisxi ise maRali ar aris, rogorc sabWoTa periodSi, rac damoukide-blobis mopovebis Semdeg inglisuri enis popularizaciam da axalgazrdobis am enis dauflebisken miswrafebam ganapiroba. inglisuri ena mesame adgilzea, mas axalgazrdebis 61% flobs, Tumca Tavisuflad werisa da saubris doneze maCvenebeli aqac dabalia. Semdeg adgilebzea germanuli ena 11% da franguli 4%. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi macxovrebeli eTnikuri um-ciresobebis enebidan mocemuli kvlevis farglebSi validuro-bis CarCoSi jdeba mxolod somxuri ena - mas axalgazrdebis 4% flobs.

amasTan xazi unda gaesvas erT mniSvnelovan garemoebas: saqarTveloSi 1990-ian wlebSi momxdari eTnikuri konfliqte-bis gamo, romlebic kidev erTxel 2008 wlis agvistoSi gamwvav-da, kvleviTi kompaniebi umetes SemTxvevebSi moklebulni ar-ian SesaZleblobas afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis teritorie-bze awarmoon gamokiTxva. am problemis Tavidan acileba arc winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi moxerxda. swored am garemoebam ganapiroba is faqti, rom SedegebSi ar aris dafiqsirebuli arc afxazuri da arc osuri enebis codna.

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TviTrealizacia

respondentebis azriT, saqarTveloSi axalgazrdis mier sa-kuTari Tavis realizeba SesaZlebelia, vinaidan:

arsebobs ganaTlebis meti da ukeTesi saSualebebi wina periodTan SedarebiT; sazRvargareT codnis miRebis meti saSualeba;samsaxurSi ayvanisas yuradReba eqceva unarebis Sefase-bas da ara imas, Tu ra weria reziumeSi;skolebSi xdeba unar-Cvevebis swavleba, rac erTi sfero-dan meoreSi gadasvlis process aadvilebs;

respondentebis azriT, saqarTveloSi axalgazrdis mier sa-kuTari Tavis realizeba rTulia, vinaidan:

ar arsebobs axalgazrduli politika qveyanaSi, axalgazr-duli programebi cotaa an ar arsebobs;ar aris monacemebi kadrebis/profesiebis, moTxovna/miwode-bis Sesaxeb (rac iwvevs erT sferoSi didi raodenobis spe-cialistebis ganaTlebas da dausaqmeblobas, sferos Secv-lis sirTules da sxv.)saxelmwifo struqturebi xSirad mikerZoebulia da ar aZlevs Tanabari ganviTarebis saSualebas yvela axalgazrdas

saxelmwifo im axalgazrdebis bediT interesdeba, vinc TviTon surs, vinc isedac “gaqaCulia”. normalurad da Rirseulad ganviTarebis saSualeba, unda hqondes yvelas Tanabrad... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

qveyanaSi arastabiluri ekonomikuri (axalgazrdebi fiqro-ben ojaxis daxmarebaze) da politikuri situacia (agresiu-li mezoblebi, okupirebuli teritoriebi, sxv.)

... rodesac 19–20 wlis axalgazrdis pirveli problema is aris, Tu rogor daexmaros ojaxs, is veranairad ver Se-Zlebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis realizacias. is iZule-bulia imuSaos im sferoSi, sadac yoveldRiuri fuli iS-oveba [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

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ganaTlebis arasaTanado sistema;umuSevrobis maRali done;warmateba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli kontaqtebze (nacnoboba, axlobloba, sxv.)arsebobs arajanmrTeli garemo (revoluciuri, nacionalis-turi paTosi) axalgazrdebi garedan elodebian daxmarebas da TviTon nak-lebadmotivirebulebi arian;

respondentebis mier, aseve gamoiTqva mosazrebebi imis Sesax-eb, Tu ra SeiZleba/unda gakeTdes qarTveli axalgazrdebis mier sakuTari Tavis saqarTveloSi realizaciis xelSewyobisTvis:

qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgomareobis gamos-woreba, rac xels Seuwyobs biznesis ganviTarebas; axalgazrdebis gaaqtiureba;saxelmwifos mier prioritetebis da miznebis gamokveTa;realuri dasaqmebis programebis ganxorcieleba;ganaTlebis sistemis gaumjobeseba;

79


religia da kultura

80


religia da kultura

saqarTvelo xangrZlivi istoriisa da mdidari kulturuli memkvidreobis mqone qveyanaa, sadac miuxedavad Tanamedrove damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arc Tu didi xnis arsebobisa, sau-kuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda warmodgenebisa da Rireb-ulebebis sistema. qveyana Camoyalibda, rogorc marTlmadide-blur qristianobasTan asocirebuli erToba, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebda aziuri da evropuli prototipis elementebs.

1990-iani wlebis movlenebma, sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevam, saqarTvelo axali realobis winaSe daayena. manamde igi danarCen msofliosTan mimarTebaSi ar ganixileboda ise, rogorc calke aRebuli, TviTmyofadi socialuri da politikuri gaerTianeba da Sesabamisad arc srulfasovani wvdoma hqonda gansxvavebul kulturul faseulobebTan. danarCen msofliosTan uSualo kontaqtSi Sesvlam qarTuli kultura axal, vrcel garemoSi moaqcia da axali mimarTulebebi warmouCina.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam Secvala saqarTvelos mosaxleobis religiuri Semadgenloba. es iyo meqanikuri cvlileba, romel-ic nawilobriv imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom sazRvrebis gaxsnis Semdeg aq macxovrebeli zogierTi eTnosis warmomadgenlebi sakuTar samSobloebs daubrundnen (mag: ebraelebi, berZnebi); nawilobriv ki imiT, rom warmoSobili eTnikuri konfliqtebisa da ruseTTan politikuri urTierTobebis daZabvis gamo, rusu-li da osuri mosaxleobis nawilma saqarTvelo datova.

rasakvirvelia sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarT-veloSi TandaTan gaCnda bevri iseTi religiuri mimdinareo-ba, romelzec qarTuli sazogadoebis udides nawils manamde warmodgenac ki ar hqonda. miuxedavad amisa maTi mimdevrebis raodenoba dRevandeli monacemebiTac ar aris didi.

dReisaTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis religiuri Semadgen-loba Semdegnairad gamoiyureba (ix. grafiki)

2%

1%

1%

1%

2%

93%

sxva

mzisTayvanismcemloba

qristianoba

grigorianuli

islami

orTodoqsuliqristianoba

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upiratesi pozicia marTlmadideblur qristianobas uWiravs. kiTxvaze “religia Tqveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tu ara” 87%22 dadebiTad pasuxobs (ix. grafiki).

religia Tqveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovani nawilia?

uari,

1%

ar

vici,

2%diax,

87%

ara,

10%

amgvari damokidebuleba, unda vivaraudoT, rom myarad damkvidrebuli istoriuli da tradiciuli Rirebulebebis gamoZaxilia.

agreTve aRsaniSnavia, rom religiur ceremoniebze das-wrebis maCvenebelic sakmaod maRalia: mosaxleobis 46% Tve-Si 1-2-jer mainc eswreba reli-giur msaxurebebs, xolo 24% kviraSi erTxel mainc.

damoukideblobis mopovebam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina kulturul Rirebulebebzec. saqarTveloSi damkvidreba daiwyo musikis manamde ucxo mimdinareobebma, TandaTanobiT gaCnda gar-Tobis mravalferovani saSualebebi. axali mimarTulebebi war-moiSva TviTon saqarTvelos, rogorc saxelmwifos aRqmis mxri-Tac. gaCnda evropul sivrcesTan integraciis miswrafeba. yvela es faqti mWidro kavSirSi iyo axalgazrdobasTan. es ukanaskneli aqtiur monawileobas iRebda da iRebs yvela politikur Tu zogadkulturul movlenaSi da mniSvnelovan rolsac TamaSobs.

rogori tipis qveyanaa saqarTvelo

miWirs

pasuxi,

12%

orive,

44%

evropu

li, 30%

aziuri,

15%

mocemuli kvlevis Sedegebi xazs usvams yvela im sirTules, romelic saqarTvelos axal-gazrdobis winaSe dgas. Tumca dasawyisisTvis zogadad sain-teresoa, rogor aRiqvamen sa-kuTriv saqarTvelos, rogorc saxelmwifos. gamokiTxulTa 30% miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelo evropuli qveyana aris da mx-olod 15% Tvlis mas aziurad (ix. grafiki).


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niSandoblivia, rom calke gamoiyofa kidev erTi gardamavali pasuxi – evropulicaa da aziuric, romelsac 44% uWers mxars.

amgvari damokidebuleba, SesaZloa ganpirobebuli iyos ramdenime faqtoriT. pirvel rigSi es aris istoriuli TviTi-dentifikaciis problema: saqarTvelos XVIII saukunemde faqto-brivad ar hqonia evropasTan raime saxis politikuri, gnebavT kulturuli urTierToba damyarebuli; geografiulad moq-ceuli iyo aziuri tipis saxelmwifoebis rkalSi da Sesabamisad ufro metad maT gavlenas ganicdida. am daxasiaTebis mixedviT saqarTvelo aziuri saxelmwifoebis ricxvSi unda moviazroT, Tumca aq meore faqtori iCens Tavs. XIX saukuneSi evropuli fa-seulobebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi ruseTis gavleniT dai-wyo, radgan am dros Tavad ruseTic franguli, germanuli da sxva kulturebis mZlavr zegavlenas ganicdida.

sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis periodSi orive es tendencia garkveuli xniT TiTqos SeCerebuli iyo da garkveuli saxis sabWoTa prototipis Camoyalibebis mcdelobas hqonda ad-gili. miuxedavad amisa XX saukunis bolo aTwleulisTvis, rodesac saqarTvelo damoukidebeli gaxda, Sedegad miviReT gaurkveveli religiuri orientacia. sazogadoebaSi mkvidrad Camjdari aziuri tipis niSnebi isev Zlieri iyo, magram aseve gam-oirCeoda SedarebiT gviandeli, evropuli gavlenis niSnebi.

dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan Cans, rom damoukideblo-bis daaxloebiT oci wlis manZilze qarTuli sazogadoeba am mxriv win ver wavida da meti irCevs erT-erT gzas an amisgan damoukideblad, saerTod gansxvavebuli tipis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisken aris mimarTuli. politikuri orientaciis doneze saqarTvelo miiswrafis evropuli politikuri sivrcis wevrobisaken, Tumca sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli zogierTi stereotipi da zogierTi arc Tu ise mcire socialuri jgufis mentaliteti xSirad sapirispiros metyvelebs.

faseulobebi

sainteresoa rogor afaseben axalgazrdebi zogadad adami-anis pirovnul Tvisebebs (ix. grafiki)

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5%

7%

7%

8%

8%

11%

12%

13%

20%

39%56%

saTnoeba

Tavazianoba

RvTisniereba

mgrZnobiaroba

gulmodgineba

samarTlianoba

megobrobis unari

ganaTleba

sikeTe

gulaxdiloba

erTguleba

yvelaze faseuli pirovnuli Tvisebebi

pirvel da meore adgilebs Sesabamisad 56% da 39% ikaveben erTguleba da gulaxdiloba, anu Tvisebebi, romlebic ndo-bis faqtorTan arian dakavSirebulni. rogorc Cans, bolo aTwleulebis manZilze saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma movlen-ebma, eTnikurma konfliqtebma, samoqalaqo omma, mZime ekonomi-kurma mdgomareobam, xelisuflebis araarCevnebis gziT cvlam da zogadad politikurma arastabilurobam ganapirobes am max-asiaTeblebis win wamoweva.

zemoxsenebul monacemebs amyarebs agreTve kvlevis sxva Sede-gic: respondentebs unda daesaxelebinaT maTi azriT 3 yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori, sadac pirvel adgilze 40% gavida ndoba.

sakuTari cxovrebis wesiT kmayofilebis analizi aCvenebs, rom axalgazrdebis 69% sakuTari cxovrebis wesiT kmayofilia. amgvari arc Tu dabali maCvenebeli Sedegi unda iyos im mraval-ricxovani axalgazrduli programebisa, romlebic bolo wlebSi ganxorcielda saxelmwifos egidiT. Tumca aqac saxasiaToa gan-sxvavebebi asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT. 16-22 asakobrivi jgu-fisTvis kmayofilebis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia da 76% Sead-gens, xolo 23-30 asakobrivi jgufisTvis mxolod 62%. amgvari sxvaoba zemoxsenebuli programebis miznobriobiT unda iyos gan-pirobebuli: RonisZiebebi23 saxelmwifos mxridan, safiqrebelia, rom swored am qveda asakobrivi jgufisken aris mimarTuli, rac iwvevs kidec maTSi kmayofilebis gancdis zrdas. imavdroulad, zeda asakobrivi jgufis problemebs naklebi yuradReba eqceva.

23 wamaxalisebeli saskolo programebi, sazafxulo banakebis programa, “irmis naxtomi”, saprezidento stipendiis programa universitetebSi da a.S.

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TviTon kmayofilebaSic gamoiyofa ganmapirobebeli faq-torebi, romlebic agreTve sakmao interess iwvevs. im respon-denTagan, romlebic sakuTari cxovrebis wesiT kmayofilebas gamoTqvamen24, 50% ndobis aspeqts Tvlis amis mizezad da aseve 50% ki sxva adamianebis mimarT damokidebulebas. niSandobliv-ia, rom iseTi aspeqtebi, rogorebicaa kargi sazogadoebisadmi mikuTvnebuloba (18%) da warmateba (22%) dasaxelebulTa Soris pirvel aTeulSi ar Sedis.

mocemuli kvlevis farglebSi Cadebuli iyo SekiTxva, rom-lis meSveobiTac mezoblebTan urTierTmimarTebis konkretu-li situaciuri kontrolis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda sazoga-doebaSi axalgazrdebisTvis yvelaze misaRebi da miuRebeli fa-seulobebis analizi (ix. garfiki).

3%

4%

5%

5%

13%

36%

50%

77%

ramdenad misaRebia, rom Tqveni mezobeli iyos …

77% sxva erovnebis 50% sxva religiis mimdevari 36% crumorwmune 13% loTi 5% meZavi 5% aratradiciuli seqsualuri orientaciis 4% narkomani/narkomovaWre 3% gamcemi (CamSvebi)

aRmoCnda, rom axalgazrdebs Sorisac jer kidev sakmaod sustad aris damkvidrebuli progresuli faseulobebi an isini sazogadoebrivi azris gavlenis qveS eqcevian da umravleso-bisTvis misaRebi pasuxis dafiqsirebas cdiloben.

aqve SeniSvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom interviu pirispir tardeboda reposndentis ojaxSi, zoga-dad saqarTveloSi warmoebuli gamokiTxvebis specifikidan gamomdinare xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac gamokiTxvis process eswreba gareSe piric, xolo mocemuli asakobrivi jgufisTvis ki es gareSe piri xSir SemTxvevaSi aris mSobeli. aqedan gamom-dinare amgvari faqtebis dros axalgazrda xSir SemTxvevaSi un-eblied eqceva mSoblis azris gavlenis qveS da cdilobs SekiTx-

24 692 respondenti

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vebze misTvis misaRebi pasuxi daafiqsiros. am Taviseburebis gamoricxva da Tavidan acileba scildeba kvleviTi kompaniis da interviueris kompetencias, ase rom, am saxiT garkveuli cdomileba zogierT kiTxvaze dafiqsirebul monacemebSi, ra sakvirvelia, aris.

yvelaze misaRebi saqarTvelos axalgazrdebisTvis sxva erovne-bis mezoblis yola aRmoCnda (77%), Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom saqarTvelo mTeli Tavisi saxelmwifoebriobis isto-riis manZilze yovelTvis mravaleTnikuri qveyana iyo da aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoeba ufro Seguebuli unda iyos sxva eTnosis warmomadgenlis gverdiT cxovrebas da masTan urTierTobas, maSin dafiqsirebuli procentuli maCvenebeli mainc dabali Cans.

mosaxleobis TvalsazrisiT meore adgilzea sxva religiis aRmsarebeli mezoblis yola 50%. am maCveneblisTvisac mxed-velobaSia misaRebi erTi garemoeba: saqarTvelo Tavisi isto-riis manZilze mkveTrad gamoxatuli marTlmadidebluri qveya-na iyo, Tumca agreTve mudmivad iyo sxva religiis aRmsarebeli adamianebis sacxovrebeli adgili. XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi yofnam da mis farglebSi re-ligiisadmi devaluaciurma damokidebulebam, rogorc Cans Tavisi daRi daasva sazogadoebis da maT Soris, Tanamedrove axalgazrdobis ganwyobebs. saxeldobr, sabWoTa kavSiris Se-madgenobaSi religiuri damokidebulebebis gamomJRavnebis SezRudvam adamianebSi Seqmna garkveuli daukmayofileblobis gancda, xolo, rogorc ki am SezRudvebisgan gaTavisufleba moxerxda, sazogadoeba manamde “akrZalulisken” amoZravda.

amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia religiurobis erTi prin-cipi, romelic msoflios yvela xalxisTvis da yvela regionSi TiTqmis erTgvarovnad muSaobs: zogadad rwmenis gazrdas da religiurobis ufro Rrma doneebze25 gadasvlas sxva faq-torebTan erTad iwvevs sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli uimedoba, ganviTarebis konkretul etapze momxdari ubedureba, gaurkvev-lobaSi yofna, movlenebis kognituri analizis uunaroba da a.S. 1990-iani wlebis saqarTvelos sazogadoebas ki, samwuxarod, TiTqmis yvela zemoT CamoTvlili niSani gaaCnda da, rac Zlier mniSvnelovania, maTi gamovlinebis aqtiuri monawile iyo maSin-deli studenti-axalgazrdoba.

25 igulisxmeba Cveulebrivi, pasiuri morwmuneobidan eklesiis mrevlad, aqtiur morwmuned qceva, religiuri ritualebis Sesruleba, religiur cer-emoniebze sistematuri daswreba da a.S.

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aqedan gamomdinare man “saSvelis” Zieba im religiaSi am-jobina, romelsac saukuneebis manZilze icavda da inaxavda. paralelurad saxelmwifo politikis diskursad ganviTare-bulma fsevdonacionalisturma mimarTulebam sazogadoebaSi gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi macxovrebeli eTnikuri umciresobe-bis mimarT antagonisturi damokidebulebis gaCena, maTi ufle-bebis SezRudva. umciresobaTa nawili saerTod sxva qveyanaSi gadasaxlda, nawili ki konfliqtis Sedegad dakargul terito-riebze aRmoCnda.

am movlenebis erTobliobam jer erTi, rom didi roli iTa-maSa saqarTvelos religiuri Semadgenlobis cvlilebaSi da, meorec, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi darCa stereotipad qarTveli adamianis gonebaSi.

safiqrebelia, rom swored am mizeziT fiqsirdeba religi-uri Semwynareblobis aseTi dabali procenti (50%)26, miuxedavad saqarTvelos, rogorc saxelmwifos, evropuli orientaciisa.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos axalgazrdebisTvis yve-laze miuRebeli gamcemi (“CamSvebi”) – mxolod 3% da narkomani/narkomovaWre- mxolod 4% mezoblis yola aRmoCnda. agreTve negatiuria alkolohilzmis mimarT damokidebuleba – loTi mezoblis yola mxolod 13%-Tvis aris misaRebi. am kuTxiT mis-aRebobaSi, ra sakvirvelia, ufro is unda vigulisxmoT, rom am respondentebisTvis ubralod ar aqvs mniSvneloba, vin geyole-ba mezoblad.

religiur-kulturuli situacia saqarTveloSi Semdegia:

marTlmadidebluri eklesia ar aris loialuri qveynis sa-gareo kursis mimarT, eklesiis da saxelmwifos damokideb-uleba dasavleTis mimarT ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs;eklesia damoukidebelia da bevrad ufro Zlieri/didi ze-gavlena aqvs sazogadoebaze, vidre mTavrobas; marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi, mrevlis, gansakuTrebiT ax-algazrdebis raodenobam moimata da gaumjobesda krimino-genuli situacia; arsebobs religiis Tavisufleba da aravin ar iCagreba rome-lime religiuri kuTvnilebis gamo;

26 amgvari maCvenebeli SesaZloa damakmayofileblad CagveTvala, Cven rom saubari gvqondes romelime monoeTnikur (upiratesad aziuri tipis) saxelmwifoze.

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arsebobs marTlmadideblobis garkveuli dominanti (“gafe-TiSeba”) da axalgazrdebi gauazreblad Rebuloben sxva-dasxva dogmebs; imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelo demokratiul qveya-nas aSenebs, religiuri umciresobebi absoluturad ara-Tanabar situaciaSi arian da sxvadasxva konfesiebis Tu se-qtebis warmomadgenlebi iCagrebian; marTlmadideblur religias/eklesias arasasurveli gav-lena aqvs zogierT saganmanaTleblo sakiTxze (mag. axalgaz-rdebis gauTviTcnobierebuloba seqsualur da usafrTxo seqsTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze da sxv.); masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi negatiur zegavlenas axdenen kulturul faseulobebze;arsebobs eTnikuri tipis problemebi, kerZod eTnikuri um-ciresobebi xSirad verc qarTulad vercerT sxva enaze ver saubroben.

saqarTveloSi religiur-kulturul sakiTxebTan dakav-SirebiT Semdegi RonisZiebebi Catarda/tardeba:

saxelmwifo organoebi atareben sxvadasxva RonisZiebebs. kerZod: saqarTvelos axalgazrdobisa da sportis departa-menti organizebas ukeTebs sazafxulo banakebs, sadac sxva-dasxva konfesiebis bavSvebi xvdebian erTmaneTs da trening–seminarebi utardebaT. banakebis mizania bavSvebisaTvis imis gacnoba, rom sxvadasxva konfesiis adamianebis mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba saxelmwifos strategiuli mizania. Tbilisis meriis axalgazrduli samsaxuri atarebs Sexvedrebs eTni-kuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebTan. ganaTlebis samin-istros programa, romlis farglebSi eTnikur umciresobebs aswavlidnen qarTuls da sxv. marTamdideblur eklesiasTan arsebobs axalgazrduli or-ganizacia, romelic garkveul RonisZiebebs axorcielebs religiis sferoSi. arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi muSaoben axalgazrdebSi relgiur-kulturul sakiTxebze gaTviTc-nobierebulobis/ codnis donisa da Sesabamisad toleran-tobis gazrdis sakiTxebze.

88


eqspertTa azri

kvlevis monawileebis mier religiur-kulturuli situacia saqarTveloSi Semdegnairad iyo Sefasebuli:

marTlmadidebluri eklesia ar aris loialuri qveynis sa-gareo kursis mimarT da eklesiis da saxelmwifos damokide-buleba dasavleTis mimarT ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs.

... marTlmadidebel eklesias didi roli aqvs, Tumca eklesiis roli, mTel rig sakiTxebSi gasarkvevia da xSir-ad gaugebaric. Tu evroatlantikur integracias marTl-madidebeli eklesia miuRebel garemod aRiqvams, maSinN winaaRmdegobrivia saxelmwifosa da deda eklesiis damok-idebulebebi da miT umetes ar aris Tanxvedra am sakiTx-Si... eklesiasac loialuri damokidebuleba unda hqondes, qveynis sagareo kursis mimarT. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

eklesia damoukidebelia da bevrad ufro Zlieri da didi zegavlena aqvs sazogadoebaze, vidre mTavrobas.

mTavroba, eklesiis upiratesobas aRniSnavs. . . miT ume-tes 2007 wlis noembris aqciebis Semdeg, mTavrobam, se-riozulad dakarga popularoba. . . maTTvis eklesiasTan kamaTSi Sesvlac ki, Zalian saxifaToa [arasamTavrobo se-[arasamTavrobo se-arasamTavrobo se-qtori]

vfiqrob rom religias sakmaod didi zegavlena aqvs axalgazrdebze da didi roli uWiravs saxelmwifoSi, ara marto sulierad aramed politikis mxrivac. [arasamTav-robo seqtori]

eklesias Zalian didi gavlena aqvs marTlmadidebleb-ze, Tumca mniSvnelovania rom religiisa da saxelmwifos ufleba-moveleobebi sworad iyos aRqmuli. saxelmwifos Tavisi adgili aqvs, religias Tavisi. [samTavrobo seqtori]

marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi, mrevlis, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebis raodenobam moimata da gaumjobesda krimi-nogenuli situacia.

89


eklesiaSi, rom Sevdivar da iq vxedav amden axalgazr-das, me mainc Zalian mixaria... eklesiaSi, rom Sedian es ukve bevrs niSnavs. da es ukve Zalian kargia . . . am SemTxvevaSi, isini exebian, ara mxolod im WeSmaritebas, rasac religiu-ri WeSmariteba qvia, aramed, im faseulobasac, rasac sam-Soblo da winaprebi hqvia... [samTavrobo seqtori]

tendencia aris is, rom iyo aqtiuri morwmune. es erT-erTi moduri tendenciaa. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

mrevlma aSkarad imata, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebSi. amasTanave daiwia kriminogenulma situaciam da garda imi-sa, rom policia da sxva samarTaldamcavi organoebi aqti-urad muSaoben, erT–erTi mizezi albaT esec aris, gamom-dinare iqidan rom am mrevlSi Zalian bevria axalgazrda. [samTavrobo seqtori]

arsebobs religiis Tavisufleba da aravin ar iCagreba rome-lime religiuri kuTvnilebis gamo.

Tavisufleba namdvilad aris, me ar mimaCnia, rom viRa-cas romelime religiuri kuTvnilebis gamo Cagravdnen, Tu raime Cagvra arsebobs, es aris calkeuli SemTxvevebi, romlebsac adamianebi axorcieleben piradi survilebidan gamomdinare, magram es ar aris tendencia.. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

saqarTvelo imiT iyo ganTqmuli, rom Zalian toler-antuli iyo yvela religiis mimarT. . . . umciresobebis mi-marT, axalgazrdebi tolerentulebi rCebian da religi-uri Semwynarebloba aqvT. [samTavrobo seqtori]

arsebobs marTlmadideblobis garkveuli dominanti (“gafe-marTlmadideblobis garkveuli dominanti (“gafe-TiSeba”) da axalgazrdebi gauazreblad Rebuloben sxva-dasxva dogmebs.

... mainc arsebobs garkveuli primati ZiriTadi religi-isa, es aris marTlmadidebloba, imitom rom umetesoba am religiis mimdevaria. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

90


kultura sasurvelia ukeTesi iyos. axalgazrdas mo-eTxoveba rom ufro meti kiTxvis niSani dasvas da ar mi-iRos yvelaferi ise, rogorc awvdian. anu gonebagaxsni-loba samwuxarod cota naklebia. roca viRac geubneba rom es asea, ratom aris ase am kiTxvebis dasma ufro naklebia. Cvens religiaSi miRebulia marxvis dacva da a.S. ar svamen kiTxvas ’’ratom?’’ ras emsaxureba. siRrmiseulad ar aqvT gaazrebuli, ras ratom akeTeben. amas ufro gafetiSebis saxe aqvs. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelo demokratiul qveya-nas aSenebs, religiuri umciresobebi absoluturad araTan-abar situaciaSi arian da sxvadasxva konfesiebis Tu seqte-bis warmomadgenlebi iCagrebian.

“marTmadidebeli eklesiis msaxuri gaTavisuflebulia jaridan maSin roca arcerTi sxva religiis msaxurT es ar exeba. me imas ar vambob is ratom aris gaTavisuflebuli ubralod Tu Tanaswor uflebianebi varT sxva religiis msaxurnic Tanabar pirobebSi unda iyvnen. Cven gvqonda eseTi programa, rom gvsurda rusTavis cixeSi Segveyvana Cveni sarwmunoebis winamZRvari da eqadaga Cveni [musulma-nuri] sarwmunoebis mimdevrebisTvis, Turme aRmoCnda rom Cven ufleba unda migveRo sapatriarqosgan. Cemis azriT es usamarTlobaa”. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

saqarTveloSi religia da kultura erTmaneTTan aris gadajaWvuli, Sesabamisad esec SeiZleba erT–erTi pro-blema iyos. axalgazrdas Tu aqvs sxva religiuri Sexedu-lebebi, Tu aris sxva religiis mimdevari, sazogadoebaSi in-tegracia SeiZleba gauWirdes... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

rac Seexeba sxva konfesiebs, imata sxvadasxva seqtebis aqtivobebmac da yvelaze didi problema is aris rom xde-ba xolme dapirispirebebi, igive axalgazrdebs Sorisac. [samTavrobo seqtori]

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi negatiur zegavlenas axdenen kulturul faseulobebze.

91


rac Seexeba, kulturas, me mainc mgonia... rom Cveni masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, cota ufro jansaR politikas unda eweodnen, isini maradiuli, erovnuli, Tu sakacobrio faseulobebis, devalvacias uwyoben xels. arc Tu ise, maRalmxatvruli Rirebulebis, nawarmoebebis propagandiT da imavdroulad erovnuli, Rirebuli, fa-seulobebis, arapropagandiT. amaSi saxelmwifo davadana-SauloT, ar iqneba marTali, radgan, mainc me mgonia, rom televizia, me xazs vusvam, mainc damoukidebeli sivrcea. [samTavrobo seqtori]

arsebobs eTnikuri tipis problemebi, kerZod eTnikuri um-ciresobebi qarTulad da xSirad verc erT sxva enaze ver saubroben.

am mxriv aris problemebi... aq araa saubari raime da-pirispirebaze, problemaa am jgufebis CarTuloba qveynis cxovrebaSi... umravlesoba ver flobs im enas, romel qvey-anaSic cxovrobs. amitom maTi integrireba Zalian rTu-lad mimdinareobs... Zalian neli nabijebiT... regionebSi es problema ufro mwvavea. xSir SemTxvevaSi ver saubroben verc qarTulad, verc rusulad.. zogi Tavis enazec Zlivs laparakobs. [samTavrobo seqtori]

saqarTveloSi religiur-kulturuli situaciis gaumjo-besebis mizniT saxelmwifos da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi sxvadasxva Ronisebebs atareben.

sazafxulo banakebSi 100 000–mde bavSvma daisvena da Cven vcdilobT rom CavataroT sxvadasxva saxis trening–seminarebi. aq erTad isveneben marTlmadidebeli, kaToli-ke, musulmani, iaRoveli bavSvebi. Cven vcdilobT maT au-xsnaT, rom erTad unda vicxovroT da Tanacxovreba aris qveynis erT–erTi prioritetuli interesi. [samTavrobo seqtori]

gvqonda maTTan [eTnikur umciresobis warmomad-genlebTan] Sexvedra da SevTanxmdiT rom maqsimalurad xels SevuwyobT rom moxdes maTi integrireba.... TviTon

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ganaTlebis saministros hqonda “soflis maswavleblis” programa. Cadiodnen adgilze da qarTul enas aswavlid-nen.. [samTavrobo seqtori]

marTamdideblur eklesiasTan arsebobs axalgazrduli or-ganizacia, romelic garkveul RonisZiebebs axorcielebs religiis sferoSi.

.... igive marTlmadideblur eklesias gaaCnia Tavisi ax-algazrduli organizacia, romelic garkveul RonisZie-bebs atarebs... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi muSaoben axalgazrdebSi relgiur-kulturuli codnis donisa da Se-sabamisad tolerantobis gazrdis sakiTxebze.

Cveni muSaobis erT–erTi Tema kulturaTa Soris ganaTlebaa, romelSic aseve Sedis religiac, Cemi azriT bavSvebma Tavidanve kargad unda icodnen Tu ras warmoad-gens sxva religia, ras niSnavs rom iyo grigorianuli re-ligiis mimdevari, ras niSnavs rom iyo musulmani, ubral-od es unda moxdes ara Tavzemoxvevis mizniT, aramed in-formaciis TvalsazrisiT.. . .. . . . [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

arian arasamTavroboebi, romlebic am kuTxiT muSao-ben, isini dakompleqtebulebi arian umciresobebis war-momadgenlebiT. maT ician es problematika da cdiloben moagvaron. waxaliseba xdeba aseve saerTaSorisoebis mxri-dan. rac ufro CarTulia umciresobis warmomadgeneli, miT ufro grZnobs Tavs qveynis moqalaqed. qarTuli enis swavlebis programebi ZiriTadad tardeba somxebiTa da azerbaijanelebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi. mniSvnelo-vania rom maT icodnen im qveynis ena, sadac cxovroben da iyvnen adaptirebulni. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

93


garToba Tavisufali dro

saintereso monacemebi dafiqsirda garTobis im saxeebTan dakavSirebiTac, romlebsac qarTuli axalgazrdoba mimar-Tavs. kiTxvaze “bolo 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi garTobis romeli saSualebisTvis migimarTavT” Seuryevel pirvel pozicias, ra Tqma unda, televizoris yureba (86%)27 inarCunebs, rac albaT arc unda iyos gasakviri. amasTan es garTobis iseTi saSualebaa, romelsac yoveldRiurad mimarTaven. meore adgils 67% mego-brebTan urTierToba ikavebs da mxolod mis Semdeg modis musi-kis mosmena 55%. rac Seexeba internets, igi mxolod mexuTe adg-ilzea 41%, kompiuteruli TamaSebi ki me-12 adgilze 12%. ai es monacemi ukve interess iwvevs:

Tanamedrove samyaros ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis umetesi sazogadoebisTvis, sadac teqnikurma progresma da komunika-ciebis ganviTarebam srulfasovnad SeaRwia, ra Tqma unda, did deficits warmoadgens adamianuri urTierTobebi. zemoxsen-ebul qveynebSi, rogorc wesi analogiuri gamokiTxvebis Sede-gebSi (gansakuTrebiT, rodesac kvlevebi axalgazrdebs exeba), analogiur kiTxvebze pirveli adgilebi internets, videoTama-Sebs (onlain TamaSebs), musikas ukavia. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi megobrebTan urTierTobis erT-erT pirvel garTobis saSuale-bad dasaxeleba SeiZleba ori garemoebiT avxsnaT: erTi, rac mar-tivi deduqciiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Cvens qveyanaSi jer im donemde ar aris ganviTarebuli komunikaciis SedarebiT ax-ali saxeebi (interneti), imdenad masobrivad ar aris gavrcele-buli, rom moaxerxos adamianuri urTierTobebis Canacvleba; da meore, rom es procesi dawyebulia da Seuqcevadia, ubralod garkveuli dro sWirdeba.

aqve SeniSvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom SesaZloa zemoxsenebul sakiTxSi erT-erT faqtors, qarTuli sazogadoebis kulturu-li Taviseburebis rolic asrulebs. saxeldobr, adamianebTan urTierTobis, megobrebTan damokidebulebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, romelic garTobis tradiciul saSualebebSi vlin-deba. garTobis im saSualebebSi, romlebsac yoveldRiurad mi-marTaven axalgazrdebi me-10 adgils ikavebs stumrebis miReba/

27 monacemi mocemulia 857 respondentidan (yoveldRiurad mimarTavs garTobis konkretul saSualebas)

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gamaspinZleba (22%), magram pirvel adgilzea (50%)28 im saSuale-baTagan, romlebsac kviraSi ramdenjerme mimarTaven.

televiziis mimarT damokidebulebas rac Seexeba, am kuTxiT situacia martivi aRsaqmelia. satelevizio arxebidan bazarze lideroben “imedi” da “rusTavi 2”. axalgazrdebis TiTqmis Tana-bari raodenoba uyurebs TiToeul maTgans: “imedis” auditoria 41%, xolo “rusTavi 2-is” auditoria 40% Seadgens. mesame-meoTxe adgilebs 2%-2% inawileben da liderebs Zlier CamorCebian “saqarTvelo” da “alania”. sxva arxebisa da, maT Soris, sazoga-doebrivi mauwyeblis monacemebi aravalidurobamde mcirea.

metad sainteresoa musikaluri mimarTulebebisadmi damok-idebuleba. axalgazrdebis 23%29 qarTuli estradis auditorias warmoadgens da am monacemiT pirvel adgilzea. meore adgili mas mxolod ramdenime meaTediT CamorCeba da damrgvalebis SemTx-vevaSi analogiurad 23% gvaZlevs, Tumca aq ukve sami musika-luri mimdinareoba aris gaerTianebuli – roki, popi da jazi.

7%

0%0%

1%1%

12%

12%16%

17%18%

23%

23%

miWirs pasuxi

repi

azerbaijanuli estrada

souli

ar vusmen

Tanamedrove/alternativa

rusuli estrada

folklori

klasika

ucxouri estrada

roki/popi/jazi

qarTuli estrada

romel musikas usmenT

mesame, meoTxe da mexuTe adgilebs isev daaxloebiT Tana-bari procentuli maCvenebliT ikaveben ucxouri estrada (18%), klasika (17%) da xalxuri simRerebi (16%). aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad winamdebare kvlevis Sedegebis specifikisa (respon-dentebis dabali asaki), metad dabali maCvenebeli (0.1% rac ra Tqma unda aravaliduria) ufiqsirdeba reps, rogorc musika-lur mimdinareobas.

28 monacemi mocemulia 68 respondentidan (kviraSi ramdenjerme mimar-Tavs garTobis konkretul saSualebas)


95


janmrTeloba

96


janmrTeloba

axalgazrdebis iseve, rogorc zogadad adamianis janmrTe-loba ramdenime mniSvnelovan faqtorzea damokidebuli. maT So-ris yvelaze mniSvnelovania saarsebo garemo da cxovrebis wesi. am ukanasknelSi erTiandeba agreTve konkretuli sazogadoe-bisadmi tradiciulad mikuTvnebuli wesCveulebebi, romelTa nawilic xSir SemTxvevebSi Zlier cud gavlenas axdens janmrTe-lobis mdgomareobaze.

sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi saqarTveloSi samedicino ganaTleba mniSvnelovnad iyo SezRuduli uaxlesi miRwevebis danergvis kuTxiT30 da amdenad xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac dasavluri saxelmwifoebisTvis ukve daZleul daavadebebs aq ver umklavdebodnen.

aRniSnulze ufro mniSvnelovani problemebi warmoSva sab-WoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgomma periodma. faqtobrivad aR-moCnda, rom qarTuli medicinac iseve CamoSorda sawyissa da resursebis wyaros, rogorc ekonomika, politika da sxv. es dRevandeli gadasaxedidanac naTeli xdeba – miuxedavad kargi specialistebis arsebobisa da profesionalebis sakmaod didi ricxvisa, mxolod bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze Tu moxerxda adgilobrivi saavadmyofoebis ramdenime erTeuli iseTi samedi-cino teqnikiT aRWurva, romelic ganviTarebul saxelmwifoeb-Si didi xania fufunebas aRar warmoadgens, TiTqmis yoveldRi-ur aucileblobad iqca, CvenTvis ki xSirad iseTi fufunebaa, romlis uflebasac Tavs ver vaZlevT. agreTve bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze gaxSirda kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad sazR-vargareTis qveynebSi profesionalebis gamgzavreba da zoga-dad gacvliTi programebi; inovaciuri samedicino proeqtebi, romlebic sxva qveynebTan erTad xorcieldeba, da romlebic damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi did iSviaTobas warmoadgenda.

janmrTelobis dacvis sferosTvis agreTve did problemas warmoadgenda samedicino momsaxurebis Sesaxeb kanonis (Tundac maregulirebeli aqtebis) ararseboba. amgvari dokumentis mniS-vneloba mxolod maSin gaxda yvelasTvis TvalnaTeli, rodesac pacientebze samedicino Carevis ramdenime SemTxveva, samwuxarod, letalurad dasrulda da maTma ojaxis wevrebma saCivrebiT sasa-marTlos mimarTes. kanonze muSaobac am faqtebis Semdeg daiwyo.

30 Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom zogadad medicinis ganviTarebis kuTxiT sab-WoTa kavSiris farglebSi saqarTvelos erT-erTi pirveli adgili eWira.

97


dasavlur qveynebSi aRiarebuli standartebis mixedviT ax-algazrdebis winaSe mdgar problemad miiCneva agreTve aras-akmarisi ganaTleba sqesobrivi cxovrebisa da reproduqciis sakiTxebSi. qveda asakobrivi jgufebisTvis sqesobriv cxovre-baze informaciis mimwodebeli wyaro wlebis manZilze ZiriTa-dad interneti, sxvadasxva Jurnalebi da megobrebi iyvnen. am kuTxiT bolo wlebis manZilze garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga qarTuli ganaTlebis sistemis mier - zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi CaSvebul iqna mokle saswavlo kursi31, romelic mo-swavleebisTvis zemoxsenebul sakiTxebSi sabaziso codnis mi-wodebas isaxavs miznad. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom sazogadoe-bis didi nawili am reformas uaryofiTad Sexvda, rac isev imaze metyvelebs, rom xalxi mentalurad ar aris bolomde mzad ms-gavsi saxis reformebis gatarebisTvis da xelisuflebis mxri-dan amgvari nabijebi sazogadoebisTvis fsevdofaseulobebis Tavze moxvevis mcdelobad aRiqmeba.

dRevandeli dRisTvis saqarTvelos konstituciiT jan-mrTelobis ufleba garantirebulia saqarTvelos yvela mo-qalaqisTvis. Tumca sainteresoa ra mdgomareoba gvaqvs saxeze realurad; ramdenad pozitiuri Tu negatiuri aRqmebi aqvT ax-algazrdebs da konkretulad ra problemebi awuxebT.

dasawyisSive unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, 16-30 asakobriv jgufSi respondentebi midrekilni arian ufro pozitiuri pasuxebis dafiqsirebisken, vidre zeda asako-brivi jgufebi. ratom?

erTi, rom sayovelTao tendenciis mixedviT zogadad pozi-tiuri ganwyoba asakis matebis ukuproporciulia, da meorec, saqarTvelos sazogadoebis specifikidan gamomdinare moce-muli kvlevis miznobrivi jgufis wevrebi xSirad jer kidev mSoblebTan erTad cxovroben, maTi meurveobisa da finansuri mxardaWeris qveS imyofebian, zog SemTxvevaSi ki mSobels maT mimarT am asakSic (16-30) ki marCenlis statusi aqvs SenarCuneb-uli. Sesabamisad aseTi axalgazrdebis winaSe naklebi problema da sirTule dgas. xSir SemTxvevaSi isini TviTonve aRiqvamen sa-kuTar Tavs bavSvebad, garkveuli saxiT infantilizmis CarCoSi eqcevian da, aqedan gamomdinare, ufro metad midrekilni arian pozitivizmisken.

31 sazogadoebis erTi nawilis mwvave reaqciis Semdeg xsenebuli kursis damtkiceba mcire xniT SeaCeres, Tumca Semdeg isev ganaxlda.

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saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis 45%32 sakuTari janmrTelo-bis mdgomareobas xuTbaliani Skalis mixedviT Zalian kargad afasebs (ix. grafiki)

1% 1% 3% 6%

24%19%

45%

2%

gad

audeb

eli

samed

icin

oCareva

2 3 4 5 6

Zalian

kargi

miWir

spasuxi

janmrTelobis mdgomareoba

zogadi damokidebulebis mixedviT ki ufro pozitiuri mo-nacemi fiqsirdeba: Tu gavaerTianebT 5, 6 da 7 niSnulis monace-mebs, Sedegad miviRebT, rom axalgazrdebis daaxloebiT 88% kmayofilia sakuTari janmrTelobis mdgomareobiT.

zemoT mocemul pozitiur Sedegebs amyarebs kvlevis far-glebSi dasmuli kidev erTi SekiTxva, romelic wina dRisiT gancdil grZnobebs exeba. es SekiTxvac yvela (1000) respondents daesva. Sedegebidan irkveva, rom kiTxvaze “ras grZnobdiT guSin” 66% pasuxobs kmayofilebas, 55% - bednierebas, xolo negatiuri grZnobebi bevrad CamorCebian am monacemebs - magali-Tad sibrazes mxolod 29% grZnobda, xolo SfoTs - 14%. e.i. ax-algazrdebis umetesoba sakuTar janmrTelobasa da zogad gan-wyobas dadebiTi niSniT afasebs.

miuxedavad amgvari pozitiuri Sefasebebisa, ra Tqma unda, nebismier adamians garkveuli samedicino momsaxureba periodu-lad mainc sWirdeba. momsaxurebis xarisxze sazogadoebaSi mud-mivad mimdinareobs msjeloba da damoukideblobis mopovebidan TiTqmis 20 wlis Semdegac ki TiTqos ufro metia uaryofiTi STabeWdilebebi, rac SesaZloa samedicino dawesebulebebisad-mi molodinebisa da realur mdgomareobas Soris didi sxvaobis mizeziTac xdebodes. magram zogadad sainteresoa, ramdenad xe-lmisawvdomia ama Tu im kategoriis samedicino dawesebulebis momsaxureba axalgazrdebisTvis.

1990-iani wlebis pirvelma naxevarma saSineli gavlena moax-dina saqarTvelos janmrTelobis dacvis sistemaze. faqtobri-vad mTlianad moiSala yvela done, dawyebuli pirveladi sas-


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wrafo daxmarebidan da dasrulebuli stacionaruli samedi-cino momsaxurebiT. amgvar situaciaSi, ra Tqma unda, saerTod zedmetia raime saxis momsaxurebis xarisxze saubari. sistemaSi gamococxleba 90-iani wlebis bolodan da, ufro swrafi tempiT ki, 2004-2005 wlebidan daiwyo, Tumca mxolod ramdenime konkre-tuli mimarTulebiT. yvelaze did miRwevad, maT Soris, pirve-ladi saswrafo daxmarebis jerovnad organizeba da aRWurva iTvleba, Tumca azrTa sxvadasxvaoba aqac arsebobs. am kuTxiT naklebi yuradReba eqceva regionebs - saqarTveloSi jer kidev aris soflebi da dasaxlebuli punqtebi, sadac saswrafo dax-marebis jgufebi an saerTod ver axerxeben misvlas an/da 1 saa-Ti da meti dro sWirdebaT. meore mimarTulebiT mdgomareo-bis gaumjobeseba ZiriTadad stacionaruli saavadmyofoebis nawilis privatizebam ganapiroba da igi ZiriTadad samedicino personalis, eqimebis mdgomareobas Seexo - gaizarda xelfasebi, gaumjobesda zogadad samuSao pirobebi da a.S.

nebismier adamians cxovrebaSi aqvs garkveuli periodebi, rodesac avad xdeba da samedicino Careva, movla esaWiroeba. winamdebare kvlevaSi Cadebuli iyo kiTxva, romelic miznad isaxavda analizs, Tu vis mimarTavs axalgazrda amgvari situa-ciebis dros dasaxmareblad. ra Tqma unda, aqcenti iyo gakeTeb-uli imaze, rom daavadeba ar aris sicocxlisTvis saSiSi. aRmoC-nda, rom respondentTa 47% mainc eqims Tvlis Sesaferis damx-mared iseTi avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSic ki, romelic safrTxes ar uqmnis sicocxles, 42% - ojaxis wevrebs, 11% - megobrebs, ax-loblebs an mezoblebs, xolo 10% ambobs, rom TviTon ukeTesad mixedavs Tavis Tavs avadmyofobis dros.

gamokvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom yvelaze metad xelmi-sawvdomi dRevandeli mdgomareobiT saswrafo samedicino mom-saxurebaa - axalgazrdobis 73% ambobs, rom igi sruliad xelmi-sawvdomia (ix. grafiki)

73%

51%

25%

20%

27%

17%

32%

34%

34%

40%

7%

13%

28%

32%

23%

2%

4%

10%

12%

8% 2%

3%

1%

1%

4%

saswrafo daxmareba

pirveladi daxmareba-poliklinika

stacionaruli samedicino daxmareba

diagnostika

medikamentebis SeZena

sruliad xelmisawvdomia nawilobriv xelmisawvdomiaarc ise xelmisawvdomia sulac ar aris xelmisawvdomimiWirs pasuxi

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Semdeg adgils ki poliklinikebi, anu pirveladi daxmarebis gamwevi dawesebulebebi ikaveben. danarCeni dawesebulebebisa da, maT Soris, medikamentebis SeZenis xelmisawvdomoba ki mniS-vnelovnad dabalia wina orTan SedarebiT. xsenebuli tendenci-is analizi friad martivia. janmrTelobis dacva mWidrod aris mibmuli materialur mdgomareobaze - Tu gaqvs fuli, iReb Se-sabamis samedicino momsaxurebas, xolo Tu ar gaqvs - mxolod saswrafo samedicino momsaxurebas. es xsnis samedicino momsax-urebis pirveli ori tipis (saswrafo daxmareba da poliklinika) yvelaze maRal xelmisawvdomobas: saswrafo daxmareba saerTod ufasoa, xolo poliklinikebSi gadasaxadebi SedarebiT dabalia. amisgan gansxvavebiT stacionaruli samedicino momsaxureba sakmaod Zviri “siamovnebaa” da axalgazrdebis 28% igi saerTod ar aris xelmisawvdomi. analogiuri mdgomareobaa bolo wleb-Si gansakuTrebiT gaZvirebul diagnostikur momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebiT - igi 32% saerTod ar aris xelmisawvdomi. medika-mentebis SeZenas rac Seexeba, mas yvelaze maRali (40%) monacemi ufiqsirdeba niSnulze “nawilobriv xelmisawvdomia”; 23% es momsaxurebac saerTod ar aris xelmisawvdomi.

rogorc vxedavT, samedicino momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomo-bis kuTxiT arc Tu ise saxarbielo mdgomareoba gvaqvs saxeze. rogoc ki momsaxurebis konkretul tipebze iwyeba saubari, xe-lmisawvdomobis maCvenebeli maSinve klebulobs.

zemoxsenebul tendencias xazs usvams monacemi, romelic samedicino dawesebulebebSi vizitebis sixSires gviCvenebs. kiTxva “bolo wlis ganmavlobaSi romel samedicino daweseb-ulebaSi mixvediT” daesva mxolod im axalgazrdebs, romlebic erTxel mainc iyvnen romelime dawesebulebaSi33. aqac pirvel adgilze 61% liderobs poliklinikebi, xolo e.w. hospitaluri tipis dawesebulebebi mxolod meore adgilzea, mxolod 25%. agreTve niSandoblivia, rom stomatologiur klinikebs axal-gazrdebis mxolod 3% stumrobs. paraleli momsaxurebis xelm-isawvdomobasTan TvalnaTelia - sargebloben im samedicino mom-saxurebebiTa da dawesebulebebiT, romlebic SedarebiT iafia.

samedicino momsaxurebis saWiroebis gaCenasTan erTad, yovelTvis dgeba samedicino personalisadmi ndobis sakiTxi. saqarTvelos sazogadoebis specifikuri mentalobidan gamom-dinare, TiTqmis yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianebi cdiloben ax-

33 301 respondenti - erTxel mainc iyo romelime samedicino daweseb-ulebaSi bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi

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loblebisa da naTesavebis wreSi ipovon relevanturi xarisxis eqimi, qirurgi da a.S. agreTve iTvaliswineben imave axloblebisa da naTesavebis gamocdilebebs. amgvari damokidebuleba samedi-cino personalisadmi ndobis danaklisis mizeziT aixsneboda, saxeze rom ar gvqondes zemoxsenebuli, qarTuli sazogadoe-bisTvis saxasiaTo specifikis sayovelTao xasiaTi. saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sanacnobo wris gamonaxvas cdiloben cxovre-bis TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi, ra sferosac ar unda exebodes es. amgvari saxasiaTo niSani qarTuli sazogadoebis istoriuli da tradiciuli faseulobebis Sedegia, romelic Tanamedrove axalgazrdobaSic sakmao gamovlinebas poulobs. amitom ndobis monacemebTan es damokidebuleba nakleb korelaciaSia.

TviTon ndobis monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom axalgazrdebis 21% srulad endoba eqimebs (ix. grafiki),

6% 7%

26%21%

4%

36%

saerTod arvendobi

2 3 4 sruladvendobi

miWirspasuxi

eqimebisadmi ndoba 5 baliani Skalis mixedviT

xolo kidev 36% ndoba 4-ian niSnulze fiqsirdeba, anu saer-To jamSi SegviZlia vigulisxmoT, rom eqimebisadmi ndobiT aris aRWurvili axalgazrdebis 57%. metnaklebad indiferentul poziciazea 26% (niSnuli 3) - maT uWirT ndobis negatiuri Tu pozitiuri saxiT gamoxatva, Tumca TavisTavad samedicino sf-eros specifikidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonili iqneba, rom niS-nuli 3-c negatiuri Sefasebebis farglebSi iyos ganxiluli. Tu adamiani ver wyvets, endos Tu ara eqims, e.i. mas garkveuli cudi (Tundac erTjeradi) gamocdileba aqvs an sakuTar TavTan dakavSirebiT, an axloblebisgan mosmenili.

saerTo jamSi eqimebisadmi ndobaze saubari rTulia axal-gazrdebis 33%, xolo 6% ki sruliad ar endoba samedicino personals. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom undoblobis faqtori, ra sakvirvelia, mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia sakuTriv janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis realuri mdgomareobiT. cota ar iyos, rTulia endo eqims, romelic muSaobs iseT samedicino dawesebulebaSi, sadac elementaruli sanitaruli normebi ar

102


aris daculi, aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ar Catarebula sa-remonto samuSaoebi da, amasTan, sakmaod xSiria faqtebi stan-dartebis daucvelobis gamo infeqciebisa da letaluri SemTx-vevebisac ki. am kuTxiT eqimebi ndobas maTgan damoukidebeli mizezebis gamo kargaven.

rogorc vxedavT, eqimebis kvalificiur momsaxurebaze aram-wvave SemTxvevebis drosac ki moTxovna sakmaod didia. amgvari damokidebuleba safiqrebelia, rom bolo ramdenime wlis man-Zilze axali tipis virusebisa da infeqciebis gamoCenam gamoi-wvia, romelTa Sesaxebac sazogadoebas jer an naklebi informa-cia aqvs an saerTod ar icnobs maT.

daskvnisTvis unda iTqvas, rom miuxedavad garkveuli win ga-dadgmuli nabijebisa, mainc problemur CarCoSi rCeba saqarT-veloSi janmrTelobis dacvis sistema. es problemebi ki gansa-kuTrebiT sagrZnobi axalgazrdobisTvis aris.

sainteresoa, rogor afasebs mocemuli kvlevis miznobrivi jgufi zogadad cxovrebis janmrTel wess, ras warmoadgens maT-Tvis janmrTeli cxovreba. rogorc irkveva, janmrTeli cxovre-ba ZiriTadad sportTan (68%), swor kvebasTan (41%), Tambaqosa (24%) da alkoholisgan (15%) Tavis SekavebasTan aris dakavSire-buli. axalgazrdebis 10% janmrTel cxovrebas narkotikebi-sgan Tavis Sekavebad Tvlis.

samedicino momsaxurebis Rirebulebisa da eqimebis anaz-Raurebis sakiTxi wlebis manZilze mwvaved idga saqarTveloSi da am etapisTvisac ar aris meorexarisxovani. msoflios masSta-biT aRniSnuli profesia erTerT yvelaze maRalanazRaureba-dad aris miCneuli da am kuTxiT bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze saqarTveloSi gamosworebis gzas daadga mdgomareoba. dRes samedicino dawesebulebaTa ukeTes nawilSi eqimebis xelfasi gacilebiT maRalia, vidre 1990-ian wlebSi iyo, Tumca zogadad es ar aris is Tanxa, rom SegveZlos yvelaze maRalanazRaureba-dobis momentis gamoyofa. amitom samedicino dawesebulebebSi sakmaod xSiria eqimebisTvis da, zogadad, samedicino personal-isTvis damatebiTi Tanxebis gadaxdis faqtebi.

aqve mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT erTi garemoeba: sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi Camoyalibebuli mentalitetis wyalobiT, im periodSic da damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdegac aqtualuri iyo e.w. Crdilovani gadasaxadebi saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela sf-eroSi da maT Soris, samedicino momsaxurebaSic. eqimi pacientis vizitis faqts oficialurad ar afiqsirebda, xolo pacienti

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momsaxurebis sanacvlod mas gansazRvrul Tanxas “Cuqnida”. am mentalobis niSnebi dRevandel sazogadoebaSic da axal-

gazrdebSic gvxvdeba, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, gacilebiT naklebi xarisxiT. axalgazrdebis mxolod 15% miucia eqimebisTvis ofi-cialuri gadasaxadis garda sxva damatebiTi Tanxa.

saqarTveloSi axalgazrdebis jandacvis sistemis Sefaseba ZiriTadad negatiuria:

jandacvis momsaxureba mxolod nawilobriv aris xelmis-awvdomi axalgazrdebisTvis cudi ekonomikuris situaciis, sadazRvevo sistemis ganuviTareblobisa da komerciuli organizaciebis dabali aqtivobis gamo. jandacvis momsaxureba Znelad xelmisawvdomia axalgazrde-bisTvis arsebuli saxelmwifo programebis gauqmebis gamo.jandacvis problema dgas saxelmwifo xelSewyobisa da sadazRvevo kompaniebis ar efeqturi muSaobis gamo.

saqarTveloSi axalgazrdebis jandacvis situaciis gaum-jobesebis mizniT Semdegi RonisZiebebi Catarda/tardeba/igegmeba:

arasamTavrobo (axalgazrda student medikosTa kavSiri, axalgazrda eqimTa asociacia) da saerTaSoriso organiza-ciebi (iunisefi) atareben sxvadasxva programebs jandacvis sferoSi. saxelmwifos mier igegmeba sxvadasxva programebi axalgaz-rdebis jandacvis sferoSi.

eqspertTa azri

kvlevis monawileebSi saqarTveloSi axalgazrdebis jan-dacvis sistemis mimarT araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba gam-ovlinda. zogierTi respondentis azriT, jandacvis sistema ar aris xelmisawvdomi, maSin roca sxvebi Tvlian, rom es sistema – kargad muSaobs.

jandacvis momsaxureba mxolod nawilobriv an ar aris xelm-isawvdomi axalgazrdebisTvis cudi ekonomikuris situaci-is, sadazRvevo sistemis ganuviTareblobisa da komerciuli organizaciebis dabali aqtivobis gamo.

jandacvis momsaxureba nawilobriv xelmisawvdomia igi

104


ganviTarebis raRac etapzea da aseve. xSirad sadazRvevo kompaniebic scodaven, radgan ar xdeba SeTavazebebis re-klamireba, ar axorcieleben kardakar muSaobas. arada es bevrad ufro efeqturia... kerZo kompaniebi, romlebic konkurenciaSi arian, bevr saSualebas ar iyeneben... [ara-[ara-ara-samTavrobo seqtori]

... dazRvevis sistema ar aris ise Camoyalibebuli da garkveuli, rom yvela Tu ara umetesoba mainc iyos dazR-veuli. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

aranairad ar aris daculi, me rom gavide quCaSi da cu-dad gavxde, pirvelad daxmarebas ki aRmomiCenen, magram amis iqeT aravin momaqcevs yuradRebas. operacias ar ga-gikeTeben Tu fuli ara gaqvs. sadazRvevo sistema ara gva-qvs ganviTarebuli, rac sakmaod cudia, ar vgulisxmob 5 lariani dazRvevis msgavs sistemas. realuri sadazrvevo sistema unda arsebobdes, romelic yvela moqalaqes am SemTxvevaSi axalgazrdas, uzrunvelyofs dazRveviT. [ara-ara-samTavrobo seqtori]

janmrTelobis problema aris yvelaze mwvave pro-blema saqarTveloSi da miT umetes, axalgazrdis, radgan es yvelaferi dakavSirebulia fulTan. axalgazrdas, miT umetes sakuTari Semosavali naklebad aqvT. [samTavrobo seqtori]

jandacvis momsaxureba Znelad xelmisawvdomia axalgazrde-bisTvis arsebuli saxelmwifo programebis gauqmebis gamo.

Zalian Znelad xelmisawvdomia, radgan rac arsebobda saxelmwifo programebi mTlianad gauqmda bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

jandacvis problema ar dgas saxelmwifo xelSewyobisa da sadazRvevo kompaniebis efeqturi muSaobis gamo.

dRes am kuTxiT ar mgonia problema iyos, saxelmwifom kargad aamuSava sadazRveo programa, me mgoni Tu adamians aqvs imis Segneba rom Tavs unda mixedos da Tundac pro-

105


filaqtikis TvalsazrisiT eqimTan unda iaros es ukve am sadazRvevo kompaniebis saSualebiT xelmisawvdomia. [ara-ara-samTavrobo seqtori]

arsebobs programebi, iafi dazRveva da a.S. romlebic aZlevs adamians imis saSualebas, rom isargeblon. [saer-[saer-saer-TaSoriso seqtori]

kvlevis monawileebi sazogadod ar icnoben saqarTveloSi jandacvis situaciis gaumjobesebis mizniT saxelmwifos da/an arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mxridan gatarebul RonisZie-bebs. Tumca zogierTma respondentebma daasaxela sxvadasxva RonisZieba, romelic am mimarTulebiT Catarda/ tardeba/ igeg-meba. kerZod:

arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (iunisefi, axalgazrda student medikosTa kavSiri, axalgazrda eqimTa asociacia) atareben sxvadasxva programebs jandacvis sfe-roSi.

vici rom iunisefs aqvs reproduqciuli programebi janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli, isini Zalian dainter-esebulebi arian am TemiT da garkveuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebi arian amaSi CarTulebi. arsebobs axalgaz-rduli arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic prior-itetulad am Temebze muSaoben. es aris axalgazrda stu-dent medikosTa kavSiri, axalgazrda eqimTa asociacia da a.S. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

Cveni organizacia atarebs seminarebs sqesobrivi kav-Siris dros gadamdeb infeqciur daavadebebze, ZiriTa-dad orientacia gvaqvs Sidsze, aseve vatarebT seminarebs narkotikebze, Tu ra aris narkotiki da ra mavne zegavle-nas axdens is axalgazrdebze da zogadad jansaRi cxovre-bis wesze. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

saxelmwifos mier igegmeba sxvadsxva programebi axalgaz-rdebis jandacvis sferoSi.

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saxelmwifo amuSavebs programebs, romlebmac unda uzrunvelyon es... Tumca axalgazrdebisaTvis konkretu-li programebi jer ar arsebobs... [samTavrobo seqtori]

jandacvasTan dakavSirebuli programebis Sesaxeb infor-maciis xelmisawvdomobaze saubrisas, respondenetebis mier gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi gamoiTqva. zogierTi maTgani Tvlis, rom es informacia xelmisawvdomia, xolo sxvebis azriT – ara.

iseve rogorc yvela sxva informacia jandacvasTan dakavSirebuli programebis Sesaxeb informaciac xel-miuwvdomelia. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

erTeulebs [aqvT informacia], imitom rom Cvennairi [jandacvis sakiTxebze momuSave arasamTavrobo] organi-zaciebi zRvaSi wveTia da Tu weliwadSi maqsimum 200 bene-ficiari gveyoleba Zalian kargia. fizikuradac ver SevZ-lebT yvelasTvis am informaciis miwodebas [arasamTavro-arasamTavro-bo seqtori]

absoluturad xelmisawvdomia, televiziiT yovel wuTs SegiZlia es yvelaferi moismino. [arasamTavrobo se-[arasamTavrobo se-arasamTavrobo se-qtori]

respondentebma aseve gamoTqves mosazrebebi imis Sesaxebac, Tu ra unda/SeiZleba gakeTdes saqarTveloSi jandacvis siste-mis gaumjobsesbisTvis:

unda moxdes axalgazrdebis sportuli aRzrdis dawyeba sas-kolo asakidan

miuxedavad imisa rom mTavroba da municipalitetis warmomadgenlebi, Zalian bevr lamaz fexburTis moed-nebs xsnian, realurad es ar uwyobs xels qarTveli axal-gazrdebis gajansaRebas. Cemi azriT bevri samuSaoebia Casatarebeli ganaTlebis sistemaSi, Tundac skolis asa-kis droidan, axalgazrdebi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTule-bi wreebSi, gamajansaRebel RonisZiebebSi, Cemi azriT saxelmwifo politikis doneze unda iyos ayvanili Tam-baqos, alkoholizmis da narkotikebis winaaRmdeg mi-

107


marTuli kampania. dResdReobiT nebismier bavSvs, aras-rulwlovans SeuZlia sigaretic da alkoholic SeiZinos maRaziebSi. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

unda moxdes alkoholi Tavisuflad reklamirebaze kononis gadaxedva (gansakuTrebiT skolebis/sabavSvo baRebis max-loblad)

amasTan dakavSirebiT cudia is rom saxelmwifom Secvala kanoni alkoholis reklamasTan dakavSirebiT da Tu adre alkoholis reklamireba akrZaluli iyo tele-viziiT, bilbordebze, exla es daSvebulia. adre akrZa-luli iyo, rom kulturisa da sportis dawesebulebebidan 100 metriT daSorebiT yofiliyo magari spirtiani sas-melebis reklama, exla es daSvebulia. es Zalian cudia da realurad gazrdis rogorc kriminalis raodenobas, aseve avtosagzao SemTxvevebis raodenobas. [arasamTavrobo se-arasamTavrobo se-qtori]

skolebSi mudmivi eqimis poziciis dabruneba/damateba

skolebSi adre iyo skolis eqimi, axla yvela skolas ar yavs, es cudia. skolis eqimi namdvilad aucilebelia, ara marto imisTvis, rom Tu skolaSi raime tipis ubeduri SemTxveva moxda, SeZlebs pirveladi daxmarebis aRmoCenas, aramed imisTvisac rom moswavleebis janmrTeloba iqneba meTvalyureobis qveS. [samTavrobo seqtori]

dazRveva

Tanamedrove msofliosTvis ukve erTnameTisgan ganuyofel sagans warmoadgens janmrTelobis dacva da dazRveva. saqarT-veloSi dazRveva, rogorc momsaxureba, arc ise didi xania gamoCnda, da Tavidan mxolod ramdenime saxeobiT, samogzauro, avtomobilis, qonebis dazRveviT Semoifargleboda, Tumca Sem-dgom sakmaod swrafad gavrcelda. unda aRiniSnos, rom janm-rTelobis dazRvevis mxriv SedarebiT farTo moxmarebaSia daz-Rvevis e.w. korporatiuli tipi, anu samuSao adgilis farglebSi mosamsaxureTa jgufis erToblivi dazRveva. rogorc wesi es ukanaskneli gacilebiT dabali yovelTviuri Senatanis safuZ-

108


velze gacilebiT meti momsaxurebis saSualebas iZleva, vidre janmrTelobis individualuri dazRveva. amasTan, dazRvevis individualuri paketebi gacilebiT gvian dainerga da mxolod ramdenime sadazRvevo kompanias aqvs SeTavazebebis siaSi, isic korporatiulisgan gansxvavebiT bevrad Zvirad.

2008 wlidan saqarTveloSi daiwyo muSaoba e.w. janmrTelo-bis iafi dazRvevis proeqtze, romelic maleve ganxorcielda kidec xelisuflebisa da sadazRvevo kompaniebis TanamSromlo-bis Sedegad. proeqti mxardaWerili iyo saTanado socialuri reklamiT, ramac ara marto misi, aramed zogadad sadazRvevo samedicino momsaxurebis cnobadoba sakmaod gazarda.

kiTxvaze “iciT Tu ara iafi sadazRvevo samedicino momsax-urebis Sesaxeb” axalgazrdebis 77%34 dadebiTad pasuxobs, xolo kidev 11% ambobs, rom nawilobriv aqvs informacia. informire-bulobis mxriv, principSi, friad kargi mdgomareobaa, rasac ver vityviT sadazRvevo paketebis qonisa da moxmarebis monacemebze.

saxelmwifo sadazRvevo paketi axalgazrdebis mxolod 18% aqvs (ix. grafiki).

diax,

18%

ara,

83%

gaqvT Tu ara saxelmwifo sadazRvevo paketi

diax,

45%

ara,

55%

iyenebT Tu ara saxelmwifo sadazRvevo pakets

es ki im pirobebSi, rodesac mocemuli proeqti sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda, saTanado sainformacio mx-ardaWerac hqonda da, imaTTvis, vinc garkveuli mizezebiT ver moaswro misi aReba, registraciis vadac gagrZelda. kidev ufro sainteresoa iyeneben Tu ara am saxelmwifo dazRvevas isini, visac is gaaCnia (ix. iqve). iafi sadazRvevo paketis mqone axal-gazrda respondentebidan (175 adamiani) mxolod 45% iyenebs mas. riTi aris ganpirobebuli es arc Tu maRali procentuli maCvenebeli?

saxelmwifos mier SeTavazebuli iafi sadazRvevo paketi

34 monacemi mocemulia 1000 respondentidan

109


gamoirCeva garkveuli specifikiT: is Zalian viwro profil-is samedicino momsaxurebas iTvaliswinebs, kerZod ki es aris erTi, zogadi donis analizebi, romelTa gakeTeba nebismier po-liklinikaSi isedac aris SesaZlebeli da sakmaod iafic jdeba; meore, gadaudebeli stacionaruli momsaxureba; da mesame, ube-duri SemTxvevebisgan dazRveva. xolo yovelgvari damatebiTi momsaxurebebi, romlebiTac zemoxsenebuli korporatiuli pa-ketebi gamoirCeva, saxelmwifo paketSi ugulebelyofilia. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos sasargeblod unda moviyvanoT is argu-menti, rom sxva gziT es dazRveva iafi ver iqneboda. magram faqti faqtad rCeba, iaf sadazRvevo paketSi gawerili momsaxurebebi winamdebare kvlevis samizne jgufs, anu 16-30 wlis axalgazrda mosaxleobas nakleb esaWiroeba, Sesabamisad ar sargeblobs.

miuxedavad amisa, mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom im 45%-dan (79 respondenti), romelsac saxelmwifo dazRveviT erTxel mainc usargeblia, kmayofilTa ricxvi sakmaod didia. am kiTxvis re-spondentTa 34%35 gaweuli sadazRvevo momsaxurebiT srulad aris kmayofili (ix. grafiki)

9%14%

23% 20%

34%

absoluturad

ukmayofilo

2 3 4 srulad

kmayofili

kmayofili xarT Tu ara gamoyenebulisadazRvevo momsaxurebiT

kmayofilebisken ixreba agreTve 4 niSnulze dafiqsirebuli 20% maCvenebeli, xolo 9% absoluturad ukmayofiloa. am Sede-gebis aRsaqmelad aucilebelia ori garemoebis gaTvaliswineba: erTi, rom SerCeva am SemTxvevaSi mcirea, mxolod 79 respon-dents hqonda gamoyenebuli aRniSnuli sadazRvevo paketi, da aqedan gamomdinare SesaZloa adgili hqondes aravalidurobas, da meorec, Tu iyo faqtebi, rodesac iafma dazRvevam ZviradRi-rebuli stacionaruli momsaxureba aanazRaura, gasakviri ar aris, rom am momsaxurebis mimRebi pacienti TiTqmis yovelTvis aucileblad kmayofili iqneba.

35 monacemi mocemulia 79 respondentidan - erTxel mainc usargeblia iafi saxelmwifo dazRveviT.

110


sigareti da alkoholi

Tambaqos mowevisa da alkoholizmis problema mTeli msof-lios saxelmwifoebis winaSe dgas da yvela sazogadoebas awux-ebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, Tu igi axalgazrdobas exeba.

am mxriv saqarTvelos axalgazrdobasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom savsebiT damakmayofilebeli monacemebi gvaqvs. kvlevis SedegebiT 16-30 asakobrivi jgufis mxolod 21% (1000 respondentidan) eweva sigarets. Tumca safiqrebelia, rom intervius procesis dros gareSe pirebis (ZiriTadad mSobleb-is) daswrebis faqtori aqac did rols TamaSobs, da mweveli ax-algazrdebis nawili Tavs ikavebs dadebiTi pasuxis dafiqsire-bisagan. axalgazrdobis qveda asakobrivi jgufis (ufro 16-21) wevrebi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi sigaretis mowevis faqts mSoblebisgan saidumlod inaxaven da, ra sakvirvelia, arc intervius dros gaamxelen mas, Tuki intervius erT-erTi mSo-beli (an Tundac sxva ufrosi Taobis warmomadgeneli) eswreba.

sigaretis mowevis sixSires rac Seexeba, mwevelTa (207 re-spondenti) 62% dRis manZilze 11-dan 20 Reramde sigarets ew-eva, anu daaxloebiT erT kolofs. 18 procenti kidev ufro iS-viaTad, 6-10 Rers eweva dReSi, xolo 8% - saSualod 1-5 Rers. yvelaze aqtiuri mwevelebi ki, romlebic dReSi 21 da met Rer sigarets moixmaren, 11% Seadgenen.

Tambaqos mavneblobis Sesaxeb informirebulobis done 21-e saukuneSi msoflios masStabiTac da saqarTveloSic sakmaod gaizarda. gamoica wignebi, SemuSavda maregulirebeli aqtebi ma-vneblobis deklarirebis Sesaxeb da a.S. martivad rom vTqvaT, aucilebel atributad iqca warweris “moweva klavs”, an raime ms-gavsis sigaretis kolofebze datana. am mxriv sakmaod jansaRi damokidebulebaa saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis mxridanac. respon-dentTa 74%36 miiCnevs, rom sigaretis moweva Zlier mavnebelia.

axalgazrda mwevelebs (207 respondenti) agreTve esmebodaT kiTxva “gicdiaT Tu ara sigaretis mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba”, razec 44% dadebiT pasuxs afiqsirebs.

alkoholur sasmels rac Seexeba, axalgazrdobis 41% saer-Tod ar moixmars mas, xolo kidev 35% ufro iSviaTad moixmars, vidre TveSi erTxel. es maCveneblebi ki ukve interess iwvevs, radgan qarTuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi tradiciuli Rireb-uleba vazis da Rvinis kulturasTan aris dakavSirebuli, Rvino


111


da sxva alkoholuri sasmelebi (arayi, koniaki, ludi) stumrebis miReba-gamaspinZlebis procesSi erT-erTi aucilebeli atribu-tia da Tavad stumarTmoyvareobas tradiciuli Rirebule-baa, ase rom, cota ar iyos ucnaurad gamoiyureba aramsmelebis zemoxsenebuli 41%. am SemTxvevaSi aRniSnul monacems SesaZloa ganapirobebdes ori garemoeba: erTi, rom kvlevaSi monawile ax-algazrdebis nawili jer ar aris srulwlovani da, Sesabamisad, alkoholis miRebisgan Tavs ikavebs, rac ufro safiqrebelia; da meorec, rom Tanamedrove axalgazrdobaSi TandaTan aqtua-lurobas kargavs Rvinis kulturasTan dakavSirebuli Rireb-uleba. am ukanasknelTan dakavSirebiT kontrargumentis saxiT unda gaesvas xazi erT garemoebas: SesaZloa Rvino aRar iyos aq-tualuri sasmeli axalgazrdebis Sekrebebis dros da sxvadasxva Sekrebis adgilebze, magram am faqtoriT ver gamovricxavT sxva akolholuri sasmelis miRebis tendencias.

alkoholis Warbi miRebis mavneblobasTan dakavSirebiTac qarTvel axalgazrdebs sakmaod jansaRi pozicia aqvT. 16-30 asa-kobrivi jgufis wevrebidan 55% Tvlis, rom alkoholis Warbi moxmareba Zlier mavnebelia (ix. grafiki)

mavneblad miiCnevs alkoholis Warb moxmarebas agreTve 4 niSnulze dafiqsirebuli axalgazrdebis 21%.

1% 6%17% 21%

1%

55%

saerTod ar

aris

mavnebeli

2 3 4 Zlier

mavnebelia

miWirs

pasuxi

alkoholis Warbi moxmarebis mavnebloba 5 balianiSkalis mixedviT

Sidsi / aiv infeqcia

SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi Cveni drois erTerT yvelaze saSiS daavadebas warmoadgens. SidsiT daavadebis SemTxvevebi, ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa kavSiris drosac da mis far-glebSic iyo, magram saxelmwifo politika ar iZleoda am faqte-bis deklarirebis uflebas. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg ki TandaTan msgavsi faqtebis gamomJRavnebam da informirebu-lobis gazrdam qarTul sazogadoebaSi Seqmna gancda, rom mana-

112


mde Sidsi ar arsebobda da mis gavrcelebas sazRvrebis gaxsnam, ucxo qveynebSi mimosvlis gaxSirebam Seuwyo xeli.

Sidsis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobi faqtori aRmoCnda agreTve damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi saqarTveloSi gabatonebuli destabilizaciis Sedegad Sesustebuli sasazRvro kontro-li da amis Sedegad qveyanaSi narkotikuli nivTierebebis didi raodenobiT Semosvla. narkotikebis moxmarebis safuZvelze aiv inficirebis SemTxvevebi pirvel adgilzea msoflios mraval qveyanaSi.

Sidsis gavrcelebas agreTve xeli Seuwyo, ufro swored, xeli ver SeuSala im faqtma, rom sazogadoebaSi da, konkretu-lad, ki axalgazrdobaSi ar arsebobda sakmarisi ganaTleba sqe-sobriv sakiTxebSi, miT umetes, jer ar iyo gavrcelebuli kon-tracefciis im droisTvis Tanamedrove saSualebebi. im asakis (16-30) axalgazrdebi, romelic Cveni kvlevis miznobriv jgufs warmoadgenda, yvelaze mowyvladi arian amgvar situaciebSi. es aris swrafi ganviTarebis periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic ax-algazrdebi axal unar-Cvevebs iTviseben da axal problemebs awydebian. maT winaSe axali SesaZleblobebi ixsneba, romelTa drosac Zlier advilia iseTi Secdomebis daSveba, romelTac SesaZloa gamousworebeli daRi daasvan axalgazrdebis janm-rTelobas.

sakmaod maRalia Tavad sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi daavade-bebis Sesaxeb informirebulobis done. Sidsi, rogorc daavade-ba, axalgazrdebis 95% aris cnobili, C hepatiti - 68%, xolo si-filisi - 51%. sxva, naklebad gavrcelebul daavadebebs cnoba-dobis naklebi maCvenebeli ufiqsirdebaT.

winmdebare kvlevaSi Cadebuli iyo ramdenime zogadi Tu konkretuli xasiaTis kiTxva, romlebic miznad isaxavda Sidsis Sesaxeb informirebulobis donis analizs.

kiTxvaze “gsmeniaT Tu ara vinme SidsiT daavadebulis an daRupulis Sesaxeb” axalgazrdebis 9% dadebiTad pasuxobs. sainteresoa maTi damokidebuleba zogadad aiv infeqciebis simptomebis mimarT, daavadebulTa mimarT. axalgazrdebis 55% miaCnia, rom Sidsi/aiv SesaZloa savsebiT janmrTeli Sesaxedao-bis adamiansac hqondes.

SidsiT daavadebis gzebis analizisas kvlevis Sedegebidan irkveva, rom axalgazrdebs yvelaze didi albaTobiT (80%) mi-aCniaT, rom daavadeba sxva adamianis naxmari SpriciT gadadis; SidsiT daavadebulis narCenebis (napirali sakvebis da sxva)

113


gamoyenebiT inficirebas gamokiTxulTa 29% Tvlis SesaZle-blad. unda aRiniSnos, rom inficirebis erTerT SesaZlebel gzad agreTve koRos nakbeni dasaxelda (27%).

SidsiT inficirebisgan Tavis dacvis saSualebebs rac Seex-eba, pirvel adgilze (71%) prezervativebis sistematuri (yovel jerze) gamoyeneba fiqsirdeba, meoreze ki - mxolod erT, erT-gul partniorTan urTierToba (62%). sainteresoa, rom SidsiT inficirebis Tavidan acilebis saSualebad sqesobrivi cxovre-bisgan TavSekavebas axalgazrdebis 53% miiCnevs.

am kiTxvebis Semdeg respondentebs ekiTxebodaT konkretu-li situaciuri debulebebi, romlebze pasuxis gacemis Sedega-dac moxerxda SidsiT inficirebulebis mimarT axalgazrdebis damokidebulebis analizi (ix. grafiki).

30

17

47

45

58

18

20

21

4

5

5

4

31

42

31

39

33 21

26 4

miirTvaT aiv-inficirebulTan erTad

mouaroT SidsiT daavadebul naTesavsTqvens saxlSi

swavlobdeT aiv-inficirebulstudentTan erTad

gaswavlideT maswavlebeli, romelicaiv-inficirebulia

SeiZinoT sakvebi aiv-inficirebuligamyidvelisgan

diax ara ar vici uari pasuxze

SesaZlebloba, rom...

aiv-inficirebul adamianTan erTad sakvebis miReba, rogorc vxedavT, axalgazrdebis 31% aris misaRebi, xolo aiv-inficire-buli gamyidvelisgan sakvebis SeZena ki - mxolod 17%. yvelaze kargi damokidebuleba axalgazrdebma sakuTar asakTan aso-cirebuli debulebis mimarT gamoamJRavnes: 42% Tanaxmaa, rom aiv-inficirebul students swavlis gagrZelebis ufleba mis-cen. rogorc Cans, isini sakuTar TavTan avleben paralels am debulebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac xsnis kidec SedarebiT tole-rantul damokidebulebas. aiv-inficirebuli naTesavis sakuTar saxlSi movlis perspeqtiva ki daaxloebiT 30% aris misaRebi.

miuxedavad aiv-inficirebulebis mimarT arc ise negatiuri damokidebulebisa, am faqtis gamJRavnebisgan Tavis Sekaveba ax-algazrdebis mainc did nawils axasiaTebs. kvlevis farglebSi dasmuli iyo SekiTxva “isurvebdiT, rom Tqveni ojaxis wevris SidsiT inficirebis faqti saidumlod SegenaxaT?”, razec re-

114


spondentTa 48%37 dadebiTad pasuxobs, uaryofiTad ki - mx-olod 22% (ix. grafiki).

uari, 5%ar vici,

26%

diax, 48%ara, 22%

isurvebdiT, rom Tqveni ojaxis wevris SidsiT inficirebis faqti

saidumlod SegenaxaT

axalgazrdebis 26% ar icis rogor moiqceoda zemoxsenebul situaciaSi.

amgvari monacemebi im faqtze mianiSnebs, rom sazogadoebaSi Sidsze da SidsiT inficirebaze arasakmarisi da arazusti infor-maciaa. adamianebis nawili SidsiT daavadebas TiTqmis sikvdilTan aigivebs da daavadebuli adami-anebisgan gamijvnas iwyebs, rac ra sakvirvelia ganmapirobebeli

faqtoria imisTvis, rom inficirebulebma (maTi ojaxis wevreb-ma) sakuTari avadmyofobis faqti damalon. amave mizeziT daa-vadebulTa nawili Sesabamis samedicino dawesebulebebSi misv-lisganac ki Tavs ikavebs, rasac cud Sedegebamde mivyavarT.

orsuloba da aborti

reproduqciuli janmrTeloba janmrTelobis dacvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponentia da dRes ukve gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs SeZenili. msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSi. axali vi-rusuli infeqciebisa da sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi infeqcie-bis gaCenam sul mokle periodis manZilze TvalsaCino Sedegebi misca medikosebs dasakvirveblad.

gansakuTrebuli msjelobis sagania agreTve orsulobisa da abortis sakiTxebi, gansakuTrebiT ki, rodesac axalgazrdebTan dakavSirebiT gvaqvs maTze saubari.

saqarTveloSi reproduqciuli janmrTelobis dacvis sistema Tanamedrove saxiT didi xani ar aris rac Camoyali-bda. agreTve ucxo xili iyo sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi kon-tracefciis agitacia da, miT umetes, kontracefciis sakon-sultacio kabinetebis Seqmna, ra Tqma unda, kontracefciis garkveuli xerxebi sazogadoebisTvis adrec cnobili iyo,


115


Tumca isini ZiriTadad meqanikur xasiaTs atarebda. bolo aTwleulebis manZilze gamoCnda agreTve fexmZimobis dagegmvis tendencia da magaliTebi, Tumca kvlevis SedegebiT, dagegmili orsulobis faqtebi mainc SedarebiT mcirea. im gamokiTxuli axalgazrdebidan, romelTac bavSvebi hyavT (360 respondenti) mxolod 35% dagegma winaswar orsuloba, xolo 65% SemTxvevaSi es spontanurad moxda (ix. grafiki).

Tqveni momavali fexmZimoba dagegmili qineba

dageg

mili,

23%

spont

anuri

77%

dageg

mili,

35%

spont

anuri

65%

Tqveni fexmZimoba dagegmili iyo

Tqveni momavali fexmZimoba dagegmili iqneba

rac Seexeba momavalSi fexmZimobis dadgomis faqts, aqac arc Tu didi monacemi gvaqvs: mxolod 23%38 ambobs, rom winaswar dagegmavs orsulobas, xolo danarCeni 77%, rogorc Cans amas mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs da miiCnevs, rom fexmZimoba mis cxovre-baSi spontanuri faqti iqneba.

TvalnaTelia, rom orsulobis dagegmvis mxriv arc Tu sax-arbielo mdgomareoba gvaqvs. axalgazrdebi ubralod nakleb yuradRebas iCenen am sakiTxis mimarT, rasac SesaZloa arasak-marisi sqesobrivi ganaTleba an/da zogadad zerele damokideb-uleba ganapirobebdes.

kontracefciasTan da abortis sakiTxTanac sakmaod sain-tereso damokidebuleba gvaqvs. kontracefcia nakleb probl-emuri sakiTxia qarTul sazogadoebaSi, nakleb uaryofiT gan-wyobebs awydeba da mis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze obieqturi pasuxebis miRebis albaTobac, Sesabamisad, didia.

kvlevis Tanaxmad axalgazrdebisTvis kontracefciis yve-laze metad cnobili saSualeba aris samedicino kontracefcia - 64% (1000 respondentidan), Semdeg adgilze ki 55% meqanikuri kontracefciaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom axalgazrdebisTvis 7% ar aris cnobili kontracefciis xalxuri saSualebebi, rac imave

38 monacemi mocemulia 640 respondentidan - ar yavs Svilebi

116


arasakmaris sqesobriv ganaTlebaze migvaniSnebs. respondentTa 23% saerTod uWirs kontracefciis raime saxis saSualebaze saubari.

meti problemuri damokidebulebiT gamoirCeva abor-tis sakiTxi. erTi, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebTa umetesoba, rogorc winmdebare kvlevis religiis nawilSi gamoCnda, mar-Tlmadidebeli qristiania da sakmaod xSirad eswreba religiur msaxurebebs, maTTvis ki aborti dagmobilia; da meorec, bolo 2 aTwleulis manZilze saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kvlavwarmoeba negatiuri niSniT mimdinareobs, anu mosaxleoba mcirdeba.

am ori faqtoris Serwyma ki, ra Tqma unda, abortis mimarT Zlier mwvave reaqcias iwvevs sazogadoebaSi. respondentTa TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesoba mas mxolod radikalurad ukidures SemTxvevebSi Tvlis gamarTlebulad (ix. grafiki)

3%

3%

5%

7%

8%

11%

16%

77%

78%

ra SemTxvevaSia gamarTlebuliaborti

Tu nayofis janmrTeloba aradamakmayofilebelia

Tu dedis janmrTelobas emuqreba safrTxe

arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar vamarTleb

finansuri problemebi

Tu bavSvi qorwinebis gareSe Caisaxa

daugegmavi fexmZimoba

fexmZimobis dros ojaxis dangreva

kariera

swavla respondentTa TiTqmis Tanabari procenti - 77-78% aborts

amarTlebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu an dedis an nayofis janmrTeloba aris aradamakmayofilebeli (safrTxis qveS). axalgazrdebis 16 procentisTvis aborti saerTod miuRebelia.

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samoqalaqo monawileoba

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samoqalaqo monawileoba

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi axalgazr-doba aqtiurad iyo CarTuli yvela politikur procesSi. xSiri manifestaciebisa Tu mitingebis pirobebSi mas Tavisi roli eniWeboda. 80-iani wlebis bolosa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis cnobili movlenebis drosac, disidenturi moZraobis lidere-bis nawili universitetis studentebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli.

aqtiuroba gamoixateboda arCevnebTan da referendumTan mimarTebaSic da es gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi iyo manam, san-am damoukidebloba axal xili iyo da adamianebi enTuziazmis didi doziT xasiaTdebodnen. amasTan mTeli sazogadoeba erTi erovnuli miswrafebiT iyo darazmuli da faqtobrivad ar-Cevnis winaSe arc idga. Semdgom wlebSi politikuri proces-ebis arajansaRad ganviTarebam, samoqalaqo omma da eTnikurma konfliqtebma, mosaxleobas es enTuziazmi nel-nela daukarga. gamoCnda sxvadasxva politikuri partiebi da mimdinareobebi da, rac mTavaria, sagareo politikur orientaciaSi Camoyali-bda gaurkveveli dualisturi pozicia - saxelmwifos erTis mxriv ruseTTan urTierTobebi unda daelagebina da meores mxriv evroatlantikuri sivrcisken unda aeRo gezi.

yvelaferma aman axalgazrdebs jer erTi, garkveulwilad Camouyaliba gancda, rom maTi Zalisxmeva fuWia da mainc poli-tikosebi wyveten saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis beds, da meo-rec, axalgazrdebi SedarebiT rTuli arCevnis winaSe daayena - romeli partia aerCiaT, romel sagareo politikur orienta-cias mimxrobodnen, swavla iyo ufro mTavari Tu universitete-bis studkavSirebis meSveobiT politikuri karieris gakeTeba da a.S. Sedegad politikuri da sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis maCve-neblis TandaTanobiTi vardna miviReT.

moqalaqeobrivi pozicia

Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT, bolo 3 wlis man-Zilze Catarebul arCevnebSi (an referendumSi) axalgazrdebis 54%39 miiRo monawileoba. ver vityviT, rom cudi maCvenebelia, Tumca sainteresoa is safuZveli, Tu ratom wyvets axalgazrda arCevnebze misvlas. respondentTa im nawils, romelic bolo sami wlis manZilze erT-erTi saxis arCevnebze mainc iyo, esme-


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boda kiTxva “ratom miiReT monawileoba arCevnebSi”. 536 aseTi respondetidan 60% ambobs, rom amiT ubralod sakuTari mo-qalaqeobrivi valdebuleba moixada; 22% acxadebs, rom hqonda survili arCevnebze misvlis gziT raime Seecvala, da mxolod 15% gamoirCeva konkretuli xasiaTis pasuxiT - myavda rCeuli kandidati. da bolos, mxolod 3% miiRo arCevnebSi monawileoba partiuli niSniT.

sainteresoa agreTve axalgazrdebis meore nawili, romel-sac bolo 3 wlis manZilze arCevnebSi an referendumSi monawileoba ar miuRia. aseTi 453 (46%) respondentidan 62% ubralod ar hqonda arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, maTi asa-ki ar Seesabameboda saTanado asakobriv zRvars, rac mocemuli kvlevis miznobrivi jgufis specifikis (16-30) gaTvaliswinebiT, bunebrivi aris. am maCveneblis Semdeg meore adgilze 14% maCve-nebliT aris pasuxi “ar mainteresebs politika”, xolo Semdegze 10% - “Cems xmas mniSvneloba ar aqvs”.

ratom ar miiReT arCevnebSi monawileoba

62

10

62 2 2

14

ar mqonda monawileobis ufleba

ar var politikiT dainteresebuli

Cems xmas mniSvneloba ar aqvs

arCevnebi yalbdeba

ar mqonda piradobis damadasturebelimowmobaar viyavi saqarTveloSi

ar mqonda dro

anu im axalgazrdebis daaxloebiT meoTxedi nawili, romleb-mac monawileoba ar miiRes arCevnebSi, Tvlis, rom mxolod maSin unda cxaddebodes saarCevno ubanze, rodesac politika misi in-teresis sagania; an mis xmas garkveuli aSkara wona da Zala aqvs.

am kuTxiT saqme gvaqvs arCevnebis daniSnulebis mcdar aRq-masTan, romelic subieqtivizmis CarCoSi aris moqceuli - axal-gazrdebis es nawili mxolod sakuTari Tavidan aRqmul poli-tikur realobas aRiarebs an/da imdenad Selaxuli aqvs politi-kuri Tavmoyvareoba, rom sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad ar Tvlis Tavs. amis Sedegi, ra sakvirvelia, ufro wina arCevnebze

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(an referendumze) miRebul cud gamocdilebaSi unda veZioT, vidre Tavad axalgazrdaSi.

konkretul mizezs, Tu ratom ar miiRo wina arCevnebSi monawileoba, axalgazrdebis 6% asaxelebs - arCevnebi yalb-deba. gasagebia, rom aqac wina arCevnebTan dakavSirebul cud gamocdilebasTan gvaqvs saqme. miuxedavad amisa yuradReba unda mieqces kidev erT garemoebas: SesaZloa axalgazrda subieq-turad afasebdes sakuTar arCevans da misi garemocvis damok-idebulebebs, Sedegad ki viRebT, rom Tu misi rCeuli kandidati ar imarjvebs, igi akeTebs daskvnas, rom arCevnebis gayalbda.

gacilebiT mcire maCvenebeli fiqsirdeba mitingebsa da manifestaciebSi monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT. aqac 3 wliani drois monakveTi iyo aRebuli da monawileobis faqti axalgaz-rdebis mxolod 9% daadastura. amaTganac40 monawileobis miz-ezad 42% raimes Secvlis survils asaxelebs, xolo 30% ambobs, rom am gziT usamarTlobas ebrZoda. 14% ubralod interesis gamo eswreboda mitings, 13% ki megobrebis TxovniT41. Tval-naTelia, rom axalgazrdebis mitingebze daswreba raime konkre-tul mizans moklebuli iyo da bundovan xasiaTs atarebda.

agreTve sainteresoa axalgazrdebis im nawilis damokideb-ulebebi, romlebsac mitingebsa da manifestaciebSi ar miuRiaT monawileoba. aseTi 876 adamianidan 59% Tavis qmedebas imiT xs-nis, rom ar amarTlebs protestis am formas, kidev 28% ambobs, rom mitingebi uSedego nabijia, xolo 6% amgvar aqciebs saer-Tod avantiurad afasebs.

arCevnebTan dakavSirebul blokSi agreTve dasmuli iyo erTi saintereso kiTxva: “gaamarTlebdiT Tu ara arCevnebis gay-albebas, Tu Tqveni axlobeli iyris kenWs”, razec, TiTqmis abso-luturad progresulad, axalgazrdebis 89% uaryofiTad pa-suxobs. am kuTxiT gayalbebas mxolod 5% uWers mxars. pasuxze uari ki 6% daafiqsira.

40 92 respondenti - bolo 3 wlis manZilze monawileoba miuRia mitingeb-sa an/da manifestaciebSi

41 mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, rom am kiTxvaze SerCevis simciris gamo (mxolod 92 respondenti) es monacemebi SesaZloa aravaliduri iyos.

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eqspertTa azri

kvlevis monawileebis mier axalgazrdebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi (arasamTavrobo seqtori, politikuri partiebi, saxelmwifo institutebi, arCevnebi) CarTulobis Sesaxeb sau-brisas gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi gamoiTqva. respondentebis nawili Tvlis, rom axalgazrdebi CarTulebi arian sazogadoe-briv cxovrebaSi:

arian CarTulebi, Tundac rodesac raime politikurad daZabuli situaciaa maSinve erTvebian axalgazrdebi am movlenebSi. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

samwuxarod axalgazrdebis aqtiuroba ganisazRvreba maTi politikuri aqtiurobiT, [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi axalgazrdebi CarTulebi arian. [es] ZiriTadad axalgazrduli arasamTavrobo seqto-ri da politikuri organizaciebia... maTi aqtivoba gamoi-xateba, SeiZleba iTqvas quCidan ramis moTxovnaSi, radgan realurad isini opoziciur mxares warmoadgenen... CarTu-lebi ki arian, magram aravin usmenT. rac Seexeba axalgazr-dul arasamTavrobo seqtors, esec Zalian dabal donezea, ZiriTad TavianTi proeqtebiT Semoifarglebian, arsad ar Suqdeba maT mier ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi, media aranair yuradRebas ar aqcevs... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

kvlevis danarCeni monawileebi Tvlian, rom axalgazrdebi ar arian an naklebad arian CarTulebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.

erTi SexedviT axalgazrdoba TiTqos aqtiuria, magram Tu davukvirdebiT pasiuria politikuradac da sazoga-doebrivadac. ori mizezia, erTia is rom axalgazrdebi im-denad arian dakavebuli imaze fiqriT rom rogor uzrun-velyon sakuTari keTildReoba, rom maT Zalian xSirad aviwydebaT sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis mniSvneloba da me-ore aris is, rom xSirad aqvT amis survili, magram ar ician rogor SeiZleba moaxdinon am survilis realizacia. [ara-ara-samTavrobo seqtori]

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naklebadaa CarTuli, aris ramdenime mizezi. ar Tvlis rom CarTuloba rames Secvlis. samoqalaqo seqtorSi CarTuloba finansurad aramomgebiania, vinc muSaobs moxalised, dabali anazRaureba aqvT, urCevniaT biznesis an saerTaSoriso orga-nizaciebis kuTxiT wavidnen. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

respondentebma sxvadasxva mosazrebebi gamoTqves qveyanaSi axalgazrdebis uflebebis darRvevisa da dacvis sakiTxebze:

axalgazrdebis uflebebi, termini “axalgazrdis” msgavsad ar aris gansazRvruli saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi da es ufle-bebi ar moiazareba adamianis uflebebisgan damoukideblad

rogorc aseTi axalgazrdebis uflebebi, aseTi cneba ar arsebobs... axalgazrdobis uflebebsac verafriT gamo-varCevdi sxvebisagan. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

axalgazrdebis uflebebze saubari Znelia, radgan Tvi-Ton termini axalgazrda ar aris ganmartebuli saqarTve-los kanonmdeblobiT. kanonSi... axalgazrdis uflebebi iqneba ganmartebuli... privilegia da SeRavaTebi eqnebaT axalgazrdebs... [samTavrobo seqtori]

ufro adamianis uflebebi, radgan me rogorc vici calke axalgazrdis uflebebi ar aris Camoyalibebuli... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

Cveni qveynis axalgazrdoba iseve, rogorc sxva mo-qalaqeebi daculebi arian imdenad, ar arsebobs aranairi sakanonmdeblo baza axalgazrdebisTvis, ar vici ramdenad SeiZleba es CaiTvalos uflebebis darRvevad, magram aris maTi interesebis Selaxva. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

axalgazrdebi ar icnoben sakuTar uflebebs

pirvel rigSi axalgazrdebma ar ician TavianTi ufle-bebis Sesaxeb, ase rom Znelia laparaki imaze, rom maTi uflebebi daculia, imitom rom roca adamianma ar icis risi ufleba gaaCnia, ver gaigebs irRveva Tu ara misi uflebebi. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

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axalgazrdebma ar ician ra uflebebi aqvT. roca ar ici, SeiZleba ver mixvde rom Seni ufleba dairRva. yve-laze mniSvnelovani esaa. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

axalgazrdebis uflebebis darRveva xdeba samarTlebrivi kuTxiT (maTi gasamarTleba xdeba igive principebiT, rac zrdasruli adamianebis)

samarTlebrivi kuTxiT xdeba [axalgazrdebis uflebe-bis] darRveva, ubralod ar aris daxvewili kanonmdebloba da saerTaSoriso standartebTan SedarebiT xdeba dar-Rvevebi... mtkivneuli sfero albaT aris marTlmsajule-ba. axalgazrdebis marTlmsajuleba unda iyos calke da bavSvebis gasamarTleba ar unda xdebodes im principe-biT, rogoriTac Tundac srulwlovanebi samarTldebian. xSirad TviTon garemo ubiZgebs am bavSvebs rom wavidnen kriminalze, umetesad ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo da Semdeg maTdami mopyrobac, yvelanair normas scildeba. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

axalgazrdebis uflebebi irRveva socialur sferoSi (umu-Sevroba, SeRavaTebis ararsboba, sxv.)

Tu ki vsaubrobT imaze rom amdeni ram xelmiuwvdome-lia Sesabamisad arc maTi uflebebia daculi. yvelaze me-tad albaT dasaqmebis kuTxiT aris darRveuli misi [axal-gazrdis] uflebebi. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

[axalgazrdebis uflebebi irRveva] albaT ufro soci-alur sferoSi. roca axalgazrda xar, sanam fexze dadge-bi, unda arsebobdes saxelmwifo politika, romelic xels Segiwyobs da iqneba mastimulirebeli, sanam Sen miaRwev im asaks, rom stabiluri Semosavali gqondes, im momentSi dagexmaros. janmrTelobis, binis Tu swavlis kuTxiT SeRavaTebiT. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

respodentebis nawili Tvlis, rom saxelmwifos, arasamTa-vrobo da/an saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan axalgazr-debis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis an maTi uflebebis dacvis mizniT aranairi politikis da/an programebis ganxor-

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cieleba ar xdeba42. danarCeni respondentebi aRniSnaven, rom sxvadasxva seqtoris organizaciebis mier ganxorcielda/xor-cieldeba an igegmeba Semdegi programebi:

arasamTvarobo organizaciebi muSaoben axalgazrdebTan (mag. treningebi, seminarebi, sxv.) axalgazrdebis sazogado-ebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis xarisxis gazrdisa (mag. TviTmmar-Tveloba) da uflebebis dacvis sxvadasxva sakiTxebze (mag. axalgazrdebisTvis zrdasruli damnaSaveebisgan gansxvave-buli samarTlebrivi zomebis dadgena)

Cven ZiriTadad, araformaluri swavlebebiT varT da-kavebuli, sxvadasxva TemebTan dakavSirebiT. TviTmmarT-velobasTan dakavSirebiT, maTi uflebebi saarCevno kam-paniebSi. treningebi, maTi CarTulobis Sesaxeb. amasTanave krebulebis gamocema, Sexvedrebi da seminarebi, vork So-pebis gakeTeba, es yvelaferi moiazreba, Cvens programeb-Si. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

Cven gvaqvs trening–programebi igive axalgazrdul organizaciebTan, romlebic uSualod muSaoben axalgazr-debTan, vcdilobT gavzardoT axalgazrdebis aqtiuro-ba da CarTuloba, igive sakiTxebis lobirebas vcdilobT sxvadasxva samTavrobo struqturebTan. Cvens treningeb-Si yovelTvis vcdilobT, rom axalgazrdebis CarTuloba iyos maRali. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi cdiloben sxva arasamTav-robo organizaciebTan TanamSromlobas axalgazrdebis sa-zogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiurad CarTvis sakiTxis mogva-rebis mizniT.

arasamTavrobo seqtorze SemiZlia vTqva, rom arsebobs bavSvTa da axalgazrdobis ganviTarebis fondi, romelic afinansebs axalgazrdebze momuSave arasamTavrobo orga-nizaciebs, yovelwliurad konkretuli TanxebiT afinansebs

42 sainteresoa, rom erT-erTi respondentis mixedviT, politikuri par-sainteresoa, rom erT-erTi respondentis mixedviT, politikuri par-tiebi, arCevnebis drosac ki, aranair yuradRebas ar uTmoben axalgazrdul sa-kiTxebs: “politikur partiebi.. isini, Tundac erT punqts mainc unda uZRvnid-nen Tavis saarCevno kampaniisa, axalgazrdebs. magram konkretulad opoziciuri partiebic rom aviRoT, maTac mainc urCevniaT, rom gaTvla pensionerebze gaake-Ton...”

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maT, raTa gazardon TavianTi aqtivobebi da ufro metad CaerTon axalgazrdobis sferoSi. [samTavrobo seqtori]

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi cdiloben samTavrobo struqturebTan TanamSromlobas axalgazrdebis ufle-bebTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdeblobis sakiTxis mogvarebis mizniT.

iciT, ra proeqtsac axla vakeTebT, swored amas [axal-gazrdebis uflebebis dacvas] exeba. samarTlebrivi kuTx-iT xdeba [uflebebis] darRveva... axalgazrdebis marTlm-sajuleba unda iyos calke da bavSvebis gasamarTleba ar unda xdebodes im principebiT, rogoriTac Tundac srul-wlovanebi samarTldebian... ar aris sareabilitacio pro-gramebi... [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

vcdilobT gavzardoT axalgazrdebis aqtiuroba da CarTuloba, igive sakiTxebis lobirebas vcdilobT sxva-dasxva samTavrobo struqturebTan.. [arasamTavrobo se- [arasamTavrobo se-arasamTavrobo se-qtori]

Cveni organizaciis pozicia axalgazrdebis CarTu-lobasTan dakavSirebiT mdgomareobs imaSi rom axalgazr-das misce saSualeba realurad CaerTos gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, axalgazrdobis CarTuloba misi klasi-kuri gagebiT swored maTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis pro-cesSi garantirebul CarTvas niSnavs, romelic kanonmde-blobiTaa gamyarebuli. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi TanamSromloben saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan axalgazrdebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze

Cven CarTulebi varT evropis axalgazrduli foru-mis muSaobaSi, romelic muSaobs evrokavSirTan da evro-sabWosTan.... Cveni organizaciis warmomadgeneli aris evropis sabWos “axlgazrduli mrCevelTa sabWos” wevri, romelsac saSualeba aqvs rom monawileoba miiRos evro-pis sabWos axlgazrduli politikis gansazRvraSi, aseve.. im prioritetebis gansazRvraSi Tu ra prioritetebis da-finansebisaTvis gascems evropis sabWos axalgazrdebuli fondi grantebs. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

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saerTaSoriso organizaciebi muSaoben axalgazrdebis uflebebis dacvisa da sazogadoebaSi CarTulobis donis gazrdis sakiTxebze.

Cven gvqonda uflebebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT [pro-grama]... axalgazrduli centrebi Cveni daxmrebiT gaixsna sxvadasxva regionSi.... sportul gamajansaRebeli pro-gramebi iyo, axalgazrduli media qseli iyo.... [axalgaz-rdebma] SeiZines, garkveuli unar-Cvevebi, romlebic maT momavalSi gamoadgebaT... {saerTaSoriso seqtori}

respondentebis azriT is mcireodeni meqanizmebi, romel-Taa daxmarebiTac axalgazrdebs SeuZliaT sakuTari uflebe-bis dacva Semdegia: I sakuTari aqtiuroba/informaciis moZieba, II arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, III ombucmenis ofisi, IV sasa-marTlo/adovokatebi, da V studenturi TviTmmarTvelobebi.

respondentebma aseve gamoTqves mosazrebebi imis Sesaxebac, Tu ra unda/SeiZleba gakeTdes saqarTveloSi axalgazrdebis sa-zogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTulobis gazrdis da maTi uflebe-bis dacvis sakiTxebis gadawyvetisTvis:

axalgazrdebis ganaTleba maTi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblo-bebisa da uflebebis Sesaxeb skolis asakidanve unda daiwyos

skolebidanve unda moxdes axalgazrdebis momzadeba da adamianis aRzrda unda moxdes, im mimarTulebiTac rasac uflebebis dacva hqvia, aseve monawileobis mimarTulebiTac. bavSvi patara asakidan unda mieCvios, rom is aris moqala-qe, rom is aris valdebuli da SeuZlia monawileoba miiRos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi... rasakvirvelia, unda icodnen uflebebi, arsebobs samoqalaqo uflebebi... Cvens skolebSi prioriteti sxva sagnebs eniWeba. skolebSi prioriteti unda iyos samoqalaqo swavleba. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

aris garkveuli mimarTulebebi, romelTa gaumjobeseba unda moxdes... Zalian mniSvnelovania adamianis uflebebis swavleba axalgazrdebisaTvis, igive saskolo Tu sauniver-siteto doneze, maT unda icodnen ra aris maTi uflebebi, rogor unda ibrZolon TavianTi uflebebisaTvis da unda

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CamouyalibdeT Sexeduleba adamianis uflebebze. . . sami aspeqtia: codna, unar–Cvevebi da ra damokidebuleba aqvT am sakiTxis mimarT. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

albaT isev da isev ganaTlebis sistemaSi unda moxdes garkveuli codnis bazisis Cadeba, vTqvaT ufros klaseb-Si iswavlebodes ra dros vis unda mimarTon, ra aris kon-stitucia, ra aris adamianis uflebebi, ra aris danaSauli, saxelmwifos mowyoba. es yvelaferi ufro ukeTesad rom iyos ganaTlebis sistemis programaSi Cadebuli, albaT ufro kargi iqneba. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

moxdes informaciis miwodeba axalgazrdebisTvis maTi sa-moqalaqo pasuxismgeblobebisa da uflebebis Sesaxeb

pirvel rigSi unda amaRldes sainformacio kampaniebis done, romelic emsaxureba cnobadobis amaRlebas sakanon-mdeblo da sasamarTlo doneze. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

moxdes saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi axalgazrdebis aqtiuri CarTva

rodesac axalgazrdebis CarTulobaze vlaparakobT, aq yvelaze mTavari aris is, rom axlgazrdebi CarTulebi iyvnen gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, rogorc saxelm-wifo aseve regionalur da adgilobriv doneze, es niSnavs imas, rom axalgazrdebs hqondeT saSualeba sxvadasxva adgilobriv municipalitetebSi, meriebSi yavdeT TavianTi warmomadgeneli, romelic gamoxatavs adgilobrivi axal-gazrdebis azrs da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, maT azrsac iTvaliswinebdnen. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

sagareo politikuri xedva

kvlevis farglebSi axalgazrdebs miecaT debulebebi, rom-lebic miznad isaxavda saxelmwifos sagareo politikur kursze maTi Sexedulebebis analizs. debulebebi saqarTvelos dRevan-deli orientaciidan gamomdinare ZiriTadad evrokavSirTan da natosTan urTierTobas exeboda (ix. grafiki).

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Tqveni azriT saqarTvelo...

evrokavSiris wevri unda gaxdes

natos wevri unda gaxdes

natos samSvidobo misiebSi unda miiRos monawileoba sakuTar teritoriaze unda ganaTavsos ucxouri SeiaraRebuli Zalebi/bazebi

rogorc gamoirkva axalgazrdebis umetesoba miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelo evrokavSiris (83%) da natos (78%) wevri unda gaxdes da agreTve Tanaxmaa, rom natos samSvidobo misiebSic miiRos monawileoba (65%). Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu saqarT-velos teritoriaze ucxo qveynis samxedro bazebis/Zaleb-is ganlagebazea saubari, aq axalgazrdebis ganwyoba TiTqmis radikalurad icvleba - 41% bazebis ganlagebis winaaRmdegia.

dRes saqarTvelos xelisuflebas aSkarad gamoxatuli dasavluri sagareo politikuri kursi aqvs aRebuli da ev-rokavSirsa da natoSi gawevrianebis survilis mudmiv deklari-rebas axdens.

saintereso aRmoCnda konfliqtur regionebTan dakavSire-buli sakiTxebisa da evrokavSirsa da natoSi gawevrianebis urTierTmimarTeba. kiTxva Semdegnairad iyo dasmuli: “daTanx-mdebodiT Tu ara afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebis sakiTxis droebiT gadadebas, Tu is natosa da evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebas aferxebs”. natosTan da evrokavSirTan mimarTebaSic identuri procentu-li maCveneblebi dafiqsirda (ix. grafiki).

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srulad veTanxmebi 2 3 4 saerTod ar veTanxmebi

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axalgazrdebis 43% saerTod ar eTanxmeba am kuTxiT teri-toriuli mTlianobis sakiTxis Tundac droebiT gadadebas da kidev 13% ufro am pasuxisken ixreba, vidre sawinaaRmdego azrisken. debulebas srulad eTanxmeba, anu teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs droebiT gadadebda 5%, daaxloebiT imave azrzea kidev 6%.

sxvadasxva institutebisadmi ndoba

Sida politikur ganwyobebs rac Seexeba, am mxriv TvalSi-sacemi Sedegebi gvaqvs sxvadasxva organizaciuli Sekrebebis mimarT ndobaSi. yvelaze maRali ndobis monacemi da isic mx-olod 10%43 politikur partiebs ufiqsirdebaT, maT Semdeg ki 7% modis saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. studentur sabWoebsa (klubebs) da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs gamokiTxulTa 3-3% endoba da profesiul kavSirebs ki yvelaze cota, mxolod 1%.

im respondentebidan, romlebic politikuri partiebis mi-marT ndobas afiqsireben (aseTi 103 respondenti iyo), 71% nacio-nalur moZraobas endoba. Semdeg adgilze qristian-demokratebi arian 13%, xolo mesame adgilze leiboristebi 5%44.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebisadmi gamoxatul ndobaSi (67 respondenti) liderobs gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia 39%, xolo meore adgils evrokavSiri ikavebs 10%. mas ki 9% da 8% Se-sabamisad mosdeven iunisefi (gaeros bavSvTa fondi) da nato.

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prezidenti

parlamenti

mTavroba

sasamarTloebi

prokuratura

policia

banki

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi

opozicia

saarCevno sistema

presa


mocemuli blo kis bolos konkretuli institutebis mi-marT ndoba fasde-boda. aRmoCnda, rom yvelaze metad axal-gazrdebi bankebs en-dobian - 65%, Semdeg adgils ki policia ikavebs 54%. prezi-dentis instituts

42% ndoba ufiqsirdeba, riTic mesame adgilzea. sxva insti-tutebi mniSvnelovnad CamorCebian liderebs (ix. grafiki)

43 monacemi mocemulia 1000 respondentidan44 mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, rom am kiTxvaze SerCevis simciris gamo

(mxolod 103 respondenti) zogierTi es monacemebi SesaZloa aravaliduri iyos.

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aRsaniSnavia, rom iseTi institutebi, rogorebicaa sasa-marTlo, presa, saarCevno sistema da romlebsac dasavlur gan-viTarebul saxelmwifoebSi, rogorc wesi, ndobis yvelaze maRa-li maCvenebeli aqvT, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi pirvel xuTeul-Si ar Sedian.

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axalgazrdebis uflebebi

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axalgazrdebis uflebebi

1990-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Sem-deg sakmaod dagvianda saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo CarCos daxve-wa. axali xelisufleba pirvel etapze ssrk-is kanonebis axal re-alobaze morgebas cdilobda, rac imTaviTve mcdaro nabiji iyo.

Tavad konstituciis miRebac ki mxolod 1995 wels moxerxda. srulad organizebuli saxiT kanonmdebloba dResac ar aris warmodgenili, Tumca, ra sakvirvelia, bevrad progresuli xasi-aTisaa, vidre damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi. agreTve Sedare-biT gvian damkvidrda saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Tanamedrove gageba da dResac ver vityviT, rom amis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis informirebulobis done maRalia.

gamokiTxuli axalgazrdebidan mxolod 51%45 aris in-formirebuli adamianis konstituciuri da sxva uflebebis Sesaxeb, rac savaraudod imiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli, rom is bundovani cnebaa, sazogadoebaSi arasakmarisi raodenobiT vrceldeba literatura mis Sesaxeb da am uflebebze apelire-bis SemTxvevebic ubralod populisturi xasiaTisaa da samarT-lebriv precedentebs ki naklebad qmnis.

mocemuli kvlevis farglebSi agreTve gamovlinda axalgaz-rdobis samarTlebrivi daculobis done. irkveva, rom axalgaz-rdebis 34% am kuTxiT Tavs sruliad daculad grZnobs, xolo kidev 42% nawilobriv daculad. respondentTa 16% Tvlis, rom ar aris samarTlebrivad daculi.

axalgazrdebis im uflebebidan, romlebic yvelaze xSirad ilaxeba, respondetebi isev gansakuTrebiT gamoyofen dasaqme-bis problemas 41%, Semdeg adgilze ki sityvis Tavisuflebisa (28%) da ganaTlebis miRebis (25%) uflebebi dgas (ix. grafiki).

axalgazrdebis uflebebi, romlebic

yvelaze xSirad ilaxeba

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samsaxuri

miWirs pasuxi/uari

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ganaTlebainformaciis miRebis ufleba

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samedicino daxmareba

saarCevno xmis ufleba

mitingebis da manifestaciebis ufleba

Tavisufali gadaadgilebis uflebasakuTrebis/TavSesafris

ojaxis Seqmnis

dasvenebis

pirvel sam problemas maCvenebliT sagrZnoblad CamorCeba,


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magram mainc aqtualurad SeiZleba CavTvaloT informaciis miRebis ufleba 10%, mis Semdgom ki 8-8% inawileben sindisis Tavisufleba, samedicino daxmarebis ufleba, saarCevno xmisa da mitingebis da manifestaciebis uflebebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom axalgazrdebis 33% uWirs raime saxis problemebze saubari. es, ra sakvirvelia, ar niSnavs imas, rom es axalgazrdebi Tavis Tavze ar ganicdian maT gavlenas. ubralod gareSe faqtorebis zegavleniT, rogorc Cans, maT uWirT Camoya-libeba, Tu romeli konkretuli uflebis darRvevas ganicdian. aqve SesaZloa sagrZnob rols TamaSobdes adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb arasakmarisi informirebuloba da codna.

kiTxvaze “bolo 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi gqoniaT Tu ara samarT-lebrivi problema” respondentTa 91% uaryofiTad pasuxobs da Zalian mcire raodenoba, mxolod 1-1% ki sakuTrebasa da sam-saxurTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv problemebze saubrobs. aqedan gamomdinare gamoyenebuli samarTlebrivi momsaxurebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebis dasma aravalidurobis CarCoSi jdeba.

gacilebiT sainteresoa debulebebis daSveba ufaso iurid-iul momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebiT. kvlevis samarTlebrivi blokis farglebSi dasmuli iyo kiTxva: “saWiroeba rom Segeqm-naT, yvelaze xSirad romeli iuridiuli momsaxurebiT isarge-blebdiT, momsaxureba ufaso rom iyos”, razec axalgazrdebis 51%46 ofisSi pirad konsultacias asaxelebs. respondentTa 23% Sesaferisad Tvlis advokatis momsaxurebas, warmomadgen-lobas sasamarTloSi an sxva saxelmwifo organoSi. satelefono konsultacias mxolod 10% miiCnevs iuridiuli momsaxurebis relevantur tipad.

ufaso iuridiuli momsaxurebis realurad gamoyenebas rac Seexeba, igi respondentTa axloblebisa da naTesavebis wridan mxolod 9% (1000 respondentidan) gamoiyena bolo 3 wlis man-Zilze. Tu am monacemebs iuridiuli momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli institutebis doneze CavSliT, im adamianebidan, romlebmac ufaso iuridiul momsaxurebiT isargebles (85 respondenti), yvelaze metma, 28% kerZo iuridiul firmas mimarTa. am kuTxiT meore-mesame adgilebs 15-15% inawileben iuridiuli daxmare-bis saxelmwifo samsaxuri da axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia. arasamTavrobo organizaciebs 7%47 mimarTa.

46 monacemebi mocemulia 1000 respondentidan47 es monacemi SesaZloa aravaliduri iyos SerCevis simciris (85 respon-

dentidan) gamo.

134


zogadad ufaso iuridiuli momsaxurebis Sesaxeb informa-cia 1000 respondentidan mxolod 36% aqvs.

mosazrebebi axalgazrdebis uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb araerTgvarovani da negatiuria:

axalgazrdebis uflebebi, termini “axalgazrdis” msgavsad ar aris gansazRvruli saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi da es uflebebi ar moizareba adamianis uflebebisgan damoukide-blad;axalgazrdebmi ar icnoben sakuTar uflebebs; axalgazrdebis uflebebis darRveva xdeba samarTlebrivi kuTxiT (maTi gasamarTleba xdeba igive principebiT, rac zrdasruli adamianebis); axalgazrdebis uflebebi irRveva socialur sferoSi (umu-Sevroba, SeRavaTebis ararseboba, sxv.);

respondentebis nawili Tvlis, rom saxelmwifos, arasamTav-robo da/an saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan axalgazrdeb-is sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis an maTi uflebebis dacvis mizniT Semdegi RonisZiebebi ganxorcielda/ xorcieldeba:

arasamTvarobo organizaciebi muSaoben axalgazrdebTan (mag. treningebi, seminarebi, sxv.) maTi sazogadoebriv cx-ovrebaSi CarTvis xarisxis gazrdisa (mag. TviTmmarTveloba) da uflebebis dacvis sxvadasxva sakiTxebze (mag. axalgaz-rdebisTvis zrdasruli damnaSaveebisgan gansxvavebuli sa-marTlebrivi zomebis dadgena) arasamTavrobo organizaciebi cdiloben samTavrobo struqturebTan TanamSromlobas axalgazrdebis ufle-bebTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdeblobis sakiTxis mogvarebis mizniT. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi TanamSromloben saerTa-Soriso organizaciebTan axalgazrdebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebzesaerTaSoriso organzaciebi muSaoben axalgazrdebis ufle-bebis dacvisa da sazogadoebaSi CarTulobis donis gazrdis sakiTxebze.

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qalTa diskriminacia

mocemuli kvlevis farglebSi, viTvaliswinebdiT ra sakiTx-is zogad aqtualobas, agreTve SevexeT qalebis diskriminaciis sakiTxs. gamokiTxuli axalgazrdebidan kiTxvaze “arsebobs Tu ara saqarTveloSi qalebis diskriminacia” 24% dadebiTad pa-suxobs, xolo kidev 21% Tvlis, rom nawilobriv diskriminacia-sTan gvaqvs saqme. rac Seexeba formebs, romlebis mixedviTac es diskriminacia xorcieldeba, aq procentuli maCveneblebi Sem-degnairad gadanawilda (ix. grafiki):

75

53

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36

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4

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10

fizikuri Zaladoba

seqsualuri Zaladoba

fsiqologiuri zewola


respondentebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom saqarTveloSi saxeze gvaqvs qalebis diskriminacia48, miiCneven, rom es diskriminacia yvelaze metad fsiqologiur zewolas (78%) da fizikur Zaladoba-Si (75%) vlindeba. Semdeg adgilze ki seqsualuri Zaladobaa 53%.

saqarTveloSi mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworuflebiano-bis donis dasadgenad da agreTve zogadad axalgazrdobis am sakiTxisadmi damokidebulebebis gasaanalizeblad, responden-tebs esmebodaT kiTxvebi qalis ama Tu im Tanamdebobaze mis-aRebobis Sesaxeb. qalis kandidatura yvelaze metad misaRebi aRmoCnda parlamentis wevris adgilze - 96%. meore adgili axalgazrdebma samsaxurSi sakuTar ufrosad qalis kandida-turis misaRebobas argunes - 89%. TiTqmis Tanabari procentu-li maCveneblebi dafiqsirda qalebisTvis prezidentis da Temis mmarTvelis adgilze, Sesabamisad 78% da 76%.

zogadad tendenciis mixedviT, profesiuli ganviTarebisa da maRal saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebis kuTxiT, dis-kriminacia, SeiZleba iTqvas, arc gvaqvs saxeze. axalgazrdebi savsebiT misaRebad Tvlian qali ufrosis yolasac, rac Cveu-lebriv progresul azrovenaze miuTiTebs.

48 monacemebi mocemulia 450 respondentidan - Tvlian, rom saqarTvelo-Si arsebobs qalTa diskriminacia.

136


damokidebulebebi saqarTveloSi axalgazrda qalTa ufle-bebis diskriminaciis mimarT araerTgvarovania. garemoebebi, sa-dac iTvleba, rom xdeba qalebis uflebebis Selaxva Semdegia:

xdeba qalebis uflebebis darRveva ojaxebSi (mag. samsaxuris dawyebis problema, Zaladoba, sxv.);tradiciulad qals sazogadoebaSi da ojaxSi ufro mokrZa-lebuli pozicia uWiravs; mraval sferosa da struqturaSi (mag. parlamenti 49, saminis-troebi) qalebi naklebad arian warmodgenilebi;qalebis daqiraveba ar xdeba sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobe-bze, sadac gadawyvetilebebis miReba aris saWiro;dasaqmebis dros qalebis Sefaseba xdeba maTi garegnuli mo-nacemebis mixedviT;

respondentebis nawili Tvlis, rom qalTa diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saxelmwifo politika ar arsebobs da/an rom genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebze ZiriTadad aras-amTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi muSaoben. Tumca sx-vadasxva respondentis mier dasaxelda am sakiTxTan dakavSire-buli Semdegi saxelmwifo RonisZiebebi:

parlamentis mier miRebuli qalTa diskriminaciis aR-mofxvris politika/ samoqmedo gegma rusudan kervaliS-vilis xelmZRvanelobiT;saxelmwifos mier Zaladobis sawinaaRmdego prevenciu-li RonisZiebebi (mag. satelevizio reklamebi, informa-cia);“saqarTvelos axalgazrdobisa da sportis departa-menti”, “gaeros mosaxleobis fondTan” erTad daaxloe-biT ukve mesame welia, mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT atarebs trening–seminarebs, “genderuli balansi da ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZola”;arsebobs proeqti partiebSi qalebis warmomadgenlobis minimaluri kvotebis dawesebaze;

zogierTi respondentis azriT, saxelmwifos mier qalTa

49 sainteresoa, rom qalTa araTanabari warmomadgenloba sxva-dasxva sferoSi, gansxvavebulad aris Sefasebuli mamakaci responden-tis azriT, romelic Tvlis, rom qalTa araTanabari warmomadgenloba parlmentSi ar gulisxmobs maTi uflebebis darRvevas: “sulac ar niS-navs es imas, rom qalTa balansi parlamentSi ar aris, es ar niSnavs dis-kriminacias”.

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diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politika efeqturia (seminarebis meSveobiT qalebi ecnobian TavianT uflebebs da acnoben TavianT Tanatolebsac), xolo zogierTi respondent-ebis azriT – “Sedegebi naklebadaa”.

eqspertTa azri

kvlevis monawileebis nawili Tvlis, rom axalgazrda qalTa uflebebis diskriminacia saqarTveloSi ar xdeba da istoriu-ladac arasodes momxdara arc sazogadoebaSi da arc ojaxSi. qarTuli kanonmdeblobac arasodes yofila qalebisa da kacebi-sTvis gansxvavebuli.

Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi, konkretulad araferi weria, rom es ase unda iyos kacisaTvis da es ukve gamoricxavs diskriminacias. realobaSic ase xorcieldeba. 1918 wels Tbilisis universitets moweres, Crdilo osebma, rom vin SeiZleba, iswavlos Tqvens universitetSio da ivane javax-iSvilma upasuxa, rom yvelas ganurCevlad sqesisa, reli-giuri aRmsareblobisa, erovnebisa, mxolod erTaderTi moTxovna, qarTuli enis codnao. ase iyo da dResac asea. [samTavrobo seqtori]

Tumca sxva respondentebi am mosazrebas ar eTanxmebian da aRniSnaven, rom es “tabuirebuli Temaa da ... axalgazrda gogonebidan dawyebuli, Zalian bevr sakiTxebSi xdeba maTi pirdapiri diskriminacia”50:

xdeba qalebis uflebebis darRveva ojaxebSi (mag. samsaxuris dawyebis problema, Zaladoba, sxv.);

samwuxarod qalTa diskriminacia xdeba da amis bevri faqti arsebobs, pirvel rigSi es xdeba ojaxebSi. qalis uflebebi ojaxebSi saTanadod ar aris daculi, Zalian bevr uflebebs arian moklebulebi... [samTavrobo seqtori]

50 erT-erTi respondentis azriT, qalTa Tanasworobis prob-lema SeiZleba aqtualuri iyos regionebSi da ara dedaqalaqSi: “Tbi-lisSi yovel SemTxvevaSi es naklebad xdeba., raioneSi SesaZloa aqvs aseT faqtebs adgili”

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amboben rom aris ojaxebSi qalTa diskriminacia, ara-Tanabari uflebebi aqvT samsaxuris dawyebis mxriv. [ara-[ara-ara-samTavrobo seqtori]

tradiciulad qals sazogadoebaSi da ojaxSi ufro mokrZa-lebuli pozicia uWiravs

Cven mainc gansxvavebuli xalxi varT, genderul Tana-sworobas vaRiarebT, magram praqtikaSi ramdenad gamodis es sxva sakiTxia. es bunebrivia da istoriulad asea, rom qals ufro mokrZalebuli pozicia uWravs. [samTavrobo seqtori]

mraval sferosa da struqturaSi (mag. parlamenti 51, samini-stroebi) qalebi naklebad arian warmodgenilebi

aseve Zalian bevr sferoSi qalbatonebi naklebad arian warmoCenilebi. [samTavrobo seqtori]

parlamenti rom aviRoT, exla daaxloebiT Svidi qalia. Tundac ministrebs Tu gadavxedavT. maRal safexurebze kacebi arian, qalebi Semsrulebel doneze arin mxolod. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

qalebis daqiraveba ar xdeba sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobeb-ze, sadac gadawyvetilebebis miReba aris saWiro

konkretulad rom Candes me gasaubrebaze damiwunes imitom rom qali var, Zalian rTulia rom daamtkico Tum-ca realuria rom kulturidan da mentalobidan gamomdin-are aris. SeiZleba bevri qalia CarTuli arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo sferoSi, magram ar arian im poziciebze, sadac gadawyvetilebebi miiReba. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

dasaqmebis dros qalebis Sefaseba xdeba maTi garegnuli mo-nacemebis mixedviT

51 sainteresoa, rom qalTa araTanabari warmomadgenloba sxva-dasxva sferoSi, gansxvavebulad aris Sefasebuli mamakaci responden-tis azriT, romelic Tvlis, rom qalTa araTanabari warmomadgenloba parlmentSi ar gulisxmobs maTi uflebebis darRvevas: “sulac ar niS-navs es imas, rom qalTa balansi parlamentSi ar aris, es ar niSnavs dis-kriminacias”.

139


zogadad aris diskriminirebuli, rodesac qali midis samuSaod mas rogorc models ise afaseben da am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba dairRves misi uflebebi. [arasamTavrobo seqtori]

respondentebis mier, aseve gamoiTqva mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZleba/ unda gakeTdes qalTa diskriminaciis problemis Semcireba/ gadaWrisTvis:

qalebs, meti dekretuli Svebuleba unda miscen (es waad-geboda maTac, maT Svilebsac da saqarTvelosac);ojaxuri Zaladobis problemis gadasaWrelad unda mox-des mentalobis (“ras izam, unda moiTmino”) Secvla;

korufcia

korufcia erT-erTi im sakiTxTagania, romelic ukve wleb-is manZilze sayovelTao gansjisa da apelirebis sagania. uka-naskneli wlebis manZilze am kuTxiT sagrZnobi progresuli nabijebi gadaidga, Tumca sxva azriT, korufcia mxolod sxva, zeda doneze gadavida da amitom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, Cveu-lebrivi rigiTi adamianisTvis SedarebiT SeumCneveli gaxda.

sainteresoa am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi axalgazrdebis azri. gamokiTxulTa 48% Tvlis, rom korufcia farTod gavrcele-buli movlenaa (ix. grafiki),

aris Tu ara korufcia saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli movlena

uari,

2%ar

vici, 20%

diax, 48%

ara, 31%

Tumca rodesac kiTxvas konkretulad vusvamT - “yofila Tu ara korufciis faqti TqvenTan an Tqvens ojaxTan mimarTebaSi

140


bolo erTi wlis manZilze”, dadebiTad ukve mxolod 1% (13 ada-miani) pasuxobs.

monacemebi mcirediT icvleba Tu kiTxvas bolo 3 welze davsvamT da garkveuli problemis mosagvareblad qrTamTan erTad saCuqris gadacemasac korufciis faqtad aRviqvamT. am SemTxvevaSi sferoebis mixedviT monacemebi Semdegnairad nawildeba (ix. grafiki):

5

6

6

4

3

3

91

90

90

91

93

93

4

4

4

5

5

4

ganaTlebis sfero

jandacvis sfero

Zalovani struqturebi

TviTmmarTvelobebi

metyeveoba, agrobiznesi

armia, policia


informireba

samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo axalgazrdul programebze in-formaciis xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli mosazRebebi gamoiTqva. sazogadod respondentebi Tvlian, rom 21-e saukuneSi informacia xelmisawvdomia axalgazrdebisTvis internetis sa-SualebiT. internetis garda samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo or-ganizaciebi komunikaciis sxva saSualebebsac iyeneben, kerZod:

piradi kontaqti samizne jgufebTan; samizne jgufebis sakontaqto siis gamoyeneba da maTTan el-fostis dagzavna; bukletebis “flaerebisa” da sxva sainformacio masalis gamoyeneba; pres-konferenciebi da masmedia farTo masebTan dakav-SirebisTvis;

unda aRiniSnos, rom informaciis axalgazrdebisTvis xelmi-sawvdomobis mosazrebas yvela respondenti ar eTanxmeba da Tv-lis rom es sakiTxi gaumjobesebas saWiroebs:

informacia ar aris koncentrirebuli/ lokalizebuli erT adgilas;

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raionebSi informaciis gavrceleba xdeba mxolod axal-gazrdobaze pasuxismgebeli samsaxurebis meSveobiT; informacia ar aris sistematizebuli; masmediis saSualebebi ar arian dainteresebulebi axal-gazrduli sakiTxebiT da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis daxmarebiT;

samxedro samsaxuri

sabWoTa kavSiris pirobebSi samxedro valdebulebis moxda gardauval aucileblobasTan iyo gaigivebuli da, Sesabamisad, sxva gzebze msjeloba, samsaxurisgan Tavis arideba da a.S. sa-fuZvels iyo moklebuli. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg pirveli dekadis manZilze samxedro sferoSi qaosi da ganukiTx-aoba iyo gabatonebuli, romelic samoqalaqo omidan daiwyo da Semdeg araerTi samxedro amboxis, sxvadasxva samxedro Sen-aerTebs Soris dapirispirebis fonze mimdinareobda.

samxedro sistemis arastabilurobis bolo niSani 2008 wels dagegmili samxedro amboxis mcdeloba iyo, romelic, marTalia, warumateblad damTavrda, magram rogorc faqtma, sazogadoe-baSi STabeWdileba datova, rom samxedro sistema isev ar aris sruli saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS.

damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg mudmivad aqtualuri iyo da dResac aseTad rCeba samxedro samsaxurisgan Tavis aridebis sakiTxi. kiTxvaze “Tavs aridebs Tu ara axalgazrdoba samxedro samsaxurs” respondentebis, anu Tavad axalgazrdebis 52% dadebiTad pasuxobs. amgvari damokidebuleba viwro loka-luri Taviseburebebis garda agreTve SesaZloa ganpirobebuli iyos globalizaciis mzardi tempebiT, anu garemo pirobebiT, rodesac axalgazrdebis cxovreba uamravi sxva, axali da sain-tereso mimarTulebebiT viTardeba, patriotizmi klasikuri gagebiT qreba da axal variaciebs iZens, adamiani sakuTari Tavis sxva individebTan gaigivebas ufro farTo arealis masStabiT axdens. aseT situaciaSi yvela is Rirebuleba, romlis gamoc samxedro samsaxuri aris gamarTlebuli da mimzidveli, ukana planze iwevs.

rac Seexeba im mizezebs, romelTa gamoc arideben Tavs samxedro samsaxurs, aq maCveneblebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda (ix. grafiki):

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48 6 20 44

samxedro moqmedebebis dawyebis safrTxis gamo jariskacsa da oficers Soris arakonstituciuri urTierTobis gamo cudi sasicocxlo pirobebi (kveba, sanitaruli pirobebi) jariskacis cxovrebis wesi (reJimi)

im axalgazrdebis umetesoba, romlebic zogadad Tavs aride-ben jars (aseTi 516 respondentia) - 48%, samxedro samsaxurisgan Tavis aridebis mizezad omis saSiSroebas asaxelebs. aq gasaT-valiswinebelia erTi faqtori: 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi momx-dari eTnikuri konfliqtebis cudi gamocdileba Tanamedrove axalgazrdobisTvis principSi mniSvnelovanwilad miviwyebuli iyo da analogiuri SekiTxva 2008 wlis zafxulamde rom daesvaT respondentebisTvis, SesaZloa omis saSiSroeba arc momxdariyo pasuxebis siaSi, an yovel SemTxvevaSi amdenad didi mniSvneloba ar eqneboda. 2008 wlis agvistos movlenebma, romelTac saube-durod didi msxverpli mohyva, kidev erTi cudi precedenti mi-umata qarTuli samxedro sistemis warumateblobebis sias, ramac ganapiroba kidec omis safrTxis gamo samxedro samsaxurisTvis Tavis aridebis aseTi didi maCvenebeli.

meore mizezad cudi sacxovrebeli pirobebi saxeldeba - 20%. e.i. miuxedavad bolo wlebis manZilze uamravi mcdelobi-sa, rom samxedro mosamsaxureTa sacxovrebeli pirobebi gaum-jobesebuliyo da am faqtze mudmivi apelirebisa, sazogadoe-bis sakmaod didi nawilis azriT, es pirobebi mainc aradamakmay-ofilebelia.

respondentTa 44% ki samxedro samsaxuri ubralod reJimis gamo aris miuRebeli. reJimSi cxovreba maT stils ar Seesabameba.

ukeTesi mdgomareoba vlindeba profesiuli samxedro sam-saxurisa da alternatiuli samxedro valdebulebis moxdis mi-marT: profesiul jars 74% uyurebs dadebiTad da amasTan kide 20% neitralurad, anu arauaryofiTad aris ganwyobili. analo-giurad alternatiul samsaxurs 64% aRiqvams dadebiTad, xolo 26% arauaryofiTad.

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axalgazrdebis damokidebuleba jarSi gawvevis mimarT

negatiuri

2009 wlis agvistos Semdeg menejmentis mimarT undobloba gaCnda; jarSi wasvla ar iTvleba karg tonad;arsebobs SiSi/ sterotipi jarSi cudi damokidebulebis, cudi pirobebis (SimSili, sicive), sxv;

pozitiuri

arsebobs informacia, rom jarSi gaumjobesebuli pirobebia (kveba, sacxovrebeli pirobebi) winandelTan SedarebiT; reforma, romlis mixedviTac jari gaxdeba profesiuli sam-saxuri da ara savaldebulo instituti;axalgazrdebis tansacmelSi da aqsesuarebSi xSirad Sein-iSneba samxedro elementebi

respondentebis azriT, imisaTvis, rom axalgazrda dain-teresdes jarSi wasvliT, Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba aris saWiro/ SesaZlebeli:

patriotuli grZnobebis gaRviveba/gazrda da imis gacnobierebaSi daxmareba, rom es qveynis winaSe valdeb-ulebaa;meti informaciis miwodeba (mag. unda moxdes damamTavre-beli klasebis moswavleebis ramdenime dRiani gasvlebi jaris nawilebSi, jarSi cxovrebis pirobebis, reJimis da wesebis gasacnobad) jarSi sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobeseba; axalgazrdebis motivireba;jaris, rogorc samsaxuris prestiJulobis marketingi (mag. jarSi mxolod is ar midis vinc umaRlesSi ver Caabara);

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sarCevi

zogadi informacia qveynis Sesaxeb .................................................... 7kvlevis meTodologia ...........................................................................15axalgazrduli politika ...................................................................17saxelmwifo struqturebi ....................................................................18sakanonmdeblo baza ............................................................................... 22saxelmwifo axalgazrduli politikis mimarTulebebi, programebi da Sefaseba ....................................................................... 24axalgazrduli organizaciebi ........................................................... 31socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ......................................... 34demografia .............................................................................................. 35dasaqmeba ................................................................................................... 37axalgazrda ojaxebi .............................................................................. 47kerZo biznesi .......................................................................................... 50ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ................................................................... 51migracia .................................................................................................... 54socialurad daucveli jgufebi ....................................................... 60iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi ................................................... 62ganaTleba ................................................................................................ 66enebis codna ............................................................................................ 76TviTrealizacia ..................................................................................... 77religia da kultura ........................................................................... 80faseulobebi ............................................................................................ 82garToba, Tavisufali dro .................................................................. 83janmrTeloba ......................................................................................... 96dazRveva ................................................................................................. 107sigareti da alkoholi ....................................................................... 110Sidsi / aiv infeqcia ............................................................................. 111orsuloba da aborti .......................................................................... 114samoqalaqo monawileoba ................................................................. 118moqalaqeobrivi pozicia .................................................................... 118sagareo politikuri xedva ................................................................127sxvadasxva institutebisadmi ndoba .............................................. 129axalgazrdebis uflebebi ................................................................ 132qalTa diskriminacia ........................................................................... 135korufcia ............................................................................................... 139informireba .......................................................................................... 140samxedro samsaxuri ............................................................................. 141

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