color1.ppt [호환 모드]display.donga.ac.kr/강의자료/2016학년도 1학기... ·...
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![Page 1: Color1.ppt [호환 모드]display.donga.ac.kr/강의자료/2016학년도 1학기... · 2013-04-09 · Basic Colorimetric Concepts II Tristimulus Space – Specific color stimulus](https://reader034.vdocuments.pub/reader034/viewer/2022043023/5f3e7795ccb09774822842ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Colorimetryy
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ColorimetryColorimetry
– Psychophysical Perception of Color AppearancePsychophysical Perception of Color Appearance
– Quantitative DescriptionCIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) ( g )
Basic Concepts– Trichromatic Generalization : empirical lawTrichromatic Generalization : empirical law
Young-Helmholtz : Trichromatic color thoery
Color ← additive mixture of three different colors
Trichromacy : three independent colors
– Tristimulus SpacepPrimary tristimulus : R, G, B
Color = RQR+GQG+BQB (RQ, GQ, BQ :tristimulus values)Q Q Q Q Q Q
– Chromaticity CoordinatesColor is represented on 3D coordinates of RQ, GQ, BQ
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY1
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Basic Colorimetric Concepts IBasic Colorimetric Concepts I
Trichromatic GeneralizationTrichromatic Generalization– Additive mixture of trichromacy– Matching lawsg
Symmetry law– A ≡ B ⇒ B ≡ A
Transitivity law– A ≡ B & B ≡ C ⇒ A ≡ C
Proportionality lawProportionality law– A ≡ B ⇒ αA ≡ αB
α : radiant power coefficient (no spectrum change)(no spectrum change)
Additivity law– A ≡ B, C ≡ D
⇒ A + D ≡ B + C
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY2
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Basic Colorimetric Concepts IIBasic Colorimetric Concepts II
Tristimulus SpaceTristimulus Space– Specific color stimulus Q = {Pλdλ}Q
– Primary tristimulus R Q BPrimary tristimulus R, Q, BR = {ρPλdλ}R
G = {γPλdλ}GG {γPλdλ}G
B = {βPλdλ}B
ρ, γ, β : pisitive constants
– Q is represented as additive mixture of R, G, B
Q Q QR G B= + +Q R G B RQ, GQ, BQ : tristimulus values of QQ Q QR G B+ +Q R G B RQ, GQ, BQ : tristimulus values of Q
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY3
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Basic Colorimetric Concepts III
Chromaticity Coordinates
Basic Colorimetric Concepts III
By
k RQ+GQ+BQ = kQ Q QR G Bk
r g b= = =
BQ
g
1Q Q Q Q Q QR G B R G B
kr g b+ + + +
= =+ +
Gk
1
1
Q
b
Q = RQR+GQG+BQBg
Q
Q Q Q
Rr
R G B=
+ +1
GBGQ
b
g p = rR+gG+bB
Q Q Q
Q
Q Q Q
Gg
R G B=
+ +
RRQ
r
g
b 1
p rR+gG+bBQ Q Q
Q
Q Q Q
R G B
Bb
R G B
+ +
=+ +
– Only (r, g) represents Q(b = 1–r–g) Rk
1RQ r+g+b = 1Q Q QR G B+ +
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY
(b = 1 r g)
4
Rk
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Conversion between Two Systems of Primaries
Conversion between Two Primary Tristimulus SetsConversion between Two Primary Tristimulus Sets– One primary tristimulus R’, G’, B’ are represented as
another primary tristimulus R, G, B
11 21 31
12 22 32
a a aa a a
′ = + +′ = + +
R R G BG R G B
11 21 31
12 22 32
a a aa a a
′⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥′ = =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R R RG G A G
– C = R’R’+G’G’+B’B’ in R’G’B’ system13 23 33a a a′ = + +B R G B 13 23 33a a a
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥′⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦B B B
y
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
11 21 31 12 22 32 13 23 33
11 12 13 21 22 23 31 32 33
R a a a G a a a B a a aa R a G a B a R a G a B a R a G a B′ ′ ′= + + + + + + + +
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′= + + + + + + + +C R G B R G B R G B
R G B
– C = RR+GG+BB in RGB system
( ) ( ) ( )11 12 13 21 22 23 31 32 33
= R = G = B
11 12 13
21 22 23T
R a a a R RG a a a G G⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥′ ′= =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥A
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY5
31 32 33B a a a B B⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
′ ′⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
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Monochromatic StimuliMonochromatic Stimuli
CIE 1931 Color Matching FunctionCIE 1931 Color Matching Function– Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage에서 1931에 표준
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )r g bλ λ λ λ= + +E R G B : monochromatic stimuli of unit radiant power
– R (700 nm), G (546.1 nm), B (435.8 nm)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )r g bλ λ λ λ= + +E R G B( ) ( ) ( ), ,r g bλ λ λ : color matching function
: monochromatic stimuli of unit radiant power
R (700 nm), G (546.1 nm), B (435.8 nm)
CIE 1931CIE 1931
CIE 1964
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY6
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CIE 1931 Color Matching FunctionCIE 1931 Color Matching Function
Negative MatchingNegative Matching– r(λ) is negative between 435 nm and 546 nm– λ = 475 nm + rR ⇒ color matchingg
Ex) E475 + 0.045R = 0.032G + 0.186B⇒ E475 = – 0.045R + 0.032G + 0.186B
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY7
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(r, g) Chromaticity Diagram(r, g) Chromaticity Diagram
( )r λ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
rr
r g bλ
λ λ λ
λ
=+ +
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
gg
r g bλ
λ λ λ=
+ +
( )( ) ( ) ( )
bb
r g bλ
λ λ λ=
+ +
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY8
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Complex Color Stimulus in (r, g, b)Complex Color Stimulus in (r, g, b)
Complex Color StimulusComplex Color Stimulus: complex spectrum
( ) { } ( )Q P d Eλλ λ λ=( ) { } ( ){ } ( ) ( ) ( ){ } ( ) { } ( ) { } ( )P d r g b
P d r P d g P d bλ
λ λ λ
λ λ λ λ
λ λ λ λ λ λ
⎡ ⎤= + +⎣ ⎦= + +
R G B
R G B{ } ( ) { } ( ) { } ( )P d r P d g P d bλ λ λλ λ λ λ λ λ+ +R G B
( )bR P r dλ
λλλ λ= ∫
RrR G B
=+ +( )
( )a
b
a
G P g d
λλ
λ
λλλ λ=
∫
∫R G B
GgR G B
+ +
=+ +
( )b
a
B P b dλ
λλλ λ= ∫ Bb
R G B=
+ +
– Negative region → complicated⇒ virtual tristimulus → novel color matching functions
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY
g
9
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XYZ CoordinatesXYZ Coordinates
Virtual Color Matching FunctionsVirtual Color Matching Functions– Non-negative function, r(λ) → x(λ)– y(λ) ⇔ V(λ) : relative photopic luminous efficiency functiony( ) ( ) p p y
Monochromatic Light
X Y Z in RGB coordinates( ) ( )2 7689 1 7528 1 1302x rλ λ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ X, Y, Z in RGB coordinates( )( )( )
( )( )( )
2.7689 1.7528 1.13021.000 4.5907 0.06010 000 0 0565 5 5943
x ry gz b
λ λλ λλ λ
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦( ) ( )0.000 0.0565 5.5943z bλ λ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
( )( ) ( ) ( )
xx
λλ λ λ
=( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
x y z
yy
λ λ λ
λ
+ +
=( ) ( ) ( )
( )
yx y z
zz
λ λ λ
λ
+ +
=
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY10
( ) ( ) ( )z
x y zλ λ λ+ +
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Tristimulus in XYZ Coordinates (CIE 1931)Tristimulus in XYZ Coordinates (CIE 1931)
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY11
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Complex Color Stimulus XYZ CoordinatesComplex Color Stimulus XYZ Coordinates
Complex Color StimulusComplex Color Stimulus: complex spectrum
( ) ( ){ } ( )F d Eλ φ λ λ λ=( ) ( ){ } ( )( ){ } ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
F d E
d x y z
d d d
λ φ λ λ λ
φ λ λ λ λ λ
φ λ λ λ φ λ λ λ φ λ λ λ
⎡ ⎤= + +⎣ ⎦+ +
X Y Z
X Y Z( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )d x d y d zφ λ λ λ φ λ λ λ φ λ λ λ= + +X Y Z
( ) ( )bX k dλφ λ λ λ∫ k li ti( )X x λ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤( ) ( )
( ) ( )a
b
X k x d
Y k y d
λ
λ
φ λ λ λ
φ λ λ λ
=
=
∫
∫
k : normalizationλa = 380 nm λb = 780 nm
( )( )( )( )
b
a
X xY k y dZ z
λ
λ
λφ λ λ λ
λ
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
∫( ) ( )
( ) ( )a
b
a
y
Z k z d
λ
λ
λ
φ
φ λ λ λ=
∫
∫ , ,X Y Zx y z= = =
( )Z z λ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
, ,yX Y Z X Y Z X Y Z+ + + + + +
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY12
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Chromaticity Diagram of CIE 1931Chromaticity Diagram of CIE 1931
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY13
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CIE 1964 Supplementary Standard Coordinate System
CIE 1964 Supplementary StandardCIE 1964 Supplementary Standard– Field of View : 10° for television application– cf. CIE 1936, 2°,
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY14
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CIE 1964 Supplementary StandardCIE 1964 Supplementary Standard
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY15
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Color Differences in CIE 1931Color Differences in CIE 1931
Equally Perceptible Color DifferencesEqually Perceptible Color Differences– 10 times their actual area
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY16
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Uniform Color Space (UCS)Uniform Color Space (UCS)
CIE 1960 UCS Diagram (u, v)CIE 1960 UCS Diagram (u, v)4 4 6 6,
2 12 3 15 3 2 12 3 15 3x X y Yu v
x y X Y Z x y X Y Z= = = =− + + + + − + + + +y y
66 16 12
uxu v
=− +6 16 12
46 16 12
u vvy
u v
+
=− +
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY17
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U*V*W* Coordinate (1964)U V W Coordinate (1964)
3D Coordinate3D Coordinate– Expanded CIE 1960 UCS (u, v)– Color rendering : effect of light source on object colorg g j
( )( )
* *
* *
1313
nU W u uV W v v
= −= −( )
( )
* 1 3
1325 171 100
nV W v vW Y
Y
=
= −
≤ ≤( )1 100Y≤ ≤
un : u (standard white)v : v (standard white)
– W* : lightness index– U*, V* : chromaticness index
vn : v (standard white)
– 자극치 사이의 감지 크기
( ) ( ) ( )2 2 2* * *E U V WΔ Δ + Δ + Δ ⇔ W* = 50
Munsell Value = 5
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY18
( ) ( ) ( )64CIEE U V WΔ = Δ + Δ + Δ
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CIE 1976 UCS Diagram (u’, v’)CIE 1976 UCS Diagram (u , v )
– u’ = u, v’ = 1.5×v in CIE 1960 UCSu u, v 1.5 v in CIE 1960 UCS
415 3
XuX Y Z
′ =+ +15 3
915 3
X Y ZYv
X Y Z
+ +
′ =+ +
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY19
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CIE 1976 L*u*v* (CIELUV) CIE 1976 L u v (CIELUV)
Expand V* in U*V*W* Coordinate by 50 %Expand V in U V W Coordinate by 50 %
( )1 3* 116 16nL Y Y= − 4xu′ = Yn : Y (standard white) ( t d d hit )( )
( )* *
* *
1313
n
n
u L u uv L v v
′= −′= −
2 12 39
2 12 3
xyv
x
− + +
′ =− + +
un : u (standard white)vn : v (standard white)
( )2 12 3
, 1.5x
u u v v− + +′ ′= =
– Yn = 100 : L* ≈ W*– If Y/Yn ≤ 0.008856 ⇒ L* = 903.3(Y/Yn)– CIE 1976 L*u*v* Color Difference
( ) ( ) ( )2 2 2* * *E L u vΔ = Δ + Δ + Δ
– In additive mixture, mixed color = center of gravity law between two colors
( ) ( ) ( )uvE L u vΔ Δ + Δ + Δ
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY
mixed color = center of gravity law between two colors20
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CIE 1976 L*u*v* Color SpaceCIE 1976 L u v Color Space
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY21
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CIE 1976 L*u*v* UCS (L* = 50)CIE 1976 L u v UCS (L = 50)
MacAdam’s Ellipse (L* = 50)MacAdam s Ellipse (L 50)
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY22NTSC (national television system committee
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CIE 1976 L*a*b* Coordinate (CIELAB) I
From CIE 1964 Supplementary Standard
CIE 1976 L a b Coordinate (CIELAB) I
From CIE 1964 Supplementary Standard – If X/Xn, Y/Yn, Z/Zn > 0.01
( )1 3* 116 16L Y Y= X : X (standard white)( )( ) ( )1 3 1 3*
116 16
500n
n n
L Y Y
a X X Y Y
= −
⎡ ⎤= −⎣ ⎦
Xn : X (standard white)Yn : Y (standard white)Zn : Z (standard white)
If X/X Y/Y Z/Z < 0 01
( ) ( )1 3 1 3* 200 n nb Y Y Z Z⎡ ⎤= −⎣ ⎦
– If X/Xn, Y/Yn, Z/Zn < 0.01
( )( ) ( )
*
*
903.3 for 0.008856m n nL Y Y Y Y= ≤
⎡ ⎤( ) ( )( ) ( )
*
*
500
200m n n
m n n
a f X X f Y Y
b f Y Y f Z Z
⎡ ⎤= −⎣ ⎦⎡ ⎤= −⎣ ⎦
( )
( )
1 3 0.008856167 787 0 008856
f q q q
f
= >
+ ≤
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY23
( ) 7.787 0.008856116
f q q q= + ≤
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CIE 1976 L*a*b* Coordinate (CIELAB) IICIE 1976 L a b Coordinate (CIELAB) II
– L* in CIELAB ⇔ L* in CIELUVL in CIELAB ⇔ L in CIELUV
– CIE 1976 L*a*b* Color Difference2 2 2
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY24
( ) ( ) ( )2 2 2* * *abE L a bΔ = Δ + Δ + Δ
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Perceived Values in CIELUV IPerceived Values in CIELUV I
Hue, Perceived Chroma, Saturation, LightnessHue, Perceived Chroma, Saturation, Lightness– CIE 1976 u, v : hue angle
*1 vh
– CIE 1976 u, v : chroma
1*tanuv
vhu
−=
,
( ) ( )2 2* * *uvC u v= +
– CIE 1976 u, v : hue difference
( ) ( ) ( )2 2 2* * * *H E L CΔ = Δ − Δ − Δ
– Total color difference
( ) ( ) ( )uv uv uvH E L CΔ Δ Δ Δ
( ) ( ) ( )2 2 2* * * *uv uv uvE L C HΔ = Δ + Δ + Δ
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY25
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Perceived Values in CIELUV IIPerceived Values in CIELUV II
– CIE 1976 u, v : saturationCIE 1976 u, v : saturation
( ) ( )2 213uv n ns u u v v′ ′ ′ ′= − + −
In color television – 0.25 × L* (lightness)( g )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2 2 2* * * *0.25uvE L u v′Δ = Δ + Δ + Δ
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2 2 2* * * *0.25uv uv uvE L C H′Δ = Δ + Δ + Δ
In CIE 1976 UCS u’, v’ – Two adjacent color samples : ΔEu’v’ ≥ 0.004 distinguishable– Two separated color samples : ΔEu’v’ ≥ 0.04 distinguishable
DISPLAY DEVICE Lab., Dong-A UNIVERSITY26