發現與再發現之間的事件與認知以孟德爾為例子 for lecture only; bc yang

發現與再發現之間的事件與認知

以孟德爾為例子

For lecture only; BC Yang

In 1833, even before Schleiden and Schwann had presented their cell theory, Robert Brown had described an ovoid in the cell as the "nucleus", and Dumortier and von Mohl had discovered binary fission of the nucleus and cell. Remak gave the first descriptions of the changes that occur in the nucleus, and Purkinje underlined its importance and the requirement for this organelle throughout the life of a cell.


細節請看 : http://www.zoo.uni-heidelberg.de/lankenau/Teaching/Vorlesung/stunde16/stunde_16.htm

Francis Galton (1822-1911) offers a statistical approach to underst

anding inheritance.

Employing impressionistic data about talented individuals and their families, Galton proposed the "law of ancestral inheritance" in 1876. Revised several times over the next two decades, Galton's basic conception was that, on average, each parent provides offspring with one quarter of inherited traits, while grandparents contribute the rest. Francis Galton The "law of ancestral heredity," as it turned out, was mistaken. Although he was interested in individual variations, Galton's mathematical methods treated them as "errors." In Gregor Mendel's more carefully conceived experiments with culinary peas, variations represented the expression of discrete alternative factors or (as we would say today) genes. Galton, in his personal correspondence with Darwin, came close to this conception, but never proceeded to a testable formulation.


http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/timeline/1876_Galton.shtml

達爾文的姪子

1866, Mendel published his lecture, a work that was to establish him as “the father of genetics”.

1869 Johann Friedrich Miescher (nuclein) 1873 Anton Schneider (meiosis) 1879 Walther Flemming (chromaton, mitosis) 1888 Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz, (term chromo

some) 1902 Walter Stanborough Sutton. (chromosomes c

arry the units of inheritance) 1904 Theodor Boveri (correlation between Mende

l's factors and chromosomes ) 1904 William Bateson (genetics) 1909 Wilhelm Johannasen (gene)

DNA to chromosome to DNA

1869 Johann Friedrich Miescher identifies a weakly acidic substance of unknown function in the nuclei of human white blood cells. This substance will later be called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.

1924 Microscope studies using stains for DNA and protein show that both substances are present in chromosomes.

1928 Franklin Griffith, a British medical officer, discovers that genetic information can be transferred from heat-killed bacteria cells to live ones. This phenomenon, called transformation, provides the first evidence that the genetic material is a heat-stable chemical.

1944 Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod, identify Griffith's transforming agent as DNA.

http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/CASP/Carmosino_P.html

Good & simple reference to read:

It was while working on pus cells at Tübingen in 1869 that Miescher made his fundamental discovery. It was thought that such cells were made largely of protein, but Miescher noted the presence of something that "cannot belong among any of the protein substances known hitherto."

He showed that the new substance was derived from the nucleus of the cell alone and consequently named it 'nuclein'.

Miescher was soon able to show that nuclein could be obtained from many other cells and was unusual in containing phosphorus in addition to the usual ingredients of organic molecules - carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. It was not until 1871 that Miescher's paper, delayed by Hoppe-Seyler (who wanted to confirm the results), was published.

http://www.laskerfoundation.org/news/gnn/timeline/1869a.html


Miescher, Johann Friedrich II1844-1895

Switzerlander

The discovery of chromosomes cannot be pinpointed to a single person. It was a consequence of the growing interest in the division processes of the fertilized egg.

Scientists on cell division : Anton Schneider, Eduard Strasburger, Otto Bütschli, Edouard van Beneden, Leopold Auerbach, Hermann Fol, Walther Flemming.


1873 and after

是這個嗎 ??

One of the first discoverers was the zoologist Anton Schneider in 1873 who showed by adding acetic acid to fertilized eggs of the plathelmith Mesostomum Ehrenbergii that the nucleus disappears and that it changes to a bulk of thin threads subsequently becoming thicker and differentiating along an axis through the cell. The fibers finally separate and can be followed into each of the new cells formed from each other by lacing in from the edges of the original cell.

Schneider remarked: "These (observations) for the first time show us how intricate the metamorphosis of the nucleus (the germ pustule) is during cell division."

Friedlich Anton Schneider, 1873 Untersuchung uber Platyhelminthen in: Oberhessischen Gesellschagt fur Natur-und Heilkinden 14:69-140.

Walther Flemming1843 - 1905

1879: he described and named "chromaton", "mitosis" and "spireme", made the first accurate counts of chromosome numbers and figured the longitudinal splitting of chromosomes.


http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nrm/journal/v2/n1/full/nrm0101_072a_r.html

Flemming observed for the first time that the chromosomes during cell division became split along their longitudinal axis, now known to consist of chromatids, and in 1880 he formulated the sentence: "Omnis nucleus e nucleo".

All nuclei come from nuclei

(1863), omnis cellula e cellula

The term chromosome, the name was introduced in 1888 by von Waldeyer, and the process of cell di

vision were now well established.

• Waldeyer-Hartz, Wilhelm von (German). 1888. Über Karyokinese und ihre Beziehungen zu den Befruchtungsvorgängen. Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsmechanik 32: 1-122

1836-1921

http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/data/per357.htmlFor lecture only; BC Yang

He was the U.S. geneticist (and also surgeon) who provided the first conclusive evidence that chromosomes carry the units of inheritance and occur in distinct pairs.

The two papers (Sutton, 1902, 1903) written as a graduate student under E. B. Wilson at Columbia University formulated the concept that chromosomes carried the units of heredity and explained Mendel's laws.

http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/anatomy/sutton/surgical_career.html

1877-1916

Walter Stanborough Sutton.


http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/guyer.htm#Chromosomes%20in%20Heredity

While he was working as a graduate student at Columbia University, studying grasshopper cells, Sutton observed that chromosomes occurred in distinct pairs, and that during meiosis, the chromosome pairs split, and each chromosome goes to its own cell. Sutton announced this discovery in his 1902 paper On the Morphology of the Chromosome Group in Brachyotola.

I believe this is what Sutton has seen during his study at Columbia University (BC, 2004)

For lecture only; BC Yanghttp://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/anatomy/sutton/surgical_career.html

On pages 24-39 of Biological Bulletin, dated October 17th 1902, Sutton noted Montgomery's "suggestion that maternal chromosomes unite with paternal ones in synapsis" and briefly called "attention to the probability that the association of paternal and maternal chromosomes in pairs and their subsequent separation during the reducing division ... may constitute the physical basis of the Mendelian law of heredity."

This was amplified in the 1903 paper (Biological Bulletin 1903; 4, 231-251) which, summarizing the above work and that of Montgomery, Bateson and Saunders, Bovari, McClung, and himself, set out quite clearly the idea of the random assortment of paternal and maternal chromosomes in germ cells where meiosis is normal (no hybrid sterility).


Theodor Boveri (1862-1915)

He saw that as egg cells matured, there comes a point where chromosome numbers are reduced in half. Boveri was one of the first to see evidence of the process of meiosis. (In the late 1880's and early 1890's)

When Mendel's laws were rediscovered in 1900, Boveri recognized the correlation between Mendel's factors and the cytology work being done on chromosomes (1904?).

Some one had already improved the staining technique for chromosomes

http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/concept_8/con8bio.html


Theodor Boveri, making use of the ideas from Carl Rabl put forward the hypothesis of the constancy of the amount of chromosomes and of their continuity during the Interphase stages of the nucleus (1887-1888). In 1904 Boveri already even thought it might be possible that the pairing of chromosomes would result in an exchange of genetic substance.


來源資料待查Bamburg, Deutshland

William Bateson (1861-1926)

William Bateson describes gene linkage, showing that more than one gene may be required for a particular characteristic or trait (1904).A hereditary factor like, for example, the shape of the seed, the colour of the cotyledons or the colour of the seed shell shall be called a gene (following a suggestion of BATESON made in 1905).


http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/bateson1.htm

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e10/bateson.htm

First page of a 1905 letter written by William Bateson, first Director of the John Innes Institute, to Adam Sedgewick, Cambridge professor. Bateson coined the term "genetics" in this letter. he felt the need for a new term to describe the study of heredity and inherited variations. But the term didn’t start spreading until Wilhelm Johannsen suggested that the Mendelian factors of inheritance be called genes.


http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/concept_5/con5gallery.html

Wilhelm Johannasen

Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene (1909) to describe the Mendelian units of heredity.

He also made the distinction between the outward appearance of an individual (phenotype) and its genetic traits (genotype).

The proposed word traced from the Greek word genos, meaning "birth". The word spawned others, like genome.

http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/Kit/main.cfm?pageid=24

1857-1927


Are you satisfied to accept the Mendel’s laws?


發現與再發現之間的事 件與認知 以孟德爾為例子 for lecture only; bc yang

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發現與再發現之間的事件與認知以孟德爾為例子 for lecture only; bc yang