劉景秋Jing-Chiou Liou

 Deaprtment of Computer Science

Kean University

黃清郁Ching-Yu (Austin) Huang

Center for Pharmacogenomics and

Complex Disease ResearchNew Jersey Dental School,

UMDNJ

Heritage Chinese Schools in USTwo systems

正體字 Traditional Characters簡體字 Simplified Characters

Student populationParents are from TaiwanParents are from ChinaParents are Oversea ChineseParents are not oversea Chinese

Heritage Chinese Schools in US (cont.)Operation model

Weekend scheduleRun by students’ parents

中文學校 Heritage Chinese schools in New Jersey, USOver 128,000 Chinese population in New Jersey by

2008Student population varies from dozens to four

hundred Tuition and fee ranging US$300 - $400 per yearVoluntary school officials

Trend of Chinese Education in USChinese classes in K-12 school districts:

中文雙語班 Chinese as Second Language (CSL) 中文課程 Mandarin in world languages in English

schoolSAT-II ChineseAP-Chinese test發音 Pronunciation

注音符號 Zhu-yin漢語拼音 Han-yu

Teaching resources: 師資 Lack of certified teachers

Challenges For Weekend Chinese Schools資源 Resources restrictions

Increased operation cost營運 Unstable policy and teaching methodology

Frequently changing school officersTextbooks adoption

雙軌 Dual tracks issueDecreased student population in regular track Increased CSL population

師資 Difficulty in recruiting CSL teachers CSL teachers require both Chinese and English

skills

CSL Program in Chinese Schools中文雙語班 CSL Program becomes popular in

the past 5 years.學生來源 Sources of CSL students

A Mandarin -speaking Chinese familyA non- Mandarin -speaking Chinese familyA second generation Chinese familyAdopted Chinese child in non-Chinese familyA non-Chinese family

Challenges For the CSL Program師資變動 Frequent changes of teachers and

staff increase the difficulty to maintain a stable CSL program.

學生程度 A CSL class usually consists of students of different ages and a wide range of Chinese skill levels.

家長預期心態 Various expectations from students’ parents in CSL program.

Conventional Language Learning Methodologies傳統教室 Face-to-face classroom錄音帶 Electronic audio recording devices

(audio tape)錄影帶 Electronic video recording devices

(video tape)視聽教室 Audio/video classroomCD/DVD電腦 Computer網路 The Internet

Issues on Conventional Language Learning Methodologies 無邊界學習 Classroom instruction does not

support an offline language learning, especially for pronunciation.

互動教學 Interactive learning in a classroom does not appear in those electronic methodologies.

趣味學習 It is difficult, bored and unefficient to have young children to study a new language alone.

Integrated Computer-Aided Language Leanring Environment兼而有之 Take the advantages from both the

classroom instruction and modern techlogies.多元化學習 Can integrate different forms of

teaching materials seamlessly.無邊界學習 Students can review those

teaching materials beyond the classroom and class hours

ICALLE – Basic Configuration手提電腦 Laptop computer

The multimedia center stores files and provides A/V effects.

投影機 Portable projector800x600 resolution

擴音喇叭 Amplified computer speakersCapable of delivering adequate volume.

學校網站 A school web site that provides all teaching materials online.

ICALLE – Enhanced ConfigurationEquipments from the basic configuration.網路 The Internet connection

Landline or Wi-Fi多媒體無邊界學習 Teacher can go beyond the

teaching materials available within the classroom.網路教材 Some materials are available online but

cannot be converted and stored in a computer.電子書 (僑委會 )Many Oversea Chinese Affair

Commission (OCAC) online E-books.

ICALLE – Advanced Configuration整合學習環境 Capable of offering webcasting,

podcasting, and collabrating learning environment.語言電腦教室 A computerized classroom

Computers for both instructor and studentsNetwork connection and a server

互動環境 Interactive environment 隨時隨地 Students can view any time the lecture notes

that are on the server. 線上問答 Students can enter any questions while

viewing the lecture, notes the teacher will receive an notice when such event occures.

Case Study – Fidelity Chinese School (FCS) A non-profit organization founded in Marlboro,

New Jersey, in 1994. http://www.njfcs.org/Objectives: Teaching and promoting Chinese

language and cultures.家長參與 Many enthusiastic parents have

joined in teaching and/or becoming administrative staff.

Participated in many community events 國樂團 Chinese orchestra 扯鈴 Strong Chinese Yo-Yo team 舞龍隊與中國民俗舞蹈 Dragon team & folk dance

FCS Language ProgramsFCS language programs

正規班 Regular program: A literature-based curriculum teaches students Chinese skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing.

雙語班 CSL program: A conversation-based curriculum emphasizes on basic Mandarin conversation skill.

RegularChinese as a Second

Language (CSL)

Pre-K ( 學前班 )

K ( 幼班 )

Grade 1 ( 一年級 ) CSL-Beginner( 雙語初級班 )Grade 2 ( 二年級 )

Grade 3 ( 三年級 ) CSL-Intermediate( 雙語中級班 )Grade 4 ( 四年級 )

Grade 5 ( 五年級 ) CSL-Advanced ( 雙語高級班 )Grade 6 ( 六年級 )

Grade 7 ( 七年級 )

CSL-Conversation ( 雙語會話班 )

Grade8 ( 八年級 )

H1 ( 高年級一班 )

H2 ( 高年級二班 )

H3 ( 高年級三班 )

H4 ( 高年級四班 )

FCS CSL Curriculum初級班 CSL-Beginner:

Curriculum focuses on Chinese 1-10, 100, 1000, phonetics and other basic words for body and family relationship.

The class has 25 % Chinese usage in instruction.

中級班 CSL-Intermediate: 華語五百字 Textbook: Speak Mandarin in Five

Hundred Words. Lesson 1-15 is recommended for two years of classroom instruction.

25 – 50% Chinese usage in instruction.

FCS CSL Curriculum (cont.)高級班 CSL-Advanced:

華語五百字 Textbook: Speak Mandarin in Five Hundred Words. Lesson 16 - 30 is recommended for two years of classroom instruction.

可轉入正規班 After completing the 1st year in Advance class, qualify student who is willing to transfer into regular program can apply for a placement test.

結業 Students wish to continue on CSL program after two-year study in Advance class can be moved into Conversation class.

50 – 75% Chinese usage in instruction. Computer and projector are used for multimedia presentation.

FCS CSL Curriculum (cont.)會話班 Conversation class:

華語一千字與旅遊中文開口說 Textbook: Speak Mandarin in One Thousand Words and Everyday Chinese for Travelers (Far Eastern).

會話日夜 Class focuses on Chinese daily conversation skills.

無修業年限 No limitation on the years of study, but students usually complete their study for college bound.

FCS CSL Program Management學生人數 CSL studnet population has to be

maintained at a manageable level (about 1/4 of total population).

分班 CSL students are grouped based on their Chinese proficiency.

教學法 Capable of providing a teaching methodology with modern technology to improve the effectiness and efficiency.

助教 Each CSL class is assigned a teaching assistant.學習模式 A spiral learning model is applied in CSL

program.

結論一套妥善整合課程大綱和班級架構以便可以銜接不同

程度學生的教學方式是海外中文學習，特別是對於中文雙語班而言，成功的重要因素。

整合式電腦輔助語言學習環境可以有效改善海外中文學習成效。

海外中文師資仍然是個問題。