(Materials & Civilization)

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: 112, 810-2479, 011-774-3303: () B106, 810-2479: 1:30- 5:30

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Class RulesExtend courtesy to everyone in the roomNo reading newspapersNo conversationsNo sleepingNo drinking of alcoholic beverages No walkman

Chapter 1. : Chapter 2. Chapter 3. : () Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Chapter 7. 8 / 9-16 : team teaching , : , : : 40%, 40%, 20% : : class note( web site : http://yu.ac.kr/~khchoReading Assignments:

Chapter 1. - -

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The Materials Ages Stone age () ~2,000,000 BCLower paleolithic() 1,500,000 BCUpper paleolithic () 40,000 BCNeolithic() 8,500 BCChalcolithic(copper stone) 4,500 BC Bronze Age() 3,200 BC Iron Age() 1,200 BCcement age () 200 BCSteel age () 1850 ADSilicon Age() 1,950 ADNew Material Age() 1,990 AD

(1)~38,000 BC Bitumen is used in the Middle East to attach stone tools to wooden shafts 10,500 BC Earliest known pottery is produced in southern JapanPre-Neolithic Age

(2)8,000 BC Clay tokens are used in the Mesopotamia to record business transactions 7,000 BC Bitumen is used by the Urbaids of Mesopotamia as a mortar, and as a waterproofing for boats, buildings etc.7,000 BC Woven cloth (cellulose fiber) is developed in Anatolia. The adoption of farming is a hallmark of Neolithic cultures. 6,000 BC Locally found Obsidian is traded throughout the Middle East. Copper smelting is developed.5,000 BC Gold , silver, & copper ornaments are fashioned from nuggets in e.g. Balkans 5,000 BC Babylon is built with fired-brick & bitumen mortar, The facing bricks are enameled. Limestone & pink marble are used for paving slabs.Neolithic Age

(3)4,500-4,000 BC Copper is smelted in Egypt and Eastern Europe. Copper is mined in Eastern Europe4,000 BC The potter wheel is developed in Mesopotamia.4,000 BC Meteoric iron is used to make small tools and ornaments.Chalcolithic Age

(4)3,500 BC Earliest known use of Bronze is found in Sumer: the first urban civilization(Euphrates river) 3,000 BC Glass is first used in the Middle East as a glaze on pottery.2,650 BC The Step Pyramid & the Great Pyramid are constructed. The Pyramids are the first large stone structures. Massive limestone & granite blocks are used as a facing. 2,000 BC Stonehenge( a megalith) is being constructed in England.1,500 BC Glass vessels are produced in Egypt and Mesopotamia.Bronze Age

(5)1,400-1,200 BC The Hittites in Anatolia introduce methods to produce relatively large quantities of smelted iron. 447 BC The Parthenon is constructed by the Athenians. Built primarily of stone(marble) & wood. The marble lintels are reinforced with steel, the latter being encased in lead!!200 BC Concrete is used in Rome in the construction of the Porticus Aemilia.100 BC Method for glass blowing are discovered in Babylon.130 AD Concrete construction reaches its Zenith in the building of Pantheon in Rome by Emperor Hadrian.Early Iron Age

Cu cuprum Cypriot Metal Cyprus CHALCOLITHIC Copper-Chalkos lithos(stone)

(BC2500 ) : BC 300 : BC 2500