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1 Chap 3. ( ) Materials Historical Perspective

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2 1. - - 2. 3.

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3 The Materials Timelines(1) 580 BC Thales( ) (all matter) (water) 440 BC Democritus( ) (matter) 430 BC Empedocles( ) 4 (earth, air, fire, water)- Alchemy is born!!!! 414 BC Theaetetus Platonic solids(5 regular polyhedra) 4 ether

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4 The Materials Timelines(2) 350 BC Aristotle 4 3 ( water, air, fire) 4 perfection , 5 ether( ) Astrology( ) Alchemy( ) 4 humors( ) (blood, phlegm, choler, melancholy: , ( ), ( ), . 4 (hot, dry, cold, and wet), 4 ( , , , )

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5 The Peripatetic School( ) 1. 4 : Earth,( ) Air( ), Fire( ), Water( ) 2. 5 AETHER ( or , ) cf, blazing

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6 ( ) , , 1. Stone(earth) + fire =Iron Contains more fire than the iron ore 2. Iron(earth) + fire=Gold Shiny Gold contains more Fire than dull iron

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7 The Materials Timelines(3) 1804-1808 John Dalton( ) (all matter) . 1815 William Prout( ) . 1879 Sir William Crookes( ) (electron) 1896 J.J. Thompson Plum-Pudding 1869 Mendeleev( )

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8 The Materials Timelines(4) 1911 Ernest Rutherford ( ) 1932 James Chadwick ( ) neutron . 1945 Wolfgang Pauli Pauli exclusion principle .

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9 ,

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11 : 10 -4 : 1-5 = =1.7x 10 3 M&M chocolate . : 50000 : 150000 : 100-2000

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12 Cube : Earth : 8 : air 20 : 12 :

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15 (1) 11 3 ( : ) (stone) (bricks) (slime for mortar) . 22: 6( : ) (fire) (Dagger) .

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16 (2) :7-10 ( : BC 1200) , (IRON) (copper) .. ..

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17 The Seven metals of Antiquity ( 7 ) Au Aurum(Gold: ) Ag argentum(silver: ) Cu cuprum(copper: ) Sn stannum( tin: ) Pb plumbum( lead: ) Hg hydrargyrum(mercury: ) Fe ferum(iron: ) *Cu latin Cypriot Metal cyprus