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Korean Wooden Crafts
KimSamdaeja(VisitingProfessor,DepartmentofWoodworkingandFurnitureDesign,Hongik University)
1. Introduction
Woodcarving is a classical art form of creating handcrafted wood items. The pieces of
woodcarving have been called Mokmul or Mokgi. The former represents all things made of wood,
while the latter stands for household furniture made of wood in a broad sense, but only wooden
kitchenware in a narrow sense.
In Korea, abundant wood resources have been available from long time ago, as large parts of its
territory are wooded, mountainous areas. People have built wooden houses to live in and used
wood to make their utensils and work tools. According to Sinjeung-Dongguk-Yeojiseungram(a
geography book compiled in 1530), there were mokgi stores that sold a variety of wooden products
such as wooden platters, ssarinong, winnows, and chests. Among them, the most famous were
Sang mokgi jeon located in front of government ministry buildings and Ha mokgi jeon in Ihyeon. In
addition, there were specialized mokgi stores called Chil mokgi jeon around Hyogyeong gyo. They
are known to have mainly handled wooden lacquerware, including wardrobes and paper cabinets.
This suggests that the term mokgi was widely used at that time.
However, mokgi burns well and is weak against humidity. Due to the lack of records about or
remains of mokgi, its hardly possible to find out its types throughout the history at present. Most
relics found in old tombs are Chilgi (lacquered ware). Speaking of pure mokgi, it seemed nothing
has remained. Therefore, the types of mokgi in the past can be only estimated through chilgi. Most
of the Moksim chilgi (wooden lacquerware) items found in tombs of the ancient Three Kingdoms
are craftworks, which were used as household utensils in the upper-class families. In the Goryeo
dynasty, the luxurious ceramic and bronze wares were substituted for mokgi. There were memorials
to kings during the last years of the dynasty.
In the Joseon dynasty, the royal families and the upper classes had the joiners, who were under
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Chungdamsa Temple, and Pyohundaedeokparts; and a wooden table in its Seonyul
Hwansaengpart. And the Gaya section of the same book, or Garakgukgi (Historical Records of
the Gaya Kingdom), keeps a record of wooden chairs and tables used in the Silla Kingdom.
Samguksagi (The History of the Three Kingdoms)includes records of a large chest in its Talhae
Nisageumpart and a chair and stick in its King Munmupart.
In the King Eujapart of Baekje Bongi (The Main History of Baekje), there is a record of
desks used in the Baekje Kingdom. For the Goguryeo Kingdom, Samguksagirecords that people
served a daughter of Habaek (a tribal god of Buyeo) and the kingdoms high-class god Jumong
with their wooden figures.
In relation to the management of trees and wood resources, Samguksagishows that the Silla
Kingdom had eight government positions; Four of them were each titled Majeon (Jaeinbang),
Gwegaejeon (Gwebanguk), Yangjeon (Sabunguk), and Chiljeon (Sikgibang).
While mentioning the government positions of the Baekje Kingdom, the book also quotes
Buksa (The Northern History)as saying that Baekje had the Ministry of Tree and Wood
Resources among its 11 government branches.
The mural paintings on the walls of Goguryeos tombs (such as Ssangyeongchong,
Muyongchong, Sashinchong, and Gakjeochong) help us guess the living conditions of those times
as they show wooden benches, chairs, and tables.
Including plates, trays, quadrangular trays, and cups, some moksim chilgi articles made of
aromatic trees were discovered in the Togwangmyo Tombs (wooden coffin tombs), which are
estimated to have been built in the Baekje Dynasty around AD 300. For each of them, the outside
surface has sawtoothed purple-lacquered bands on a black lacquer base, while the inside is black-
lacquered overall.
A pillow and footrest discovered in Munyeongwangneung (The Tomb of King Munyeong) are
important cultural properties from which we can see Baekjes advanced crafts, at least partly.
As examples of showing Sillas arts and crafts, a variety of wooden articles including cups,
trays, plates, bowls, and other chilgi vessels were excavated from many tombs of the dynasty in
Gyeongju; Kimgwanchong, Kimnyeongchong, Sikyichong, Seobongchong, Cheonmachong, and
Hwangnamdaechong. And discovered in Anapji Pond were buckets and inkstones made with a
hooked router and brass bowls and trays as moksim chilgi lacquerware.
2) M o k m u l and mokgi of the Goryeo dynasty
From Goryeosa (The History of Goryeo), we can see that joiners titled Somokjang made
the control of central government, make mokgi and used it for banquets, religious rites, and rituals.
The commers, on the contrary, made household wares for themselves or bought them from local
handicraftsmen. The mountain village residents, above all, made most household wares by wood
and even earned good money by selling them.
After the restoration of national independence in 1945, a felling was strictly forbidden. Besides,
our life pattern has changed with the passage of time. Therefore, mokgi has gradually disappeared
in our daily life. Due to a wide use of veneer boards, especially, our traditional wood-product
manufacturing crafts have even confronted with the crisis of severance.
2. Woodcarving History
Exactly when wooden cra

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