УЧИТЕСЬ ЧИТАТЬ АННОТАЦИИ К ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫМ … · a drug to...

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

О.М. КОСТЮШКИНА

УЧИТЕСЬ ЧИТАТЬ АННОТАЦИИ

К ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫМ ПРЕПАРАТАМ

НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Учебно-методическое пособие

Минск 2005

2

УДК 802–935 (075.8)

ББК 81.2 англ. я73

К 72

Утверждено Научно-методическим советом университета в качестве

учебно-методического пособия 14.12.2004 г., протокол № 4

А в т о р ст. преп. О.М. Костюшкина

Р е ц е н з е н т ы: ст. преп. Т.А. Проволоцкая; ст. преп. Т.Г. Новицкая

Костюшкина, О. М.

К 72 Учитесь читать аннотации к лекарственным препаратам на английском языке :

учеб.-метод. пособие / О. М. Костюшкина. – Мн. : БГМУ, 2005. – 74 с.

ISBN 985–462–407–2.

Издание состоит из 2 глав. Первая глава представлена 4 разделами по темам: «Фармакология и

названия лекарств», «Применение и назначение лекарств», «Классификация лекарственных

препаратов», «Изучение структуры аннотаций к лекарственным препаратам». Вторая — представляет

собой подборку оригинальных инструкций по применению лекарств. Приложения содержат текстовую

запись заданий для восприятия на слух, ключи к упражнениям, кроссвордам и анаграммам.

Предназначено для студентов 2-го курса, может быть использовано при работе с аспирантами и

соискателями.

УДК 802–935 (075.8)

ББК 81.2 англ. я73

ISBN 985–462–407–2 © Оформление. Белорусский государственный

медицинский университет, 2005

3

PART I

GETTING INFORMATION

UNIT I. PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG NAMES

Introduction

1. Think about your associations with the word “pharmacology”. Take down into your

exercise-book as many of them as you can.

2. Do the crossword puzzle:

1. P

2. H

3. A

4. R

5. M

6. A

7. C

8. O

9. L

10. O

11. G

12. Y

1. a person who is receiving medical treatment;

2. a place, where drugs are prepared and sold;

3. a particular kind of body or mind illness caused by infection or internal disorder with special

symptoms and name;

4. a well-known drug used to reduce high temperature;

5. a scientist working in the field of pharmacology;

6. a process of fighting against a disease using different drugs and therapeutic procedures;

7. a method of introducing a drug into a muscle or a vein;

8. any substance, either taken internally or applied externally, that impairs the health or is

dangerous to life;

9. a hard solid dosage form, containing medicinal substances; with or without suitable diluents; it

may vary in shape, size and weight;

10. a chemical substance, produced by a plant or microorganism, that is able to inhibit or kill

foreign organism in the body;

11. any chemical or biological substance used in the prevention or treatment of disease;

12. an instrument (tube) for introducing fluid drug into the body; giving injections.

3. 1) Study the schemes. These are the subdivisions of Pharmacology and their subjects of

study.

A. Medicinal chemistry Pharmacokinetics Chemotherapy

Molecular pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Toxicology

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В. PHARMACOLOGY

1______..._______

the study of new

drug synthesis

2_______..._______

the study of drug

effects in the body

3_______..._______

drug concentration in

tissues and blood

measured over a

period of time

4_______..._______

the study of

interaction of drugs

and components

inside the cell or on

the cell surface

5_______..._______

use of drugs in

treatment of diseases

6_______..._______

studies of harmful

chemicals and their

effects on the body

2) Copy scheme B into your exercise-book and try to fill it in with the words from

table A.

3) Make sure that you can pronounce all the words correctly:

medicinal chemistry [meˈdisnl ˈkemistri] molecular pharmacology [mǝuˈlekjulǝ ˌfa:mǝˈkɔlǝdʒi] pharmacokinetics [ˌfa:mǝkɔkaiˈnetiks] pharmacodynamics [ˌfa:mǝkɔdaiˈnæmiks] chemotherapy [ˌki:mǝuˈθerəpi] toxicology [tɔksiˈkɔlǝdʒi]

4) Listen to the text about Pharmacology and correct yourself.

4. Answer the questions:

1) Do you often fall ill?

2) What kind of treatment do you use: drug or popular methods of treatment (herbs, diet,

applications, massage)? Why?

5. Give your pros and cons for using drugs or alternative forms of treatment.

LANGUAGE WORK

6. Memorize the vocabulary:

alter [ˈɔ:ltǝ], v изменять(ся), менять(ся), вносить изменения

beneficial [ˌbeniˈfiʃl], a благотворный, целебный, полезный

brand [brænd], n фабричная марка; ~ name патентованное название

capitalize [ˈkǝpitǝlaiz], v печатать или писать прописными буквами

derivative [diˈrivǝtiv], a производный

dispense [diˈspens], v приготовлять и распределять, распространять,

продавать (о лекарствах)

formula [ˈfɔ:mjulǝ], n (pl. formulas [- ǝz], formulae [-i:]) 1) формула; 2) рецепт

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generic [dʒəˈnerik], a 1) родовой; характерный для определѐнного класса;

2) общий; фарм. ~ name международное название

hormone [ˈhɔ:mǝun], n физиол. гормон

legal [ˈli:gl], a законный, узаконенный, легальный

mood [mu:d], n настроение

pharmacy [ˈfa:mǝsi], n 1) фармация; 2) аптека

property [ˈprɔpǝti], n 1) имущество, собственность; 2) свойство, качество;

3) действие

proprietary [prǝˈpraiǝtǝri], a 1) частный, составляющий чью-либо собственность;

2) патентованный; ~ medicine патентованное средство;

лекарство

purpose [ˈpɜ:pǝs], n намерение, цель, назначение

secrete [siˈkri:t], v физиол. выделять, секретировать

substitute [ˈsʌbstitju:t],

1) n; 2) v

1) заместитель; замена 2) заменять

synthesize [ˈsinθəsaiz], v синтезировать, получать искусственным путѐм

trade [treid], n attr. торговый; ~ name торговое название товара,

патентованная марка

7. Practise the pronunciation:

antibiotic [ˈæntibaiˈɔtik] manufacturer [ˌmænjuˈfæktʃǝrǝ]

behaviour [biˈheivjǝ] mould [mǝuld]

beneficial [ˌbeniˈfiʃl] pharmacist [ˈfa:mǝsist]

biological [ˌbaiǝˈlɔʤikl] recognize [ˈrekǝgnaiz]

chemical [ˈkemikl] register [ˈreʤistǝ]

competitor [kǝmˈpetitǝ] secretion [siˈkri:ʃǝn]

erythromycin [iˌri:θrǝuˈmaisin] source [sɔ:s]

identify [aiˈdentifai] superscript [ˌsjupǝˈskript]

isolate [ˈaisǝleit] synthesize [ˈsinθǝsaiz]

8. Read and translate the following words and word-combinations:

1) drug [drʌg]: an obtained drug; to isolate a drug; drug name; to produce a drug; the chemical

formula for the drug; a laboratory-synthesized drug.

2) name [neim]: to have three different names; the chemical name; the generic name; the brand

name; to order a specific trade name.

3) dispense [diˈspens]: to dispense a drug; to dispense drugs through a drugstore; a drug dispensed

by the pharmacist.

4) obtain [ǝbˈtein]: to obtain a drug; to obtain from parts of plants; to be obtained from animals.

9. Translate the groups of the words with the same root:

1) drug, druggist, drugstore;

2) biology, biological, antibiotic;

3) to alter, alteration, alterative, alterable, alterant;

4) chemical, a chemical, chemistry, a chemist‘s (= chemist shop), a chemist;

Attention!

a chemist – a specialist or expert in

Chemistry – химик

a chemist – a pharmacist – фармацевт,

провизор

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5) pharmacology, pharmacological, pharmacologist, pharmacy, pharmacist, pharmaceutical;

Attention!

a pharmacologist – a person (often a

medical doctor) who specializes in the

study of the action of drugs – фармаколог

a pharmacist – a person who prepares and

dispenses drugs from a (drug) store –

фармацевт, провизор

6) generic, generation, general;

7) a body, bodily;

8) to perform, performed, performing, performance;

9) to secrete, secretion, secretory.

10. Read the definitions of the words and write the number of the meaning of the words

“drug” and “medicine” for each sentence.

DRUG 1. Therapeutic agent used in the prevention,

diagnosis, treatment or cure of disease. 2. General

term for any substance, stimulating or depressing,

that can be habituated or addictive (produce

dependence), especially a narcotic.

MEDICINE 1. A drug. 2. The science

concerned with disease in all its relations.

3. The art of preventing or curing general

diseases, or those affecting the internal parts

of the body.

□ The doctor prescribed him some drugs.

□ Alcohol and nicotine are legal drugs.

□ He studies Medicine at the University.

□ I need some medicine for headache.

□ Dr. Parsons practised medicine in a small

village.

11. Match the synonyms:

a drug to produce, to manufacture

to alter to get, to synthesize

beneficial to dispense

to obtain to extract

to isolate a pharmacy, a chemist‘s

to make a medicine

to prepare to change, to modify

a drugstore good, healthy

12. Take down into your exercise-book the word which doesn‟t belong to each group. Consult

a dictionary if necessary.

1) beneficial, good, harmful, healthy, healing;

2) to give, to obtain, to get, to receive;

3) to make, to produce, to synthesize, to manufacture, to dispose;

4) a pharmacist, a patient, a chemist, a dispenser;

5) complicated, intricate, complex, simple;

6) trade, commercial, brand, private, generic.

13. Now make up a sentence with each of the words you have just put down.

14. Match the words with their definitions:

1) generic name a) commercial name for a drug; trade name;

2) prescription b) chemical formula for a drug;

3) antibiotic c) the legal non-commercial name for a drug;

4) brand name d) substance found in food and very important in small quantities for

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growth and good health;

5) chemical name e) chemical substance, produced by a plant or microorganism, that can

inhibit or kill foreign organisms in the body;

6) vitamin f) written order for a drug from a physician or other medical specialist.

15. Read the text “Drugs and Drug Names”.

TEXT 1

Drugs and Drug Names

Drugs are chemical or biological substances used in the prevention or treatment of disease or

to alter bodily functions, such as mood, behaviour, or performance, in a beneficial way. Drugs can

come from many different sources. Some drugs are obtained from parts of plants, such as the roots,

leaves, and fruit. Examples of such drugs are digitalis (from the foxglove plant) and antibiotics such

as penicillin and erythromycin (from lower plants called moulds). Drugs can also be obtained from

animals; for example, certain hormones are secretions from the glands of animals. Drugs can be

made as chemical substances that are synthesized in the laboratory. Anticancer drugs may be

examples of laboratory-synthesized drugs. Some drugs are isolated from plant or animal sources

and are contained in food substances. These drugs are called vitamins.

Drugs are prepared and dispensed by a pharmacist through a drugstore or pharmacy on

written order from a physician or dentist.

A drug can have three different names. The chemical name is the chemical formula for the

drug. This name, often long and complicated, is useful for the chemist because it shows the

structure of the drug.

The generic, or official, name is a shorter, less complicated name that is recognized as

identifying the drug for legal and scientific purposes. The generic name becomes public property

after 17 years of use by original manufacturer, and any drug manufacturer may use it thereafter.

There is only one generic name for each drug.

The brand (trade or proprietary) name is the private property of the individual drug

manufacturer, and no competitor (конкурент) may use it. A brand name often has the superscript ®

after or before the name, indicating that it is a registered trade name. Drugs may have several brand

names because each manufacturer producing a drug gives it a different name. When a specific brand

name is ordered on a prescription by a physician, it must be dispensed by the pharmacist; no other

brand name may be substituted. It is usual practice to capitalize the first letter or a brand name.

The following list shows the chemical, generic, and brand names of the antibiotic drug

ampicillin; note that the drug can have several names but only one generic, or official, name:

Chemical Name Generic Name Brand Name

derivative of 6-

aminopenicillanic acid

ampicillin Omnipen

Polycillin

Principen

Totacillin

LANGUAGE WORK

16. Give the English equivalents:

химические или биологические вещества; изменять функции, настроение или поведение;

получать из различных источников; некоторые гормоны; синтезировать в лаборатории;

секреты желез животных; изготавливаться и распространяться; аптека; химическое название;

общее или официальное название; в законных или научных целях; торговая марка; заменить;

производное от чего-либо.

8

17. Fill in the gaps with the missing words. You have the first letter of the word:

1) D___ are chemical or biological substances used in the p___ or treatment of disease.

2) Properly chosen drugs a___ person‘s condition in a beneficial way.

3) Some drugs are o___ from parts of p___: roots, leaves or fruit.

4) A___ come from molds.

5) Glands of humans and animals secrete h___.

6) Pharmacologists also s___ drugs in the laboratories.

7) The c___ name is the chemical f___ for the drug.

8) The g___ or o___ name is a shorter, less complicated name than the chemical name.

9) The brand name is the private p___ of the individual drug manufacturer.

10) Drugs may have several t___ names.

11) When a specific brand name is ordered on a prescription, a pharmacist must d___ it.

18. Write a possible question for each response:

1) What __________?

Drugs can be obtained from plants and animals.

2) __________?

No, drugs can also be made as chemical laboratory-synthesized substances.

3) What __________?

Drugs are used in prevention or treatment of disease or to alter beneficially body functions,

mood, behaviour.

4) Where __________?

Vitamins are contained in food substances.

5) What __________?

Pharmacies or drugstores dispense drugs.

6) __________, isn‘t it?

Yes, the chemical name is the chemical formula for the drug.

7) How many __________?

There is only one generic name for each drug.

8) Why __________?

Because each manufacturer producing a drug gives a different name to it.

9) How __________?

The brand name and generic name are differentiated by the first letter, and the brand name

usually has a superscript.

COMPREHENSION

19. Define the sentences as “True”, “False” or “The text doesn‟t mention it”. Begin your

statement with:

It‘s absolutely right ... I differ from you ...

I quite agree that ... It is not true to the fact...

There is no doubt ... In my opinion ...

1) There are many different sources of drugs.

2) The only function of a drug is to prevent or treat diseases.

3) The drugs are dispensed on written order from a physician and over-the-counter (в свободной

продаже).

4) A pharmacist must complete a Pharm. D. (Doctor of Pharmacy) after 6 or 7 years of study.

5) The chemical name is the chemical formula for the drug and shows its structure.

6) Each drug may have several generic names.

7) The brand name is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer.

8) Toxicological studies in animals are required by law before new drugs can be tested in humans.

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1) What are drugs? What are they used for?

2) What are the sources of drugs?

3) Are antibiotics obtained from plants?

4) What drugs are called vitamins?

5) Where and by whom are drugs prepared and dispensed?

6) What names can a drug have?

7) What name shows the structure of the drug?

8) Which one is the only name for each drug?

9) What is the brand name?

10) Which name may be used by competitors and which one may not?

11) Why may drugs have several brand names?

12) What is special about brand names?

DISCUSSION

21. Revise the section “Introduction”.

22. Prepare short summaries on the topics:

1) Pharmacology, its subdivisions and their tasks.

2) Drugs, their sources and, probably, examples of drugs of different nature.

3) Drug names.

23. Try to answer or discuss with your group-mates the following questions:

1) What can you say about pharmaceutical industry in your country? Are there any pharmaceutical

enterprises?

2) What can you say about the proportion of the home-made and imported drugs? How can you

explain it?

3) Can you give any opinion about the quality of drugs produced in your country?

4) Have there been any important pharmaceutical achievements in your country? Give any

examples, if you can.

SELF CHECK

24. Distribute the following to the adequate columns:

dodecamethylendimethacrylate; Procardia®; nifedinipe; 3, 5 – pyridinedicarboxylic acid;

Argosulfan®; Mucomyst

®; argentum sulfathiazolum; sulfonamide; acetylcysteine; N-acetyl

derivative of cysteine amino acid; Charisma®; acrylate; Tylenol; Imodium; loperamide;

acetaminophen.

Chemical Name Generic Name Brand Name

… … …

25. Read the text “Pharmacology”. Complete it with the following sentences or parts of them

that are taken out of the text.

a) Pharmacodynamics involves the study of drug effects in the body.

b) (changes that drugs undergo within the body);

c) These studies provide important information about the mechanism of action of drugs.

d) A toxicologist is also interested in finding proper antidotes to any harmful effects of drugs.

e) (how drugs pass into the bloodstream);

f) the relationship between chemical structure and biological effects.

g) treatment of infections diseases and cancer.

h) (removal of the drug from the body).

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TEXT 2

Pharmacology

The field of medicine that studies drugs – their nature, origin, and effect on the body – is

called pharmacology. Pharmacology is a broad medical specialty and contains many subdivisions of

study: medicinal chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, molecular pharmacology,

chemotherapy, and toxicology.

Medicinal chemistry is the study of new drug synthesis and 1 ___. 2___. Scientists may also

study the processes of drug absorption 3 ___, metabolism 4___, and excretion 5___.

Molecular pharmacology concerns the study of the interaction of drugs and subcellular

entities, such as DNA, RNA, and enzymes. 6 ___.

Chemotherapy is the study of drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, or malignant

cells within the body. Chemotherapy includes 7___.

Toxicology is the study of the harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body. 8___.

Antidotes are substances given to neutralize unwanted effects of drugs. Toxicological studies in

animals are required by law before new drugs can be tested in humans.

UNIT 2. DRUG ADMINISTRATION

Introduction

1. Find the following words in the puzzle. Remember that the words can be read in any

direction:

Word list

tablet a b c d e f g h i j k l d m n o

pill p s q t a b l e t r s r t u v w

suppository x o y z a b c d e f o g h i j k

aerosol l l o s o r e a m p n o p q r m

powder s u l t u v w x s y u z a r b i

capsule c t d i e f g h i g j r k e l x

solution m i s u p p o s i t o r y t n t

mixture o o p q r o s i t u v w x s y u

patch h n z a b w c d n e f g h a i r

plaster j c k l m d n o o t p q r l s e

lotion t u t v w e x y i z m a b p c d

cream e f m a e r c g t h i e j k l m

ointment n o p q p r s t o u v w n x y z

drops a b c d e f g h l i j k l t m n

syrup c a p s u l e o p q r s t u v w

2. Read the extract from the text “At the Chemist‟s”:

There are two departments in the chemist‘s shop: at the chemist‘s department one can have

some medicine right away, other drugs have to be ordered at the prescription department.

At the chemist‘s they keep all drugs in drug cabinets. Every small bottle or box has a label with

the name of the medicine stuck on it. There are labels of three colours …

11

3. Finish the paragraph. Give the colours of the labels and explain what these colours

indicate.

4. Read the instructions for nurses at their work-place:

10 Golden Rules for Administering Drugs Safely

To protect your patients and your licence, follow these guidelines for avoiding medication errors.

□ 1. Administer the right drug.

□ 2. Administer the drug to the right patient.

□ 3. Administer the right dose.

□ 4. Administer the drug by the right route.

□ 5. Administer the drug at the right time.

□ 6. Teach your patient about the drug he‘s receiving.

□ 7. Take a complete patient drug history.

□ 8. Find out if the patient has any drug allergies.

□ 9. Be aware of possible drug / drug or drug / food interactions.

□ 10. Document each drug you administer.

5. Try to comment each rule. Why is it important to follow it?

6. Tick (√) the rule or rules you haven‟t been able to comment and proceed to the next task.

7. Try to translate the following words without consulting the dictionary:

absorption, oral, enteral, parenteral, sublingual, intestinal, subcutaneous, intradermal, intrathecal,

intravenous, intramuscular, inhalation, intraosseous, endotracheal, topical, ocular, nasal,

transdermal, aerosol.

LANGUAGE WORK


administer [ədˈministə], v назначать, давать (лекарство)

buttocks [ˈbʌtəks], n pl ягодицы

dissolve [diˈzɔlv], v растворять(ся); таять; разжижать(ся); разлагать(ся)

(на составные части)

enteral [ˈentərəl], a 1) кишечный 2) парасимпатический

epidural [epiˈdjurəl], a эпидуральный

infusion [inˈfju:ʒn], n (внутривенное) вливание

inhalation [ˌinhəˈleiʃn], n 1) вдыхание 2) мeд., ингаляция

intradermal [ˌintrəˈdə:məl], a внутрикожный, введенный в кожу

intraosseous [ˌintrəˈɔsiəs], a внутрикостный

intrathecal [ˌintrəˈƟi:kəl], a находящийся внутри оболочек спинного мозга,

подоболочечный, внутриоболочечный

parenteral [pəˈrentərəl], a вне пищеварительного тракта, парентеральный

route [ru:t], n путь, курс, маршрут, дорога

sublingual [sʌbˈliŋgwəl], a подъязычный

12

via [ˈvaiǝ], prep через


dermatomucosal [ˌdə:mətəmjuˈkəusəl] subcutaneous [sʌbkju(:)ˈteinjəs]

absorption [əbˈsɔ:pʃn] ocular [ˈɔkjulə]

duration [djuˈreiʃn] endotracheal [ˌendɔtrəˈkiəl]

oral [ˈɔ:rəl] nasal [ˈneizəl]

tongue [tʌŋ] aural [ˈɔ:rəl]

saliva [səˈlaivə] aerosol [ˈeərəusɔl]

disadvantage [ˌdisədˈva:ntidʒ] suppository [səˈpɔzitəri]


1) administer [ədˈministə]: to administer some drugs, drugs may be administered, to administer

by different routes.

2) route [ru:t]: the route of drug administration; enteral or parenteral route; by oral route.

3) injection [inˈdʒekʃn]: to give an injection, the technique of injection, the site for injection,

injection location.

4) inhalation [ˌinhəˈleiʃn]: to prescribe inhalation procedures; various substances for inhalation;

aerosols are administered by inhalation.

5) deliver [diˈlivə]: to deliver drugs into the organism; to deliver drugs by different routes;

continuous delivery.

11. Translate the groups of the words with the same root:

1) administer, administration, administering;

2) to absorb, absorption, absorptive;

3) to digest, digestive, digestion, indigestion;

4) to inject, injection, injected;

5) to advise, an advise, advisable;

6) to deliver, delivery, deliverer, delivering, delivered.

12. A. Study the meaning of the prefixes:

epi – above; on

extra – out; out of

hypo – under; beneath; less, than

intra – in; within

par(a) – other, than; apart from

sub – under; beneath

B. Form new words with the above mentioned prefixes and translate them:

epi–: dural

extra–: corporal

hypo–: dermic, tensive, sensitive

intra–: muscular, venous, cavitary, osseous, thecal

par(a)–: enteral, psychological, medical

sub–: cutaneous, lingual, mucosal

13. Match the synonyms:

enteral hypodermic

route side

subcutaneous to insert

location intestinal

to administer local

to introduce to deliver

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topical method, technique, way

14. Complete each pair with the word meaning the opposite. Consult a dictionary if

necessary.

ineffective, inner, deep, lower, inadvisable, immediate

effective treatment – ... treatment

shallow injection – ... injection

advisable administration – ... administration

upper layer – ... layer

slow effect – ... effect

outer surface – ... surface

15. Find the term corresponding to the definition:

1) Particles of drug suspended in air.

2) Administration of drug in gaseous or vapour form

through the nose or mouth.

3) Drugs are given by mouth.

4) Drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles or

vein (any route other than through the digestive tract).

5) Drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum.

6) Drugs are given by placement under the tongue.

7) Drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous

membranes of the body: ointments, creams and lotions.

1) oral administration

2) topical administration

3) sublingual administration

4) aerosol

5) rectal administration

6) parenteral administration

7) inhalation

16. Read the text “Administration of Drugs”:

TEXT 1

Administration of Drugs

Drugs may be administered by many routes. The route of administration of a drug is very

important in determining the rate and completeness of its absorption into the bloodstream and the

speed and duration of the drug‘s action in the body.

The enteral route, the most commonly used one, involves drug absorption through the

gastrointestinal tract. There are two ways to administer drugs orally: oral and sublingual

administration. In oral route drugs are given by mouth, swallowed and are slowly absorbed into the

blood stream through the stomach or intestinal wall. Sublingual administration means that drugs are

not swallowed but are placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve in the saliva. This method

sometimes has several disadvantages. If the drug is destroyed in the digestive tract by digestive

juices, or if the drug is unable to pass through the intestinal mucosa, it will be ineffective. Oral

administration is also disadvantageous if time is a factor in therapy.

The parenteral route means any route other than through the digestive tract. It is usually an

injection or infusion. There are several types of parenteral injections:

1. Subcutaneous injection (SC). This is also called a hypodermic injection and it is given

just under the skin. The outer surface of the thigh is a usual location for this injection.

2. Intradermal injection is shallow and made into the upper layers of the skin and is used

chiefly in skin testing for allergic reactions.

3. Intramuscular injection (IM). The buttock or upper arm is usually the site for this

injection into muscle.

4. Intravenous injection (IV). This injection is given directly into a vein. It is used when an

immediate effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be safely introduced into other

tissues. Good technical skill is needed to administer this injection because leakage of a drug into

surrounding tissues may result in irritation and inflammation.

5. Intrathecal injection. This injection is made into the space underlying the membranes

(meninges) that surround the spinal cord and brain.

14

6. Intracavitary injection. This injection is made into a body cavity, such as the peritoneal

or pleural cavity (intrapleural injection through the chest wall).

7. Intraosseous infusion. When rapid venous infusion is difficult or impossible,

intraosseous infusion allows delivery of fluids, medications or whole blood into the bone marrow.

Performed on infants and children, this technique is used in emergencies.

Inhalation. Vapours, or gases, are taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the

bloodstream through the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs. Aerosols (particles of drug

suspended in air) are administered by inhalation, as are many anaesthetics, and various aerosolized

medicines used to treat asthma.

The endotracheal route involves administering a drug into the respiratory system through an

endotracheal tube.

The epidural route involves giving a drug (usually an aesthetic or narcotic analgesic)

through a catheter inserted near the spinal cord by a lumbar puncture.

The topical or dermatomucosal route includes aural, ocular, nasal and vaginal administration

(ointments, creams, lotions). Drugs can also be delivered by oropharingeal inhalation or transdermal

absorption (for continuous drug delivery through the skin, for example, patches or plasters).

Rectal administration is used when oral administration presents difficulties, such as in case

of nausea or vomiting. Suppositories (cone-shaped objects containing drugs) and aqueous solutions

are inserted into the rectum.

LANGUAGE WORK


назначение лекарств; способ (путь) назначения лекарств; всасывание лекарства через

пищеварительный тракт; проглотить; дать раствориться в слюне; парентеральное введение;

подкожная инъекция; тест на аллергические реакции; немедленное действие; привести к

раздражению и воспалению; ингаляция.

18. Pick up the adjectives to the nouns they can be combined with:

oral; enteral; subcutaneous; rectal; intradermal; intramuscular; parenteral; intravenous; sublingual;

intracavitary; painful; epidural; intraosseous.

Administration Injection

. . . . . .

19. Name the route of drug administration based on its description:

1) Drug is administered via suppository or fluid into the anus. ____________

2) Drug is administered via vapour or gas into the nose or mouth. ____________

3) Drug is administered under the tongue. ____________

4) Drug is applied locally on skin or mucous membrane. ____________

5) Drug is injected via syringe under the skin or into a vein, muscle, or body cavity. ____________

6) Drug is given by mouth and absorbed through the stomach or intestinal wall. ____________

20. Give the meaning of the following terms:

1) intravenous ________________________

2) intrathecal _________________________

3) aerosol ____________________________

4) intramuscular _______________________

5) subcutaneous _______________________

6) intracavitary ________________________

21. Look through the text again. How can you explain the following abbreviations:

SC; IM; IV?

15

Study some other examples:

ac before meals (ante cibum)

pc after meals (post cibum)

bid two times a day (bis in die)

caps capsule

gr, gm gram

gt, gtt drops (gutta)

h hour (hora)

i.c. intracutaneously

id intradermally

IU International unit (of hormone activity)

mg milligram

NPO nothing by mouth (nil per os)

po by mouth (per os)

Q (q) every (quaque)

qd every day (quaque die)

qh every hour (quaque hora)

qhs at bedtime (quaque hora somni)

qid four times a day (quater in die)

subcu, subq, SC, SQ subcutaneous injection

tab tablet

tid tree times a day (ter in die)

22. Try to read the following prescriptions:

1) Fluoxetine (Prozac) 20 mg po bid

2) Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) 10 mg 2 tab q 4-6 h

3) Ranitidine (Zantac) 300 mg 1 tab pc qd

4) Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) 60 mg 1 cap qid for 15 days

Comprehension

23. Match the routes of drug administration in column I with the medication or procedures in

column II. Write the letter of the answer in the given space.

I II

1) intravenous _____________________ a) lotions, creams, ointments

2) rectal _____________________ b) tablets and capsules

3) oral _____________________ c) skin testing for allergy

4) topical _____________________ d) lumbar puncture

5) inhalation _____________________ e) deep injection, usually in buttock

6) intrathecal _____________________ f) suppositories

7) intramuscular _____________________ g) blood transfusions

8) intradermal _____________________ h) aerosol medications

24. Define the sentences as “True” or “False”. Correct the false statements. Use introductory

phrases:

It‘s absolutely right… I differ from you…

I quite agree that … It is not true to the fact…

There is no doubt… In my opinion…

1) Treatment plan depends a lot on routes of drug administration.

2) There are two main routes of drug administration: enteral and parenteral.

3) Oral and sublingual administrations are examples of parenteral route.

4) Oral administration is the most effective route.

5) There are several types of parenteral injections.

16

6) Vapours or gases are administered by injections.

7) Topical applications are locally applied on the skin or mucous membranes of the body.


1) What determines the rate, completeness, speed and duration of the drug action in the body?

2) How can you explain ―the enteral route‖ of drug administration?

3) How many routes of enteral administration do you know? What are they?

4) What route do different injections belong to?

5) Enumerate types of injection.

6) Give examples of deep and shallow injections.

7) What types of drug administration are connected with respiratory system?

8) What route is considered to be external route of drug administration?

26. Look through Text 2. Remember, you don‟t have to understand every word.

TEXT 2

Drug Action and Drug Toxicity

After the drugs have been absorbed into the blood-stream they may show some action and

interaction in the organism. The following phenomena may be observed:

Additive Action. The combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effect

of each.

Idiosyncrasy. This is unexpected effect that may appear in the patient following

administration of a drug. Idiosyncratic reactions are produced in very few patients but may be life-

threatening in those few instances.

A combination of two drugs can sometimes cause an effect that is greater than the sum of

the individual effects of each drug given alone. This phenomenon is called synergism or

potentiation. Tolerance. The effect of a given dose diminishes as treatment goes on, and increasing

amounts are needed to produce the same effect. Tolerance is the feature of addiction to drugs.

Addiction is the physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug and the presence

of clear effects when that drug or other agent is withdrawn.

Drug toxicity is the poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of some drugs. Some types

of drug toxicity are more or less predictable and are based on the dosage of the given drug.

Side effects are toxic effects that routinely result from the use of a drug. They often occur

with the usual therapeutic dosage of a drug and are generally tolerable.

Contraindications are factors in a patient‘s condition that make the use of a drug dangerous

and ill advised.

Notes:

addiction – зависимость, привыкание к чрезмерному употреблению лекарственных средств;

additive action – аддитивное, добавляющее действие;

contraindication – противопоказание;

idiosyncrasy – идиосинкразия, повышенная чувствительность к действию лекарственных

средств;

side effect – побочное действие;

synergism – синергизм; совместное действие;

tolerance – переносимость, толерантность к лекарственному средству.

27. Paraphrase the words in bold type using the expressions from the text:

1) After the drugs have been absorbed into the bloodstream they may show some effect and

mutual effect in the organism.

2) Idiosyncrasy is a sudden unpredictable effect that may appear in the patient.

3) Idiosyncratic reactions may be dangerous to life.

17

4) In case of tolerance the effect of a given dose decreases as the treatment continues, and

elevated amounts are needed to achieve the same effect.

5) Side effects are poisonous effects that usually result from the use of a drug.

6) Contraindications make the use of a drug life-threatening and irrecomended.


1) What phenomena may be observed in the patient‘s condition after the drugs have been absorbed

into the bloodstream?

2) What is additive action?

3) How is unexpected effect of the drug appeared in the patient called?

4) Is potentiation (or synergism) equal to the sum of the individual effects of each drug given

alone?

5) What does the term ―tolerance‖ mean?

6) What is the difference between the side effects and contraindication factors?

29. Give definition for:

Additive action _________________________

Idiosyncrasy ___________________________

Synergism or potentiation ________________

Tolerance _____________________________

Addiction _____________________________

Side effect ____________________________

Contraindication ________________________

DISCUSSION

30. Go back to the section “Introduction” and revise exercises 4, 5, 6. Basing on Text 2 try to

comment or discuss with your partner those rules you ticked.

31. Revise the routes of drug administration and classify them as invasive and non-invasive,

painful and non-painful; stressful and stressless for the patients. Work out your

recommendations and comment them.

SELF CHECK

32. Try to code the following:

Model: Britapen 1 gr intramuscular injection every 6 hours → . . .

Britapen 1 gr IM q 6 h

1) Clamoxil 500 mg 1 tablet by mouth every 8 hours → . . .

2) Ampicillin 15 mg intramuscular injection at bedtime → . . .

3) Tosein 28 gr by mouth after meals → . . .

4) Buscapin compositum 26 drops every hour → . . .

5) Febrectal 4 ml subcutaneous injection every day → . . .

6) Seguril 37 mm intravenous injection 2 times a day → . . .

7) Paracetamol 1 tablet by mouth three times a day → . . .

8) Nolotil 2 capsules before meals → . . .

9) Insulin 150 international units subcutaneous injection → . . .

10) Valium 5 mg intravenous injection at bedtime → . . .

33. Choose the correct answer:

1) The drug for injections are labelled with:

a) white labels; b) blue labels; c) yellow labels.

2) If the drug is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, the route of administration is:

a) injection; b) endotracheal; c) enteral.

18

3) There are ... classes of injections:

a) 5; b) 6; c) 7.

4) The injection made into the space surrounding the brain or the spinal cord is called

a) intrathecal; b) intraosseous; c) epidural.

5) Subcutaneous injection is deeper than intradermal one

a) yes; b) no.

6) The route for administration of such drugs as lotions, creams and ointments is

a) oral; b) topical; c) endotracheal.

7) Abbreviation for ―four times a day‖ is

a) qid; b) tid; c) bid.

8) What is true about side effect:

a) It is an unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive individual but not seen in most

patients;

b) It is a toxic effect that routinely results from the use of a drug;

c) It is a factor in the patient condition that prevents the use of a particular drug or treatment?

9) What is not true about the tolerance (2 answers):

a) It is a drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the

effects of each;

b) It is a drug action in which larger and larger doses must be given to achieve the desired

effect;

c) It is a drug action in which the combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than

the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone?

10) Physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug is:

a) additive action; b) addiction; c) potentiation.

34. Translate in written form:

A Contraindications: Ciprobay

® must not be used in cases of hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin or other quinole

chemotherapeutics. Ciprobay®

must not be prescribed to growing children or juveniles, or to

pregnant women or nursing mothers, since there is no information on the drug safety in these

patient groups and since animal studies indicate that damage to articular cartilage in the immature

organism cannot be fully excluded. Animal studies have not yielded any evidence of teratogenic

effects (malformations).

B Противопоказания: Хлорамфеникол (chloramphenicol) противопоказан больным с историей повышенной

чувствительности и / или токсической реакцией на препарат. Так как препарат достигает

кровообращения плода, хлорамфеникол не следует назначать женщинам перед родами или

новорождѐнным из-за риска ―серого синдрома‖ у плода. Хлорамфеникол не следует

прописывать одновременно с сульфонамидами, производными гидантоина (hydantoin),

фенилбутазоном (phenylbutazone) и другими депрессантами костного мозга.

UNIT 3. CLASSES OF DRUGS

Introduction

1. Think and put down into your exercise-book as many classes of drugs as you can.

2. Using the prefix anti- and the suffixes -ant (ent), -al, -ic form the words which name classes

of drugs. Try to explain the meaning of the words you have obtained.

Model: biology – antibiotic

Virus; coagulate; depress; diabetes; nausea; convulse; diarrhoea; platelet.

19

3. A) Copy the following form into your exercise-book:

I know

what these drugs are for I can guess

what these drugs are for I have never heard

what these drugs are for

B) Distribute the following classes of drugs according to the columns:

Analgesics; anaesthetics; antibiotics; antivirals; anticoagulants; antiplatelet drugs; anticonvulsants;

antidepressants; antidiabetics; antihistamines; cardiovascular drugs; endocrine drugs; respiratory

drugs; sedatives; gastrointestinal drugs; hypnotics; stimulants; tranquillizers; diuretics; antacids;

antinauseants; antiemetics; laxatives.

4. Match the term with its meaning:

1) a chemical substance produced by a plant or microorganism,

that has the ability to inhibit or kill foreign organisms in the body;

1) analgesic

2) a drug used to relieve symptoms of depression; 2) tranquillizer

3) a drug that blocks the action of histamine and helps prevent

symptoms of allergy;

3) antibiotic

4) a drug that relieves pain; 4) stimulant

5) a drug that prevents blood clotting; 5) sedative

6) a drug that reduces or eliminates sensation; 6) antidepressant

7) a drug used to prevent diabetes mellitus; 7) antihistamine

8) a mild drug that relaxes without necessarily producing sleep; 8) antidiabetic

9) an agent that excites and promotes activity; 9) anaesthetic

10) a drug used to control anxiety and severe disorders of behaviour. 10) anticoagulant

5. Solve the anagrams, that is: obtain the word combining the given letters in different ways.

All the words are drug classes.

1) stnalumits 6) arthrianladeas

2) ssidevate 7) ancersilut

3) incatdas 8) tqlruzainseril

4) hactesiantes 9) nasivtilar

5) ricisuted 10) aaannttcgilosu

LANGUAGE WORK


Alertness [ə’lə:tnis], n Живость, реактивность

Anaesthetic* [ænəs’θetik], 1) n; 2) a 1) aнестезирующее средство,

анестетик; 2) обезболивающий

Analgesic (analgetic) * [,ænl’ʤi:zik], 1) n; 2) a 1) аналгезирующее, болеутоляющее

средство, аналгетик;

2) болеутоляющий, противоболевой

Antacid (antiacid) * [,ænt’æsid], 1) n; 2) a 1) антaцидное средство;

2) антацидный

Angiotensin converting

Enzyme (ACE) [‘ænʤiəu’tensin kən’vɜ:tiŋ

‘enzaim]

Ангиотензинконвертирующий фермент

(АКФ)

Antagonist [æn’tægənist], n Антагонист, ингибитор,

Calcium antagonist – ингибитор кальция

Antibiotic* [,æntibai’ɔtik], 1) n; 2) a 1) антибиотик;

2) относящийся к антибиотикам

Anticoagulant* [,æntikəu’ægjulənt],

1) n; 2) a

1) антикоагулянт,

противосвертывающее средство

20

Anticonvulsant* [,æntikən’v⋀lsənt],

1) n; 2) a

1) противосудорожное

(антиконвульсивное) средство;

2) противосудорожный

Antidepressant* [,æntidi’presnt],

1) n; 2) a

1) антидепрессант, тимолептическое

средство;

2) антидепрессивный

Antidiabetic* [,æntidaiə’betik],

1) n; 2) a

1) противодиабетическое средство;

2) антидиабетический

Antidiarrheal* [‘ænti,daiə’riəl], 1) n; 2) a 1) антидиарейное, противопоносное

средство;

2) антидиарейный, противопоносный

Antiemetic* [,æntii’metik], 1) n; 2) a 1) противорвотное средство;

2) противорвотный

Antihistamine* [,ænti’histəmi:n], n Антигистамин, антигистаминное

(противоаллергическое) средство

Antinauseant* [,ænti’nɔ:siənt],

1) n; 2) a

1) противорвотное средство;

2)противорвотный

Antiplatelet* [,ænti’pleitlit], n Антиагрегант

Antiulcer* [,ænti⋀lsə], 1) n; 2) a Противоязвенное средство

Antiviral* [‘ænti’vairəl], a Антивирусный, противовирусный

Anxiety [æŋ’zaiəti], n Тревога, страх, боязнь

Beta-blocker [‘bi:tə’blɔkə], n Бета-блокатор

Blur [blə:], v Затуманить, сделать неясным; blurred

vision – затуманенное, нечеткое зрение,

«пелена перед глазами»

Bronchodilator [‘brɔŋkɔdai’leitə], n Бронхолитическое средство,

бронхолитик

Cathartic* [kæ’θa:tik], 1) n; 2) a 1) слабительное средство;

2) слабительный, очистительный

Caution [‘kɔ:ʃn], n Осторожность, предосторожность,

осмотрительность

Diuretic* [,daiju’retik], 1) n; 2) a 1) диуретик, мочегонное средство;

2) мочегонный

Drowsiness [‘drauzinəs], n Сонливость

Embolism [‘embə,lizəm], n Эмболия

Fungus (pl. fungi) [‘f⋀ŋgəs], n Гриб, грибок, плесень

Hay fever [‘hei ‘fi:və] Поллиноз, сенная лихорадка

Hives [haivz], n Крапивница, сыпь

Hypnotic* [hip’nɔtik], 1) n; 2) a 1) снотворное средство;

2) снотворный

Indiscriminate [,indi’skriminət], a Беспорядочный, неразборчивый

Induce [in’dju:s], v Вызывать, стимулировать

Laxative* [‘læksətiv], 1) n; 2) a 1) слабительное средство;

2) слабительный, послабляющий

Motion sickness [‘məuʃn ‘siknəs] Укачивание, болезнь движения

Myalgia [mai’ælʤə], n Миалгия, боль в мышцах

Potent [‘pəutnt], a Сильнодействующий, мощный

Promote [prǝʹmǝut], v Способствовать, стимулировать,

активизировать

21

Purgative* [‘pɜ:gətiv], 1) n; 2) a 1) слабительное средство;

2) слабительный, очистительный

Sedative* [‘sedətiv], 1) n; 2) a 1) седативное (успокаивающее)

средство; 2) успокаивающий,

болеутоляющий

Sensation [sen’seiʃn], n Чувство, ощущение, восприятие

Steroid* [‘sterɔid], 1) n; 2) a 1) стероид; 2) стероидный

Stimulant* [’stimjulənt ], 1) n; 2) a Стимулятор, возбуждающее средство

Tranquillizer [‘træŋkwəlaizə], n Транквилизатор, антифобическое

седативное средство

Yeast [‘ji:st], n Дрожжи

* Примечание 1: слова, отмеченные звездочкой, могут выступать в качестве двух частей речи: имени

прилагательного и являться определением: an analgesic action – (какое?) обезболивающее действие,

и субстантивированным прилагательным (т.е. употребляться в значении «средство») и являться

подлежащим или дополнением: to take a hypnotic – принимать (что?) снотворное.

Примечание 2: В британском и американском вариантах английского языка различается написание

медицинских терминов греческого происхождения. Сравните, например:

British English: American English:

anaemia anemia

anaesthesia anesthesia

diarrhoea diarrhea

dispnoea dispnea

foetus fetus

gynaecology gynecology

haemorrhage hemorrhage

oedema edema

oesophagus esophagus

orthopaedic orthopedic

paediatric pediatric

и другие.

Такое различие следует принимать во внимание при поиске слов в словаре и просмотреть

словарные статьи не только с корневой гласной -e-, но и с диграфами -ae-, -oe-.

7. Practice the pronunciation:

aerosol [ʹeǝrǝusɔl]

arrhythmia [a:ʹriƟmiǝ]

bactericidal [bækʹtiǝrisaidl]

convulsion [kǝnʹv⋀l∫n]

dyspnoea [dispʹni:ǝ]

endogenous [enʹdɔʤǝnǝs]

epilepsy [ʹepilepsi]

glucocorticoid [ˌglu:kǝʹkɔ:tikɔid]

hydrochloric acid [ˌhaidrǝuklɔrikʹæsid]

immunodeficiency [iˌmju:nɔdifi∫ǝnsi]

insulin [ʹinsjulin]

opioid [ʹǝupiɔid]

rheumatic [ruʹmǝtik]

tolerance [ʹtɔlǝrǝns]

unconsciousness [⋀nʹkɔn∫ǝsnǝs]

vertigo [ʹvɜ:tigǝu]


1) anaesthetic [ænəs’θetik]: general anaesthetic; local anaesthetic; to inject or apply anaesthetics;

anaesthetics reduce or eliminate sensation.

2) anticoagulant [,æntikəu’ægjulənt]: to administer anticoagulants; to show anticoagulant action;

heparin is a natural anticoagulant.

3) anticonvulsant [,æntikən’v⋀lsənt]: to take anticonvulsants; anticonvulsants prevent or reduce

convulsions; anticonvulsants are prescribed in case of epilepsy.

22

4) antacid [,ænt’æsid]: an antacid preparation; to take antacids after meal; antacids relieve

symptoms of epigastric discomfort.

5) cathartic [kæ’θa:tik]: a mild cathartic; a strong cathartic; cathartics should be taken for some

diagnostic or operative procedures.

6) stimulant [’stimjulənt]: caffeine is a stimulant; stimulants improve appetite; alertness produced

by a stimulant; this drug contains a stimulant substance.

9. Distribute the following words of the same root into columns according to the parts of

speech they are, translate them.

Class of drugs Nouns Verbs Adjectives or participles

Antiviral

Anticoagulant

Anticonvulsant

Antidepressant

Antacid

Antinauseant

Sedative

Stimulant

Tranquillizer

Hypnotic

Anaesthetic

Viral, virulent, virology, virulence; anaesthetist, anaesthesiologist, anaesthetize; coagulate,

coagulation, coagulum, coagulant; convulse, convulsion, convulsive; depress, depression,

depressant, depressed, depressor; acidity, acidic, acidify, acidulous, acidly; nausea, nauseate,

nauseated, nauseous; sedate, sedation, sedated; stimulate, stimulus, stimuli, stimulation; tranquil,

tranquillity, tranquillize; hypnotism, hypnotist, hypnotize.

Which word doesn‟t belong to any column? Make up a sentence with it.

10. Fill in the gaps with the necessary part of speech obtaining it from the word given to the

right of the sentence. Put it into a correct grammar form.

Model: The scientists study human immunodeficiency _____. ANTIVIRAL

The scientists study human immunodeficiency VIRUS.

1) An _____ is a drug that relieves pain. MYALGIA

2) Unstabilized blood _____ quickly. ANTICOAGULANT

3) It took the patient two hours to recover his consciousness after

general _____. ANAESTHETIC

4) Psychiatry and Psychotherapy sometimes use _____ in the treatment

of their patients. HYPNOTIC

5) Hydrochloric _____ helps the stomach to digest food. ANTACID

6) _____ may be a symptom of many gastrointestinal disorders, some

infectious diseases, also it may result from excessive nervousness. ANTIDIARRHEAL

7) These drugs block the action of _____, which is normally released in

the body in allergic reaction. ANTIHISTAMINE

8) _____ and cooperation of the patient are very important in all types

of treatment. SEDATIVE

9) _____ is a process of bowel cleansing, natural or artificial bowel

evacuation. CATHARTIC

10) There are two types of _____: insulin-dependent and non-insulin-

dependent. ANTIDIABETIC

23

11. Read the Text “Classes of Drugs”:

TEXT 1

Classes of Drugs

The following are the major classes of drugs and explanation of their uses in the body.

An analgesic (alges/o means sensitivity to pain) is a drug that relieves pain. Mild analgesics

are used for mild to moderate pains, such as that caused by myalgias, headaches, and toothaches.

More potent analgesics are narcotics or opioids, so called because they contain or are derived from

opium. They induce stupor (a condition of near unconsciousness and reduced mental and physical

activity). They are used only to relieve severe pain because they may produce dependence (habit

formation) and tolerance. Some non-narcotic analgesics relieve fever, pain, and inflammation and

are used in rheumatic (joint) disorders. These agents are not steroid hormones (such as cortisone)

and are known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

An anaesthetic is an agent that reduces or eliminates sensation. This can affect the whole

body (general anaesthetic) or a particular region (local anaesthetic). General anaesthetics are used

for surgical procedures; they depress the activity of the central nervous system, producing loss of

consciousness. Local anaesthetics inhibit the conduction of impulses in sensory nerves in the region

in which they are injected or applied.

An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism (bacterium, yeast, or

mold) that inhibits (bacteriostatic) or kills (bactericidal) bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The use of

antibiotics has largely controlled many diseases such as pneumonia and rheumatic fever. Caution

about the use of antibiotics is necessary because they are powerful agents. With indiscriminate use,

pathogenic organisms can develop resistance to the antibiotic and thus destroy the antibiotic‘s

disease-fighting capability.

Antiviral drugs are used against viruses, such as herpes virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Anticoagulants prevent the clotting (coagulation) of blood. They prevent the formation of

clots or break up clots in blood vessels in conditions such as thrombosis and embolism. They are

also used to prevent coagulation in preserved blood used for transfusions.

Antiplatelet drugs reduce the tendency of platelets to stick together. Aspirin is an example

of an antiplatelet drug; it is recommended for patients with coronary artery disease and for those

who have had heart attack.

An anticonvulsant prevents or reduces the frequency of convulsions in various types of

epilepsy. Ideally, anticonvulsants depress abnormal spontaneous activity of the brain arising from

areas of scar or tumour, without affecting normal brain function.

Antidepressants treat symptoms of depression. They can elevate mood, increase physical

activity and mental alertness, and improve appetite and sleep patterns. Many antidepressants are

also mild sedatives and treat mild forms of depression associated with anxiety.

Antidiabetics are used to treat diabetes mellitus (a condition in which the hormone insulin

is either not produced by the pancreas or is not effective in the body). Patients with type 1 (insulin-

dependent) diabetes must receive daily injection of insulin. Patients with type 2 (non-insulin-

dependent) diabetes are given oral antidiabetic drugs.

Antihistamines block the action of histamine, which is normally released in the body in

allergic reactions. Histamine causes allergic symptoms such as hives, bronchial asthma, hay fever,

and in severe cases anaphylactic shock (dyspnoea, hypotension, and loss of consciousness).

Antihistamines cannot cure the allergic reaction, but they can relieve its symptoms. Many

antihistamines have strong antiemetic (prevention of nausea) activity and are used to prevent

motion sickness. The most common side effects of antihistamines are drowsiness, blurred vision,

tremors, digestive upset, and lack of motor coordination.

Cardiovascular drugs act on the heart or the blood vessels to treat hypertension, angina

(pain due to decrease of oxygen delivery to heart muscle), heart attack, congestive heart failure, and

arrhythmias. Often, before other drugs are used, daily aspirin therapy (to prevent clots in blood

24

vessels) and sublingual nitroglycerine (to dilate coronary blood vessels) are prescribed.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors keep blood vessels dilated to lower blood

pressure, improve the performance of the heart, and reduce its workload. ACE inhibitors are used in

treating hypertension, congestive heart failure, and heart attack (myocardial infarction), especially if

the patients show evidence of a weakened heart. Beta-Blockers decrease the muscular tone in blood

vessels (vasodilatation), decrease the output of heart, and reduce blood pressure by blocking the

action of epinephrine at receptor sites in the heart muscle and in blood vessels. They are used to

treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias and to treat patients after heart attacks. Calcium

Antagonists or Calcium Channel Blockers, as with beta-blockers, they dilate blood vessels and

lower blood pressure; they are used to treat angina and arrhythmias. They inhibit the entry of

calcium (necessary for blood vessel contraction) into muscles of the heart and blood vessels.

Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs reduce hypercholesterolemia (high level of cholesterol in the blood),

which is a major factor in the development of heart disease. Diuretics are drugs that reduce the

volume of blood in the body by promoting the kidneys to remove water and salt through urine.

They are used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Endocrine drugs act in much the same manner as the naturally occurring (endogenous)

hormones. Different classes of these drugs are used for male hormone replacement and to treat

endometriosis and breast cancer in women, prostate cancer. Some are used for symptoms associated

with menopause and to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis; as chemotherapy for some types of

cancer, in hormone replacement therapy and as oral contraceptives. Thyroid hormone is

administered when there is a low output of hormone from the thyroid gland. Glucocorticoids

(adrenal corticosteroids) are prescribed for reduction of inflammation and a wide range of other

disorders, including arthritis, severe skin and allergic conditions, respiratory and blood disorders,

gastrointestinal ailments, and malignant conditions.

Gastrointestinal drugs are often used to relieve uncomfortable and potentially dangerous

symptoms, rather than as cures for specific diseases. Antacids neutralize the hydrochloric acid in the

stomach to relieve symptoms of peptic ulcer, esophagitis, and epigastric discomfort. Antiulcer drugs

block secretion of acid by cells in the lining of the stomach and are prescribed for patients with

gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Antidiarrheal drugs

relieve diarrhoea and decrease the rapid movement of the walls of the colon. Cathartics relieve

constipation and promote defecation for diagnostic and operative procedures and are used in the

treatment of disorders of gastrointestinal tract. Laxatives are mild cathartics, and purgatives are

strong cathartics. Antinauseants (antiemetics) relieve nausea and vomiting and also overcome

vertigo, dizziness, motion sickness, and labyrinthitis (inflammation of the inner ear).

Respiratory drugs are prescribed for the treatment of emphysema, asthma, respiratory

infections, such as pneumonia and bronchitis. Bronchodilators are used to open the air passages

(bronchial tubes) and can be administered by injection or aerosol inhalers. Also there may be

administered steroid drugs that are used as inhalants or intranasal products to reduce inflammation

in nasal passages.

Sedatives and hypnotics are medications that depress the central nervous system and

promote drowsiness and sleep. They are prescribed for insomnia and sleep disorders. These

products have a very high abuse potential and should be used only for short periods of time and

under close supervision.

Stimulants act on the brain and are used to speed up vital processes (heart and respiration)

in cases of shock and collapse. They also increase alertness and inhibit hyperactive behaviour in

children. High doses can produce restlessness, insomnia, and hypertension.

Tranquillizers are useful for controlling anxiety. Minor tranquillizers control minor

symptoms of anxiety. Major tranquillizers control more severe disturbances of behaviour.

25

LANGUAGE WORK


облегчать (снимать) боль; снижать чувствительность (восприимчивость); вызывать

зависимость; беспорядочное применение; предотвратить свертывание крови; антиагрегант;

предотвращать или снижать частоту судорог (конвульсий); повышать настроение; улучшать

аппетит и сон; воздействовать на сердце и кровеносные сосуды; гормоны натурального

происхождения; подавлять активность ЦНС; ускорять жизненно важные процессы.

13. With what classes of drugs can you combine the following adjectives:

Mild; potent; powerful; local; general; minor; major; strong-effective?

Find synonym and antonym groups among them. Which words do not belong to any group?

Make up a sentence (or sentences) with them.

14. Fill in the gaps with prepositions where it is necessary:

1) As you bad condition is caused … myalgia, you may use a mild analgesic … it.

2) Narcotics are called opioids because they are derived … opium.

3) Stupor is a condition … near unconsciousness

4) Local anaesthetics inhibit the conduction … impulses … sensory nerves … the region … which

they are injected or applied.

5) … indiscriminate use, pathogenic organisms can develop resistance … the antibiotic.

6) Anticoagulants prevent the formation … clots or break … clots … blood vessels … conditions

such as thrombosis and embolism.

7) Aspirin is recommended … patients … coronary artery disease.

8) Mild sedatives treat mild forms … depression associated … anxiety.

9) Cardiovascular drugs act … the heart or the blood vessels … treat hypertension, angina, heart

attack, and arrhythmias.

10) ACE inhibitors are used … treating hypertension.

11) Diuretics reduce the volume … blood … the body … promoting the kidneys … remove water

and salt … urine.

12) Gastrointestinal drugs are often used … relieve discomfort, rather than as cures … specific

diseases.

15. Write questions for the answers:

1) For what ________________?

For mild to moderate pains, such as myalgias, headaches, and toothaches.

2) Why _______________?

Because they contain or are derived from opium.

3) _______________?

Yes, they may produce dependence.

4) How many _______________?

There are two classes: general and local.

5) _______________?

No, because the grippe is of viral origin and not bacterial.

6) What _______________?

They treat symptoms of depression.

7) _______________?

No, they can‘t, but they can relieve allergic symptoms.

8) What _______________?

They are ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and

diuretics.

9) What _______________?

Laxatives are mild cathartics, and purgatives are strong cathartics.

26

10) How _______________?

Patients with insulin-dependent diabetes receive daily injections and patients with non-insulin-

dependent diabetes are given oral antidiabetics.

11) What _______________?

In case of these diseases respiratory drugs are prescribed.

12) _______________?

No, tranquillizers are more powerful than sedatives.

Comprehension

16. Find in the text the adequate word to complete the sentences:

1) _____ reduces or eliminates sensation.

2) _____ are used to regulate the level of insulin in the body.

3) _____ relieves pain.

4) _____ prevent the formation of clots or break up clots in blood vessels and are added in

preserved blood.

5) _____ cannot cure the allergic reaction, but they can relieve its symptoms.

6) _____ depress the central nervous system and promote drowsiness and sleep.

7) _____ are taken if something is wrong with the organs of the digestive tract.

8) _____ elevate mood, increase physical activity and mental alertness, and improve appetite and

sleep.

9) _____ act on the heart and blood vessels.

10) _____ inhibit or kill bacteria, fungi, and parasites.

17. Define the sentences as “True” or „False”. Correct the false statements. Begin your

statement with:


I quite agree that… It is not true to the fact…

There is no doubt that… In my opinion…

1) Analgesics are used for pains of different intensity or even induce stupor.

2) Analgesics are used in surgical procedures and can affect the whole body or a particular region.

3) The antibiotic‘s disease-fighting capability is destroyed if pathogenic microorganisms

developed resistance to this antibiotic.

4) Antiviral drugs produce the same effect as antibiotics do.

5) Antiplatelet drugs increase the tendency of platelets to stick together.

6) Anticonvulsants are prescribed in various types of epilepsy.

7) Antihistamines cause allergic symptoms such as hives, asthma, hay fever, and, in severe cases,

anaphylactic shock.

8) Cardiovascular drugs are divided into various subclasses.

9) Endocrine drugs act in much the same manner as the endogenous hormones.

10) Different classes of gastrointestinal drugs cure for specific diseases.

11) It is necessary to administer some tranquillizers to control anxiety and severe disturbances of

behaviour.

18. Answer the following questions:

1) What is the action of an analgesic? What kind of pains are they used for?

2) Do anaesthetics eliminate sensation? What classes of anaesthetics do you know?

3) What kinds of pathogens may be inhibited or killed by antibiotics? Why is caution about their

use necessary?

4) What drugs prevent blood clotting?

5) What medication is administered in case of epilepsy?

6) What are the action and the most common side effects of antihistamines?

27

7) What classes of drugs show antiemetic action?

8) What classes of drugs may produce dependence (addiction)?

9) What class of drugs is mainly administered as an inhalant?

19. Distribute the following subclasses to the adequate drug classes. Explain their uses

in the body.

Diuretics; bronchodilators; antacids; antinauseants; ACE inhibitors; steroid drugs; beta-blockers;

calcium antagonists; antiulcer drugs; cholesterol-lowering drugs; antidiarrheals; cathartics.

1) Respiratory drugs: …, …,….

2) Cardiovascular drugs: …, …, ….

3) Gastrointestinal drugs: …, …, ….

20. What is the difference between:

– mild and potent analgesics;

– general and local anaesthetics;

– laxatives and purgatives;

– sedatives and tranquillizers?

21. Give the meaning of the following terms that describe classes of drugs:

Antibiotic ________________________

Antidepressant ____________________

Antihistamine _____________________

Analgesic ________________________

Anticoagulant _____________________

Anaesthetic _______________________

Antidiabetic ______________________

Sedative _________________________

Stimulant ________________________

Tranquillizer ______________________

Beta-blocker ___________________________

Calcium antagonist______________________

Antacid _______________________________

Cathartic ______________________________

Antiemetic ____________________________

Bronchodilator _________________________

Hypnotic ______________________________

Diuretic ______________________________

Cholesterol-lowering drug ________________

22. Administer the proper class of drug according to the situation given in the dialogue.

Choose from the words given below:

Anticonvulsant; anticoagulant; antacid; antibiotic; ACE inhibitor; bronchodilator; antihistamine;

tranquillizer; analgesic

1. A: This patient has the history of severe behaviour disturbances and anxiety.

B: He needs a (an) ….

2. A: Doctor, this patient has a convulsion attack. I think, it‘s epilepsy.

B: We shall give him a (an) ….

3. A: The cardiologist made the diagnosis of congestive heart failure and hypertension.

B: I‘m sure he administered a (an) ….

4. A: Doctor, I often feel some epigastric discomfort after meal.

B: You may take some ….

5. A: Can you recommend me anything for myalgia and neuralgia?

B: I can advise you a mild ….

6. A (in the operating room): This patient is developing the anaphylactic shock.

B: We must prevent it with a (an) ….

7. A: What should I administer in case of thrombosis or embolism?

B: …s are in that drug cabinet.

8. A: The diagnosis of the patient admitted to the ward 617 is bacterial pneumonia.

B: Give him injections of this … every 6 hours.

9. A: Can I help you?

B: My daughter suffers from asthma attacks. I need a new prescription for her ….

28

Discussion

23. Go around the classroom and ask each of your group-mates what classes of drugs he or

she takes. Ask in what situations they do it. Prepare a statistic chart and report about the

results of your questioning.

24. What drugs do you take? Here is the list of some classes of drugs. Tick those you take with

√ or add the missing ones. How often do you take them? Mark them 1 for the most

frequently taken to 10 for the least frequently taken. You needn‟t give numbers to the

drug classes you never take. Give your comments.

(please, specify)

(please, specify)

(please, specify)

(please, specify)

(please, specify)

Self Check

25. Choose a correct answer:

1) After his heart attack, Bernie was supposed to take many drugs including diuretics and a (an)

(antibiotic; laxative; anticoagulant) to prevent blood clots.

2) Estelle was always anxious and had a hard time sleeping. Dr. Max felt that a mild (tranquillizer;

antacid; anticonvulsant) would help her relax and concentrate on her work.

3) During chemotherapy Helen was very nauseated. Her doctor prescribed a (an)

(antihypertensive; antiemetic; antianginal) to relieve her symptoms.

4) The label said that the drug might impair fine motor skills. It listed (перечислять) (side effects;

dosage; antidote) on taking the sedative.

5) If you have an allergy the doctor may administer a (an) (sedative; antihistamine;

anticonvulsant).

6) Penicillin is an example of a (an) (respiratory drug; stimulant; antibiotic).

7) (Antacids; anaesthetics; nauseants) are used in case of epigastric discomfort.

8) Mary has been experiencing asthma attacks since her childhood so she always has a (an)

(sedative; bronchodilator; antibiotic) on her.

9) Harry had a very bad toothache so he couldn‘t sleep. He had taken two tablets of a (an)

(analgesic; antidepressant, anaesthetic) before he could come to his dentist in the morning.

10) Taking a (an) (sedative; antidiabetic; anticonvulsant) in time may help to prevent the onset of

seizures.

11) Having eaten a bad food one may get food poisoning. In this case a (an) (antiviral; antacid;

antidiarrheal) should be taken.

12) Going to the dentist we expect a local (analgesic; tranquillizer; anaesthetic) to have been

injected or applied before the dental work begins.

13) Johnny has been stung by a bee and there‘s quite a lot of swelling and itching. He needs a (an)

(bronchodilator; sedative; antihistamine) as soon as possible.

14) Falling down Alan cut his forehead badly. In the surgery where his mother brought him a nurse

cleaned the wound with a (an) (antiseptic; antiviral; anticoagulant).

15) Rose suffering from exhaustion was recommended to have total bed rest for a week and to take

a (an) (sedative; tranquillizer, stimulant) thereafter to regain her full strength.

29

UNIT 4. STUDYING PHARMACEUTICAL REFERENCES

Introduction

1. Translate the following words without consulting a dictionary:

Description; indication; application; composition; presentation; dosage; effect; action; interaction;

instruction; toxicity; administration; synergism; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics.

Now consult a dictionary and specify the words which have more meanings in Russian than

you have given.


– Do you often take medicines?

– Do you get them with the doctor‘s prescription or over-the-counter sale?

– Are you used to reading pharmaceutical references when you have to take medicines?

– What sections of a pharmacology reference do you pay special attention to?

3. Draw in your exercise-book the following dosage forms and packs:

a tablet an ampoule

a film-coated tablet a bottle

a softgel a tube

a capsule a parcel / a pack

a dragee a blister strip / a contour cellular packing

a suppository a tube / eye – dropper

a vial

Add more words to each list, if you know any.

4. Make up word-combinations according to the model:

Model: a bottle of ... → a bottle of mixture, a bottle of solution, etc…

Use the words given in the second column of Exercise 3 to continue.

5. People sometimes ask advice about some medical problem at the chemist‟s. Look at the

three medical problems below. Do you know what they are?

Headache Sunburn Diarrhoea

All the words in the box below relate to these problems. Write them in the diagram as in the

examples. Use each word or phrase only once.

vomiting fair skin burn sunscreen lotion

medicine see a doctor paracetamol cream

an aspirin tablets a spoonful of medicine keep it covered up

30

6. Make sure that you can pronounce all the word and phrases correctly.

7. Listen to three conversations about the problems from Exercise 5. Check that you have

written the words in the box under the correct problem. Number the words (1, 2, 3, etc.)

in the order you hear them in the conversation.

8. Now listen to each conversation separately. Each time, listen for the answers to these three

questions:

1) Who is the medicine for?

2) What does the customer buy at the end of the conversation?

3) Does the pharmacist give any advice?

LANGUAGE WORK


Administration [ǝdˌministˈreiʃn], n способ применения

Composition [ˌkɔmpǝˈziʃn] , n состав

Contraindication [ˌkɔntrǝindiˈkeiʃn] , n противопоказание

Description [diˈskripʃn] , n описание

Dosage [ˈdǝusiʤ] , n дозировка

Expire [ikˈspaiǝ] , v истекать, заканчиваться

expiry date [ikˈspaiǝri ˈdeit] , n срок годности

Indication [indiˈkeiʃn] , n показания к применению

Interaction [ˌintǝrˈækʃn] , n взаимодействие

Overdosage [ˈǝuvǝdǝusiʤ] , n передозировка

pharmacology reference [ˌfa:mǝˈkɔlǝʤi ˈrefrǝns] , n фармацевтическая аннотация

Precaution [priˈkɔ:ʃn] , n специальные указания,

меры предосторожности

Presentation [ˌpreznˈteiʃn] , n форма выпуска, упаковка

Headache

Paracetamol

Sunburn Diarrhea

31

Side effect [ˈsaid iˈfekt] , n побочное действие, явление

Storage [ˈstɔ:riʤ] , n хранение

strain [strein] , n биол. штамм


antiexudative [ˌæntiˈeksjudeitiv] eczema [ˈeksimǝ]

exhibit [igˈzibit] leucopenia [ˌlju:kɔˈpi:niǝ]

enhance [inˈha:ns] diathesis [daiˈæθǝsis]

susceptible [sǝˈseptǝbl] concurrently [kǝnˈkʌrǝntli]

psoriasis [sɔˈraiǝsis] exceed [ikˈsi:d]

resorption [riˈzɔ:pʃn] capsule [ˈkæpsju:l]

ointment [ˈɔintmǝnt] agranulocytosis [ǝˌgrænjulɔsaiˈtǝusis]


1) administration [ǝdˌministˈreiʃǝn]: indications for administration; methods of administration;

correct administration; administration and dosage.

2) dosage [ˈdǝusiʤ]: oral dosage; a starting dosage; a dosage range; the total daily dosage;

individually determined dosage; do not exceed the daily dosage of 10-40 mg.

3) side effect [ˈsaid iˈfekt]: minor side effects; to report some side effects; to withdraw the drug in

case of some side effects.

4) precaution [priˈkɔ:ʃn]: precaution should be exercised; general and special precautions;

precautions for use.

5) interaction [ˌintǝrˈækʃn]: drug/drug interaction; drug/food interaction; incompatibilities and

interactions; to avoid drug interactions.

6) storage [ˈstɔ:riʤ]: storage temperature; rules of storage; instructions for handling and storage;

storage container.

12. Match the term with its meaning:

1) The basis for initiation of a treatment for a disease or of a diagnostic

test;

1) composition

2) The branch of pharmacology and therapeutics concerned with a

determination of the doses of remedies; the science of dosage;

2) dosage

3) Any special symptom or circumstance that renders the use of a remedy

or carrying out the procedure inadvisable, usually because of risk;

3) indication

4) The kinds and numbers of atoms constituting a molecule; or list of

components in a complex substance;

4) contraindication

5) Giving of medicine or other therapeutic agent in prescribed amount;

the determination of the proper dose of a remedy.

5) posology

13. Study and remember the following synonymous groups:

1) Description: features; properties; effects

2) Indications: uses; common uses; applications; therapeutic activity

3) Composition: actives; inactives; (list of) excipients

4) Presentation: packaging; delivery units; dosage forms and packs; pharmaceutical form; how

supplied.

5) Dosage: posology, directions for use; dosage instructions

6) Contraindications: restrictions on use

6) Side effects: adverse effects; undesirable effects

7) Interactions: incompatibilities

8) Overdosage: overdose; toxic effects (and their treatment)

32

9) Precautions: caution; warnings

10) Storage: special notes; safety data

11) Expiry date: expire; best before

14. Read the abstracts and give them an appropriate title from the previous exercise:

1) Each ampoule of 15 ml contains:

Pentoxifylline 300 mg.

Water for injection I.P. q.s.

2) Store at room temperature in a dry place. Do not use Kreon®

after the expiry date. Keep out of

reach of children.

3) Treatment of insomnia.

4) There is a possibility of local allergic reaction, especially in case of prolonged treatment.

5) TRENTAL must not be employed in patients with hypersensitivity to pentoxifylline, in the

presence of severe haemorrhage or acute myocardial infarction. TRENTAL should not be

administered during pregnancy.

6) Adults: 1 to 2 tablets

Children 8 to 13 years: 1 tablet

Children 3 to 8 years: ¼ – ½ tablet

Up to 3 doses may be taken in 24 hours.

7) It has been reported that STAN may prolong the prothrombin time in patients who are receiving

the anticoagulant warfarin. In elderly patients concurrently receiving certain diuretics, primarily

thiazides, an increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported.

8) 50 cartridges of 1.7 ml each

9) An overdose may produce convulsions and/or hallucinatory delirium. Rapid-action

anticonvulsants should be administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection and a stomach

wash effectuated even if a time interval has elapsed.

15. Change the infinitives for positive or negative forms of the Imperative:

1) (To keep) drugs out of the reach of children.

2) (Not to lie) down for at least 30 minutes after taking this drug.

3) (To store) at room temperature away from light and moisture.

4) (Not to share) this medication with others.

5) If you miss a dose of this medicine, (to take) it as soon as possible, but (not to take) 2 doses

at once.

6) (Not to drive), operate machinery, or do anything else that could be dangerous until you know

how you react to this medicine.

7) If any of these effects persists or worsens, (to notify) your doctor.

8) While taking Cytotec (to avoid) antacids containing magnesium.

9) (To shake) well before each use.

10) In case of apparent allergy to one of the constituents (not to carry) out the application of

the drug.

16. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable modal verb: must, can, could, should, may:

1) Patients recently withdrawn from beta-blockers … develop a withdrawal syndrome with

increased angina.

2) If you are a woman of childbearing age, you … talk with your doctor about the most effective

form of contraception that you … follow during therapy.

3) The physician … be aware of potential problems and, if the patient‘s condition permits,

sufficient time (at least 36 hours) … be allowed for PROCARDIA to be washed out of

the body.

4) Daily use of alcohol and this medicine … increase your risk for stomach bleeding.

5) This medication … be used only when clearly needed during pregnancy.

6) If you have diabetes, this medicine … affect your blood sugar.

33

7) Ciprobay … not be used after the expiry date.

8) If concurrent use of the two products … not be avoided, the serum concentration of

theophylline … be checked.

9) Acute uncomplicated cystitis … be treated with a single dose of 250 mg.

10) Older patients … receive as low dose as possible, depending on the severity of the disease.

11) In streptococcal infections the treatment … last at least 10 days because of the risk of late

complications.

17. Look quickly through Pharmacology Reference 1:

REFERENCE 1

Indomethacin

Composition:

Indomethacinum 10 g in ointment base up to 100 g.

Properties:

The ointment exhibits anti-inflammatory and antiexudative properties. Being a prostaglandin

synthesis inhibitor it exercises both keratolytic and antiseptic effect. The excellent resorption of this

ointment ensures its therapeutic effect creating high tissue concentrations at the application areas.

Indications:

Acute and chronic rheumatic polyarthritis, osteoarthrosis, Behterev‘s disease, degenerative articular

diseases, discopathies, neuritis, plexitis, radiculitis, post-operative edema, contusions,

thrombophlebitis, hyperkeratolytic eczemas, herpes zoster, arthropathic psoriasis, climacteric

keratosis, etc.

Contraindications:

Drug allergy, peptic and duodenal ulcer, bronchial asthma, epilepsy, Parkinsonism, during

pregnancy and breast feeding, leucopenia, haemorrhagic diathesis (thrombocytopenia and

coagulopathy).

Side-effects:

Allergic reactions, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis. Following long term treatment, however

rarely, headache, drowsiness, depressive states, hepatitis and pancreatitis can be observed especially

in more susceptible patients.

Drug interactions:

Therapeutic effect of Indomethacin decreases, if applied concurrently with salycilates. Probenecid

suppresses renal excretion of indomethacin. The effect of Indomethacin is enhanced if applied in

combination with glucocorticoids and pyrazolon derivatives.

Precautions:

If treatment lasts longer than ten days, follow carefully the patient‘s blood picture (leucocytes,

thrombocytes). If applied in combination with antibiotics, anticoagulants or antidiabetic drugs

ensure control of proper clinical and laboratory parameters.

Dosage and application:

Rub the affected joints or skin areas a few-centimetre-long tube squeeze of Indomethacin ointment,

2–3 times a day. Total daily amount should not exceed 15 cm for adults and 7.5 cm for children.

Package:

Ointment in aluminium tubes of 40 g.

Storage:

At moderate temperature (15–30oC) in light-protected areas.

Exp.term:

2 years (two years).

Produced by:

TROYAPHARM Co

34

18. Give short answers “yes” or “no” if you have found information on:

– generic name; – drug interactions;

– brand name; – side effects;

– composition; – storage;

– indications; – expiry date;

– dosage and administration; – package or presentation;

– warnings or precautions; – manufacturer and series number.

19. Study the reference attentively.

20. What grammar forms of the verbs are most frequently used?

21. Find the English equivalents:

проявлять противовоспалительные и антиэкссудативные свойства; тканевые концентрации, в

местах нанесения; дегенеративные заболевания суставов; противопоказан во время

беременности и кормления грудью; при длительном лечении; эффект препарата усиливается;

понижаться при одновременном применении с салицилатами; натирать поражѐнные суставы

или участки кожи; хранить при умеренной температуре.

22. Define the following statements as “True” or “False”. Correct the false statements. Use

introductory phrases:


I quite agree that… It is not true to the fact…

There is no doubt that… In my opinion…

1) This drug is for cold or flu.

2) It may be used by both adults and children.

3) It should be rubbed in 2-3 times a day.

4) There are no contraindications for this drug administration.

5) Some drug interactions have been reported.

6) The ointment may be applied without any precautions as long as the symptoms persist.


1) What is the pharmaceutical form of Indomethacin?

2) What are the properties of this drug?

3) What conditions may be relieved by this ointment?

4) Give dosage for adults and children.

5) Is this drug recommended for infants?

6) How long may the course of treatment last for?

7) What health conditions may limit or prevent using this drug?

8) What are the rules of storage and expiry term of this ointment?

24. Give a brief summary of this reference.

Studying Reference 2

Some over-the-counter drugs have indications for administration on the boxes or bottles. ―DayQuil‖

is an example of them.

25. Study the information given on the box; compare it with the main principles of a

pharmacology reference (see Fig. 1).

- What sections are the same?

- What is new in the arrangement of Reference 2?

- What elements of advertisement have you found in this reference?

36

26. Translate into Russian sections “Uses”, “Directions”, “Dosing Duration” and “Ask a

Doctor”.

Self Check

27. Translate into English:

ГЕНТАМИЦИН СУЛЬФАТ (GENTAMYCINI SULFAS)

Свойства и действие

Относится к группе аминоглюкозидных антибиотиков. Действует на штаммы

стафилококков, устойчивых к антибиотикам пенициллинового ряда.

Показания по применению

– инфекционные заболевания (пневмoния, менингит, плеврит, перитонит, раневые

инфекции и др.);

– хронические пиелонефриты, циститы, уретриты;

– конъюнктивиты, заболевания глаз.

Форма выпуска

Порошок, таблетки, капсулы.

37

PART II. READING SKILLS

Additional Text 1

1. Read the text.

2. Divide this text into logical parts.

3. Answer the question offered as the title of the text.

Why Does My Medication Give Me Side Effects?

The cold remedy you take makes you sleepy. The antidepressant gives you a headache. The

sinus decongestant makes your heart race. Why are side effects so common?

To understand this you need to realize that your body is an immensely complex structure

built from chemicals that must be regulated in order to function smoothly. Chemicals such as

hormones and other molecular messengers usually make these adjustments. Medicines often work

by taking the place of one of the body‘s regulating chemicals to readjust the balance. When this

restores functioning it is seen as helpful.

However, two things complicate the picture. First, the body often uses the same chemical to

regulate more than one process. This means that a medicine may retune not only the desired target

but also others that don‘t need readjustment. An example of this is that the drug prednisone turns off

inflammation, but also causes thinning of bones. Secondly, medicines are not always as selective as

we would wish. This means the medicine may alter a number of unrelated processes at the same

time. For example, the antidepressant drug amitriptyline can help depression (by acting on serotonin

receptors), can also lower blood pressure (by affecting norepinephrine receptors), cause blurred

vision, dry mouth and constipation (by blocking acetylcholine receptors) and produce sleepiness

and weight gain (by binding to histamine receptors).

One of the more surprising aspects of medications is how two people taking the same

medicine can have such different experiences. One person may have severe or troublesome side

effects that make the medicine intolerable, while another person finds that the medicine does only

the good that is intended to do. In fact when many thousands or millions of people use medicines,

the list of observed side effects can become long indeed.

Side effects may be rare or common, serious or merely annoying. A medicine with frequent

mild side effects may be tolerated by the majority of people and be regarded as relatively safe. On

the other hand if a medicine has a less common but more serious side effect it can mean that the

medicine should only be used when there is no alternative, and then with close monitoring. These

considerations require doctors to assess the risk of side effects versus the expected benefit of any

medication. In a life-threatening disease, even serious side effects may be worth the risk; but for a

mild, transient illness, little risk or even discomfort should not be tolerated.

As we learn more about the way our bodies are regulated, more medications are developed

that allow us to intercede when diseases disrupt our functioning. It has been a prominent goal in the

development of new medications to avoid more serious side effects. But it is likely that until we can

foretell who is especially susceptible, at least some people may experience side effects from

otherwise beneficial medication. Many of us may have to keep going back to our doctors to try a

second or even a third medication before we find one with the strongest therapeutic effect and the

fewest side effects.

Additional Text 2

Using the prescribing information which follows, choose the most appropriate antibiotic for

these patients:

1 A 4-year-old boy with meningitis due to pneumococcus. He is allergic to penicillin.

2 A 67-year-old man with a history of chronic bronchitis now suffering from pneumonia. The

causative organism is resistant to tetracycline.

3 A 27-year-old woman with urinary tract infection in early pregnancy.

38

4 A 4-year-old girl with septic arthritis due to haemophilus influenzae.

5 An 18-year-old man with left leg amputation above the knee following a road traffic accident.

6 A 50-year-old woman with endocarditis caused by strep. viridans.

7 A 13-year-old girl with disfiguring acne.

8 An 8-year-old boy with tonsillitis due to β-haemolytic streptococcus.

9 A 43-year-old dairyman with brucellosis.

10 A 4-year-old unimmunised sibling of a 2-year-old boy with whooping cough.

CEFUROXIME Indications: see under Cefaclor;

surgical prophylaxis; more active

against Haemophilus influenzae and

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Cautions; Contra-indications; Side

effects: see under Cefaclor

Dose: by mouth (as cefuroxime

axetil), 250 mg twice daily in most

infections including mild to moderate

lower respiratory tract infections or if

pneumonia suspected.

Urinary tract infection, 125 mg twice

daily, doubled in pyelonephritis.

Gonorrhoea, 1 g as a single dose.

CHILD over 3 months, 125 mg twice

daily, if infection doubled in child

over two years with otitis media.

By intramuscular injection or

intravenous injection or infusion,

750 mg every 6–8 hours; 1.5 g every

6–8 hours in severe infections; single

doses of 750 mg intravenous route

only.

CHILD usual dose 60 mg/kg (range

30–100 mg/kg daily) in 3–4 divided

doses (2–3 divided doses in neonates).

Gonorrhoea, 1.5 g as a single dose by

intramuscular injection (divided

between 2 sites).

Surgical prophylaxis, 1.5 g by

intravenous injection as induction;

may be supplemented with 750 mg

intramuscularly 8 an 16 hours later

(abdominal, pelvic, and orthopaedic

operations) or followed by 750 mg

intramuscularly every 8 hours for

further 24–48 hours (cardiac,

pulmonary, oesophageal, and vascular

operations).

Meningitis, 3 g intravenously every

8 hours; CHILD, 200–400 mg/kg

daily (in 3–4 divided doses) reduced

to 100 mg/kg daily after 3 days or on

clinical improvement; NEONATE,

100 mg/kg daily reduced to 50 mg/kg

daily.

BENZYLPENICILLIN

(Penicillin G)

Indications: throat infections, otitis media,

streptococcal endocarditis, meningococcal

meningitis, pneumonia (see table 1);

prophylaxis in limb amputation.

Cautions: history of allergy; renal

impairment;

Interactions: Appendix 1 (penicillins)

Contra-indications: penicillin

hypersensitivity.

Side effects: sensitivity reactions including

urticaria, fever, joint pains; angioedema;

transient leucopoenia and

thrombocytopenia; anaphylactic shock in

hypersensitive patients; diarrhoea after

administration by mouth

Dose: by intramuscular or by slow

intravenous injection or by infusion, 1.2 g

daily in 4 divided doses, increased if

necessary to 2.4 g daily or more (see also

below); PREMATURE INFANT and

NEONATE, 50 mg/kg in 2 divided doses;

INFANT 1–4 weeks, 75 mg/kg daily in 3

divided doses; CHILD 1 month-12 years,

100 mg/kg daily in 4 divided doses (higher

doses may be required, see also below).

Bacterial endocarditis, by slow intravenous

injection or by infusion, 7.2 g daily in 4–6

divided doses.

Meningococcal meningitis, by slow

intravenous injection or by infusion, 2.4 g

every 4-6 hours; PREMATURE INFANT

and NEONATE, 100 mg/kg daily in

2 divided doses; INFANT 1–4 weeks,

150 mg/kg daily in 3 divided doses;

CHILD 1 month – 12 years, 180–

300 mg/kg daily in 4 divided doses.

Important. If meningococcal disease is

suspected general practitioners are advised

to give a single injection of

benzylpenicillin by intramuscular or by

intravenous injection before transporting

the patient urgently to hospital. Suitable

doses are: ADULT: 1.2 g; INFANT:

300 mg; CHILD 1–9 years 600 mg, 10 year

and over as for adult

Prophylaxis in limb amputation, section

5.1, table 2

By intrathecal injection, not

recommended.

ERYTHROMYCIN

Indications: alternative to penicillin in

hypersensitive patients; campylobacter

enteritis, pneumonia, legionnaire‘s

disease, syphilis, non-gonococcal

urethritis, chronic prostatitis, acne

vulgaris (see section 13.6); diphtheria

and whooping cough prophylaxis.

Cautions: hepatic and renal

impairment; prolongation of QT

interval (ventricular tachycardia

reported); porphyria (see section

9.8.2); pregnancy (not known to be

harmful) and breast-feeding (only

small amounts in milk); interactions:

Appendix 1 (erythromycin and other

macrolides).

Arrhythmias. Avoid concomitant

administration with astemizole or

terfenadine, see pp. 139–40 also avoid

with cisapride [other interactions,

Appendix 1].

Contra-indications: estolate contra-

indicated in liver disease.

Side effects: nausea, vomiting,

abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea

(antibiotic-associated colitis reported);

urticaria, rashes and other allergic

reactions; reversible hearing loss

reported after large doses; cholestatic

jaundice and cardiac effects (including

chest pain and arrhythmias) also

reported.

Dose: by mouth, ADULT and CHILD

over 8 years, 250–500 mg every 6

hours or 0.5–1 g every 12 hours (see

notes above); up to 4 g daily in severe

infections; CHILD up to 2 years,

125 mg every 6 hours, 2–8 years

250 mg every 6 hours, doses doubled

for severe infections.

Acne, see section 13.6

Early syphilis, 500 mg 4 times daily

for 14 days.

By intravenous infusion, ADULT and

CHILD severe infections, 50 mg/kg

daily by continuous infusion or in

divided doses every 6 hours; mild

infections (oral treatment not

possible), 25 mg/kg daily.

39

TETRACYCLINE

Indications: exacerbation of chronic

bronchitis; brucellosis (see also notes

above), chlamydia, mycoplasma, and

rickettsia; pleural effusions due to

malignancy or cirrhosis; acne vulgaris

(see section 13.6).

Cautions: hepatic impairment (avoid

intravenous administration); renal

impairment (see Appendix 3); rarely

causes photosensitivity; interactions:

Appendix 1 (tetracyclines).

Contra-indications: renal impairment

(see Appendix 3), pregnancy and

breast-feeding (see also Appendixes 4

and 5), children under 12 years of

age, systemic lupus erythematosus.

Side effects: nausea, vomiting,

diarrhoea; erythema (discontinue

treatment); headache and visual

disturbances may indicate benign

intracranial hypertension;

hepatoxicity, antibiotic-associated

pancreatitis and colitis reported.

Dose: by mouth, 250 mg every 6

hours, increased in severe infections

to 500 mg every 6–8 hours.

Acne, see section 13.6.

Primary, secondary, or latent syphilis,

500 mg every 6 hours for 15 days.

Non-gonococcal urethritis, 500 mg

every 6 hours for 7–14 days (21 days

if failure or relapse following the first

course).

Counselling: Tablets or capsules

should be swallowed whole with

plenty of fluid while sitting or

standing.

By intravenous infusion, 500 mg

every 12 hours; max. 2 g daily.

GENTAMICIN

Indications: septicaemia and

neonatal sepsis; meningitis and other

CNS infections; biliary tract

infection, acute pyelonephritis or

prostatitis, endocarditis causes by

Strep. viridans or Strep. faecalis

(with penicillin); pneumonia in

hospital patients, adjunct in listerial

meningitis (section 5.1, table 1).

Cautions: renal impairment, infants

and elderly (adjust dose and monitor

renal, auditory and vestibular

function together with plasma

gentamicin concentrations); avoid

prolonged use; see also notes above;

interactions: Appendix 1 (amino

glycosides).

Contra-indications: pregnancy,

myasthenia gravis.

Side effects: vestibular and auditory

damage, nephrotoxicity; rarely,

hypomagnesaemia on prolonged

therapy, antibiotic-associated colitis;

see also notes above.

Dose: by intramuscular or by slow

intravenous injection over at least

3 minutes or by intravenous infusion,

2–5 mg/kg daily (in divided doses

every 8 hours), see also notes above;

reduce dose and measure plasma

concentrations in renal impairment.

CHILD up to 2 weeks, 3 mg/kg every

12 hours, 2 weeks – 12 years,

2 mg/kg every 8 hours.

By intrathecal injection, 1 mg daily

(increases if necessary to 5 mg daily),

with 2–4 mg/kg daily by

intramuscular injection (in divided

doses every 8 hours).

AMPICILLIN

Indications: urinary tract infections, otitis

media, sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, invasive

salmonellosis, gonorrhoea.

Cautions: history of allergy; renal

impairment; erythematous rashes common

in glandular fever, chronic lymphatic

leukaemia, and possibly HIV infection;

interactions: Appendix 1 (penicillins).

Contra-indications: penicillin hypersensi-

tivity.

Side effects: nausea; diarrhoea; rashes

(discontinue treatment); rarely, antibiotic-

associated colitis; see also under

Benzylpenicillin (section 5.1.1.1).

Dose: by mouth, 0.25–1 g every 6 hours, at

least 30 minutes before food.

Gonorrhoea, 2–3.5 g as a single dose with

probenecid 1g.

Urinary tract infections, 500 mg every 8

hours.

By intramuscular injection or intravenous

injection or infusion, 500 mg every 4–6

hours; higher doses in meningitis.

CHILD under 10 years, any route, half adult

dose.

PHENOLXYMETHYLPENICILLIN

(Penicillin V)

Indications: tonsillitis, otitis media,

erysipelas; rheumatic fever and

pneumococcal infection prophylaxis (see

table 2).

Cautions; Contra-indications; Side effects: see under Benzylpenicillin; interactions:

Appendix 1 (penicillins).

Dose: 500 mg every 6 hours increased to

750 mg every 6 hours in severe infections;

CHILD, every 6 hours, up to 1 year

62.5 mg, 1–5 years 125 mg, 6–12 years

250 mg.

Rheumatic fever and pneumococcal

infection prophylaxis, section 5.1, table 2

Reference № 1

1. Read the reference.


What class of drugs does this medicine belong to?

What is this drug for?

What is the presentation?

What is the dosage?

What are the contraindications, side effects or warnings?

Give the name of the manufacturer.

3. Give the main information about this drug.

4. Translate the reference in written form.

5. Find additional information about this drug and expand the reference.

40

SARIDON effective pain relief

Each tablet contains:

Paracetamol 250 mg

Propyphenazon 150 mg

Caffeine 50 mg

Headaches, migraines, toothache and other forms of pain can severely disrupt your life. For fast and

effective relief of serious pain take Saridon. Its well balanced combination of ingredients

(paracetamol and propyphenazone plus caffeine) not only kills pain fast and effectively but provides

long and lasting relief.

Dosage

Adults: 1 or 2 tablets per dose with а glass of water. Do not exceed 6 tablets in 24 hours.

Children from 12 to 16 years: 1 tablet per dose with а glass of water. Do not exceed 3 tablets within

24 hours.

Do not give to children under 12 years unless advised by а doctor.

Analgesics should not be taken for more than ten days or in high doses without consulting your

doctor. If your symptoms persist or return, you must consult your doctor.

For further information about this product ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Roche F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland

Reference № 2






What is the dosage?






POLYGYNAX®

Vaginal capsules

POLYGYNAX vaginal capsules are designed for local treatment of gynaecological disorders.

COMPOSITION: Neomycin (sulphate): 35 000 IU • Polymyxin B (sulphate): 35 000 IU •

Nystatin: 100 000 IU • Dimethylpolysiloxane about 2,2 g • Potassium sorbate about 0,3% •

Excipient q.s.f. one capsule.

INDICATIONS:

On a curative basis, POLYGYNAX is indicated for the treatment of vaginal discharges, regardless

of the origin:

– ordinary organisms

– Candida albicans

– associated germs

41

On a preventive basis:

– before any surgical procedure involving the lower genital tract

– before delivery

– before and after coagulation diathermy of the cervix

– before endo-uterine investigations (hysterography)

CONTRA-INDICATIONS: allergy to one of the components.

PRECAUTIONS OF USE: the duration of treatment should be limited because of the risk of

resistant germs selection and because of the risk of surinfection by these germs.

SIDE EFFECTS: possibility of local allergic reaction, especially in case of prolonged treatment.

DOSAGE: 1 vaginal capsule at night for 12 days.

WAY OF USE: vaginal route. The capsule should be inserted deeply into the vaginal cavity at

bedtime.

PRESENTATIONS: box of 6 vaginal capsules or box of 12 vaginal capsules. Authorized drug

n° 308.502.0

RESPECT PRESCRIBED DOSES

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

LABORATOIRE INNOTHERA distributed by INNOTECH INTERNATIONAL

7-9, avenue François-Vincent Raspail – 94110 ARCUEL - FRANCE

Reference № 3






What is the dosage?






DOKTOR* HERBAL

MOM COUGH SYRUP

Doktor Mom* Herbal Cough Syrup is a pure herbal cough formulation that is soothing and cooling.

It is useful in all types of cough irrespective of its origin and stage.

Each 10 ml. contains

extracts derived from:

Main characteristics:

Ocium sanctum 100 mg Effective in whooping cough, colds, lung inflammation,

bronchial antiseptic, expectorant, provides relief from

breathlessness.

Glycerrhiza glabra 60 mg Demulcent, soothing, cooling, anti-inflammatory,

expectorant.

Curcuma longa 50 mg Useful in various types of cough, cold. Anti-allergic, anti-

inflammatory, antibacterial.

Zingiber officinale 10 mg Useful in cold, cough, sore throat, digestive.

Adhatoda vasika 60 mg Expectorant, antispasmodic, antihistaminic, exerts special

effect on bronchial system.

Solanum indicum 20 mg Effective in dry cough, chronic febrile conditions.

42

Inula Racemosa 20 mg Antispasmodic, antipyretic, expectorant, antibacterial,

antifungal & antihistaminic.

Piper cubeba 10 mg Stimulates mucous membrane, expectorant, effective in

febrile conditions.

Terminalia belerica 20 mg Antiphlegmatic, expectorant, effective in cough, sore throat.

Aloe barbadensis 50 mg Effective in cough, purgative.

Menthol 6 mg Liquefies phlegm, clears respiratory tract.

Indications General cough, whooping cough in early stages, irritating

and allergic cough, smoker‘s cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis,

tonsillitis and seasonal cough.

Dosage Adults:

1 to 2 teaspoonfuls three times daily.

Children:

½ to 1 teaspoonful three times daily.

This herbal remedy is safe and effective as it is derived from natural ingredients prescribed in

Ayurvedic System of Medicine. It gives long lasting relief from all kinds of cough. It is free from

alcohol, sedatives and addictive drugs. Hence it is completely safe for children.

Presentation: Pack of 100 ml.

Manufactured in India by:

Unique Pharmaceutical Laboratories

(A Divn. of J.B. Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.)

128/1, GIDC Ankleshwar 393 002.

Regd. Office:

‗Neelam Centre‘, ‗B‘ Wing, 4th

Floor,

HIND CYCLE ROAD, WORLY, BOMBAY 400 025.

* Trademark of J.B. Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Reference № 4






What is the dosage?





5. Find 5 names of other preparations of the same action.

CINFAMAR CAFFEINE Dimenhydrinate + Caffeine

COMPOSITION PER TABLET:

Dimenhydrinate (INN) ................... 50 mg

Caffeine .......................................... 50 mg

Excipients: Maize starch, Microcrystalline cellulose, Dibasic calcium phosphate, Hydroxypropyl

methylcellulose 606, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 615, Magnesium stearate, Sodium starch

glycolate, Polyethylene glycol 6000, Polyvinylpirrolydone, Talc.

43

PROPERTIES:

Apart from its antihistaminic action, Dimenhydrinate prevents and relieves kinetosis, the

symptomatic condition caused by movement, which frequently appears during travel and is

generally characterised by dizziness, paleness, cold sweating, increased watering of the mouth,

gastric upsets, nauseas, vomiting, etc.

Caffeine as а stimulant counteracts the effect of drowsiness which may be produced by

Dimenhydrinate.

INDICATIONS:

CINFAMAR CAFEINA is indicated in the prevention and treatment of travel sickness produced

during journeys by car, train, plane, ship, etc.

DOSAGE:

The doses indicated should be taken approximately half an hour before initiating the journey. If

necessary, the dosis may be repeated during the journey at intervals of not less than four hours.

Adults: l to 2 tablets

Children 8 to 12 years: 1/2–1 tablet

Children 3 to 8 years: 1/4–1/2 tablet

Up to 3 doses may be taken in 24 hours.

The tablets may be swallowed with а little water or sweet drink.

CONTRAINDICATIONS:

Glaucoma and urethral-prostatic problems.

PRECAUTIONS:

The drowsiness caused by Dimenhydrinate, which is desirable in many cases, should be taken into

account by drivers and those who use machines.

WARNING:

IMPORTANT FOR WOMEN:

As with any drug, if you are pregnant or nursing а baby, seek the

advice of а health professional before using this product.

Sportmen-women should know this medicament keeps а component which can give а positive result

in the analytic control in doping.

INCOMPATIBILITIES AND INTERACTIONS:

Dimenhydrinate may enhance the effects of other CNS depressants such as alcohol and barbiturates.

If dimenhydrinate is used concomitantly with other CNS depressants, caution should be used to

avoid overdosage. Because dimenhydrinate also has anticholinergic activity, it may potentiate the

effects of other drugs with anticholinergic activity including tricyclic antidepressants, МАО

inhibitors, etc.

SIDE EFFECTS:

Drowsiness, dryness of mouth, constipation.

TOXIC EFFECTS AND THEIR TREATMENT:

The recommended dosage and total content of the package make poisoning unlikely. An overdose

may produce convulsions and/or hallucinatory delirium. Rapid-action anticonvulsants should be

administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection and а stomach wash effectuated even if an

interval of time has elapsed. If overdose or accidental ingestion, consult the Toxicology Information

Service.

Phone: (91) 562 04 20

PRESENTATION:

Packages of 4 and 10 tablets.

laboratorios NONPRESCRIPTION MEDICATION

cinfa, s.a.

Olaz - Chipi,10

HUARTE-PAMPLONA MEDICINES SHOULD BE KEPT OUT

Navarra • SPAIN OF CHILDREN'S REACH

44

Reference № 5









COMMON NAME: ISONIAZID

COMMON USES: This medicine is an antibacterial used to treat or prevent tuberculosis (ТВ)

infection. It may also be used to treat other conditions as determined by your doctor.

BEFORE USING THIS MEDICINE: WARNING: This medicine has caused severe, even

fatal, liver problems (e.g., hepatitis). Liver problems increase with age and with daily use of

alcohol. Hepatitis can develop with use of this drug at any time during treatment. Stop using this

medicine and notify your doctor immediately if you develop unusual fatigue, weakness, loss of

appetite, nausea, vomiting, dark urine, yellowing of the eyes or skin, or stomach or abdominal

pain. Your doctor may decide to slowly restart Isoniazid after these symptoms disappear and lab

tests return to normal. People with active (acute) liver problems should not use this medicine for

preventative treatment until after the liver problems have stopped. Your doctor will monitor your

liver function tests at least every month to discuss your progress. Some medicines or medical

conditions may interact with this medicine. INFORM YOUR DOCTOR OR PHARMACIST of

all prescription and over-the-counter medicine that you are taking. ADDITIONAL

MONITORING OF YOUR DOSE OR CONDITION may be needed if you are taking rifampin or

medicine for seizures. Inform your doctor of any other medical conditions, allergies, pregnancy,

or breast-feeding. Contact your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions or concerns about

taking this medicine.

HOW TO USE THIS MEDICINE: Follow the directions for using this medicine provided by

your doctor. TAKE THIS MEDICINE ON AN EMPTY STOMACH at least 1 hour before or 2

hours after a meal. THIS MEDICINE MAY BE TAKEN WITH FOOD if it upsets your stomach.

DO NOT TAKE ANTACIDS CONTAINING ALUMINUM within 1 hour of taking this

medicine. STORE THIS MEDICINE at room temperature in a tightly-closed container, away

from heat and light. TO CLEAR UP YOUR INFECTION COMPLETELY, continue taking this

medicine for the full course of treatment. Do not miss any doses. IF YOU MISS A DOSE OF

THIS MEDICINE, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the

missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.

CAUTIONS: DO NOT STOP TAKING THIS MEDICINE without first checking with your

doctor. KEEP ALL DOCTOR AND LABORATORY APPOINTMENTS while you are taking

this medicine. Periodic eye exams may be done while you are taking this medicine. BEFORE

YOU BEGIN TAKING ANY NEW MEDICINE, either prescription or over-the-counter, check

with your doctor or pharmacist. This includes acetaminophen and medicines containing

acetaminophen. CHECK WITH YOUR DOCTOR before drinking alcohol while you are taking

this medicine. DO NOT DRIVE, operate machinery, or do anything else that could be dangerous

until you know how you react to this medicine. WHILE YOU ARE TAKING THIS MEDICINE,

EATING FOODS THAT CONTAIN HISTAMINE, such as fish, tuna, sauerkraut, and yeast

extract, OR TYRAMINE, such as Chianti wines, pickled herring, fermented meats, and some

cheeses, may cause flushing, chills, and headaches. Obtain a complete list of these foods from

your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist. IF YOU PLAN ON BECOMING PREGNANT, discuss with

your doctor the benefits and risks of using this medicine during pregnancy. IF YOU HAVE

DIABETES, this medicine may affect your blood sugar. Check blood glucose levels closely and

ask your doctor before adjusting the dose of your diabetes medicine.

45

POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS: SIDE EFFECTS that may go away during treatment include

upset stomach or indigestion. If they continue or are bothersome, check with your doctor.

CHECK WITH YOUR DOCTOR AS SOON AS POSSIBLE if you experience tiredness,

weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, tingling or numbness of hands or feet,

muscle or joint pain, or fever. CONTACT YOUR DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY if you experience

yellow skin or eyes, or dark urine. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your

doctor, nurse, or pharmacist.

OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control centre or emergency

room immediately. Symptoms of overdose may include nausea; vomiting; dizziness; slurring of

speech; blurred vision; numbness, tingling, or burning of your arms, hands, legs, or feet; joint

pain; hallucinations; and loss of consciousness.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: If your symptoms do not improve within 2 to 3 weeks, or if

they become worse, check with your doctor. DO NOT SHARE THIS MEDICINE with others for

whom it was not prescribed. DO NOT USE THIS MEDICINE for other health conditions. KEEP

THIS MEDICINE out of the reach of children. IF USING THIS MEDICINE FOR AN

EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME, obtain refills before your supply runs out.

The information in this monograph is not intended to cover all possible uses,

directions, precautions, drug interactions, or adverse effects. This information is generalized

and is not intended as specific medical advice. If you have questions about the medicines

you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or

nurse.

Reference № 6






What is the dosage?






BAUSCH RENU MultiPlus™

& LOMB Multi-Purpose Solution

No Rub formula

This insert contains important information. Please read it carefully and retain for future

reference.

Cleans, Disinfects, Lubricates, Rinses, Stores and Removes Protein.

CONTENTS: А sterile, isotonic solution that contains boric acid, edetate disodium, sodium borate

and sodium chloride; active ingredients: DYMED™ (polyaminopropyl biguanide) 0.0001%,

HYDRANATE™ (hydroxyalkylphosphonate) 0.03%, poloxamine 1%.

ACTIONS: Cleans, loosens and removes accumulations of film, protein and other deposits from

soft contact lenses. Destroys harmful microorganisms on the surface of the lens. Rinses, stores and

lubricates.

INDICATIONS: BAUSCH & LOMB ReNu MultiPlus Multi-Purpose Solution is indicated for use

in chemical (not heat) disinfection, daily cleaning, daily protein removal, lubricating, rinsing and

storage of all soft contact lenses as recommended by your eye care practitioner.

46

DIRECПONS:

Always wash and rinse your hands before you handle your lenses. Lenses must be thoroughly

cleaned, rinsed and soaked each time they are removed to achieve disinfection.

To clean, disinfect and remove protein without rubbing:

Step 1: Thoroughly rinse each side of the lens for 5 seconds.

Step 2: Place cleaned contact lens in the lens storage case and fill with fresh ReNu MultiPlus Multi-

Purpose Solution. Soak for at least four hours.

No rinsing is required prior to lens placement in your eyes. If any debris remains on your lenses you

may rinse with ReNu MultiPlus Мulti-Purpose Solution. Pour the BAUSCH & LOMB ReNu

MultiPlus Multi-Purpose Solution out of the lens case and rinse the case with fresh ReNu MultiPlus

Мulti-Purpose Solution. Leave the case with the caps off to dry in the air. Replace the caps. Your

case is now ready for use.

Your practitioner may recommend that you rub and rinse your lenses prior to storage. In this case,

after removing from your eye, place the lens in the palm of your hand and apply а few drops of

BAUSCH & LOMB ReNu MultiPlus Мulti-Purpose Solution to the lens. Rub the lens gently for 20

seconds using your forefinger. Rinse the lens completely free from debris with fresh BAUSCH &

LOMB ReNu MultiPlus Мulti-Purpose Solution. Then place in the storage case as indicated above.

Lenses may be stored in the unopened case until ready to wear, up to а maximum of 30 days. If you

store your lenses for longer periods of time, they must be cleaned and disinfected with fresh ReNu

MultiPlus Мulti-Purpose Solution every 30 days and prior to wearing.

WEEKLY CARE

No separate protein remover is required to remove protein deposits from the lenses. Daily use of

BAUSCH & LOMB ReNu MultiPlus Мulti-Purpose Solution as directed removes protein.

WARNINGS & PRECAUTIONS:

– Lens care procedures recommended by your practitioner must be followed. Failure to follow

these procedures may result in the development of serious eye infections.

– Always wash your hands before handling your lenses.

– Discard the BAUSCH & LOMB ReNu MultiPlus Мulti-Purpose Solution from the lens case

after each use.

– If уоu are allergic to any ingredient in this product, dо not use.

– Store solution at room temperature (15–30°С).

– Discard solution six months after opening.

– Use before expiration date marked on the carton and bottle.

– Do not touch the bottle tip to any surface or your eye since this may contaminate the solution or

cause injury to the eye. Replace the cap after use.

– Never re-use this solution.

– Do not use any eye medication in conjunction with this solution unless under medical

supervision.

– Do not use BAUSCH & LOMB ReNu MultiPlus Мulti-Purpose Solution with а heat

disinfection method.

– Keep out of the reach of children.

IMPORTANT: If irritation or excessive tearing occurs, persists or increases, or if vision is

impaired, discontinue use and promptly consult your eye саrе practitioner.

CE 0050 Manufactured by: Bausch & Lomb - IOM S.p.A. 20050 Macherio (Milan) Italy.

Distributed by: BAUSCH & LOMB, Rochester, New York, U.S.A.14603-0743

Bausch & Lomb, ReNu MultiPlus, DYMED and HYDRANATE are registered trademarks of

Bausch & Lomb Incorporated. ©

Bausch & Lomb Incorporated

I81081327-02

47

Reference № 7






What is the dosage?




4. Translate in written form the sections “Indications”, “Administration and dosage” and

“Contraindications”.


For the use only of а Registered Medical Practitioner or а Laboratory or а Hospital.

CHLORAMPHENICOL CAPSULES BP

COMPOSITION

Each capsule contains: Chloramphenicol BP 250 mg.

DESCRIPTION

Chloramphenicol is а broad-spectrum antibacterial effective against а large number of gram-

positive and gram-negative cocci and bacilli as well as rickettsia, chlamydia and mycoplasma.

It is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. High concentrations are

achieved in blood and tissue fluids including the cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous and vitreous humor

and bile.

Development of resistant strains from initially sensitive ones or replacement of sensitive

organisms by sensitive ones has not been а problem with Chloramphenicol.

INDICATIONS

Gastrointestinal Disorders: infantile gastroenteritis, food poisoning (salmonellosis), bacillary

dysentery, ulcerative colitis, cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid.

Respiratory Infections: bacterial pneumonia, bronchiectasis, viral pneumonias, Q fever,

laryngotracheo-bronchitis, whooping cough (pertussis).

Genito-Urinary Infections: bacillary and соссаl urinary infections, non specific urethritis,

prostatitis and epididymitis.

Venereal Diseases: gonorrhoea, syphilis, lymphogranuloma, venereum, granuloma inguinale,

gоnососсаl urethritis.

Infectious Diseases: infectious mononucleosis, meningitis, brucellosis, anthrax.

In Surgery: abdominal surgery and peritonitis, skin grafting, burns, surgical infections.

Gynaecology and Obstetrics: vaginitis, salpingitis, рuerреriаl sepsis.

Ophthalmology: conjunctivitis, keratitis, trachoma and intra or extra-ocular infections.

Dermatology: руоdеrmа, staphylococcal infection of the skin and erysipelas.

ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE

Adults: The usual dosage is 1–3 g. daily in equally divided and spaced doses at 4, 6 or 8 hourly

intervals. In severe infections, the total daily dose of 4 g. can be given at equally divided and

spaced intervals. In such cases, а high initial dose may be used but this must be reduced as soon

as the desired clinical response is seen. The total dose for a complete course of treatment should

not exceed 25 g. in case of reinfection within а short period after the previous therapy;

Chloramphenicol should be used with great caution.

48

Children: In children 3–12 years of age, the dosage is 30–40 mg/kg body weight in divided and

spaced doses and the total dose for а complete course of treatment should not exceed that

mentioned below:

Upto 3 years – 10 g.





SIDE-EFFECTS

Blood dyscrasias: The most serious adverse affect is bone marrow depression. Serious and fatal

blood dyscrasias (aplastic anaemia, hypoplastic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and

granulocytopenia) occur. An irreversible type of marrow depression leading to aplastic anaemia

with а high rate of mortality is characterised by appearance of bone marrow aplasia or hypoplasia

weeks or months after therapy.

GI: Nausea; vomiting; glossitis; stomatitis; diarrhoea; enterocolitis (low incidence).

CNS: Headache; mild depression; mental confusion; delirium; optic and peripheral neuritis have

been reported, usually following long-term therapy, if this occurs, promptly withdraw the drug.

Hypersensitivity: Fever; mасulаr and vesicular rashes; angiodema; urticaria; anaphylaxis.

Grey syndrome: Toxic reactions including fatalities have occurred in the premature infant and

newborn; the signs and symptoms associated with these reactions have been referred to as the

"grey syndrome".

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Chloramphenicol is contraindicated in individuals with а history of previous hypersensitivity and/or

toxic reaction to the drug. Since the drug reaches foetal circulation, women before delivery or

neonates must not be given Chloramphenicol because of the risk of “grey syndrome” in the

foetus. Chloramphenicol should not be simultaneously administered with sulphonamides,

hydantoin derivatives, phenylbutazone and other bone-marrow depressing agents.

PRECAUTIONS AND WARNING

Blood dyscrasias including aplastic anaemia may be associated with the administration of

Chloramphenicol. If facilities are available, it is better to determine the routine blood profile

before therapy, and blood studies should be repeated at appropriate intervals especially during

prolonged or intermittent therapy. Consideration should be given to discontinuing the drug if

evidence of depression of any of the blood elements appears attributable to Chloramphenicol.

Repeated courses of Chloramphenicol and concurrent therapy with other drugs known to cause

bone marrow depression or even aplastic anaemia should be avoided.

Chloramphenicol should be administered according to the direction of а medical practitioner, and

it should not be used for the treatment of trivial infections.

Chloramphenicol should not be administered during pregnancy.

The medical practitioner should also remember that Chloramphenicol is excreted in the milk of

the lactating mother.

Chloramphenicol is not alone in the phenomenon of drug interaction and when patients are

concurrently receiving anticoagulants or anticonvulsants, dosage adjustment of these agents may be

necessary.

PRESENTATION

Strip if 10 capsules, Pack of 1000's.

IPCA Made in India by

IРСА LABORATORIES LTD

Regd. Off : 48, Kandivli Ind: Estate,

Bombay 400 067.

49

Reference № 8



Is it a drug?

What is this material for?

What are the actions?

Is there a strict dosage?

How is this material supplied?



4. Translate in written form the actions “Description”, “Warnings” and “Adverse

reactions”.

5. Find names of other preparations of the same action.

25416

DM16A

DEXON®

"S"

POLYGLYCOLIC ACID SUTURE SYNTHETIC, ABSORBABLE USP

DEXON®

PLUS

POLYGLYCOLIC ACID SUTURE

COATED WITH POLOXAMER 188 SYNTHETIC,

ABSORBABLE USP

DESCRIPTION

Braided DEXON "S" polyglycolic acid Suture – Synthetic Absorbable, USP and DEXON PLUS

polyglycolic acid Suture – Synthetic Absorbаble, USP are homopolymers of glycolic acid,

constructed of filaments finer than in an original DEXON Suture to provide optimal handling

рrореrties. DEXON "S" Suture, monofilament, Synthetic Absorbable, USP is also а homopolymer

of glycolic acid.

DEXON PLUS Suture in addition is coated with роlохаmer 188, а surfactant. The coating material

is inert, non-collagenous, non-antigenic and non-руrоgeniс. 80–97% of the coating was excreted

in the urine during the first 3 days following implantation (rabbits). The remainder was excreted

within 40 days.

The sutures are sterile, inert, non-collagenous, non-antigenic, non-pyrogenic and flexible. The

braided and monofilament sutures are coloured green to enhance visibility in tissue. DEXON "S"

and DEXON PLUS Braided Suture are also available undyed with а natural beige colour. They are

uniform in size and tensile strength but are smaller in diameter than other Absorbable Surgical

Sutures of equivalent tensile strength.

ACTIONS

When DEXON "S" Sutures or DЕXON PLUS Sutures are placed in tissues, а minimal tissue

reaction occurs which is followed by а microscopic layer of fibrous connective tissue which grows

into the suture material.

Absorption studies in animals show DEXON "S" Sutures and DEXON PLUS Sutures to be

equivalent to original DEXON Sutures. Studies in rabbits revealed minimal absorption at 17 to 15

days, significant absorption at 30 days and maximum resorption after 60 to 90 days.

Tensile strength, not being а function of the absorption rate, may vary from tissue to tissue

depending in part on the rate of hydrolysis. The early tensile strength of DEXON "S" Sutures and

DЕXON PLUS Sutures is reported to be greater than that of comparable chromic catgut. In animal

studies (subcutaneous tissue in rats) it has been shown that at two weeks post-implantation

approximately 65% of the original tensile strength оf а DEXON "S" and DEXON PLUS Suture

remains, while at three weeks approximately 35% of its original tensile strength is retained for

sizes 6/0 or greater.

50

INDICATIONS

DEXON "S" Sutures and DEXON PLUS Sutures are indicated whenever absorbable sutures and

ligatures are employed.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

DEXON "S" Sutures and DEXON PLUS Sutures are contraindicated where extended

approximation of tissue under strain must be maintained.

WARNINGS

The safe use of these sutures in cardiac and major vessels has not been established.

Under certain circumstances, notably orthopaedic procedures, immobilization by external

support may be employed at the discretion of the surgeon.

Do not resterilize. Discard ореned, unused sutures.

PRECAUTIONS

Acceptable surgical practice should be followed with respect to drainage and closure of infected

wounds.

The knot with DEXON "S" роlyglycolic acid Suture must be properly placed to be secure.

Therefore, place the first throw in precise position for the final knot using а double loop; tie the

second throw square using horizontal tension; additional throws may be used as desired.

DEXON PLUS Sutures, which are treated to enhance handling characteristics, require the

standard surgical technique of flat and square ties with additional throws if indicated by surgical

circumstances and the experience of the surgeon.

Skin sutures which remain in place for periods of longer than seven days may cause localized

topical irritation and the extended portion of the suture may be snipped off after five to seven

days, as indicated.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Those reactions that have been reported included tissue reaction or inflammation, fibrous or

granulation tissue, wound separation and bleeding, and accumulation of fluid around

subcuticular stitches.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Use as required.

HOW SUPPLIED

DEXON "S" and DEXON PLUS Sutures braided sizes 6-0 through 2 (metric size 0.7 through 5)

dyed green or natural beige. Supplied in cut lengths or ligating reels, non-needled or affixed to

the various DAVIS+GECK АТRАUМАТIС®

needles or D-TACH®

removable needles USP in

one, two and three dozen boxes.

DG®

DAVIS+GECK

DAVIS+GECK, Inc. Маnаti, PR 00701 U.S.A.

25416

REV. 4/88

Reference № 9






What is the dosage?




4. Translate the section “Posology” in written form.


51

Kreon®

Composition

Each Кrеоn®

capsule (hard gelatine capsule, size 0) contains 300 mg pancreatin in enteric-

coated microspheres equivalent to 8000 Ph. Eur. units lipase, 9000 Ph. Еur. units amylase, 450

Ph. Eur. units protease.

Pharmaceutical Form

Capsules containing enteric-coated microspheres for oral administration.

Indication

Kreon®

is indicated for the treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, caused by cystic

fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, total gastrectomy, gastric partial resections

(Billroth I/II), ductal obstruction from neoplasm (e.g. of the pancreas or common bile duct).

Posology and Method of Administration

The posology aims at individual needs and depends on the severity of the disease and the

composition of food. General recommendation: Initially one or two capsules with each main

meal and one capsule with each snack. Clinical experience indicates that the effective dose may

lie between 5–15 capsules per day. Кrеоn®

capsules should be swallowed whole with enough

fluid (e.g. approximately 100 ml) during meals or snacks. It is recommended to take half or one

third of the total dose at the beginning of the meal and the rest during it. The capsules and the

microspheres should be swallowed whole, without crushing or chewing. Where swallowing of

capsules is difficult (e.g. small children and elderly patients), the capsules may be carefully

opened and the microspheres added to soft food that does not require chewing or taken with

liquid. Any mixture of the microspheres with food or liquids should be used immediately and

should not be stored.

Crushing or chewing of the microspheres, as well as adding microspheres to food with а pH of

more than 5.5 destroys the protective enteric coating.

Contra-indications

Pancreatic enzymes should not be administered during the early stages of acute pancreatitis and

in those patients with а known hypersensitivity of pancreatin of porcine origin.

Special Warnings and Special Precautions for Use: None

Interaction with other Medicaments and other Forms of Interaction

There have been no reports of interaction with other drugs or other forms of interaction.

Pregnancy and Lactation

There is inadequate evidence of safety in human pregnancy and lactation. Panreatic enzymes

should therefore be used during pregnancy and by nursing mothers only if the potential

benefits outweigh the potential risks.

Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines

Кrеоn®

has no effect on the ability to drive or operate machines.

Undesirable Effects

The incidence of drug-related adverse effects is very low (<1%). Diarrhoea, constipation,

gastric discomfort, nausea and skin reactions have been reported occasionly in patients

receiving enzyme replacement therapy. However, due to the normal symptoms of pancreatic

exocrine insufficiency and, frequently, concurrent medication it is not clearly demonstrated that

these are drug-related effects of pancreatin.

Overdose

Excessive doses of pancreatin may actuate hyperuricosuria and hyperuricaemia.

Pharmacodynamic Properties

Absent or reduced (less than 10% of normal) enzyme secretion by the pancreas needs

replacement therapy. Orally ingested pancreatic enzymes are necessary to break down nutrients

into absorbable constituents for adequate digestion. Lipase digests fat, amylase digests

carbohydrates and protease digests protein. The capsule disolves within minutes in the stomach

and releases hundreds of microspheres. All microspheres are enteric-coated to protect the acid-

instable enzymes, especially lipase, from degradation and denaturation by gastric juice. With

52

this multi-unit dose principle an extensive mixing of the microspheres with the chyme is

obtained. The size of the microspheres is important to ensure passage through the pylorus

during the postprandial (digestive) phase.

Pharmacokinetic Properties

The dissolution characteristics of an enzyme preparation also determine the availability of

active enzymes in the proximal duodenum. At pH≥5.5 the enteric coating disintegrates very

rapidly and releases the now activated enzymes at а rate of more than 80% within 30 minutes

(at pH 6) to ensure proper digestion and timely absorption of nutrients.

Preclinical Safety Data

There is no proof of any relevant acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, mutagenic or carcinogenic

potential or reproductive toxicity.

List of Excipients

Inactive ingredients include polyethylene glycol 4000, methylhydroxypropyl cellulose pthalate,

dibutyl pthalate, liquid paraffin, dimethicone. The capsule contains gelatine, red iron oxide Е

172, yellow iron oxide Е 172, titanium dioxide Е 171.

Special Precautions for Storage

Store at room temperature in a dry place.

Instruction for Use/Handling

Do not use Кrеоn®

after the expiry date. Keep out of reach of children.

Additional Information

Кrеоn®

is allowed for Jewish and Muslim patients when taken as а medicine.

Solvay

Pharma

Product and trademark of KALI-СНЕМIЕ PHARMA GmbH, HANNOVER, Germany, Member

of the Solvay Pharmaceutical Group. Distributed by Beaufour Ipsen International, Paris,

France.

Reference № 10





What is the presentation? What other presentation forms are available?

What is the dosage?




4. Translate the section “Dosage and Administration” in written form.

5. Find names of other preparations of the same action.

STAN "For The Use of а Registered Medical Practitioner or a Laboratory and Hospital only"

COTRIMOXAZOLE FORMULATIONS

STAN; STAN DS; STAN-KID

DESCRIPTION:

Cotrimoxazole is а combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole which together block two

sequential steps in the bacterial synthesis of folic acid.

53

COMPOSITION:

1. Stan Tablet

Each Tablet contains

Trimethoprim B.P. ..................................................... 80 mg

Sulphamethoxazole B.P. ............................................ 400 mg

2. Stan DS Tablet

Each Tablet contains

Trimethoprim В.Р. ..................................................... 160 mg


3. Stan-Kid Dispersible Tablet

Each Uncoated Tablet contains

Trimethoprim B.P. ..................................................... 40 mg


CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:

Indications & Usage:

URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (UTI): For the treatment of urinary tract infections due to

susceptible strains of the following organisms: Е. co1i, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species,

Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, and Proteus vulgaris.

ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA:

For the treatment of acute otitis media in children due to susceptible strains of Streptococcus

pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae when in the judgement of the physician STAN offers some

advantage over the use of other antimicrobial agents. To date, there are limited data on the safety of

repeated use of STAN in children under 2 years of age. STAN is not indicated for prophylactic or

prolonged administration in otitis media at any age.

ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN ADULTS:

For the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis due to susceptible strains of

Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae when in the judgement of the physician,

STAN offers some advantage over the use ot а single antimicrobial agent.

SHIGELLOSIS:

For the treatment of enteritis caused by susceptible strains of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei

when antibacterial therapy is indicated.

PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONITIS:

CONTRAINDICATIONS:

Hypersensitivity to trimethoprim or sulfonamides. Patients with documented megalobastic anaemia

due to folate deficiency.

Marked liver parenchymal damage, blood dyscrasias and severe renal insufficiency.

WARNINGS:

Fatalities associated with the administration of Sulfonamides, although rare, have occurred due to

severe reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, fulminant

anaemia and other blood dyscrasias.

PRECAUTIONS:

General: STAN should be given with caution to patients with impaired renal or hepatic function, to

those with possible folate deficiency eg. the elderly, chronic alcoholics, patients receiving

anticoconvulsant therapy, patients with malabsorption syndrome, and patients in malnutrition states,

and to those with severe allergy or bronchial asthma. In glucose-6-phosphage dehydrogenase-

deficient individuals, hemolysis may occur. This reaction is frequently dose-related.

DRUG INTERACTIONS:

In elderly patients concurrently receiving certain diuretics, primarily thiazides, an increased

incidence of thrombocytopenia with рurрurа has been reported. It has been reported that STAN may

prolong the prothrombin time in patients who are receiving the anticoagulant warfarin.

STAN may inhibit the hepatic metabolism of phenytoin.

54

Usage during pregnancy

Not to be used during Pregnancy at term and during the nursing period, because sulfonamides pass

the placenta and are excreted in the milk and may cause kernicterus in infants less than two months

of age.

SIDE-EFFECTS:

The most common adverse effects are gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, anorexia)

and allergic skin reactions (such as rash and urticaria). Severe reactions, including Stevens -

Johnson syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, fulminant hepatic necrosis, agranulocytosis, and

other anaemia and other blood dyscrasias have been reported.

Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia,

haemolytic anaemia, hypoprothrombinemia, methemoglobinemia, eosinophilia.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION:

Not recommended for use in infants less than two months of age.

Adults: The usual adult dosage in the treatment of Urinary tract infections is one STAN DS

(Double Strength) tablet, two STAN tablets or four teaspoonfuls (20 ml) STAN Suspension every

12 hours for 10 to 14 days. An identical daily dose is used for 5 days in the treatment of Shigellosis.

Children: The usual adult dosage in the treatment of urinary tract infections or acute otitis media is

8 mg/kg Тmр and 40 mg/kg Sutfamethoxazole per 24 hours, given in two divided doses every 12

hours for 10 days. An identical daily dose is used for 5 days in the treatment of shigellosis.

Presentation:

STAN Tablets: 10 Tablets per blister strip.

STAN DS Tablets: 10 Tablets per blister strip.

STAN-KID Dispersible Tablets: 10 Tablets per blister strip.

Manufactured by:

SOL PHARMACEUTICALS LTD.,

Road No. 5, I.D.A., Nacharam,

HYDERABAD-501 507, INDIA.

Reference № 11





Does it cause any dependence?


What is the dosage?




4. Translate the portion in the frame and the section “Directions for use” in written form.


FLUNITRAZEPAM-TEVA

TABLETS

COMPOSITION

Each tablet contains:

Flunitrazepam 2 mg

THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY

Treatment of insomnia.

55

INTRODUCTION

This medicine belongs to the benzodiazepine group, which has special characteristics which

mandate great caution in its use.

Medicines of this class cause impairment in the quality of sleep; they depress deep refreshing sleep,

therefore causing inefficient superficial sleep.

• It is especially important that close medical monitoring be effectuated when using this medicine;

therefore, if you are taking this medicine, you must ensure to refer to your doctor after 7 to 10 day

treatment, since the treatment is intended for а short period of time only.

• Prolonged use of this medicine may lead to а diminution of the efficacy of the medication. It

may also cause severe dependence and the patient will experience difficulty to discontinue the

intake of this medicine.

Occasionally, prolonged use of this medicine may cause behavioural changes and paranoid

symptoms.

• Uncontrolled discontinuation of the treatment may be accompanied by withdrawal symptoms,

such as irritability, nervousness, confusion, trembling, recurrence of insomnia, abdominal pain,

nausea, vomiting, sweating, convulsions.

• Elderly patients: Great caution should be exercised when getting up from а lying or sitting

position, since the medicine impairs alertness and coordination of body movements, leading to

possible falling.

WHEN SHOULD THE PREPARATION NOT BE USED?

Do not use this medicine if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Do not use this medicine if you are sensitive to any of its ingredients.

Do not use this medicine in patients suffering from psychiatric disturbances.

Do not take this medicine without consulting а doctor before starting treatment. If you are

suffering, or have suffered in the past, from impaired function of the respiratory system (e.g.

asthma), the liver, the kidney/urinary tract, severe myasthenia gravis or if you have suffered in the

past from medicine, drug or alcohol dependence.

HOW WILL THIS MEDICINE AFFECT YOUR DAILY LIFE?

Use of this medicine may impair alertness, and therefore caution should be exercised when

engaging in activities such as driving а саr, operating dangerous machinery, and in any other

activity which requires alertness.

Smoking is prohibited during treatment with this medicine. If you are а smoker, inform your

doctor before commencing treatment with this medicine.

WARNINGS

Prolonged use may cause dependence (see the above introduction).

During prolonged treatment with this medicine, (if it was approved by the doctor), the following

tests should be performed: blood, urine and liver function. If you are sensitive to any type of food

or medicine, inform your doctor before commencing treatment with this medicine.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

If you are taking another drug concomitantly or if you have just finished treatment with another

medicine, inform the attending doctor, in order to prevent hazards or lack of efficacy arising from

drug interactions.

This is especially important for medicines belonging to the following groups: drug affecting the

central nervous system (e.g., sedatives, hypnotics, drugs for parkinsonism, epilepsy, anaesthetics,

narcotic analgesics and antiallergics), antidepressants, cimetidine, or oral contraceptives.

SIDE EFFECTS In addition to the desired effect of the medicine, adverse reactions may occur during the course of taking this medicine, such as, drowsiness during the day, dizziness or confusion. These side effects usually disappear within а short time following the period of adaptation to the medicine. If they are bothersome, consult your doctor.

Effects that require special attention:

Paranoid symptoms or behavioural changes (rare): stop treatment and refer to your doctor

immediately.

56

Rare effects that require medical attention, if persist:

Change in mood, contusion, amnesia, uncontrolled body movement, visual disturbances,

gastrointestinal upset, fatigue, weakness, changes in libido, tremor.

After the treatment is discontinued:

The side effects may continue for а few days after discontinuation of the treatment. In addition,

there are а few cases of withdrawal symptoms especially after prolonged treatment (prescribed by

а doctor) and also during gradual discontinuation instructed by the doctor.

Therefore, if you feel withdrawal symptoms as specified in the introduction, or any new effect,

consult а doctor. These еffects usually appear only after а few days after the end of the treatment.

DOSAGE

Dosage is according to doctor's instructions only. Do not exceed the recommended dosage by no

means. Do not take more than one tablet at bedtime. This medicine is not usually intended for

administration to children.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE

Do not retain this medicine in the mouth for а period longer than that required for swallowing.

Avoid Poisoning!

This medicine, and all other medicines, must be stored in а safe place out of the reach of children

and/or infants, in order to avoid poisoning.

If you have taken an overdose, or if а child has accidentally swallowed the medicine, proceed

immediately to а hospital emergency room and bring the package of the medicine with you.

Do not induce vomiting unless explicity instructed to do so by а doctor!

This medicine has been prescribed for the treatment of your ailment; in another patient it may

cause harm.

Do not give this medicine to your relatives, neighbours or acquaintances.

Do not take medicines in the dark! Check the label and the dose each time you take your

medicine. Wear glasses if you need them.

STORAGE

Store this medicine in a cool and dry place.

Even if kept in their original container and stored as recommended, medicines may be kept for а

limited period only.

Please note the expiry date of the medicine! In case of doubt consult the pharmacist who

dispensed the medicine to you. Do not store different medications in the same package.

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Israel

С-22К041230595

Reference № 12






What is the dosage?




4. Translate in written form the sections “Indications” and “Special Notes”.


For the use оnly of registered medical DIP/JSN 140990

practitioners or а hospital or a laboratory.

57

TRENTAL®

Injeсtiоn for infusion for the treatment of arterial

and arteriovenous circulatory disorders

COMPOSITION

Each ampoule of 15 ml. contains:

Pentoxifylline 300 mg.

Water for Injection I.Р. q.s.

TRENTAL improves altered blood flow properties by its influencе on pathologically impaired red

cell flexibility by inhibiting platelet aggregation and by reducing increased blood viscosity.

Consequently, TRENTAL enhances the nutritive microcirculalion in areas with impaired blood

flow.

The success of treatment is shown by a regression of severe symptoms of peripheral occlusive

arterial disease.

Improvement of circulatory disorders of the eye and in the symptoms of cerebrovasculаг disease

has also been demonstrated.

INDICATIONS

Peripheral occlusive arterial disease resulting in intermittent claudication, rest pain, ulceration or

threatened gangrene due to arteriosclеrоtic, diabetic or inflammatory causes (including

thromboangiitis obliterans). Also venous leg ulcers of varicose or post-thrombotic origin.

Circulatory disorders of the eye, due to acute or chronic impairment of retinal perfusion, e.g.,

central retinal artery or vein thrombosis.

Acute or chronic cerebrovascular disorders such as ischaemic (non-haemorrhagic) strokes and

vascular dementia.


TRENTAL is available in 15 ml infusion ampoules containing 300 mg pentoxifylline.

The oral formulation of TRENTAL can be prescribed to supplement treatment.

Depending on the severity of vascular disease, the patient's body weight and tolerability factors,

intravenous infusion therapy may be implemented using the following schedule.

One intravenous infusion in the morning and evening, each of 300 mg pentoxifylline (one 15 ml

ampoule containing 300 mg pentoxifylline) in 250–500 ml infusion fluid over а period of 120 to

180 minutes. It is important to adhere to the stipulated infusion time.

Additionally, oral administration of 2 x 1 TRENTAL 400 tablet may be indicated after the evening

infusion. Alternatively, one TRENTAL 400 tablet may be given at around lunch time and the

second tablet after the evening infusion.

Where practical nursing considerations or tolerability factors permit only one intravenous infusion

daily, additional oral administration of TRENTAL 400 is recommended in а dose of 3(2+1) or 4

(2+2) tablets spread throughout the day (morning and evening) after i.v. infusion.

А 24-hour parenferal i.v. drip infusion may be indicated in more advanced cases, especially in

patients with severe rest pain and gangrene or ulceration (Fontaine Stage IV).

In general, the 24-hour dose of TRENTAL, for parenteral administration should not exceed 1200

mg рentoxifylline and the individual dose may be based on the formula 0.6 mg pentoxifylline/kg

body-weight/hour. The daily dose calculated in this way would be about 750 mg pentoxifylline for

а patient weighing 50 kg and 860 mg pentoxifylline for а patient weighing 60 kg.

The infusion volume should be established on the basis of underlying disease and generally will be

between 1000 and 1500 ml./24 hours.

CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS

TRENTAL must not be employed in patients with hypersensitivity to pentoxifylline, in the presence

of severe haemorrhage or acute myocardial infarction. TRENTAL should not be administered

during pregnancy.

Severe coronary and cerebral sclerosis with hуреrtеnsion, and severe cardiac arrhythmias are

relative contraindications.

58

FOLLOW-UP TREATMENT

After the onset of improvement, treatment may continue with oral medication alone, with one

TRETAL 400 tablet 2–3 times daily.

SIDE-EFFECTS

Gastrointestinal side-effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea), headache or dizziness may occur

which, in individual cases, could necessitate discontinuation of the treatment

However, these side-effects can generally be avoided by reducing the infusion drip rate. Agitation

and sleep disorders may occur in individual cases.

Flushing, rapid heart rate (tachycardia), angina pectoris or hypotensiоn have been very rarely

reported, particularly if using high doses of pentoxifylline. In such cases а discontinuation of the

medication or a reduction of the daily dosage is required.

Hypersensitivity reactions such as pruritus, rash, urticaria or angioneurotic oedema are rare and

usually disappear rapidly aftеr discontinuation of the drug treatment. In occasional instances,

hypersensitivity reactions, sometimes progressing to shock have been reported.

А few very rare events of bleeding (e.g., skin, mucosa, gastrointestinаl tract) have been reported in

patients treated with TRENTAL, with and without anticoagulants or platelet aggregation inhibitors.

А causal relationship between TRENTAL therapy and bleeding has not been established, but cannot

be excluded completely. Thrombocytopenia occurred in а few cases.

INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER DRUGS

Individual adjustment of dosage is required if TRENTAL is administered concomitantly with

antihypertensive agents.

High-dose parenteral administration of TRENTAL to diabetic patients stаbilizеd on insulin or оrаl

hypoglycaemic agents (glibenclamide) may intensify thе hypoglусаemiс action of these

preparations. In such cases it is necessary to reduce the dose of insulin or the oral hypoglycaemic

agent for the duration of TRENTAL administration.

SPECIAL NOTES

The infusion times should not fall below those stated above.

Physiological saline solution or other conventional blood substitutes such as Hаеmассеl are suitable

for use as infusion fluids. Соmраtibility with the solution to be used should be tested in each case

before administration.

In patients with hypotension and circulatory instability, infusion therapy should be introduced

gradually because all agents which promote blood flow may produce transient hypotension coupled

with а tendency to collapse and in isolated cases may result in anginal discomfort.

Dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with impaired renal function.

STORAGE

Keep medicines out of reach of children

PRESENTATION

Box of 5 x 15 ml ampoules

ALSO AVAILABLE

TRENTAL 400 tablets

® Registered Тrаdemark of Hoechst АG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

HOECHST INDIA LIMITED

(CASSELLA MED DIVISION)

Hoechst House, Nariman-Point,

Bombaу-400 021.

59

Reference № 13






What is the dosage?




4. Translate in written form the sections “Properties” and “Overdosage”.

5. Reduce the reference up to a size of a medical exhibition advertisement.


INDERAL

Trade Mark

Issued to the Меdical Profession only

PRESENTATION

‗INDERAL‘ is presented as tablets containing 10 mg, 40 mg, Propranolol Hydrochloride Ph Eur.

PROPERTIES

Propranolol is а competitive antagonist at both the beta 1 and beta 2-adrenoceptors. It has no agonist

activity at the beta-adrenoceptor, but has membrane stabilising activity at concentrations exceeding

1–3 mg/litre, though such concentrations are rarely achieved during oral therapy. Competitive beta-

blockade has been demonstrated in man by а parallel shift to the right in the dose-heart rate response

curve to beta-agonists such as isoprenaline.

Propranolol is completely absorbed after oral administration and peak plasma concentrations occur

1–2 hours after dosing in fasting patients. The liver removes up to 90% of an oral dose with an

elimination half-life of 3 to 6 hours. Propranolol is widely and rapidly distributed throughout the

body with highest levels occurring in the lungs, liver, kidney, brain and heart. Propranolol is highly

protein bound (80–95%).

INDICATIONS

‗INDERAL‘, а beta-blocker, is indicated in the following:

а) Control of essential and renal hypertension.

b) Management of angina pectoris.

с) Long term prophylaxis after recovery from acute myocardial infarction.

d) Control of most forms of cardiac arrhythmias.

е) Prophylaxis of migraine.

f) Management of essential tremor.

g) Control of anxiety and anxiety tachycardia.

h) Adjunctive management of thyrotoxicosis and thyrotoxic crisis.

i) Management of hypertrophic obstructive cardio-myopathy.

l) Management of phaeochromocytoma (with an alpha-blocker).


Adults

Oral Dosage

Hypertension: А starting dose of 80 mg twice a day may be increased at weekly intervals

according to response. The usual dose range is 160–320 mg per day. With concurrent diuretic or

other antihypertensive drugs а further reduction of blood pressure is obtained.

Angina, anxiety, migraine and eessential tremor: А starting dose of 40 mg two or three times

daily may be increased by the same amount at weekly intervals according to patient response. An

60

adequate response in anxiety, migraine and essential tremor is usually seen in the range 80–160

mg/day and in angina in the range 120–240 mg/day.

Arrhythmias, anxiety tachycardia, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and

thyrotoxicosis: А dosage range of 10–40 mg three or four times а day usually achieves the required

response.

Post myocardial infarction: Treatment should start between days 5 and 21 after myocardial

infarction, with an initial dose of 40 mg four times а day far 2 or 3 days. In order to improve

compliance the total daily dosage may thereafter be given as 80 mg twice а day.

Phaeochromocytoma: (Used only with an alpha-blocker). Pre-operative: 60 mg daily for three days

is recommended. Non-operable malignant cases: 30 mg daily.

Children

Arrhythmias, phaeochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis: Dosage should be individually determined

and the following is only а guide: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg three or four times daily as required.

Migraine: Under the age of 12: 20 mg two or three times daily.

Over the age of 12: the adult dose.

Elderly Patients

Evidence concerning the relation between blood level and age is conflicting. With regard to the

elderly, the optimum dose should be individually determined according to clinical response.

CONTRA-INDICATIONS

‗INDERAL‘ should not be used in the presence of second or third degree heart block.

‗INDERAL‘ should not be used in patients with cardiogenic shock.

‗INDERAL‘ should not be used if there is а history of bronchospasm or after prolonged fasting or in

patients with metabolic acidosis.

PRECAUTIONS

Special саrе should be taken with patients whose cardiac reserve is poor. Beta-blockers should be

avoided in overt heart failure. However, they may be used in patients whose signs of failure have

been controlled.

Heart failure due to thyrotoxicosis often responds to ‗INDERAL‘ alone, but if other adverse factors

co-exist myocardial contractility must be maintained and signs of failure controlled with digitalis

and diuretics.

One of the pharmacological actions of beta-blockers is to reduce heart rate. In the rare instance

when symptoms may be attributable to the slow heart rate, the dose may be reduced.

Since the half-life may be increased in patients with significant hepatic or renal impairment, care

should be taken when starting treatment and selecting the initial dose. ‗INDERAL‘ should be used

with caution in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

‗INDERAL‘ modifies the tachycardia of hypoglycaemia. Caution should be exercised in the

concurrent use of ‗INDERAL‘ and hypoglycaemic therapy in diabetic patients. Propranolol may

prolong the hypoglycaemic response to insulin.

In patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease, as with other beta-blockers, treatment should not

be discontinued abruptly. Either the equivalent dosage of another beta-blocker may be substituted or

the withdrawal of ‗INDERAL‘ should be gradual.

‗INDERAL‘ may aggravate peripheral arterial circulatory disorders.

While taking beta-blockers, patients with а history of anaphylactic reaction to а variety of allergens

may have а more severe reaction on repeated challenge. Such patients may be unresponsive to the

usual doses of adrenaline used to treat the allergic reactions.

Care should be taken in prescribing а beta-blocker with Class 1 antiarrhythmic agents such as

disopyramide.

Beta-blockers should be used with caution in combination with verapamil in patients with impaired

ventricular function. The combination should not be given to patients with conduction

abnormalities. Neither drug should be administered intravenously within 48 hours of discontinuing

the other.

61

Care should be taken in the parenteral administration of preparations containing adrenaline to

patients taking beta-blockers as, in rare cases, vasoconstriction, hypertension and bradycardia may

result.

Administration of propranolol during infusion of lignocaine may increase the plasma concentration

of lignocaine by approximately 30%. Patients already receiving propranolol tend to have higher

lignocaine levels than controls. The combination should be avoided.

Beta-blockers may exacerbate the rebound hypertension which can follow the withdrawal of

clonidine. If the two drugs are co-administered, the beta-blocker should be withdrawn several days

before discontinuing clonidine. If replacing сlonidinе by beta-blocker therapy, the introduction of

beta-blockers should be delayed for several days after сlonidine administration has stopped (see also

prescribing information for clonidine).

Anaesthesia: Care should be taken when using anaesthetic agents with ‗INDERAL‘. The

anaesthetist should be informed and the choice of anaesthetic should be the agent with as little

negative inotropic activity as possible.

Pregnancy: As with all other drugs. ‗INDERAL‘ should not be given in pregnancy unless its use is

essential. There is no evidence of teratogenicity with ‗INDERAL‘.

Lactation: There is some accumulation of propranolol in breast milk. However, а breast-feeding

child receives only small amounts of drug so that adverse effects are unlikely.

SIDE EFFECTS

‗INDERAL‘ is usually well tolerated. Minor side effects such as cold extremities, gastrointestinal

disturbance, sleep disturbances, lassitude and fatigue are often transient. Deterioration in heart

failure and mood changes may occasionally occur and, rarely, heart block may be precipitated in

susceptible patients. Isolated cases of paraesthesia of the hands have been reported. Rare cases of

alopecia, bradycardia, thrombocytopenia, purpura, psoriasiform skin reactions, exacerbation of

psoriasis and CNS symptoms, including hallucinations, have been recorded.

There have been reports of skin rashes and/or dry eyes associated with the use of beta-blockers. The

reported incidence is small and in most cases the symptoms have cleared when treatment was

withdrawn. Discontinuance of the drug should be considered if any such reaction is not otherwise

explicable. Cessation of therapy with а beta-blocker should be gradual. In the rare event of

intolerance, manifested as bradycardia and hypotension, the drug should be withdrawn and, if

necessary, treatment for overdosage instituted.

OVERDOSAGE

Excessive bradycardia can be countered with atropine 1–2 mg intravenously. If necessary, this may

be followed by а bolus dose of glucagon 10 mg intravenously. If required this may be repeated or

followed by an intravenous infusion of glucagon 1–10 mg/hr i.v. depending on response. If no

response to glucagon occurs or if glucagon is unavailable, а beta-adrenoceptor stimulant such as

dobutamine 2.5 to 10 micrograms/kg/minute by intravenous infusion or isoprenaline 10 to 25

micrograms given as an infusion at а rate not exceeding 5 micrograms/minute may be given. It is

likely that these doses would be inadequate to reverse the cardiac effects of beta-blockade if а large

overdose has been taken. The dose of dobutamine or isoprenaline should therefore be increased if

necessary to achieve the required response according to the clinical condition of the patient.

PHARMACEUTICAL PRECAUTIONS

‗INDERAL‘ tablets should be stored at room temperature, protected from light and moisture.

FURTHER INFORMATION

Effects on аbilitу to drive оr operate machinery: Propranolol has no overall effect on car driving and

machinery operation.

This is a medicament

– A medicament is а product which affects your health, and their соnsumрtiоn соntrаrу tо

instruction is dangerous for you.

62

– Follow strictly the doctor's prescription, the method of use and the instructions of the pharmacist

who sold the medicament.

– The doctor and the pharmacist are experts in medicine, its benefits and risks.

– Do not interrupt by yourself the реriоd of treatment prescribed for you.

– Do nоt reреаt the same рrеpаrtiоn withоut соnsulting уоur doсtоr.

Keep medicaments out of reach of children

Produced by:

MPI Modern pharmaceutical Industries

Damascus – Syria

Licenced by: ICI pharmaceuticals

Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England

Reference № 14 1. Read the reference.





What is the dosage?




4. Translate in written form the sections “Therapeutic indications” and “Therapy of

overdose”.



Ubistesin®

forte

Information for use

COMPOSITION

1 ml solution for injection contains:

Active ingredients:

Articaine hydrochloride 40 mg

(R)-epinephrine hydrochloride 0.012 mg

(equivalent to 0.01 mg base)

Other ingredients:

Anhydrous sodium sulphite mах 0.6 mg

(equivalent to mах 0.31 mg S02)

Sodium chloride

Water for injections

PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENT

Solution for injection in 1.7 m1 cartridges

Local anaesthetic of the amide type and of thiophene structure with vasoconstrictive component

for administration in dentistry

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

Infiltration anaesthesia and nerve-block in dentistry.

UBISTESIN forte is especially indicated for interventions requiring deep anaesthesia and pronounced

restriction of blood flow, such as

– gingival and bone surgery

63

– pulp surgery (amputation and extirpation)

– extraction and trepanation of desmotic teeth and extraction of fractured teeth (osteotomy)

– protracted surgical procedures, i.e. Caldwell-Luc operation, percutaneous osteosynthesis,

cystectomy, mucogingival operations, apicectomy.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Due to the local anaesthetic ingredient articaine, UBISTESIN forte cannot be used in the event of

– known allergy оr hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics of the amide type

– severe impairment of the nervous impulses and conduction system of the heart (e.g. grade II and

III AV block, pronounced brаdусаrdiа)

– acutely decompensated cardiac insufficiency (acute failure of cardiac output)

– severe hypotension (very low blood pressure)

Due to the content of epinephrine as а vasoconstrictor admixture, UBISTESIN forte also cannot be

used in the event of

– paroxysmal tachycardia or high-frequency continuous arrhythmia-pronounced coronary

insufficiency

– severe hypertension (high blood pressure)

– thyrotoxicosis (hyperactivity of the thyroid)

– narrow-angle glaucoma

– decompensated diabetic metabolic condition

– pheochromocytoma

UBISTESIN forte must be used with particular caution in the event of

– severe impairment to the renal or hepatic function

– angina pectoris (tightness in the chest)

– arteriosclerosis (vascular sclerosis)

– injection into an inflamed (infected) area

– considerable impaired blood coagulation

WARNING

UBISTESIN forte must not be used in persons who are allergic or hypersensitive to sulphite, as well

as in persons with severe bronchial asthma. In these persons, UBISTESIN forte can provoke acute

allergic reactions with anaphylactic symptoms (e.g. bronchospasm).

ADMINISTRATION DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

No sufficient studies of the use of UBISTESIN forte during pregnancy are available for evaluating

the safety of its application.

Above all during the early stages of pregnancy UBISTESIN forte should be used only after careful

consideration of the benefit-risk ratio.

А relevant transfer of the active ingredients to the breastmilk is not to be anticipated, as they are

rapidly decomposed and eliminated.

SPECIAL WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR USE

Erroneous intravascular application must be avoided (see section: Posology and method of

administration).

Although several tests in probands could not establish any deviations in their normal ability to drive,

the physician must decide in the individual case whether the patient can actively participate in

driving or operating machinery.

INTERACTIONS

The sympathomimetic effect of epinephrine can be intensified by the simultaneous intake of МАО

inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants. Epinephrine can inhibit insulin release in the pancreas and

thus diminish the effect of oral antidiabetics. The concomitant administration of non-cardioselective

(beta-blockers can lead to an increase in blood pressure due to the epinephrine in UBISTESIN forte.

Certain inhalational narcotics, such as halothane, can sensitize the heart to catecholamines and

therefore induce arrhythmias following administration of UBISTESIN forte.

It should be taken into consideration that during treatment with blood clotting inhibitors (e.g.

heparin or acetylsalicylic acid), an inadvertent vasopuncture when administering the local

anaesthetic can lead to serious bleedlng, and that in general the hemorrhagic tendency is increased.

64

POSOLOGY AND METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION

The following dosage guidelines apply:

The smallest possible volume of solution which will lead to effective anaesthesia should be used.

For extraction of maxillary teeth, 1.7 ml UBISTESIN forte suffices per tooth in most cases; painful

palatal injections can thus be avoided. In the case of serial extractions of neighbouring teeth, а

reduction in the quantity of injection is often possible.

If а cut or suture is required in the gum, а palatal injection of аррrох. 0.1 ml per puncture is

indicated.

For smooth extractions of mandibular premolar teeth, infiltration anaesthesia of 1.7 ml UBISTESIN

forte per tooth is mostly sufficient; in isolated cases а buссаl post-injection of 1 to 1.7 ml is

required. An injection into the mandibular foramen can be indicated in rare cases.

Vestibular injections of 0.5 to 1.7 ml UBISTESIN forte per tooth enable cavity preparations and

smoothing of соrоnаl stumps.

Conduction anaesthesia should be used in the treatment of mandibular premolar teeth.

In all surgical procedures UBISTESIN forte should be dosed individually depending on the extent

and duration of the operation and the factors relating to the patient.

Generally, in children weighing about 20–30 kg, doses of 0.25–1 ml are sufficient; in children

weighing 30–45 kg, 0.5–2 ml.

Increased plasma levels of UBISTESIN forte can occur in older patients due to diminished

metabolic processes and lower distribution volume. The risk of accumulation of UBISTESIN forte

increases in particular due to repeated application (e.g. post-injection). А similar effect can ensue

from the reduced general condition of the patient, as well as severely impaired hepatic and renal

function. А lower dosage range is thus recommended in all such cases (minimum quantity for

sufficient anaesthetic depth).

The UBISTESIN forte dose is to be likewise reduced in patients with certain pre-existing diseases

(angina pectoris, arteriosclerosis).

The maximum dose for а healthy adult is 500 mg articaine (7 mg/kg body weight) equivalent to

12.5 ml UBISTESIN forte, respectively 7 cartridges.

In children weighing 20–30 kg no more than 1.5 ml should be given during treatment and no more

than 2.5 ml within 24 hours; in children weighing 30–45 kg no more than 2 ml and 5 ml should be

given during treatment and within 24 hours, respectively.

For injection (local anaesthetic in dentistry)

To avoid intravascular injection, aspiration control in two planes (rotation of the needle by 180°)

must always be carefully undertaken, although а negative aspiration result does not safely rule out

an unintentional and unnoticed intravascular injection.

The injection rate should not exceed 0.5 ml in 15 seconds, i.е.1 cartridge per minute.

Opened cartridges must not be used in other patients.

Residues must be discarded.

THERAPY OF OVERDOSE

GENERAL BASIC MEASURES:

Diagnostics (respiration, circulation, consciousness), maintenance/restoration of the vital functions

of respiration and circulation, oxygen administration, intravenous access.

SPECIAL MEASURES:

Hypertension: Elevation of the upper body, if necessary sublingual nifedipine.

Convulsions: Protect patients from concomitant injuries, if necessary diazepam i.v.

Hypotension: Horizontal position, if necessary intravascular infusion of an electrolyte solution,

vasopressors (e. g. etilefrine i.v.).

Bradycardia: Atropine i.v.

Anaphylactic shock: Contact emergency physician, in the meantime shock positioning, generous

infusion of an electrolyte solution, if necessary epinephrine i.v., cortisone i.v.

Cardiac shock: Elevation of the upper body, contact emergency physician.

Cardiovascular arrest: Immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation, contact emergency physician.

65

UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS

PRECAUTIONARY NOTE

If you notice side effects, especially those that are not described in the following paragraphs, please

report this to your dentist or physician.

Undesirable effects can arise from overdose, particularly as а result of inadvertent intravascular

injection or abnormal absorption conditions, e.g. in the inflamed or severely vascularised tissue, and

manifest themselves as central nervous and/or vascular symptoms.

The measures which should be taken in the event of the occurrence of the following symptoms are

described in the section ‖Therapy of overdose‖.

Due to the local anaesthetic ingredient articaine, the following side effects can occur from the use

of UBISTESIN forte:

Milder central nervous symptoms involve metallic taste, tinnitus, dizziness, nausea, vomiting,

restlessness, anxiety, initial increase in respiratory rate. More severe symptoms are drowsiness,

confusion, tremor, muscle twitching, tonoclonic spasms, coma and respiratory paralysis.

Severe cardiovascular episodes are seen in the form of a drop in blood pressure, asequence,

bradycardia, cardiovascular arrest.

Allergic reactions to articaine are extremely rare.

Undesirable effects which can occur due to the admixture of epinephrine as vasoconstrictor:

Despite the low concentration of epinephrine in UBISTESIN forte of 1/100000, symptoms such as

heat sensation, sweating, heart racing, headache, blood pressure increase, anginal disorders,

tachycardias, tachyarrhythmias, and cardiovascular arrest cannot be ruled out.

А disguising of the clinical picture can result from the simultaneous occurrence of various

complications and side effects.

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

Due to the content of anhydrous sodium sulphite, allergic reactions or hypersensitivity reactions can

ensue in isolated cases, particularly in bronchial asthmatics, which are manifested as vomiting,

diarrhoea, wheezing, acute asthma attack, disturbance of consciousness or shock.

STORAGE INFORMATION

Do not use the preparation аftеr the expiry date.

Store protected from light and not above 25ºС.

DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT

03/99

PACKAGE SIZE

50 cartridges of 1.7 ml each

Keep out of the reach of children!

Reference № 15






What is the dosage?




4. Translate in written form the sections “Microbiology”, “Interactions” and “Duration of

use”.



66

Ciprobay®

Ciprofloxacin

Broad-spectrum antibiotic Film-coated tablets

Composition

Ciprobay 250: 1 film-coated tablet contains 291 mg cipгofloxacin hydrochloride – Н20,

corresponding to 250 mg ciprofloxacin.

Ciprobay 500: 1 film-coated tablet contains 582 mg ciprofloxacin hydrochloride – Н20,


Ciprobay 750: 1 film-coated tablet contains 873 mg ciprofloxacin hydrochloride – Н20,


Properties

Ciprofloxacin is а new active substance from the quinolone group developed by Bayer AG.

These substances are also referred to as gyrase inhibitors.

Microbiology

Ciprobay has а strong antibacterial activity against а broad spectrum of bacteria. It prevents the

information necessary for the normal metabolism of the bacteria being read from the

chromosome (genetic material). This leads to а rapid decrease in the ability of bacteria to

reproduce.

Ciprobay is also characterised by the fact that, as а result of its particular mode of action, it does

not generally exhibit parallel resistance to any other antibiotic outside the gyrase inhibitor group.

Therefore, Ciprobay is highly effective against bacteria which are resistant, for example, to

aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines and other antibiotics.

Clinical pharmacology

The absolute bioavailability of Ciprobay is 70–80%. The maximum blood concentration is

already reached 60–90 minutes after ingestion. Ciprobay is present in high concentrations at the

sites of infection, i.e. in the body fluids and tissues. It only needs to be taken twice daily, in the

morning and evening.

Indications

Uncomplicated and complicated infections caused by organisms sensitive to ciprofloxacin.

Infections of the

– respiratory tract. In рneumососсаl pneumonia in out-patients Ciprobay is not the drug of first

choice. The use of Ciprobay may, however, be indicated with so-called problem organisms

(e.g. Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Legionella, Staphylococcus,

Escherichia coli).

– middle ear (otitis media) and paranasal sinuses (sinusitis), particularly where they are caused

by gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas or Staphylococcus.

– eyes.

– kidneys and/or the efferent urinary tract.

– genital organs, including gonorrhoea.

– abdominal cavity (e.g. bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract or of the biliary tract,

peritonitis).

– skin and soft tissues.

– bones and joints.

Septicaemia

Infections or imminent risk of infection (prophylaxis) in patients whose immune system has been

weakened (e.g. patients on immunosuppressants or in а state of neutropenia).

Administration for selective intestinal decontamination in immunosuppressed patients.

Ciprobay acts bactericidally. According to in-vitro investigations, the following organisms can be

regarded as sensitive:

67

Е. co1i, Shigella, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Hafnia,

Edwardsiella, Proteus (indole-positive and indole-negative), Providencia, Morganella, Yersinia;

Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Pasteurella, Haemophilus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas,

Legionella, Neisseria, Моrахеllа, Branhamella, Acinetobacter, Вruсеllа; Staphylococcus,

Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria, Corynebacterium, Chlamydia.

The following organisms show varying degrees of sensitivity:

Gardnerella, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes,

Streptococcus рneumoniae, Streptococcus viridans, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycobacterium

tuberculosis and Mycobacterium fortuitum.

The following organisms are usually resistant:

Streptococcus faecium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Nocardia asteroides.

With а few exceptions anaerobes are moderately sensitive (e.g. Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus)

to resistant (e.g. Bacteroides).

Ciprobay is ineffective against Тrероnеmа pallidum.

Contraindications

Ciprobay must not be used in cases of hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin or other quinolone

chemotherapeutics. Ciprobay must not be prescribed to growing children or juveniles, or to

pregnant women or nursing mothers, since there is no information on the drug's safety in these

patient groups and since animal studies indicate that damage to articular cartilage in the

immature organism cannot be fully excluded. Animal studies have not yielded any evidence of

teratogenic effects (malformations).

Restrictions on use

Ciprobay must be used with caution in elderly patients. In epileptics and patients with other

existing damage to the central nervous system (e.g. reduced convulsion threshold, history of

convulsions, reduced cerebral blood flow, change in brain structure, or stroke) Ciprobay should

only be used after careful consideration of the risks and the benefits, as these patients may be at

risk from CNS side effects.

Side effects

The following side effects have been observed:

Effects on the gastrointestinal tract

Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, digestive disturbances, abdominal pain, flatulence, loss of appetite.

If severe and persistent diarrhoea occurs during or after treatment, the doctor must be consulted

since this symptom can hide а serious underlying intestinal disorder (pseudomembranous colitis)

which requires immediate treatment. In such cases Ciprobay must be discontinued and suitable

therapy initiated (e.g. 4 х 250 mg vancomycin/dау р.о.). Antiperistaltics are contraindicated.

Effects on the nervous system

Dizziness, headache, tiredness, sleeplessness, agitation, tremor; very rarely: peripheral paralgia,

sweating, unsteady gait, convulsions, anxiety states, nightmares, confusion, depression,

hallucinations, taste and smell impairment, visual disturbances (e.g. double vision, seeing

colours). These reactions sometimes occurred after only one dose. In such cases Ciprobay must

be discontinued immediately and the physician must be informed.

Hypersensitivity reactions

Skin reactions such as rashes.

Very rarely:

– Pruritus, drug fever.

– Anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions (e.g. facial, vascular, and laryngeal oedema; dyspnoea

right through to life-threatening shock), sometimes after only one dose. In such cases

Ciprobay must be discontinued immediately; medical treatment (e.g. shock therapy) is

necessary.

– Pinpoint haemorrhages (petechiae), haemorrhagic vesicles (haemorrhagic bullae), and small

nodules (papules) with incrustation indicative of vascular involvement (vasculitis), Stevens-

Johnson syndrome, interstitial nephritis, hepatitis, liver cell necrosis right through to life-

threatening liver failure.

68

Effects on the cardiovascular system

Very rarely: tachycardia, hot flushes, migraine, syncope.

Others

Very rarely: articular complaints, general feeling of weakness, muscular pains, tendovaginitis,

slight photosensitivity, transient impairment of kidney function right through to temporary kidney

failure, tinnitus, temporary loss of hearing, particularly at high frequencies.

Effects on the blood and blood constituents

Eosinophilia, leucocytopenia, leucocytosis, anaemia; very rarely: thrombocytopenia,

thrombocytosis, altered prothrombin values.

Influence on laboratory parameters/urinary sediment

Transient increases in transaminases and alkaline phosphatase can occur, as well as cholestatic

jaundice, especially in patients with existing liver damage; transient increases in serum urea,

creatinine, and bilirubin, hyperglycaemia; in isolated cases crystalluria and haematuria.

Note for drivers

Even when used in accordance with the instructions, this product may affect the speed of reaction

to such а degree that the ability to drive or to operate machinery is impaired. The effect is

intensified by combination with alcohol.

Interactions

Antacids containing aluminium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide reduce the uptake (absorption)

of Ciprobay. Ciprobay should therefore be taken either 1–2 h before the antacid оr at least 4 h

after the antacid. This restriction does not apply to antacids not containing aluminium hydroxide

or magnesium hydroxide (e.g. Н2 receptor blockers). Concurrent administration of Ciprobay and

theophylline can cause an undesirable rise in the serum concentration of theophylline. This can

lead to theophylline-induced side effects. If concurrent use of the two products cannot be avoided,

the serum concentration of theophylline should be checked and the theophylline dose

appropriately reduced. It is known from animal experiments that the combination of very high

doses of quinolones (gyrase inhibitors) and some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g.

fenbufen, but not acetylsalicylic acid) can provoke convulsions.

No such interactions in combinations with Ciprobay have been observed in patients.

After concurrent administration of Ciprobay and cyclosporin а transient rise in serum creatinine

has been observed in isolated cases. For this reason very frequent monitoring of the serum

creatinine level (twice weekly) is necessary in these patients.

Dosage

Unless otherwise prescribed, the following guideline doses are recommended:

Uncomplicated upper and lower urinary tract infections .............................. 2 х 100 or 125 mg/day

Complicated urinary tract infections (according to severity) ........................ 2 х 250–500 mg/day

Respiratory tract infections (e.g. bronchitis) ................................................. 2 х 250–500 mg/day

Other infections (cf. Indications) .................................................................. 2 х 500 mg/day

In particularly serious infections (e.g. recurrent infective episodes in patients with mucoviscidosis,

pneumonia, infections of the abdominal cavity, bones, and joints) caused by Pseudomonas or

staphylococci and in acute pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, the daily dose must be

increased to 2 х 750 mg (oral; film-coated tablets) if treatment is not administered parenterally.

Acute gonorrhoea and acute uncomplicated cystitis in women can be treated with а single dose of

250 mg (film-coated tablet).

Older patients should receive as low а dose as possible, depending on the severity of the disease

and on the creatinine clearance.

If, because of the severity of the illness or for other reasons, the patient is unable to take the film-

coated tablets, it is recommended to begin treatment with the intravenous form of ciprofloxacin.

Impaired renal and liver function

1. Impaired renal function

Creatinine clearance <20 ml/min or serum creatinine >3 mg/100 ml:

2 х half the normal unit dose/day or 1 х 1 normal unit dose/day.

69

2. Impaired renal function + haemodialysis

Dosage as in 1; on dialysis days after dialysis.

3. Impaired liver function.

No dosage adjustment is required.

4. Impaired renal and liver function

Dosage adjustment as in 1, possibly determinations of Ciprobay concentrations in serum.

Administration

The film-coated tablets are swallowed whole with а little liquid. They can be taken independently

of mealtimes. If the tablets are taken on an empty stomach, the active substance is absorbed more

quickly.

Duration of use

The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the illness and on the clinical and

bacteriological course. The treatment should in principle be continued systematically for at least

3 days after disappearance of the fever or of the clinical symptoms. Mean durations of treatment:

l day for acute gonorrhoea, up to 7 days for infections of the kidneys, urinary tract, and abdominal

cavity, over the entire period of the neutropenic phase in patients with weakened body defences, а

maximum of 2 months in osteomyelitis, and 7–14 days in all other infections.

In streptococcal infections the treatment must last at least 10 days because of the risk of late

complications.

Note

Ciprobay must not be used after the expiry date.

Keep drugs out of reach of children!

Presentation

Packs containing 10 and 20 film-coated tablets.

Bayer Leverkusen, Germany

748493/5202/0/8/SU/2/859/

70

APPENDIX 1

TAPE SCRIPT TO UNIT 1

Subdivisions of Pharmacology

Medicinal chemistry is the study of new drug synthesis and the relationship between

chemical structure and biological effects. Pharmacodynamics involves the study of drug effects in

the body. Scientists may also study the processes of drug absorption (how drugs pass into the

bloodstream), metabolism (changes that drugs undergo within the body), and excretion (removal of

the drug from the body). The mathematical description of drug disposition (appearance and

disappearance) in the body over the time is called pharmacokinetics.

Molecular pharmacology concerns the study of the interaction of drugs and subcellular

entities, such as DNA, RNA, and enzymes. These studies provide important information about the

mechanism of action of drugs.

Chemotherapy is the study of drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, or malignant

cells within the body. Chemotherapy includes treatment of infectious diseases and cancer.

Toxicology is the study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body.

Toxicological studies in animals are required by law before new drug can be tested in humans. A

toxicologist is also interested in finding proper antidotes to any harmful effects of drugs.

TAPE SCRIPT TO UNIT 4

1

P: Pharmacist; M: Man

P: Can I help you?

M: Yes. Have you got anything for a headache?

P: We‘ve got aspirin or paracetamol.

M: Er… paracetamol, please.

P: A large or a small bottle?

M: How big are they?

P: 50 tablets or 100 tablets.

M: A small bottle then. And how many can I take?

P: You can take two every four hours, if you need to. It‘s on the side of the bottle.

M: Fine. Do I pay here?

P: No. If you could take it to the cash desk over there, please…

2

P: Pharmacist W: Woman D: Her daughter

W: Do you have anything for sunburn – something to put on the skin? My daughter‘s burnt her

arms and back quite badly.

P: I see. Could I have a look at her arms?

W: Yes, show the lady, Sophie.

P: Um, yes, it is quite bad, isn‘t it?

D: Mm.

P: Well, I can give you some cream for burns, but there‘s not really much we can do now. The most

important thing is to keep it covered up if you go out into the sun again.

W: Yes, of course.

P: And in future, remember to use a good sunscreen lotion. She‘s got very fair skin.

W: Yes, she was very silly. And which cream do you recommend?

P: This one‘s very good. You can use it as often as you want.

W: Right, we‘ll take that one then. Thank you very much.

71

3

P: Pharmacist W: Woman

W: Erm… Excuse me.

P: Yes?

W: Er… Do you have anything for, er… diarrhoea?

P: Is it for an adult?

W: Er, yes. For my husband, actually.

P: I see. And how bad is it?

W: Well, quite bad, actually. Yes… all night.

P: Any vomiting?

W: No, no, just the… er… you know…

P: I see. Well, I can give you this. A spoonful of this medicine three times a day should help to stop

the diarrhoea.

W: Thanks.

P: But if it‘s very bad I think he should see a doctor.

W: Oh, we don‘t know a doctor here.

P: Well, there‘s a phone number up there by the door, can you see? Really I think that‘s the best

thing.

W: Yes, I see. Well, where can I pay for the medicine…?

72

APPENDIX 2

KEYS TO EXERCISES

Unit 1

Ex. 2. 1. patient; 2. pharmacy; 3. disease; 4. aspirin; 5. pharmacologist; 6. treatment; 7. injection;

8. poison; 9. tablet; 10. antibiotic; 11. drug; 12. syringe.

Ex. 3.2. 1. medicinal chemistry; 2. pharmacodynamics; 3. pharmacokinetics; 4. molecular

pharmacology; 5. chemotherapy; 6. toxicology.

Ex. 10 Drug: 1; 2. Medicine: 2; 1; 3.

Ex. 14. 1/c; 2/f; 3/e; 4/a; 5/b; 6/d.

Ex. 17. 1. drug, prevention; 2. alters; 3. obtained, plants; 4. antibiotics; 5. hormones; 6. synthesize;

7. chemical, formula; 8. generic, official; 9. property; 10. trade; 11. dispense.

Ex. 24 Chemical names: dodecamethylendimethacrylate; 3, 5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid; N-acetyl

derivate of cysteine amino acid.

Generic names: nifedipine; argentums silfathiazolum; sulfonamide; acetylcysteine; acrylate;

loperamide; acetaminophen.

Brand names: Procardia®

; Argosulfan®; Mucomist

®; Charisma

®; Tylenol; Imodium.

Ex. 25. 1/f; 2/a; 3/e 4/b; 5/h; 6/c; 7/g; 8/d.

Unit 2

Ex. 1

a b c d e f g h i j k l d m n o

p s q t a b l e t r s r t u v w

x o y z a b c d e f o g h i j k

l l o s o r e a m p n o p q r m

s u l t u v w x s y u z a r b i

c t d i e f g h i g j r k e l x

m i s u p p o s i t o r y t n t

o o p q r o s i t u v w x s y u

h n z a b w c d n e f g h a i r

j c k l m d n o o t p q r l s e

t u t v w e x y i z m a b p c d

e f m a e r c g t h i e j k l m

n o p q p r s t o u v w n x y z

a b c d e f g h l i j k l t m n

c a p s u l e o p q r s t u v w

Ex. 15 1/4; 2/7; 3/1; 4/6; 5/5; 6/3; 7/2.

Ex. 19. 1. rectal; 2. aerosol/inhalation; 3. sublingual; 4. local/topical; 5. injection; 6. enteral/oral.

Ex. 25. 1/g; 2/f; 3/b; 4/a; 5/h; 6/d; 7/e; 8/c.

Ex. 27. 1. additive action; 2. unexpected; 3. life-threatening; 4. diminishes, goes on, increasing,

produce; 5. toxic; 6. dangerous and ill advised.

73

Ex. 32.

1. Clamoxil 500 mg 1 tab po q 8 h.

2. Ampicillin 15 mg IM (i.m.) qhs.

3. Tosein 28 gr po pc.

4. Buscapin compositum 26 gt qh.

5. Febrectal 4 ml sc qd.

6. Seguril 73 mm IV (i.v.) bid.

7. Paracetamol 1 tab po tid.

8. Nolotil 2 caps ac.

9. Insulin 150 IU sc.

10. Valium 5 mg IV (i.v.) qhs.

Ex. 33. 1/b; 2/c; 3/c; 4/a; 5/a; 6/b; 7/a; 8/b; 9/a, c; 10/b.

Unit 3

Ex. 4. 1/3; 2/6; 3/7; 4/1; 5/10; 6/9; 7/8; 8/5; 9/4; 10/2.

Ex. 5. 1. stimulants; 2. sedatives; 3. antacids; 4. anaesthetics; 5. diuretics; 6. antidiarrheal drugs;

7. antiulcer drugs; 8. tranquillizers; 9. antivirals; 10. anticoagulants.

Ex. 10. 1. analgesic; 2. coagulates; 3. anaesthesia; 4. hypnosis; 5. acid; 6. diarrhoea; 7. histamine;

8. sedation; 9. catharsis; 10. diabetes.

Ex. 14. 1. by, for; 2. from; 3. of; 4. of, in, in, in; 5. with, to; 6. of, up, in, in; 7. for, with; 8. of, with;

9. on, to; 10. in; 11. of, in, by, to, with/through; 12. to, for.

Ex. 16. 1. anaesthetic; 2. antidiabetics; 3. analgesic; 4. anticoagulants; 5. antihistamines;

6. sedatives; 7. gastrointestinal drugs; 8. stimulants; 9. cardiovascular drugs; 10. antibiotics.

Ex. 19. Respiratory drugs: bronchodilators, steroid drugs. Cardiovascular drugs: diuretics, ACE

inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, cholesterol-lowering drugs. Gastrointestinal drugs:

antacids, antinauseants, antiulcer drugs, antidiarrheal drugs, cathartics.

Ex. 22. 1. tranquillizer; 2. anticonvulsant; 3. ACE inhibitor; 4. antacid; 5. analgesic;

6. antihistamine; 7. anticoagulants; 8. antibiotic; 9. bronchodilator.

Ex. 25. 1. anticoagulants; 2. tranquillizer; 3. antiemetic; 4. side effects; 5. antihistamine;

6. antibiotic; 7. antacids; 8. bronchodilator; 9. analgesic; 10. anticonvulsant; 11. antidiarrheal;

12. anaesthetic; 13. antihistamine; 14. antiseptic; 15. stimulant.

Unit 4

Ex. 7. Headache: 1. aspirin; 2. paracetamol; 3. tablets. Sunburn: 1. cream; 2. burns; 3. to keep it

covered; 4. sunscreen lotion; 5. fair skin. Diarrhoea: 1. vomiting; 2. a spoonful of medicine; 3. see

a doctor; 4. medicine.

Ex. 12. 1/3; 2/5; 3/4; 4/1; 5/2.

Ex. 14. 1. composition; 2. storage; 3. indication; 4. side effects; 5. contraindications; 6. dosage;

7. interaction; 8. presentation; 9. overdose.

Ex. 16. 1. may; 2. must, should; 3. should, should; 4. may; 5. should; 6. may; 7. must; 8. can,

should; 9. can; 10. should; 11. must.

74

Учебное издание

Костюшкина Оксана Михайловна

УЧИТЕСЬ ЧИТАТЬ АННОТАЦИИ

К ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫМ ПРЕПАРАТАМ

НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Учебно-методическое пособие на английском языке

Ответственная за выпуск О.М. Костюшкина

Компьютерный набор О.В. Матюшевской

Компьютерная вѐрстка Н.М. Федорцовой

Подписано в печать ___________. Формат 6084/8. Бумага писчая «Снегурочка».

Печать офсетная. Гарнитура «Times».

Усл. печ. л. _____. Уч.-изд. л. _____. Тираж ____ экз. Заказ ________.

Издатель и полиграфическое исполнение

Белорусский государственный медицинский университет.

ЛИ № 02330/0133420 от 14.10.2004; ЛП № 02330/0131503 от 27.08.2004.

220050, г. Минск, Ленинградская, 6.

УЧИТЕСЬ ЧИТАТЬ АННОТАЦИИ К ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫМ … · a drug to...

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