Introduction:PaperExamples

Wespend~20%ofourtimepreparingresearchreports withouttraining

Incontrast,wearewelltrainedtoprogramcomputers&microprocessor,useoscilloscopes,etc.

TheProblem:

Giveparticipantsrecipeforpreparinggoodresearchpapers: intermsofstyleandorganization(contentisuptoyou!) acceptabletoIEEE,Elsevier(www.sciencedirect.com)&otherreputableEnglishjournals

easytoread

LectureObjective

Introduction:communicationschannel

BeforeWriting

EnglishCompositionTips

OrganizationoftheResearchPaper Introduction Method Results Discussion Conclusions (Abstract,Title)

ReviewProcess

ProblemsandCures

SummaryandConclusions

LessonPlan

Objectiveofscientificpaper conveyinformation,asefficientlyaspossible.

Onewriter manyreaders burden(kewajiban) onwritertocommunicateefficiently.

AnalogtocommunicationchannelTx andRxmustbeonsamewavelength,usesameprotocol.

Protocolforpaperfixedbyconventions greatadvantagefornonnativespeakers

Ifonecanmastertheconventions,onecanreplicatethegenreinanacceptableform.`

JournalPaperacommunicationschannel

Novirtueinkeepingreaderinsuspense

Readerwantsinfo,notyourpersonalhistoryinarrivingatresults Timesequencerelevant,onlytotheextentthatitaffectsresult

Organization,sequenceofpresentationoptimizedtoconveyinformation(nottomakeagoodstory!)

NotaMurderMystery!

Goodresearchpapersrevolvearoundaresearchquestion Example:HowdoesbiasvoltageaffecttheadhesionandinterfacestructureofTiAlNcoatingsappliedtostainlesssteelsubstrates?

Inotherfields(biology,medicine),theresearchquestionisstatedformally.

Inourfield,theResearchQuestionshouldbe: Implicit inPhase4ofIntroduction (tobedescribed) Answered intheConclusions

BeforeyoubegintowriteDefinetheResearchQuestion

Dadang Syarif SS

Dadang Syarif SS

Sameresultsmaynotbepublishedtwice! Published=injournal,book. Conferenceproceedingsisagrayarea aretheypublished? MinoroverlaptoimproveclarityandcompletenessOK

Butshouldbeclear,viareference,whatisoldandwhatisnew

Dontsubmitsamematerialtotwodifferentjournalsatsametime ItisOKtosubmitpaperrejectedbyonejournaltoanother

NODOUBLEPUBLICATION!

Plagiarism passingoffsomeoneelsesworkasyourown

Everything (ideas,data,pictures,etc.)inreportmustbeyours,unlessareferenceiscited

NoPlagiarism

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HierarchalStructure(topdownorganization): Chapter,Section

Subsection,etc. Paragraph

Sentence

Beforewritingtext,writeadetailedoutline downtothelevelofdefiningthetopicofeachparagraph Majorproblem misplacedstatements(methodinresults,resultsindiscussion,etc.)

EnglishCompositionSuggestions

Thesentence: Expressesacompletethought MostsentencesshouldusethenaturalEnglishwordorder:subject,verb,objectThisrelationisvalidwhenx>r

Thechamberwasevacuatedwithadiffusionpump

EnglishComposition,contd

Simplifysentencesbyusingnaturalverbform:Not:Measurementsweremadeofthecoatinghardnessusingananoindenter.

Insteadwrite:Thecoatinghardnesswasmeasuredusingananoindenter.

EnglishCompositionThesentence,contd

AvoidbeginningthesentencewithlongprepositionalphrasesUsingaCSEMmodel3400nanoindenterequippedwithaflashlightandamicrocomputer,thehardnessofthecoatingwasmeasured.

EnglishCompositionThesentence,contd

TheParagraph Developsatopic Atleast2sentences,morepreferred 1stsentencedefinesthetopicoftheparagraph Subsequentsentencesdevelopideainlogicalorder Finalsentencepresentsconclusion,ormainpoint

EnglishComposition,contd

Useawordprocessor Frequentbackups Usedefinedstylesforheadings,etc.

Followauthorguide

Initialsubmissionformat: Manuscriptformat:

Widemargins Atleast25mmallaround

Doublespace Indent,extraspacebeforenewparagraph

Pressformat:followthetemplate

TypingInstructions

OrganizationoftheReportAbstract Summarizes work

Introduction What are we talking about?

Experimental Details What did we do?

Results What did we get?

Discussion So What?

Conclusions ~3 (paper) or 5 (thesis) key points you want reader to remember

TrapezoidalOrganization

Exp.Details

Results

Introduction

Discussion

Broadbackground

Narrowfocus

Broadimplications

Introduction

Stage1:GeneralBackground

Stage2:LiteratureReview

Stage3:Gap

Stage4:Objective

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IntroductionandDiscussionhardestforthenovicetowritewell! (Exp.Details,Resultsmuchmorestraightforward)

ObjectiveoftheIntroduction:givereader/reviewersufficientbackgroundinformationsothathecanunderstand andappreciate yourwork!

Introduction

4Required parts: Stage1:Generalbackground Stage2:LiteratureReview Stage3:Gap Stage4:StatementofPurpose

2optionalparts Stage5:Valuestatements Stage6:Preview

Introduction

Purpose: Placepaperinbroad context Bringreaderuptospeed

Style Shouldbeunderstandablebyevery reader Definestopic Short(1par.,~35sentences) Usuallyverygeneral,noncontroversialsentences

Intro:Stage1,GeneralBackground

Letspractice!

Purpose Placepaperinspecific context. Byshowingwhatwas done,setthestageforstatingwhatwasnot done previously(inIII)

Organization ordercitationsby: Approach(endwiththatclosesttoyours) Relevance(endwithmostrelevant) Chronologically(endwithlatest)

Intro:Stage2,LiteratureReview

Harvardformat(biology,medicinejournals):(Newton,1900)

Numberingformat(ex:IEEEjournals):

[1]

Followformatdeterminedbythejournal.

Citationformat

Citationfocus: Information Prominence -- often used at the beginning

of stage 2, and refer to research in the general area of your study.

Example: Because of the complexity of the non-equilibrium behavior, the swarm parameters have been analyzed in non-uniform fields in He [1], [2], and N2 [3], [4] by Monte Carlo simulation and in air and Ar [5] by solving the diffusion flux equations.

Lit.Review,contd

Letspractice!

Citationfocus(contd): Author Prominence often used to describe studies closely related to present work

(mid of stage 2).Example: Boeuf et al. [6] took into account the additional ionization caused by a

beamlike group of fast electrons and developed an extended memory factor model in helium.

Lit.Review,contd

Letspractice!

Citationfocus(contd):

Weak Author Prominence often used for general statements characterizing the state of the art, or typical work performed in the past.Example: Several authors [1-4] have studied linear and nonlinear wave processes in various kinds of plasma, but not much work has been done for waves in a rotating plasma.

Lit.Review,contd

Letsanalyze!

Citationfocus(contd):

General Statements about the State of the Research end of stage 2Example: Theoretical investigations of these phenomena in plasmas have been vigorously pursued for the last two decades. However, the time evolution of the waves and instabilities leading to shocks, double layers, frequency shift, precessional rotation, etc., has not been understood fully.

Lit.Review,contd

Letspractice!

DONOTUSEREFERENCENUMBERSASWORDS!!!! NO: Examples of crack propagation in composite

materials are given in [1-4] Instead:Crack propagation has been previously

investigated [1-4]. Ifyouhavetosaythenumberforthesentencetomakesense,rewrite!

Bettertociteworkbyauthorsname(followedbyref.number).Readercanrelatetoname.Number(only)forceshimtostopreadingandsearchforreferencesatendofpaper.

Lit.Review,contd

Yourownpreviouswork? Treatyourownpreviousworkfairly Referees/reviewersandreadersverysuspiciousifworkofauthororauthorsgroupcitedoutofproportion,orworkofothersignored.

Lit.Review,contd

Summarizesstateofknowledgebyindicating: Whatwasnot done(mostsafe),or Errors inpreviouswork(becarefulandtactful!),or Disagreements,controversybetweenvarioussources.

Intro. III.GapSentence

Mostimportantsentenceforgettingpaperaccepted! mostcommoncauseforpaperrejection nothingnew Gapsentence,byindicatingwhatwasntdonepreviously,showsthatyourworkisnew! Agoodgapsentenceforcesreviewertoworkhardtorejectpaperforlackofnovelty

GapSentence

Usually1sentencelong

Alwaysnegative

Mustrelatetopreviouspapersbyyouandyourgroupinsamemannerasotherpapers

Sentenceshouldbeexplicit,precise,andfocused:

Example:ThedependenceoftheinterfacestructurebetweenTisubstratesandAlfilmsonthesubstratebiasvoltagehasnotyetbeendetermined.

Intro. III.GapSentence(contd)

Dontbewishywashy Fewresearchhaveinvestigated..

Begsthequestion whataboutthefew? Thefewshouldbethefocusofthelit.rev.,andthegapshouldberelativetothem

Tothebestofourknowledge,noonehas. Itstheauthorsjobtoknowtheliterature!

Intro. III.GapSentence(contd)

Immediatelyfollowsgapsentencecontainingplanofattackthegap

Intro.IVStatementofPurpose

Statesobjectiveoftheresearch/paper,whichis,basically,tofillthepreviouslystatedgap

Shouldbeconcise,precise,explicitandfocused Theresearchquestionshouldbeimplicitlyclear!

Example:TheobjectiveofthisresearchwastodeterminethedependenceofAl/Tiinterfacesasafunctionofsubstratevoltageduringvacuumarcdeposition

Intro.IVStatementofPurpose

Stylenotes: Theobjectiveofresearchisnot todoresearch(orstudy,investigate,etc.)Instead,usemoredecisiveterms measure,determine,construct,calculate,etc.

researchcenteredSOP usepasttense Theobjectiveofthe(research,project,investigation,etc.)was .

papercenteredSOP usepresenttense Theobjectiveofthis(paper,report,article,etc)is.

Intro.IVStatementofPurpose

Letsanalyze!

V.StatementsofValue Indicateimportanceorsignificanceofwork Short(12sentences) Modesttone

VI.Preview Usefulforlongpapers Giveprincipleresult Indicateorganization

Intro.OptionalParts