03 a geo technical final - kfupmfaculty.kfupm.edu.sa/ce/tbader/ce 100/ce 100 lectures/05_b... ·...

CE100CE100Introduction to Introduction to

Civil Civil EngineeringEngineering

Geotechnical Engineering

Lecture 5

CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader

EngineerEngineer(in-ja-neer’)

A person trained and skilled in any of the various branches of engineering: a civil engineer

(Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, 1991)


EngineeringEngineering

(Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, 1991)

… the practical application of science and mathematics, as in the design and construction of machines, vehicles, structures, roads, and systems …

Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering is:Engineering is:

That branch of civil engineering that deals with soil, rock, and under-ground water…i.e. the use of soil and rock as a construction material.


Issues addressed by Issues addressed by geotechnical engineers:geotechnical engineers:• Can the soils support the structure?• What will the groundwater due in the future and

how will that affect the structure?• What is the impact of grading, excavation or

filling?• Are the earth and rock slopes stable?• What type of foundations are best suited for the

structure?• What type of retaining walls if used are required?• How will the site respond to an earthquake?• Is the site contaminated?• How can a contaminated site be remediated?


Strength ofStrength of materialsmaterials Engineering GeologyEngineering Geology

FoundationsFoundations

Soil MechanicsSoil Mechanics

StaticsStatics


To complete a geotechnical To complete a geotechnical engineering project one mustengineering project one must::

• Understand the nature of the structural and geotechnical loading

• Understand the geological setting of the construction site

• Understand the engineering behavior of the soils that will carry the structural loads

• Understand the interaction between the soil and rock and the foundation elements.


For every project the For every project the geotechnical engineer must:geotechnical engineer must:• Study the geology of the site and how it

affects the planned construction• Investigate the surface and subsurface

geotechnical materials• Conduct field and laboratory tests to

ascertain the necessary engineering properties of the soil

• Determine the most economical foundation system compatible with the geotechnical properties of the site and the needs of the structure.

• Develop appropriate construction procedures.

• Monitor the progress of construction


CE Curriculum at CE Curriculum at KFUPMKFUPMRequired Courses

CE 353 Geotechnical Engineering

Elective CoursesCE 453 Geotechnical Engineering IICE 454 Soil Stabilization & Site ImprovementCE 455 Foundation DesignCE 456 Seepage Analysis


CE 353 Geotechnical EngineeringCE 353 Geotechnical Engineering

Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering –– Core & ElectivesCore & Electives

CE 454 Soil Stabilization & Site CE 454 Soil Stabilization & Site ImprovementImprovement

CE 455 Foundation DesignCE 455 Foundation Design

CE 456 Seepage AnalysisCE 456 Seepage Analysis

CE 453 Geotechnical Engineering IICE 453 Geotechnical Engineering II

Ele

ctiv

esE

lect

ives

Cor

eC

ore


GeotechnicalGeotechnicalTopicsTopics

• Soil Mechanics (some Rock Mechanics)

• Deep & Shallow Foundations• Landslides & Earthquakes• Groundwater • Soil & Rock as eng. Materials• Exploration & Testing• Allied w/ Geological Engineering


CE 353 Soil Mechanics CE 353 Soil Mechanics will:will:• Focus on understanding the engineering behavior of

soils:• Strength• Deformation

• This requires an understanding of:• The origin of soil• The nature of the individual particles that make up a

soil• The effect of particle grouping (packing) on the

engineering properties of soil.• The very important effect of water on the engineering

properties of soil.• An understanding of how stresses are transmitted to

and through soil material• The effect of the transmitted stresses on the

deformation of soil elements, and• An understanding of how soil fails under load.


Why do you want to Why do you want to be a Civil Engineer?be a Civil Engineer?• Proficiency in math and science• Suggested by a high school

counselor• Has relative that is an engineer• xx• xx• xx


CE 100 Dr. Talat BaderCE 100 Dr. Talat Bader


Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering Engineering • Main Topics in Geotechnical Engineering

• Origin of soil minerals (Geology)• Behavior of soil material (Physics, Chemistry,

Materials science)• Classification of soil• Soil Exploration, Investigation• Soil/rock mechanics (Mechanics & Hydraulics)• Soil treatment / stabilization / improvement• Foundation analysis & design• Earth Excavations & tunnels.• structures, retaining walls, earth dams


Geotechnical Geotechnical EnginggringEnginggring SubjectsSubjects• Sub-surface Exploration

• Soil Stratification / Characterization

• Void Detection• Ground water table

• Sallow Foundation• Building• Parking Lots• Highway / Airfields

• Deep Foundation• On Shore / Offshore• Piles• Piers• Stone Columns

• Earth Structures• Dam• Abutments

• Retaining Structures• Retaining Walls• Sheet Piles• Braced Excavations

• Geotechnical Properties of Difficult Soils

• Sabkha• Sand• Soft Clays• Expansive Soils• Marl

• Geo-environmental Engineering• Soil Contamination• Landfills and Waste Disposal

• Soil Dynamics• Earth Engineering• Dynamic Loading on Foundations

and Earth Structures• Machine Foundation

• Soil Structure Interaction• Dynamic• Static

• Soil Modification and Ground Improvement

• Geo-synthetic Material


Soil ClassificationSoil Classification


SandSand


SiltSilt


ClayClay


Does Geotechnical Does Geotechnical Engineer works alone?Engineer works alone?

Geotechnical Engineering

EarthquakeEngineering

MechanicalEngineering

ConstructionEngineering

MaintenanceImprovementStabilization

StructuralEngineering

Water & EnvironmentalEngineering

Basic Sciences•Geology

•Material Sciences•Chemistry

Mechanics

CE 100 Dr. Talat BaderExcavate a slope at this site – what are ground conditions?CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader“Perfect” coring gives perfect information about discrete locations

CE 100 Dr. Talat BaderCorrectly predict actual conditions from the borehole information??CE 100 Dr. Talat Bader

Surficial deposits

Then we draw Then we draw -- Simplified Simplified GeologyGeology

Faults

Shale

Interbedded sandstone and shale


Drilling Rigs: Old and NewDrilling Rigs: Old and New


Types of Soils Types of Soils

Strong Compressible

Weak

LowLowWeightWeight

Large DistributedLarge DistributedWeightWeight

Very Large Concentrated

Weight

&&Types of LoadingTypes of Loading


Types of FoundationsTypes of Foundations

Shaft Pile

Pile

Mat

Spread

ShallowShallow DeepDeep


Example of Design Example of Design RequirementsRequirements

Some of the design issues:• Structure must be supported

safely and without excessive settlement.

• Basement walls must resist lateral earth and water pressures.

• Construction must not unduly influence adjacent structures (adjacent building should not fall into your excavation!)

Some of the requirements:• Choose and design

appropriate systems.• Assess relative performance

and cost.

QV1 Building, St George’s Terrace, Perth


Foundation TypesFoundation Types

Isolated footing

Pile groupCE 100 Dr. Talat Bader


Retaining StructuresRetaining Structures


Water TableWater Table

Atmospheric pressure = 0Atmospheric pressure = 0Free water tableFree water table


?This is a $13 million tunnel boring machine (TBM) used for tunneling at

a Nevada Test Site.


Niigata Earthquake, Niigata Earthquake, JapanJapan


Damage to Building, Damage to Building, Loma Loma PrietaPrieta Earthquake Earthquake (US)(US)


Why it leaningWhy it leaning


Subsurface ConditionsSubsurface Conditions


or concreteA gravity dam is made from , or sometimes both. It is called a masonry

gravity dam because gravity holds it down to the ground stopping the water in the

pushing it over.reservoir

DamsDams


Embankmentdams are made mainly from natural materials. The two main types are earthfilldams and rockfill dams. Earthfill dams are made up mostly from compactedearth, while rockfill dams are made up mainly from dumped and compacted rockfill.


Thank youThank you

Dr. BaderDr. Bader

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