1 有機系排水の生物処理方法 -...
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1
1.1
(BOD )
()
1.1.1
24
()
SS(Suspended Solid)
(mg/L)
ML(Mixed Liquor)
MLSS(Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid
)(mg/L)MLSS
SS
MLVSS(Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solid : MLSS
)
MLSS7585 %MLSS
mg/L
SV30(Slidge Volume)1 L ML
30(mL)
SV30(%)= (mL)/1000 mL100
2030%
SVI(Sludge Volume Index)
SVI301g
mL
SVI = SV10000/MLSS
SVI50150300(mg/L)
BOD-1.1.1
MISS 1kg 1
kg-BOD(kg-BOD/kg-MLSS)
BOD- 0.20.4
(kg/kg-MLSS)
BOD-1.1.1
1 m3 1 kg-BOD
(kg-BOD/m3)
BOD- 0.30.8
kg/m3
1.1.1 1)
1.1.2
BOD
1824
2)
1.1.1
1.1.3
1
2
Q=m3/
BODL0(mg/L)
V(m3)
CA(mg/L)
Q=m3/P
CR(mg/L)
q(m3/)
BODLe(mg/L)
S(kg/)
1.1.1
1.1.2
(Zoogloea)
5001000m
(Carchesium)
100200m
1.1.1
1.1.3
1) (1984)
2)BOD-
BOD-
BOD
MLSS
(mg/L)
(m3/m3
)
(h)
(%)
BOD
(%)
(BOD-kg/m3)
(BOD-kg/kg-SS)
0.3-0.8 0.2-0.4 1,500-2,000 3-7 6-8 20-30 95
0.15-0.25 0.03-0.05 3,000-5,000 15 18-24 50-150 75-90
0.4-1.4 0.2-0.4 2,000-3,000 3-7 4-6 20-30 95
0.8-1.4 0.2-0.4 2,000-8,000 12 5 50-100 90
0.1-0.2 0.03-0.05 3,000-4,000 24-48 95
1.1.1
3
1.2 (MBR)
MF
(MBR: membrane bioreactor)
MBRMF
1.2.1
MF
1.2.2 MF 0.2m0.4m
(MLSS)MLSS 2,000
8,000mg/ MBR MLSS 8,00015,000mg/
BOD-
1.2.3 MF
1.2.4
ABS
0.4m 2 1
(0.491.0m0.8m2)
1.2.5
0.10.5m MF
MLSS 315,000mg
1/3
1.2.1
MF 5mg/L
1
http://www.chikusan-kankyo.jp/osuiss/kiso/0028.htmhttp://www.chikusan-kankyo.jp/osuiss/kiso/0028.htm
4
M
(Membrane bioreactor)
P
P
MF(0.20.5m)
No.1
No.2
1.2.1
801000 1mm100m
10m1m100101
1.2.2 MF
1.2.3 MF
MF(0.4m)
(PE)
0.491.0m(0.8m2/1
1.2.4
P
P
P
MF
1.2.5
1.2.1
BOD5mg/ 300 15
CODmg/ 200 20
T-N mg/ 20 5
T-Pmg/ 7 1
SSmg/ 200 5
5
1.3
BOD
1.3.1
BOD
BODBOD 200 mg/L
1.3.2
0.5 m32
1 m3
3 m 4 m
4 m2 m2
(W)(H) W:H
=1:13
1.3.3
10 cm
1.3.4
40 %
1.3.5
5 mm
1.02
BOD 10
5070 %
BOD
1
6
M
1.3.1
3 m
4 m
3 m
2 m 2 m
3m4m
3m2m
1.3.2
2 m
2.5 m
0.7m45
1.3.3
MM
1.3.4
1.3.5
7
311.4
BOD
1.4.11.4.21
24
1.4.1818
1.4.2
12
(1)
V=(Q/T-KQ/24)T(1)
V:(m3) T:(h)
Q:(m3/)
K:1/241.5
1.5
1m3 0.51.0 m3/m3h
3.0 m100 m3
100 m3/h (1.7m3/) 3,000 mmAq
1
1.4.3 2 (P1
P2)
(1.4.42(P1P2)
3(P3)
(1
)
1.4.5
1.4.1
1
8
(
0 16 24
(m
3/h)
0
10
20
30
1.4.1
(m
3/h)
0 16 24
(
0
1
2
3
1.4.2
P1 P22
1.4.3
P1 P2
3
P3
1.4.4
1.4.5
1.4.1
(V)
9
1.5 BOD COD
BOD ()
BOD(Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
mg/L
1.5.1
BOD 5 BOD 5
3
5
BOD5
BOD 5
1.5.2 BOD-
TODTheoretical Oxygen Demand
CCO2HOH2ONNH3
510
25
10
4
10
1.5.1TOD,COD,BOD
COD
BOD
BOD 5
BOD
356km
5
BOD 5
CODBOD
BOD
BOD
COD
BOD
COD ()
COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand)
(mg/L)COD CODMn
CODCr
CODMnCODCr1.5.3
COD
(KMnO4)(1)
CODMn
2KMnO4+3H2SO4 K2SO4+2MnSO4+3H2O+5[O](1)
CODMn
CODMn
1.5.4 CODCr
COD
(KCr2O7 -
COD)
1) .Vol.2, No.11, pp.20-33,
(1965)
2) .Vol.12, No.2, pp.10-12, (1970)
1
10
5(DO2)
205
DO1-DO2=3.56.2mg/LDO1-DO2/DO1100=4070%
(DO1)
1.5.1 BOD 5
050
BOD/TOD (%)
100
0
5 10
1.5.2 BOD- 1)
Mn COD
CODMn=(a-b)f1,000/V0.2
a:(mL) b:(mL)
f:
V:(mL)
0.005M KMnO4
Cr COD
0.005M KMnO410mL30
0.0125M10 mL
0.005M KMnO4
1/240mol/L(KCr2O7)2
Cr2O725 mol/L()
CODCr=(a-b)f1,000/V0.2
a:25 mol/L()(mL)
b:25 mol/L()(mL) V:(mL)
f: 25 mol/L()
1.5.3 CODMnCODCr
(%)
0
50
100
75
25
CODCr
CODMnBOD5
1.5.4 2)
78.755.943.931.255.8L-
30.093.68.025.026.7
11.277.14.027.635.8
43.323.523.112.553.3
5.418.40.943.217.4
67.024.779.829.4119.1
39.779.313.627.234.3
43.212.242.512.098.4
42.86.625.43.959.3
49.745.327.925.456.1
71.311.638.06.253.3
11.823.66.312.653.3
19.877.512.850.064.5
64.010.566.811.0104.3
68.310.151.27.675.0
BOD/TODCOD/TODBODCOD
(%)
TOD
1.5.1 TOD,COD,BOD
11
1.6
BOD
1.6.1
1
(MLSS) 1kgBOD
(BOD-kg/MLSS-kg) =
L0(kg/m3)Q(m3/)/CA(kg/m
3)V(m3)(1)
(1)(2)
V(m3)
V(m3) = L0(kg/m3)Q(m3/)1/CA(kg/m
3)
1/(BOD-kg/MLSS-kg) (2)
: 1m3 1
BOD
(BOD-kg/m3)=
L0(kg/m3)Q(m3/)/V(m3) (3)
(3)(4)
V(m3)
V(m3) = L0(kg/m3)Q(m3/)1/(BOD-kg/m3)
(4)
L0:BOD(kg/m3)
Q:1(m3/)
CAMLSS(kg/m3)
V:(m3)
(BOD-kg/m3)=
(BOD-kg/MLSS-kg)MLSS(kg/m3)
(5)
(2)(4)
(2) CA[
MLSS(kg/m3)]
(4) CA
CA (MLSS)
MLSS
MLSS
(4)
1.6.4
(MLSS) 10
BOD 10
1
BOD
MLSS
1.6.2
3
107
1.6.3
BOD
BOD
MLSS
1
12
MLSS
MLSSBOD
1MLSS 1kgBOD
BOD-kg/MLSS-kg
1m31BOD
BOD-kg/m3
MLSS
1.6.1
MLSS:10kg/m3
BODMLSS
BOD(4 kg/
1.6.2 BOD MLSS
MLSS:4kg/m3
BODMLSS
BOD(4 kg/
1.6.3 BOD MLSS
BOD
BOD(4 kg/
MLSS
1.6.4
BOD250 mg/L1200 m3
BOD0.4 kg/kgMLSS3,000 mg/L
BOD
(m3)
= 250(g/m3)1/1,000200(m3)
1/0.4(kg/kg)1/3(kg/m3)
= 41.7 (m3)
BOD
BOD(kg/m3)
= 250(g/m3)1/1,000200(m3)1/41.7(m3)
= 1.2(kg/m3)
BOD 200 mg/L 1500 m3200
m3
BOD
BOD(kg/m3)
= 200 (g/m3)500 (m3)1/200 (m3)
= 500 (g/m3)
= 0.5 (kg/m3)
13
1.7
1.7.1
(NH4Cl)
[(NH4)2SO4]NH4+NaOH
pH 11(1) NH4+ NH3
1.7.1
NH4+ + OH - NH3+ H2O (1)
N2
4NH3 + 3O2 - 2N2 + 6H2O (2)
1.7.2
Cl2/NH4-N = 9
1020
(1) (NH4+) NO2
(NO3-)
NH4+ + 1/2O2 NO2 + H2O + 2H
+ (3)
NO2 + 1/2O2 NO3- (4)
BOB
1.7.3 BOD
BOD30 mg/LBOD
BOD 30 mg/L
BOD 10 mg/L
90 % (NO3-)
(2) NO3-
(N2)
NO2NO3
(5)
5CH3OH + 6NO3- + 6H+ 5CO2 + 3N2 + 13H2O(5)
(5)(N)
5CH3OH/6N = 160/84 = 1.90
2
(NO3)
mg/L
(NO3)
7 % (NaCl)
(NO3)
NO3
R-SO3Na + NO3- R-SO3NO3 + Na
+ (6)
R-SO3NO3 + NaCl
R-SO3Na + NO3- + Cl
-(7)
1.7.4
pH10 80% NH3
1
1020mg/g 7%
(NaCl)
1
14
13
100
5 7
pH
11
75
0
25
50
(%)
9
NH3NH4
+
NH4+ + OH-NH3+ H2O
1.7.1 pH
NH 4-N
(mg/L)
82
0
0 4 6
5
10
15
20
25
10
Cl:NH4-N
NH4-N
10
0
20
30
40
50
(mg/L)
1.7.2
80
100
0 20
BOD (mg/L)
60
75
0
25
50
(%)
40
NH4+ + 1/2O2 NO2 + H2O + 2H
+
NO2 + 1/2O2 NO3-
1.7.3 BOD
A
0.42nm
0.70nm 0.75nm 0.46nm
X
0.74nm
1.7.4
1.7.1
H 11 NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
(NO3-N)
NH3NO3
15
1.8
1%
C60H87O29N12P
PO43HPO4
2-H2PO4-
1.8.1
1965 G.V.LevinJ.Shapino
1.8.2
COD
CODCr
100mg/L20mg/L
6mg/L20mg/L
20mg/L1mg/L
1.8.3
1.53.0
3.05.0
T-P
36mg/L1mg/L
(PO4-P)
1.8.4 Al3+Fe3+
PO4-PpHFe3+45Al3+
6
1.8.5
10Ca2+ + 2OH- + 6PO43- Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6 (1)
1.8.6
pH
1
16
PO
4-P
(mg/
L)
(h)0 2 3 4 5
0
1
2
1
3
4
5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1.8.1
(h)
0 1 3
15
0
25
10
2
5
PO4-P (mg/L)
4
20
25
0
50
75
100
125
CODCr(mg/L)
CODCr
PO4-P
1.8.2 COD
No.1
No.2
No.1
No.2
MMM
(h) 1.5-3.0 3.0-5.0 3.0-4.0
BOD (mg/L) 100-120 20-30 10 10 10
:T-P (mg/L) 3-6 10-20 10-20 - -
: S-P (mg/L) 10-20 1 1 1
1.8.3
0.01
PO 4-P (mg/L)
100
1.0
10
0.1
0 2 6 12pH
4 8 10
Fe3+
Al3+
(P)12mg/LPO4 = 2:1
1.8.4 Al3+Fe3+
10Ca + 6PO4 + 2OH Ca10 (OH)2(PO4)6
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
1.8.5
pHM
1.8.6
17
1,000
mg/L
1,000 mg/L
1)
2.1.1
pH 6.0(E.C) 520S/cm
(TDS)420 mg/LCu2+ 6 mg/L Ni2+ 8 mg/L
H OH
(SV 5)
(H+)
H pH 2.7
620S/cm
HOH
pH 8.3 15S/cm
pH8.3
NaOH
pH 7.3
150S/cm
2
2.1.2
2
2.1.1
2.1.1 2
2
pH 6.0 8.3 7.2
(S/cm) 500 15 0.8
Cu2+ 20 N.D N.D
Ni2+ 10 N.D N.D
2
2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1
2
18
SiO2
Cu2+
Ni2+
Ca2+
SO42-
Cl-
Na+
K+
HCO3-
SiO2
SO42-
Cl-
HCO3-
H+ H2O
pH 6.0
EC:500S/cm
pH 2.7
EC:620S/cm
pH 8.3
EC:15S/cm
(HSiO3-) (HSiO3
-)
2.1.1
pH 6.0
500S/cm
Cu2+ 20mg/L
Ni2+ 10mg/L
pH 7.2
0.8S/cm
Cu2+ N.D
Ni2+ N.D
pH 8.3
15S/cm
Cu2+ N.D
Ni2+ N.D
2.1.2 2
EC 100S/cm H+
H+
Na+
Na+
Na+Na+
OH-
OH-
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
OH-
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
OH-
H+
No.1
EC 10S/cmNo.2
EC 1.0S/cm
No.3
EC 0.1S/cm
No.4
EC 0.05S/cm
EC 0.05S/cm
Na+
Na+
Na+Na+
H+
Na+
Na+
Na+Na+
H+
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
OH-
2.1.3
No.2
No.3
No.1
Material in Material out
2.1.4
2.1.1
2.1.2
1) :2pp.192-193
(2012)
19
COD
RO
RO
RO
RO
1)
RO
RO 2.2.1
RO
RO
3
FI45
RO2.2.1(12 mm
) 8
36 m24 9 m2
8
12 m3/h
2220 L/m2h(8
10.72 m3/h)
RO
2.2.1
2.2.1
RO
2.2.2RO
pH 5
RO 2.2.1
2.2.32.2.2pHpH 5.0
50 %RO
190200 nm
COD
198 nm 2
COD 1 mg/L
RO COD
RO
2.2.1 RO 2.2.2
10S/cm
2.2.4 RO
24
RO 1 600
2.2.1 RO
2.2 RO
2
20
4 RO 9m2
8RO 36m2
RO
2.2.1 RO
No.2
No.3
No.1
H2SO4
RO
pH
Material in Material out
2.2.2 RO
2.2.1
pH 7.5 4.7
(S/cm) 1,200 45
(mg/L) 950 N.D
SS (mg/L) 40 N.D
Cu2+ (mg/L) 4 N.D
Ni2+ (mg/L) 20 N.D
Ca2+ (mg/L) 25 N.D
SiO2 (mg/L) 28 1.2
COD (mg/L) 30 0.9
(nm)
0.0
0.5
190 200 210 220 230
1.0
2.2.3
(
S/cm)
800
(L/L-Resin)
250 50 600
20
50
1000
30
10
(RO
40
(RO
2.2.4 RO
2.2.1 RO
1) :Vol.50, No.12, pp.92-98 (1999)
21
(HCN)
UV
UV
2.3.1
pH 10.5CN- 130mg/LCOD 79mg/LCu2+ 65mg/L
COD 2.0
10 mg/L
2.0
2.5
2.3.2 2.3.1 UV
pHCN-CNO-CODpH
0.4 7.8
COD1.01.0 mg/L
COD
0.4
(CNO-)190 mg/L
CNO-1.5
COD CN- CNO-
2.5
0.4
CNO-
CNO-NH4+
1)
10S/cm
UV
UV
2.3.3 2.3.1
UV
No.1
UV
UV
10S/cm
2.3.3
UV
2.3.4 UV
UV
40 UV
90
UV
2.3 UV
2
22
(h)
CN- ,Cu2+,C
OD(m
g/L
)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.5
120
0
160
2.0
80
7
8
9
10
11
pH
40
COD
CN-
pH
Cu2+
2.3.1 2)
(h)
CN- ,CNO
-,C
u2+,C
OD(mg
/L)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.5
150
0
200
2.0
100
7
8
9
10
11
pH
50
CODCN-
pH
CNO-
2.3.2 UV 2)
No.2
No.3
No.1
Material in Material out
UV
UV
2.3.3 UV
(L/L-
10
(
S/cm)
1000
100
500
20
0 40 80 120 160
UV
UV
2.3.4
2.3.1 UV
1) CNO-(1)(3)
(NH4+ )
R-SO3H + NaCNO R-SO3Na + H+ + CNO-(1)
CNO- + 2H+ + H2O CO2 + NH4+ (2)
R-SO3H + NH4+ R-SO3NH4+ + H+ (3)
5.3.3 UV
2) No.9pp.834-840
(1994)
23
UFRORO2
UV 1)
Cu2+Ni2+Zn2+
10100 mg/L
COD
2,000 mg/L
(E.C.: Electric Conductivity )12,500S/cm
(CaCl2) 200
mg/L 10 % NaOHpH 9.59.7
1 mg/L
2.4.1 2.4.1
Ca2+
(Na2CO3)CaCO3
25kPa
pH70
2.4.2UF
UF
0.03 MPa UF (PVDF
150,000)
UF
1
NaClOmg/L
PVDFUF
RO
UFUF
RO 1 RO
1.0 MPa 1 RO
RO( 8) 2
3:2 UF
NaClO
50 mg/L
NaClO
1RONo.1
No.1
2 RO
2RO4.0 MPa
2 RO RO( 8) 2
3:2
RONo.2
2.4.3 2 RO
2.4.2UFRO
RO2.4.4 UV
COD
(pH6.5, COD2.0,5S/cm)
2.4 RO
2
24
pHM
Na2CO3
M
(
2.4.1
2.4.1
PI
PI
NaClO
UF
UF
UF
UF
2.4.2 UF
RO (2.0MPa)
No.1
1RO
2RO(4.2MPa)
NaHSO3
PI
PI
PI
PI
UF
UF
2RO
No.2
2.4.3 2RO
2.4.2 UFRO
UV
RO
RO
2.4.4 UV
1) :Vol.37, No.6, pp.563-569
(2011)