1. dasar ekonomi 2010

PENGANTAR ILMU EKONOMI(IIE-108)

Kuliah Jurusan Teknik Industri, UNPAR

Silabus (1)

MINGGU

TANGGAL MATERI CHAPTER

I 18 – 22 Jan Dasar Ekonomi 1 - 3

II 25 – 29 Jan Konsep Penawaran dan Permintaan

4 - 5III 1 – 5 Feb

IV 8 – 12 Feb Biaya Produksi 13

V 15 – 19 FebPerusahaan dalam Pasar Kompetitif dan Monopoli

14 - 15

VI 22 – 26 FebOligopoli dan Persaingan Monopolistik

16 - 17

VII 1 – 5 Maret Pasar Faktor Produksi 18

UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER 8 – 19 MARET 2010

Silabus (2)

MINGGU

TANGGAL MATERI CHAPTER

VIII 22 – 26 MaretPengukuran Pendapatan Nasional dan Biaya Hidup

22 – 23

IX29 Maret – 2 April

Tabungan, Investasi dan Sistem Keuangan

25

X 5 – 9 AprilTingkat Pengangguran Alamiah

26

XI 12 – 16 April Sistem Moneter 27

XII 19 – 23 AprilInflasi : Penyebab dan Biayanya

28

XIII 26 – 30 AprilKonsep Dasar Makroekonomi Perekonomian Terbuka

29

XIV 3 – 7 MeiPermintaan dan Penawaran Agregat

31

XV 10 – 14 Mei Presentasi

UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER 17 – 31 MEI 2009

Silabus (3)

BOBOT PENILAIAN :UTS : 35 % UAS : 35 %TUGAS & QUIZ : 30 %

PUSTAKA UTAMA :1. Mankiw, N. Gregory, Principles of Economics,

Harcourt Brace & Company, 1998 2. Samuelson, Paul A. and William D. Nordhaus,

Economics, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1995

Quote

“An optimist expects his dreams to come true; a

pessimist expects his nightmares to.” (Laurance J.Peter)

11DASAR – DASAR ILMU EKONOMI

Economy. . .(1)

. . . Kata economy berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang merujuk pada “pihak yang

mengelola rumah tangga (one who manages a household)”

Economy. . .(2)

Sebuah rumah tangga dan sebuah masyarakat

akan membuat keputusan yang sama :• Pekerjaan apa yang perlu dilakukan ?• Siapa yang akan bekerja ?• Sumber daya apa yang dibutuhkan untuk

berproduksi ?• Bagaimana mengalokasikan hasil produksi ?

- dsb -

Economy. . .(3)

• Pengelolaan sumber daya tersebut penting karena keberadaan sumber daya tersebut terbatas atau langka (scarcity)

• Scarcity. . . Berarti sumber daya yang dapat ditawarkan selalu kurang atau tidak sebanyak yang diinginkan

Consider a world without scarcity !Economic goods vs free goods

Economy. . .(4)

Ekonomi adalah sebuah studi tentang bagaimana masyarakat mengelola sumber-sumber daya

langkanya

Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.

Tujuan studi dan aplikasi ilmu ekonomimeningkatkan kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan

masyarakat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari

Economy. . .(5)

Economy is the study of how societies use scarce

resources to produce valuable commodities and

distribute them among different people

(Samuelson, 1995)

Two key ideas :1. the goods are scarce and

2. that society must use its resources efficiently

Economy. . .(6)

• Eficiency means absence of waste, or using the economy’s resources as effectively as possible to satisfy people’s needs and desires

• The economy is producing efficiently when it cannot produce more of one good without producing less of something else

Economy. . .(7)

The essence of economics is to acknowledge the reality of

scarcity and then figure out how to organize society in a way

which produces the most efficient use of resources

Ilmu ekonomi sering disebut sebagai ilmu alokasisumber daya (allocation of resources)

1. Pemanfaatan maksimal sumber daya ekonomi yang tersedia

2. Dilakukan pilihan, melakukan seleksi atau prioritas

3. Pengambilan keputusan memilih yang terbaik dari alternatif yang ada (economic behaviour)

The 3 Problems of Economic Organization

• What commodities are produced and in what quantities ?

• How are goods produced ?

• For whom are goods produced ?

TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS (1)

Bagaimana kita membuat keputusan 1. Kita harus selalu melakukan “trade-off” (People face

tradeoffs)

2. Biaya adalah apa yang Anda korbankan untuk memperoleh sesuatu (The cost of something is what you give up to get it)

3. Orang rasional berpikir secara marginal (Rational people think at the margin)

4. Orang bereaksi terhadap insentif (People respond to incentives)


Bagaimana orang berinteraksi dengan orang lain5. Perdagangan dapat menguntungkan semua pihak (Trade

can make everyone better off)

6. Secara umum pasar adalah tempat yang baik untuk mengorganisasikan kegiatan ekonomi (Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity)

7. Pemerintah kadang kala dapat memperbaiki hasil-hasil ekonomi (Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes)


Kekuatan dan kecenderungan yang mempengaruhi

bagaimana ekonomi bekerja secara keseluruhan8. Standar hidup tergantung pada produksi suatu negara (The

standard of living depends on a country’s production)

9. Harga-harga naik ketika pemerintah mencetak uang terlalu banyak (Prices rise when the government prints too much money)

10. Masyarakat menghadapi trade-off jangka pendek antara inflasi dan pengangguran (Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment)

Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs (1)

“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”

Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.


To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.

• Guns vs butter (classic tradeoff)• Food vs clothing• Leisure time vs work• Efficiency vs equity


Efficiency v. Equity• Efficiency means society gets the most that it can

from its scarce resources (masyarakat dapat memperoleh hasil/manfaat maksimal dari sumber daya langkanya)

• Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society (keuntungan dari sumber daya langka tersebut terbagi merata ke tiap anggota masyarakat)

Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It (1)

• Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives.• Whether to go to college or to work?• Whether to study or go out on a date?• Whether to go to class or sleep in?

• The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item (apa saja yang harus dikorbankan untuk memperoleh sesuatu yang lain)

Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It (2)

LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.

People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.

Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin

• Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action

(Penyesuaian-penyesuaian kecil secara bertahap dalam pelaksanaan suatu rencana)

Principle #4: People Respond to Incentives

• Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.

• The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternative’s marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!

Principle #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off.

• People gain from their ability to trade with one another

• Competition results in gains from trading

• Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best

Principle #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity (1)• Command Economies vs Market Economies vs Mixed

Economies

• A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.

(Suatu perekonomian yang mengalokasikan sumber-sumber dayanya melalui proses keputusan terdesentralisasi oleh sekian banyak perusahaan dan rumah tangga yang satu sama lain berinteraksi di pasar-pasar barang dan jasa)

• Households decide what to buy and who to work for.• Firms decide who to hire and what to produce.

Principle #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity (2)• Laissez-faire Economy : the extreme case of a

market economy, in which the government keeps its hands off economic decisions

• Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand” • Because households and firms look at prices when deciding

what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions.

• As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.

Principle #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes • Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate

resources efficiently (caused by externalities, imperfect competition, and public goods)

• When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.

• Salah satu tujuan belajar ilmu ekonomi adalah agar kita dapat menilai kelayakan kebijakan pemerintah dalam mempromosikan efisiensi dan keseimbangan

Principle #8: The Standard of Living Depends on a Country’s Production (1)

• Standard of living may be measured in different ways:• By comparing personal incomes.• By comparing the total market value of a nation’s

production.

Principle #8: The Standard of Living Depends on a Country’s Production (2)

• Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries’ productivities.

• Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time.

Principle #9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money

• Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.

• One cause of inflation is the growth in the quantity of money.

• When the government creates large quantities of money, the value of the money falls.

Principle #10: Society Faces a Short-run Tradeoff Between Inflation and Unemployment.

• The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment:

Inflation Unemployment

It’s a short-run tradeoff!

A W H Phillips, "The Relationship Between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1861-1967', Economica NS, vol. xxv (November, 1958), 283-99

Economic Models

• Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world

• Two of the most basic economic models include:1. The Circular Flow Diagram

2. The Production Possibilities Frontier

Our First Model: The Circular-Flow Diagram (1)

• The circular-flow diagram is a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.

Figure 1 The Circular Flow

Spending

Goods andservicesbought

Revenue

Goodsand servicessold

Labor, land,and capital

Income

= Flow of inputs and outputs

= Flow of dollars

Factors ofproduction

Wages, rent,and profit

FIRMS•Produce and sellgoods and services

•Hire and use factorsof production

•Buy and consumegoods and services

•Own and sell factorsof production

HOUSEHOLDS

•Households sell•Firms buy

MARKETSFOR

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

•Firms sell•Households buy

MARKETSFOR

GOODS AND SERVICES

Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier (1)

• The production possibilities frontier is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.

Figure 2 The Production Possibilities Frontier

Productionpossibilitiesfrontier

A

B

C

Quantity ofCars Produced

2,200

600

1,000

3000 700

2,000

3,000

1,000

Quantity ofComputers

Produced

D

Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier (2)

• Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier • Efficiency• Tradeoffs• Opportunity Cost• Economic Growth

Figure 3 A Shift in the Production Possibilities Frontier

E

Quantity ofCars Produced

2,000

700

2,100

7500

4,000

3,000

1,000

Quantity ofComputers

Produced

A

The Study of Economics (1)


Microeconomics is concerned with the behaviour of individual entities such as markets, firms, and

households

(Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Natures and Causes of the Wealth of

Nations, 1776. He is the founder of the field of microeconomics)

Microeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the

economy.• How households and firms make decisions and

how they interact in specific markets(Mankiw, 1998)


Macroeconomics views the performance of the economy

as a whole

(John Maynard Keynes, General Theory of Employment, Interest and

Money, 1935)

Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.• Economy-wide phenomena, including inflation,

unemployment, and economic growth(Mankiw, 1998)

Interdependence and the Gains from Trade

Consider a typical consumer in Canada who in a given

morning might: • wake up to an alarm clock made in Korea,• drink orange juice made from Chilean oranges

and coffee from beans grown in Vietnam,• put on some clothes made of cotton grown in

the Egypt and sewn in factories in the Dominican Republic,

• watch the morning news broadcast from Ottawa on a TV made in Japan,

• and drive to class/work in a car made of parts manufactured in at least a half-dozen different countries (most likely Brazil, Mexico, Thailand, the United States)

A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY

• Imagine . . .• only two goods: potatoes and meat

• only two people: a potato farmer and a cattle rancher

• What should each produce?

• Why should they trade?

Table 1 The Production Opportunities of the Farmer and Rancher

Production Possibilities

• Self-sufficiency (or in the case of nations, autarky)

• By ignoring each other:• Each consumes what they each produce.• The production possibilities frontier is also the

consumption possibilities frontier.• Without trade, economic gains are diminished.

Figure 4 The Production Possibilities Curve

Potatoes (oz)

4

16

8

32

A

0

Meat (oz)

’(a) The Farmer’s Production Possibilities Frontier

If there is no trade, the farmer chooses this production and consumption.

Figure 4 The Production Possibilities Curve

Potatoes (oz)

12

24

B

0

Meat (oz)

’(b) The Rancher’s Production Possibilities Frontier

48

24

If there is no trade, the rancher chooses this production and consumption.

Table 2 The Gains from Trade: A Summary

Figure 5 How Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Opportunities

Potatoes (oz)

4

16

5

17

8

32

A

A*

0

Meat (oz)

’(a) The Farmer’s Production and Consumption

Farmer's production and consumption without trade

Farmer's consumption with trade

Farmer's production with trade

Potatoes (oz)

12

24

13

27

B

0

Meat (oz)

’(b) The Rancher’s Production and Consumption

48

24

12

18

B*

Rancher's consumption with trade

Rancher's production with trade

Rancher's production and consumption without trade

Figure 5 How Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Opportunities

Who can produce potatoes at a lower cost—the farmer or the

rancher?

Who can produce potatoes at a lower cost—the farmer or the

rancher?

THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE

• Differences in the costs of production determine the following:• Who should produce what?• How much should be traded for each

product?

The Principles of Absolute & Comparative Advantage

• Differences in Costs of Production

• Two ways to measure differences in costs of production:• The number of hours required to

produce a unit of output (for example, one kilogram of potatoes)—this corresponds to absolute advantage.

• The opportunity cost of sacrificing one good for another—this corresponds to comparative advantage.

Absolute Advantage (1)

• Absolute advantage is a comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity

• Describes the productivity of one person, firm, or nation compared to that of another.• The producer that requires a smaller

quantity of inputs to produce a good is said to have an absolute advantage in producing that good.

The Rancher has an absolute advantage in the production of both

meat and potatoes.

The Rancher has an absolute advantage in the production of both

meat and potatoes.

Absolute Advantage (2)

• The Rancher needs only 10 minutes to produce a kilogram of potatoes, whereas the Farmer needs 15 minutes.

• The Rancher needs only 20 minutes to produce a kilogram of meat, whereas the Farmer needs 60 minutes.

Opportunity Cost and Comparative Advantage

• Compares producers of a good according to their opportunity cost.• Whatever must be given up to obtain an

item.

• The producer who has the smaller opportunity cost of producing a good is said to have a comparative advantage in producing that good.

• So, in our example, who has the comparative advantage in the two goods?

Table 3 The Opportunity Cost of Meat and Potatoes

Comparative Advantage and Trade (1)

• The Rancher’s opportunity cost of a kilogram of potatoes is 0.50 kg of meat, whereas the Farmer’s opportunity cost of a kilogram of potatoes is 0.25 kg of meat.

• The Rancher’s opportunity cost of a pound of meat is only 2 kg of potatoes, while the Farmer’s opportunity cost of a kilogram of meat is only 4 kg of potatoes...

• (Notice that the opportunity costs for each producer are reciprocals of one another…)

…so, the Rancher has a comparative advantage in the production of meat but

the Farmer has a comparative advantage in the production of potatoes.



• Comparative advantage and differences in opportunity costs are the basis for specialized production and trade.

• Whenever potential trading parties have differences in opportunity costs, they can each benefit from trade.

• Trade can benefit everyone in a society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage.

QUESTION ???

What is A Market ?

A market is a mechanism by which buyers and

sellers interact to determine the price and quantity

of a good or service.

• Everything has a PRICE (the value of the good in terms of money)

• Prices represent the terms on which people and firms voluntarily exchange different commodities

• Prices serve as signals to producers and consumers• Prices are the balance wheel in the market mechanism

Market Equilibrium

Market equilibrium represents a balance among

all the different buyers and sellers

Too high a price too much outputToo low a price deficiency of goods

Those prices for which buyers desire to buy exactly

the quantity that sellers desire to sell yield an equilibrium of supply and demand.

Invisible Hand

Hukum Invinsible hand menyatakan bahwa setiap orang

dalam mengejar kepentingannya sendiri, seolah-olah

dikendalikan oleh tangan yang tidak nampak untuk

mencapai apa yang terbaik bagi semua (Adam Smith, The

Wealth of Nation)

Adam Smith memandang bahwa ada sebuah kekuatan tersembunyi yang

akan mengatur pasar (invisible hand), maka pasar harus memiliki

laissez-faire atau kebebasan dari intervensi pemerintah. Pemerintah

hanya bertugas sebagai pengawas dari semua pekerjaan yang dilakukan

oleh rakyatnya.

Perfect Competition

• The invisible-hand doctrine applies to economies in which all the markets are perfectly competitive

• Perfect competition means that all goods and services have a price and are traded on markets, and no firm or consumer is large enough to affect the market price

• In such a circumstance, an economy is on its Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF)

Market Failure

Market failure may be caused by :1. Imperfect competition (market power) : occurs

when a buyer or seller can affect a good’s price

2. An Externality (spillover effects) :occur when firms or people impose costs or benefits on others outside the marketplace

3. Public Goods : commodities for which the cost of extending the service to an additional person is zero and which it is impossible to exclude individuals from enjoying positive externalities

1. dasar ekonomi 2010

Documents