§1 Intriduction Distribution

1. In the Earth:

2. In the Body: 20 kinds mainly, >70 kinds

3. Influence: Earth, Water, Food

元素周期表

*

Classification1 Macro-elements: or Minerals, Salts

>0.01% in the body

7 kinds: Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Cl, S

60-80% in total minerals

Unit: g

2 Microelements: <0.01% or <0.005% in the body

Unit: mg, µg

3 Essential Microelements:

FAO/WHO in 1995: 10 kinds

Cu, Co, Cr, Fe, F, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn

WHO in 1973: 14 kinds Fe, Cu, Zn, I, Mn, Co, Mo, F, Se, Sn, Be,Ni, Si, V

No substitute materials in body

4 Toxic Microelements:

Pb, Cd, Hg, As

5 Others: Al, Li and so on

Typicality

Only from food and drink

Variety in different organs

Assisting and anti-assisting

Small quantity in body

Physiological function

Important ingredients in body

Maintaining the balance of pH, osmosis and penetration in cell or in body

Transduction of Muscle and Nerve

Synthesis of functional materials

Deficiency

Distribution in the environment

Inhibitors in foods

Losing in food processing

Special requirement for human

Delaying action

Safety Range (< 85%)

§2 Calcium The first element in the body Content: Adult 850-1200g in total

Infant 28g at born

≌1.5-2.0% in BW Renew: Adult 2-4% one year, 700mg/d

>45 age 0.7% a year Baby 1-2 year in total p106-108

Distribution

1. 99% in Bone and Teeth

2. 1% in body liquid (miscible calcium pool)*

2.1 In blood: 46%-link-protein

6.5%-salt

47.5%-ion-Ca

2.2 Total Content in serum: relative stability

[Ca+2] = 2.25-2.75 mmol/L

Effective Factors

1 The ratio of Ca : P in food (1-2:1)

2 Special materials in vegetables (fiber, oxalic /phytic acid)

3 Hormones in body

4 Vitamin D/Sunny

5 Aging

Ca function

1. Ingredient for bone and teeth

2. Improving enzyme activity

3. Maintaining nerve and muscle action

with Mg, Zn

1. Others

Ca Absorption & Metabolism1. Absorbed Position: in small intestine

Active transfer by ATP & Vit.D

2. Absorption in food = 10-30%

3. Most excreted by feces

20% in urine

30% in sweat

100-150mg/dl in milk

4. Deposit in bone & teeth

5. Exchange in blood

Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA

For Chinese adults

1 RDA: 800mg/p/d in 1998

2 AI: 1000 mg/p/d

3 NOAEL: 1500mg/p/d

4 UL: 2000mg/p/d

5 Requirement: 1g Ca/100g protein in food

FDA/WHO: 400-500mg/d at total

Good Sources & Improving Milk & its products Shrimp, meat, egg Ca Supplement Vit.D, lactose, Isoflavones

Diseases Bone loss/osteoporosis Richets Tetany

§3 Phosphorus, P p109-110

Content: Adult 650g in total

≌1% in BW

¼ in salt

Distribution

1. 85-90% in Bone and Teeth

2. 10-15% in body liquid

Total Content in Serum: 0.87-1.45 mmol/L Adult

Total Content in Serum: 1.45-2.78 mmol/L Child

P Function Important ingredient in bone & teeth Taking part in energy metabolism Ingredient of RNA & DNA, membrane Ingredient of enzyme Adjusting the balance of acid-alkali

P Absorption & Metabolism Absorbed in small intestine Absorption: 60-70% in mixed food Excreted by 2/3 urine

P RDA/DRIs

RDA 700mg/p/d

AI 700mg/p/d

NOAEL 1500mg/p/d

UL 3500mg/p/d

Food sources

Cereals (richer)

Aquatic products

Meat, Poultry

nuts

§4 Magnesium, Mg p110-112

Content: 20-35g/70kgBW, 0.05% in total

Distribution: 60-70% in bone

27% in muscle

6-7% in other tissues

1% in blood

Normal range in serum: 20-30mg/L

Mg Function

Improving enzyme activity

Maintaining nerve and muscle action*

Smooth/relax muscle (similar to Ca)

Ingredient for Gut (MgO)

RDA 300-350mg/d

Mg+Cl

§5 Sulfur, S Content: 0.25% Distribution

1 S-protein, Met, Cys

2 Others: Vit.B2, Insulin, Biotin, CoA

Function with protein

1 Ingredients for growing factor, ossein/artilage

2 Taking part in many biochemical action Excretion: 85-90% in urine

§6 Iron, Fe p113-115

Essential microelement Deposition: 3-5g Adult, 0.004-0.006% in Body

Distribution

60-70% Hemoglobin

3% Myoglobin; 1% enzyme-Fe Storage: 30% in ferritin & hemosiderin Normal range: Male 120-140g/L

Female 110-130g/L

Fe Function Inner-respiration in tissue Carrying O2

Keeping normal blood creative/ RBC Others: Vit.A

Transferrin

Lipids carrier

Fe Absorption & Metabolism

Absorption in small intestine (Fe2+)

Excretion: 90% in feces

Effects1 Foods2 Drug/diseases3 HCl, Inn in stomach

4 Vit. C: , B12

Fe RDA/DRIs RDA Male-12mg/d, Female-18mg/d AI 15-20mg/d UL 50mg/d

Good SourceMeat, liver, egg……

DiseaseAnemiaOxidation

§7 Iodine, I p115-117

Deposition 20-50mg, 0.5mg/kg BW

Distribution: 70-80% in thyroid gland (12-18mg) 16.2%T4 7.6%T3

33.4%T2 32.7%T

Function: Thyroid 3 kinds

Absorption and Metabolism: Total in 3hs

Deficiency or over: Area, anti-factors in food

RDA/DRIs: RNI 150-200µg/d; UL 1000µg/d

Good source: Aquatic products

碘缺乏：地方性甲状腺肿

胎儿期（呆小病）

克汀病

碘过量 : 甲状腺癌

碘强化食物 : 碘盐

§8 Zinc, Zn p118-119

Deposition: 2-2.5g in total; 2nd trace element Distribution: All of oranges 75-80% in RBC; 3-5% in WBC Function: Ingredients of enzymes (200 kinds more) Promoting growth Improving immune, appetite, mucosa Keeping membrane structure Absorption and Metabolism: 20-30% in small intestine with Fe, Cu---- Deficiency or over: >2g/d RNI 15/11.5mg/d UL 45/37mg/d Zn rich in food: Aquatic products, animal food

§9 Selenium , Se P120-121

1957 Chinese experts identified Se function in human

Deposition 14-20 mg in body

Distribution: Variety in cells or in organs

Function type: Se-Met from food Se-Cys /active in body -CH3 GSH-Px 4 kinds of function

Absorption: small intestine

Excretion: most in urine

litter in lung or sweat

Deficiency or over: Area and food/water

克山病 /14 省 Toxin/ 恩施 白肌病 大骨节病 生殖障碍 RNI 50ug/d UL 400ug/d

§10 Copper, Cu* p121-122

Content: 50-120mg Distribution: 50-70% in muscle & bone

20% in liver 5-10% in blood Function: 4 kinds Absorption: 40% in small intestine Excretion: 80% in feces Metabolism: 90%-binding protein in blood Deficiency or over: Anemia; Toxin RNI 1.25mg/d, AI 2.0mg/d, UL 8mg/d

§11 Chromium, Cr3+* p122-123

Content: 5-10mg

An Ingredient of glucose tolerance factor, GTF (1957)

Function: increasing insulin action, HDL and apol-a

Absorption: litter in gut

RNI 50-200ug/d in US; AI 50ug/d UL 500ug/d

Food sources

§12 Fluorine ， F* p124

Content: 2.9g, most in bone and teeth

Function: Bone & teeth, nerve

Absorption: 75-90% in small intestine

Excretion: 50-80% in urine, litter in feces or skin

Over: Effect on Ca absorbing

AI 1.5mg/d, UL 3.0mg/d

§13 Manganese, Mn p125-126

Content: 200-400µmol Normal range in blood: 200nmol Function: 4 kinds Absorption: 2-15% in small intestine Excretion: >90% in feces Deficiency: 关节病，关节囊水肿，运动失调 AI 3.5mg/d UL 10mg/d Food sources

§14 Cobalt, Co* p126

Content: 1.1-1.5mg in body

An Ingredient in Vit. B12

Function: For RBC, N.

Deficiency : Effect on RBC and I absorbing

Toxin: Pure

AI 60µg/d UL 350µg/d

思考题1 何为宏量元素，又称为？2 何为微量元素，为什么3 食物提供的 Ca 和 P 如何搭配易于吸收4 Ca 的重要性是什么5 一般情况下容易缺 Zn 吗6 哪些人群易出现缺 Fe 性贫血7 I 缺乏会产生何种不良症状8 Se 的重要性9 近年对氟的认识10 二价元素的互作关系？