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休閒運動的益處

Leisure & exercise as a therapeutic adjunct

Leisure & exercise as a part of live

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休閒運動的益處 休閒益處是指經由休閒活動的參與，所帶來

的正面結果，而此種結果的改變 (change) 是一種狀況或是條件的改善 (improvement) 。

首先，休閒利益的產生必須有一些休閒型式的導入 (causes) ，是一種改變，而此種利益是一種期望狀況或是事務狀態的維持。

其次，這種改變或維持，必須是一種改善，而且超過其他以往曾發生過的狀況。

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Benefit of Leisure Participant 忙碌說 (Keeping Idle Hands Busy) 補償說 (Need-Compensation) 放鬆說 (Pleasure-Relaxation-Fun) 個人成長說 (Personal Growth) 身份組成與證實 (Identity Formation and Affir

mation) 緩衝與因應或淨化 (Buffer and Coping) 活動替換說 (Activity Substitution Theory Age

ing)

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The Recreation Production Process

Interactions withstructural components

of thephysical recreation

system and itsprocesses

(e.g., a park or a sports complex)

． Local social, and economic benefits

． Benefits to the physicalenvironment

． Recreation opportunities: Activity Experience Other benefits

． Negative impacts

Customers userecreation opportunities

and interact with the system structure and proce

sses

Benefits and disbenefitsare realized by:

． Individuals

． Groups of individuals

． Environment

1st stage INPUTS 1st THROUGHPUTprocess

1st stage OUTPUTS& 2nd stage INPUTS

2nd THROUGHPUTprocess

2nd stage OUTPUTS

SOURCE: “The Recreation Production Process: The Benefits-Based Approach to Amenity Resource Policy Analysis and Manage-ment, “by B. L. Driver, 1994, in Friluftsliv: Effecter og goder, Dn-notat, 1994-7, Direktoratet for Naturforvaltning Tungasletta[Pro-ceedings, Scandinavian Conference on Recreation: Benefits and Other Positive Effects] (pp. 12-30), Trondheim, Norway: Norwe-gian Institute of Nature Studies.

． Policies． Capital

． Institutional values． Knowledge

． Labor

． Regulations

． Preferences of customers & things they bring with them

． Values of other stakeholders

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THE BENEFIT CHAIN OF CAUSALITY

A recreationist mentally relaxes on site from job-

caused stress

Improved work performance

Higher salary and increased economic

security

Increased satisfaction

with life

Enhanced sense of well-being

Increased qualityor quantity of product

and/or lower cost product

Increased competitive advantage

Lower trade deficits

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Different recipients realize different benefits at different times and places

A. Individuals

B. Households &

communities

C. Local & regional

economics

D. Biophysical &

heritage resources

Satisfying psychological

outcomes

Improved psychological

& physiological conditions

Later benefitsto the on- & off-site

customers

Social benefits

Social benefits

Economic benefits

Economic benefits

Environmental benefits

Environmental benefits

Recipients On-site

beneficial

experiences

Other on-site

benefits

Off-site

benefits

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Benefit of Leisure Participant

Personal benefits Social and culture benefits

Economic benefits

Environmental

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Benefit of Leisure ParticipantI. Personal Benefits

A. Psychological1. Better mental health and health maintenance

• Holistic sense of wellness• Stress management (prevention, mediation, and restoration)• Catharsis• Prevention of and reduced depression, anxiety, and anger• Positive changes in mood and emotion

2. Personal development and growth• Self-confidence• Self-reliance• Self-competence• Self-assurance• Value clarification• Improved academic and cognitive performance

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Benefit of Leisure Participant• Independence and autonomy• Sense of control over one’s life• Humility• Leadership• Aesthetic enhancement• Creativity enhancement• Spiritual growth• Adaptability• Cognitive efficiency• Problem solving• Nature learning• Cultural and historic awareness, learning, and appreciation• Environmental awareness and understanding

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Benefit of Leisure Participant

• Tolerance• Balanced competitiveness• Balanced living • Prevention of problems to at-risk youth• Acceptance of one’s responsibility

3. Personal appreciation and satisfaction• Sense of freedom• Self-actualization• Flow and absorption• Exhilaration• Stimulation• Sense of adventure• Challenge• Nostalgia

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Benefit of Leisure Participant

3. Personal appreciation and satisfaction• Sense of freedom• Self-actualization• Flow and absorption• Exhilaration• Stimulation• Sense of adventure• Challenge• Nostalgia• Quality of life and/or life satisfaction• Creative expression• Aesthetic appreciation• Nature appreciation• Spirituality• Positive change in mood or emotion

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Benefit of Leisure ParticipantB. ..Psychophysiological

1. Cardiovascular benefits, including prevention of strokes

2. Reduced or prevented hypertension

3. Reduced serum cholesterol and triglycerides

4. Improved control and prevention of diabetes

5. Prevention of colon cancer

6. Reduced spinal problems

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Benefit of Leisure Participant

7. Decreased body fat and obesity and/or weight control8. Improved neuropsychological functioning9. Increased bone mass and strength in children10. Increased muscle strength and better connective tissue11. Respiratory benefits(increased lung capacity, benefits to people

with asthma)12. Reduced incidence of disease13. Improved bladder control of the elderly14. Increased life expectancy15. Management of menstrual cycles16. Management of arthritis17. Improved functioning of the immune system18. Reduced consumption of alcohol and use of tobacco

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Benefit of Leisure Participant

II. Social and Cultural BenefitsA. Community satisfactionB. Pride in community and nation(pride in place and

patriotism)C. Cultural and historical awareness and appreciationD. Reduced social alienationE. Community and political involvementF. Ethnic identityG. Social bonding, cohesion, and cooperationH. Conflict resolution and harmonyI. Greater community involvement in environmental decision

making

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Benefit of Leisure ParticipantJ. Social supportK. Support democratic ideal of freedomL. Family bondingM. Reciprocity and sharingN. Social mobilityO. Community integrationP. Nurturance of othersQ. Understanding and tolerance of othersR. Environmental awareness, sensitivityS. Enhanced world viewT. Socialization and acculturation

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Benefit of Leisure ParticipantU. Cultural identity

V. Cultural continuity

W. Prevention of social problems by at-risk youth

X. Developmental benefits of children

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Benefit of Leisure Participant

III. Economic BenefitsA. Reduced health costsB. Increased productivityC. Less work absenteeismD. Reduced on-the-job accidentsE. Decreased job turnoverF. International balance of payments(from tourism)G. Local and regional economic growthH. Contributions to net national economic

development

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Benefit of Leisure Participant

IV. Environmental benefitsA. Maintenance of physical facilitiesB. Stewardship and preservation of optionsC. Husbandry and improved relationships with

natural worldD. Understanding of human dependency on the

natural worldE. Environmental ethic

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Benefit of Leisure Participant

F. Public involvement in environmental issues

G. Environmental protection

1. Ecosystem sustainability

2. Species diversity

3. Maintenance of natural scientific laboratories

4. Preservation of particular natural sites and areas

5. Preservation of cultural, heritage, and historic sites and areas

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休閒利益三因素模式

關心生活環境

促進社會交流

增進親子關係

運用心思智慧

維持健康體能

紓解生活壓力

豐富生活體驗

掌握精神情緒

欣賞真善美

實踐自我理想

肯定自我能力

均衡生活體

驗

提昇生活品

質

健全生活內

涵

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休閒利益三因素模式• 均衡生活體驗紓解生活壓力，豐富生活體驗，掌握精神情緒。

• 健全生活內涵 維持健康體能，運用心思智慧，增進親子關係 ，促進社會交流，關心生活環境。

• 提昇生活品質 欣賞真善美，肯定自我能力，實踐自我理想。

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Benefit of Physical Activity Moderate Activity (No Pain) Enjoyable Activity within Lifestyle Duration, Intensity and Frequency

Low Intensity for Long Duration High Intensity for Low Duration Moderate intense(70-80% of maximum

H.R & 15-20 minutes)

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Benefit of Physical Activity

Premature Dying Risk of Heart Disease Risk of High Blood Pressure Risk of Colon Cancer Reduce Depression and Anxiety Control Weight Build Bones, Muscles and Joints Promote Psychological Well-Being

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Benefit of Physical Activity Health Benefit and Service Delivery:

Active Lifestyle & Physical Well-Being

Treat Depression & Enhance Self-Esteem

Better Coping & More Positive Self Image

Active Elderly have Higher Self Esteem than Sedentary Elderly

10 BIOMARKERS Improve With Activity

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Benefit of Physical Activity 10 Biomarkers:

Muscle Mass & Strength Basal Metabolic Rate & Body Fat Percent Aerobic Capacity & Blood Sugar Tolerance Cholesterol/HDL Ratio & Blood Pressure Bone Density & Regulate Internal

Temperature

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運動的益處 維持肌肉的正常狀態。 舒解神經緊張與提供放鬆， 。 可幫助消化。 可控制肥胖。 可增進肺呼吸功能。 可增加肌力與肌耐力，幫助每日的工作表現及

減低疲勞感。 可幫助心血管的健康。 可幫助自我概念的建立。 可防止意外傷害的發生。

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運動不足與身心健康的關係

缺少運動的生活

運動不足

引起肥胖；降低心、肺、心血管循環；降低神經、肌功能；使身體有氧及無氧的運動能力降低

降低全身的作業能力，增加精神壓力

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THE HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF LEISURE CONSTRAINTS

IntrapersonalConstraints

InterpersonalConstraints

Leisure Preferences Interpersonal Compatibilityand coordination

Level of Participation

StructuralConstraints

Motivations(Attractions)

SOURCE: “A Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constrains, “ by D. W. Crawford, E. L. Jackson, and G. Godbey, 1991, Leisure Sciences, 13, p. 313. Copyright 1991 by Taylor & Francis. Adapted with permission.

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訓練或運動時應考慮的原則 超負荷原則 (principle of overload) 特殊性原則 (specificity) 個體的起始狀態 (initial level) 熱身與緩和運動 (warm—up ＆ cool down) 漸進的方式 (progression) 個別差異的考量 (individual difference) You are what you are

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運動處方要素 運動強度 (intensity)

指的是運動的激烈程度。 持續時間 (duration)

指連續運動時間的長短。每次 15 ～ 60 分。 運動頻率 (frequency)

指每星期運動幾天 ( 次 ) 的意思。 經常而定期的從事運動，每週 3 ～ 5 天 ( 次 ) 。

運動形態 (mode) 指所從事的運動項目而言。

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Benefit of Physical Activity 終生 ( 生涯 ) 運動 (career sport) 的觀點。 活到老，動到老；活的長更要活的好。 勞心的人運動就是一種休息。 當你找不出時間運動時，就是你開始生

病的時候。 運動是生命現象的本質，更是人體不可

或缺的另類營養素。

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研討題綱一、休閒運動參與的利益與過患？

二、如何選擇適當的休閒運動？

三、休閒運動對生活與生命的影響？