1 plant reproduction2011
TRANSCRIPT
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REPRODUKSI TUMBUHAN
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Siklus hidup
• Siklus hidup hewan terdapat meiosis di gametogenesisnya.
• Gamet diproduksi secara meiosis.
• Gamet jantan adalah spermatozoa.
• Gamet betina adalah telur atau ovum.
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• Siklus hidup tanaman adalah mitosis terjadi di spora, yang dihasilkan melalui meiosis → membentuk germinal dan menjadi fase gametofit.
• Gametofit berasal dari 3 sel (dalam polen/benang sari) menjadi beberapa juta tumbuhan (tumbuhan rendah).
• Fase sporofit menghasilkan spora melalui meiosis dalam sporongium
• Fase gametofit menghasilkan gamet melalui mitosis dalam anteridium (penghasil spermatozoa) dan arkegonium (penghasil telur).
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Plant sex
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Perkembangan gametofit Angioapermae
1. Inti polar 2 melebur membentuk inti (2N).
2. Sperm 1 (1N) membuahi inti (2N) membentuk inti endosprem primer (3N).
3. Sperm 2 (1N) membuahi telur membentuk zygote (2N).
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Morfologi bunga: Polen merupakan
saluran tempat sari melintas.
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Model bunga. Petal kumpulan dari korola. Sepal kumpulan dari kalix.
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Pada tumbuhan paku-pakuan (other Pteridophytes) tanaman dominan adalah sporofit (warna coklat) dengan gametifit (biru) yang masa hidupnya pendek.
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The life cycle of a flowering plant
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Angiosperme
• Tanaman bunga, menghasilkan bunga sebagai alat reproduksi
• Bunga: menghasilkan zygote diploid (2N) dan endosperm triploid (3N).
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Bunga
• Bunga terdiri atas alat reproduksi dan jaringan steril
• Bagian steril: sepals dan petals. • Tepal: jika sepal dan petal mempunyai bentuk
dan ukuran sama. • Bagian reproduksi: stamen (jantan, kumpulan
dari androsium) dan carpel (pistil, betina, kumpulan ginosium).
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Androsium
• Unit individual androsium adalah stamens, mengandung filamen untuk mendukung anther.
• Anther mengandung 4 mikrosporangia, di dalam mikrospora (pollen) yang dihasilkan melalui proses meiosis.
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Anther cross section of a Lilium flower
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Hypothesized evolutionary pathway for the development of the anther
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Pollen grains in Insect
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Pollen
• Pollen mengandung gametofit jantan (mikrogametofit) pada fase tumbuhan.
• Pollen dihasilkan melalui proses meiosis dari mikrospora dari sel induk yang terletak di bagian dalam kantong anther (mikrosporangia).
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• Bagian luar pollen disebut exine, yang mengandung kompleks polisakarida, sporopollenin.
• Bagian dalam pollen terdapat 2 sel gamet jantan.
• Sel tube berkembang menjadi pollen tube. • Sel germinal membelah (mitosis) menghasilkan
2 sel spermatozoa. Pembelahan sel germinal terjadi sebelum atau sesudah pollinasi (penyerbukan).
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Division of the germ cell can occur before or after pollination
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• Allergenic Pollen (SEM x1,000).
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Penyerbukan• Penyerbukan: perpindahan pollen dari anther ke stigma (putik) • Penyerbukan dibantu oleh:
– Entomophyly is the transfer of pollen by an insect. – Anemophyly is the transfer of pollen by wind. – Other pollinators include birds, bats, water, and humans. – Some flowers (for example garden peas) develop in such a way as to
pollinate themselves. – Others have mechanisms to ensure pollination with another flower.
• Warna bunga mengindikasikan perantara penyerbukan:– red petals are thought to attract birds, – yellow for bees, and – white for moths. – Wind pollinated flowers have reduced petals, such as grasses.
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Ginosium
• Ginosium mengandung stigma, style, dan ovari yang mengandung 1 atau lebih uvum.
• Ketiga struktur tersebut disebut pistil (carpel).
• Seperti stamen, carpel merupakan modifikasi dari daun.
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Hypothesized steps in the evolution of the carpel
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