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KOSTEGIDS | COST GUIDE
2013/14
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Established 1869
Tel: 023 347 2646 | Faks: 023 347 2755 | www.orchards.co.zaFieldstraat 5-7, Worcester
Ons versprei en ondersteun slegs wreldbekende handelsmerke.Druk gerus op ons nommer indien u trekkers, oesmasjiene, motoretse, spuitpompe, snoeiers, ontblaarders, snyers, balers, voermengers, harke, ploe en dies meer benodig.
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VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 1
Samestelling / CompositionGert van Wyk & Pieter van Niekerk
VinPro Landbou-ekonomiese Diens / VinPro Agro-economic ServiceTel: 021 807 3103/4; Fax: 021 863 2079
[email protected], [email protected]
n Spesiale woord van dank aan ons borge wat die druk van hierdie Kostegids, asook die gratis verspreiding daarvan aan alle VinPro-lede en
rolspelers in die wynbedryf moontlik maak.
A special word of thanks to our sponsors without whom this Cost Guide could not have been published or distributed for free to all VinPro
members and role players in the wine industry.
Orchard Suppliers NetafimTerason / Villa Crop Boshoff Visser
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VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 3
Inhoud / Contents
Voorwoord / Foreword ................................................................................................................ 5
Doel / Purpose ............................................................................................................................. 5
Koste van wyndruifproduksie (2012-oes) / Cost of wine grape production (2012 harvest) ..... 6
Inleiding en agtergrond / Introduction and background ......................................................... 6
Koste van wyndruifproduksie / Cost of wine grape production ............................................. 7
Kontantuitgawes / Cash Expenditure ..................................................................................... 8
Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for replacement .......................................................... 10
Produksie se invloed op gelykbreek / Influence of production on break-even ....................... 12
Kostestruktuur van top presteerders / Cost structure of top producers .................................. 16
Wat doen top produsente anders? / What sets top performers apart? ................................... 18
Teikeninkomste (2012-oes) / Target income (2012 harvest) ...................................................... 20
Arbeidsriglyne / Labour guidelines ............................................................................................. 22
Arbeidsnorme / Labour norms ................................................................................................ 22
Minimum loon / Minimum wage.............................................................................................. 23
Vestigingskoste / Establishment cost ........................................................................................ 23
Grondvoorbereiding / Soil preparation ................................................................................... 23
Koste van prieelstelsels / Cost of trellis systems .................................................................... 26
Besproeiing / Irrigation ............................................................................................................ 30
Ander nuttige inligting / Other useful information ................................................................... 31
Koste van meganisasie / Cost of mechanisation ....................................................................... 31
Metodiek / Methodology ......................................................................................................... 32
Trekkers / Tractors .................................................................................................................. 33
Parsmasjiene / Harvesters ...................................................................................................... 35
Spuitpompe / Spraypumps ..................................................................................................... 35
Sleepwaens / Trailers .............................................................................................................. 36
Ander implemente / Other implements ................................................................................... 36
Bakkies / Pick-ups .................................................................................................................. 37
Vragmotors / Trucks ................................................................................................................ 38
VinPro kontakbesonderhede / VinPro contact details ............................ Agterblad / Back cover
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4 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 5
Voorwoord / ForewordIn die strewe na n volhoubare en deelnemende wynprodusentegemeenskap bly die VinPro Land bou-ekonomiese Diens verbind tot effek-tiewe en waardetoegevoegde ekonomiese diens lewering aan VinPro se lede en ander rolspe lers in die bedryf.
Die Suid-Afrikaanse wyndruifprodusent is die afgelope paar jaar blootgestel aan stygende in-setkostes en dalende winsmarges, wat daartoe lei dat die produsent se winsgewendheid onder geweldige druk verkeer. Met hierdie in ag ge-neem, openbaar die VinPro Landbou-ekono-miese Diens jaarliks kritiese finansile aanwysers wat regdeur die wynbedryf erken en gebruik word as n betroubare maatstaf. n Uitvloeisel daarvan is die samestelling van hierdie meer gedetailleerde Kostegids, wat jaarliks in Mei opgedateer en beskikbaar gestel word.
VinPro Landbou-ekonomiese Dienste Lewensvatbaarheidstudies, koste- en wins-
gewendheidsanalises, asook skadebepa-lings.
Kordinering van finansile studiegroepe/Produksieplan finansile geheelplaas- en bedryfstak-analises op plaasvlak.
Ekonomiese en bedryfsverwante artikels en aanbiedings.
Versameling en verspreiding van verteen-woordigende landbou-ekonomiese bedryfs-inligting.
In the quest towards a sustainable and partici-pating wine producer community, VinPros Agro-economic Service is committed to providing effective and value-added economic services to all members of VinPro, as well as other role players in the industry.
The South African wine producers profitability has been under enormous pressure over the past few years due to rising input costs, as well as low and decreasing profit margins. With this in mind, VinPros Agro-economic Service annually reveals financial indicators that are ac-cepted and used throughout the wine industry as a trusted benchmark. As an extension of its support to producers, VinPro compiled this more detailed Cost Guide, which is updated annually and available in May.
VinPro Agro-economic Services Feasibility studies, cost- and profitability
analyses, as well as damage assessments.
Coordinating financial study groups/Produc-tion Plan financial analyses at total farm or operational branch level.
Economic and industry-related articles and presentations.
Collecting and distributing relevant financial industry information.
Doel / PurposeDie hoofdoel van hierdie Kostegids is om sekere noodsaaklike ekonomiese aspekte in n eenvou-dige formaat te verpak wat as hulpmiddel kan dien vir die opstel van begrotings deur wyndruif-produsente. Weens dramatiese prysskomme-linge is dit baie moeilik om sinvol en akkuraat te begroot en kan hierdie gids as riglyn daarvoor aangewend word.
The main purpose of this guide is to provide wine grape producers with specific financial indicators to assist them in compiling a budget. Due to the fact that prices vary dramatically, it is difficult to compile a budget that is both meaningful and accurate. This guide is a useful aid in compiling a more accurate budget.
Vrywaring / Indemnity
Die samestellers van die VinPro Kostegids het deurgaans te goeder trou opgetree. Enige be-sluit voortspruitend, of aksie gebaseer op die inligting soos vervat in die gids, word op eie risiko gedoen. Nie die samestellers of VinPro kan verantwoordelik gehou word vir enige finansile verlies weens so n besluit of aksie nie, terwyl enige finansile wins slegs tot die voordeel van die gebruiker daarvan is.
The VinPro Cost Guide was compiled in good faith. Any decision taken as a result of, or actions based on information contained in the guide is solely at the users own risk. Neither the compil-ers nor VinPro are accountable for any financial loss due to such decisions or actions, while any financial gain derived from it is solely to the benefit of the users thereof.
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6 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 7
VinPros Agro-economic division has been con-ducting financial analyses over the past nine years with the support of Winetech, the Na-tional Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC), Standard Bank, Absa, Land Bank, FNB, Nedbank and more recently Capital Harvest to deter-mine the cost of wine grape cultivation and fi-nancial position of wine producers in the nine wine districts. Although the latest findings (2012 production year) still indicate that the average primary wine producer is still experiencing a cost prize squeeze, there are producers who succeed in performing very well despite difficult circum-stances. These are the producers who continu-ously maintain the necessary raw materials, de-spite a shrinking vineyard production area.
Participation in the 2012 Production Plan con-sisted of 255 farming units, distributed across all nine wine regions. Altogether 700 producers and role players in the industry attended the 45 study group sessions, where economic and other rel-evant information was shared with participants in support of long-term sustainable wine grape production. The sample currently consists of 22 895 ha (23% of the total South African sur-face planted to wine grapes in 2011), which pro duce 338 812 tons (24% of the total South African crop in 2012). Of these 67% represented white and 33% red grapes, and 57% of the tons were harvested mechanically.
This Cost Guide consists mainly of industry ave-rage figures and gives a review of the most im-portant findings over the past nine years, with an emphasis on the 2012 harvest. The Malmesbury district is evaluated separately throughout and does not form part of the industry average fig-ures, as dryland vineyards make up a large component of this district, which require alterna-tive production, cost and capital structures. The evaluations are not cultivar and/or block specific wine grapes (bearing and non-bearing) are evaluated as an entity. Most of the farming en-terprises that are evaluated differ with regard to farm size, cultivar composition and diversifica-tion into alternative industry branches in the re-spective districts. Figures are calculated by de-
VinPro se Landbou-ekonomiese diens het oor die afgelope nege jaar met die ondersteuning van Winetech, die Nasionale Landboubemarkings-raad (NLBR), Standard Bank, Absa, Land Bank, ENB, Nedbank en meer onlangs Capital Harvest finansile ontledings in die nege wyndistrikte uitgevoer ten einde die koste van wyndruifver-bouing en finansile welstand van wyndruifpro-dusente te bepaal. Alhoewel die jongste bevin-dinge (2012-oesjaar) steeds daarop dui dat die gemiddelde primre wynprodusent steeds in n koste-knyptang gewikkel is, is daar sonder twyfel produsente wat onder moeilike omstandighede daarin slaag om goed te presteer. Dit is hierdie produsente wat toesien dat die nodige grondstof in stand gehou word en produksie voortduur, ondanks n krimpende wingerdoppervlak.
Deelname in die 2012 Produksieplan het be staan uit 255 boerdery-eenhede, versprei oor al nege wyndistrikte. Altesaam 700 produsente en rolspe-lers in die bedryf het die 45 studiegroep-byeen-komste bygewoon, waartydens eko nomie se en ander relevante inligting aan deelnemers verskaf is ter ondersteuning van langtermyn vol houbare wyndruifproduksie. Die steekproef be staan tans uit 22 895 ha (23% van totale Suid-Afrikaanse wingerdstand in 2011), wat 338 812 ton oplewer (24% van die totale Suid-Afrikaanse oes in 2012). Hiervan was 67% wit en 33% rooi wyndruiwe, en 57% van die tonne is meganies gepars.
Hierdie Kostegids bevat grotendeels bedryfsge-middelde syfers en gee n terugblik op die be lang-rik ste bevindinge oor die afgelope nege oes jare, met die klem op die 2012-oes. Die Mal mesbury-distrik word deurgaans apart ge valueer en vorm nie deel van die bedryfsgemid delde syfers nie, aan ge sien dit uit n groot kom ponent drolandwin-gerd bestaan wat alternatiewe produksie-, koste- en kapitaalstrukture benodig. Die evaluerings is nie kultivar- en/of blokspesifiek nie wyndruiwe (draend en nie-draend) word as n geheel geva-lueer. Die meeste van die boerdery-ondernemings wat gevalueer word, verskil ten opsigte van die plaasgrootte, kultivarsamestelling en diversifise-ring ten opsigte van ander bedryfstakke in die on derskeie distrikte. Syfers word bereken deur die
Koste van wyndruifproduksie (2012-oes) / Cost of wine grape production (2012 harvest)
Inleiding en agtergrond / Introduction and background
Jaarlikse totale produksiekoste belasting, rente en ondernemersloon uitgesluit bestaan uit twee komponente, naamlik kontantuitgawes en voorsiening vir vervanging. Die bedryfsgemid-delde totale produksiekoste het sedert 2011 met 6% toegeneem tot R32 439/ha in 2012.
Annual total production cost excluding tax, in terest and entrepreneurial remuneration con-sists of two components, namely cash expendi-ture and provision for replacement. The industry average total production cost increased by 6% from 2011 to R32 439/ha in 2012.
Koste van wyndruifproduksie / Cost of wine grape production
R 35 000
R 30 000
R 25 000
R 20 000
R 15 000
R 10 000
R 5 000
R 0
R 19 000R 20 643
R 21 332R 22 125
R 23 578
R 26 580
R 28 580
R 30 582
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
R 32 439
2012
R 1
4 22
1
R 1
5 01
0
R 1
5 59
9
R 1
6 01
7
R 1
6 70
2
R 1
9 03
9
R 2
0 64
3
R 2
2 44
3
R 2
3 83
4
R 4
779
R 5
633
R 5
733
R 6
108
R 6
876 R
7 5
41
R 7
937
R 8
139
R 8
606
Kontantuitgawes / Cash expenditure Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for replacement
R/h
a
Totale produksiekoste / Total production cost
Totale produksiekoste per distrik / Total production cost per district 2012
R 40 000
R 35 000
R 30 000
R 25 000
R 20 000
R 15 000
R 10 000
R 5 000
R 0 W
orce
ster
Rob
erts
on
Kle
in K
aroo
Paa
rl
Ste
llenb
osch
Olif
ants
Riv
(i)er
Ora
nge
Riv
(i)er
Bed
ryf/
Ind
ustr
y
Mal
mes
bur
y
R 30 945
R 8 594
R 2
2 35
1
R 31 121
R 8 783
R 2
2 33
8
R 31 832
R 8 743
R 2
3 08
9
R 29 117
R 7 642
R 2
1 47
5
R 38 208
R 8 507
R 2
9 70
1
R 33 449
R 10 426
R 2
3 02
3
R 31 560
R 7 973
R 2
3 58
7
R 32 440
R 8 606
R 2
3 83
4
R 21 358
R 6 253
R 1
5 10
5
Bre
edek
loof
R 31 421
R 8 726
R 2
2 69
5
Kontantuitgawes / Cash expenditure Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for replacement
termining the weighted average of all partici-pants. These producers have predominantly good to above-average managerial ability.
geweeg de gemiddelde van al die deelne mers te bepaal. Die deelnemers is oorwegend produ sente met goeie tot bogemiddelde bestuursvermo.
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8 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 9
Cash expenditureCash expenditure is categorised as direct cost, labour, mechanisation, fixed improvements and general expenses. Total cash expenditure shows a 6% increase from 2011 to R23 834/ha in the 2012 production year.
The increase is mainly due to a slightly larger 2012 crop, as well as exceptionally high in-creases in the cost of electricity and fuel. Most of the other cost components increased more or less in line with inflation.
The following four graphs illustrate the move-ment in approximately 70% of the annual ex-penditure over the past nine years:
KontantuitgawesKontantuitgawes word gekategoriseer as direk te koste, arbeid, meganisasie, vaste verbete rin ge en algemene uitgawes. Totale kontantuitga wes toon n 6% styging vanaf 2011 tot R23 834/ha in die 2012-oesjaar.
Die toename is grotendeels aangevuur deur n iet wat groter 2012-oes, asook buitengewone ho stygings in die koste van elektrisiteit en brandstof. Die meeste ander kostekomponente het min of meer in lyn met inflasie toegeneem.
Die volgende vier grafieke illustreer die bewe-ging in ongeveer 70% van die jaarlikse kontant-uitgawes oor die afgelope nege jaar:
R 2 000
R1 800
R 1 600
R 1 400
R 1 200
R 1 000
R 800
R 600
R 400
R 200
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
R 0
R 346R 420
R 344 R 370R 424 R 549 R 544
R 592
R 1 257 R 1 251 R 1 176 R 1 144R 1 257
R 1 506
R 1 758 R 1 655
R 679 R 686R 756
R 875
R 1 012
R 1 172R 1 327
R 1 382
Bemesting / Fertiliser Plaag- & siektebeheer / Pest & disease control Onkruidbeheer / Weed control
R/h
a
Direkte koste / Direct costBedryf / Industry
R 548
R 1 639
R 1 570
2012
Meganisasie / MechanisationBedryf / Industry
R 2 500
R 2 000
R 1 500
R 1 000
R 500
R 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Brandstof / Fuel Herstel, onderdele & reparasies (los bates) / Repair, parts & maintenance (loose assets)
R 1 449 R 1 505 R 1 468R 1 517
R 1 586
R 1 842R 1 983
R 2 243
R 859 R 921
R 1 106R 1 252
R 1 464
R 1 639R 1 533
R 1 726
R/h
a
R 2 136
R 2 040
2012
Arbeid / LabourBedryf / Industry
R 6 000
R 5 000
R 4 000
R 3 000
R 2 000
R 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Permanente arbeid / Permanent labour Seisoensarbeid & kontrakteurs / Seasonal labour & contractors
R 1 388 R 1 556 R 1 547R 1 589 R 1 719
R 2 137 R 2 132 R 2 246
R 3 962 R 4 006R 4 185 R 4 219 R 4 097
R 4 459
R 4 920R 5 272
R/h
a
R 1 000
2012
R 2 325
R 5 616
R 2 000
R 1 500
R 1 000
R 500
R 0
R/h
a
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
R 2 500
Elektrisiteit / Electricity Waterkoste / Water cost Administrasie / Administration
R 605 R 627R 647 R 655 R 652 R 681
R 720R 846
R 688R 861
R 1 019 R 1 043 R 1 119 R 1 072
R 1 131
R 1 176R 1 254
R 931R 780 R 803R 845 R 831
R 1 040
R 1 339
R 1 768
R 2 063
R 717
Algemene uitgawes / General expenditureBedryf / Industry
Kontantuitgawes / Cash expenditureBedryf / Industry
R 25 000
R 20 000
R 15 000
R 10 000
R 5 000
R 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
R 14 221R 15 010
R 15 999 R 16 017R 16 702
R 19 039
R 20 648
R 22 443
R 23 834
2012
R/h
a
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10 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 11
Die samestelling van kontantuitgawes het se dert 2004 grootliks onveranderd gebly, met ar beid wat steeds die grootste komponent verteenwoordig 40% in die 2012-oesjaar. Me ganisasie, direkte koste, algemene uitgawes en vaste verbeteringe verteenwoordig onderskeidelik 20%, 19%, 17% en 4% van kontantuitga wes. Alhoewel verskille van jaar tot jaar voor kom, het alle komponente relatief tot mekaar duurder geword.
The composition of cash expenditure remained largely unchanged since 2004, with labour still representing the biggest component 40% in the 2012 production year. Mechanisation, direct cost, general expenses and fixed improvements represent 20%, 19%, 17% and 4% respectively of cash expenditure. Although differences occur from year to year, all components have become more expensive relative to each other.
Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for replacement
Gedurende die produksieproses word nie net dit wat jaarliks aangekoop word vir die produksie-proses gebruik nie, maar gereedskap en imple-mente is ook nodig. So word trekkers, gereed-skap en ander produksiemiddele oor tyd opge-bruik. Selfs wingerde en geboue gaan agteruit en moet vervang word. Die agteruitgang en op gebruik van hierdie items maak n deel uit van kostes in die produksieproses.
Inaggenome die feit dat die aankoopwaarde van n item oor sy leeftyd verhaal moet word asook
During the production process, producers do not only use that which is purchased annually in order to produce a crop; machinery and implements are also required. Over a period of time tractors, machinery and other means of production are consumed. Even vineyards and buildings dete-riorate and need to be replaced. The deteriora-tion and consumption of such items are part and parcel of the costs of the production process.
Taking into account the fact that the purchase value of an item needs to be replaced in the
Vervangingswaarde van kapitaalstruktuur / Replacement value of capital structure Bedryf / Industry
2004-2012
20 3
2122
531
23 6
1223
924
26 6
7028
811
30 6
8432
048
32 8
86
26 8
8030
192
32 2
7234
594
37 8
1540
904
43 8
0247
488
49 9
25
101
935
108
465
111
917
121
025
137
131
151
022
159
751
174
033
184
456
200 000
180 000
160 000
140 000
120 000
100 000
80 000
60 000
40 000
20 000
Wingerde / Vineyards Losgoed (produksiemiddele) /
Loose assets (production means)
Vaste verbeterings (geboue) /
Fixed improvements (buildings)
Totaal (grond uitgesluit) / Total (land excluded)
101
645
54 7
3455
742
56 0
3362
507
72 6
4681
307
85 2
6594
498R/h
a
course of its lifetime as well as the fluctuating nature of inflation sufficient provision has to be made for replacement. By using the principle provision for replacement, a larger amount is recovered than in the case of depreciation. To a certain extent this addresses the problem of rectilinear depreciation in value and ensures that the running concern is maintained.
When calculating provision for replacement, items are written off against replacement value over various periods:
Buildings 60 yearsVineyards 20 yearsMoveable assets/means of production 7 - 15 years
die wisselvalligheid van inflasie moet voldoen-de voorsiening hiervoor gemaak word. Deur die beginsel voorsiening vir vervanging te gebruik, word n groter bedrag verhaal as in die geval van depresiasie. Dit spreek die probleem van reg-lynige waardevermindering tot n mate aan en verseker dat die lopende saak gehandhaaf word.
Met die berekening van voorsiening vir vervan-ging word items oor verskillende termyne af-geskryf teen vervangingswaarde:
Geboue 60 jaarWingerde 20 jaarLos bates/produksiemiddele 7 - 15 jaar
Totale voorsiening vir vervanging het in die 2012-oesjaar R8 606/ha beloop n 6% styging sedert 2011.
Total provision for replacement amounted to R8 606/ha in the 2012 production year an in-crease of 6% compared to 2011.
17%
15%
19%
44%
16%
16%
19%
44%
15%
17%
19%
44%
15%
17%
20%
43%
17%
16%
21%
42%
18%
15%
21%
42%
19%
16%
20%
41%
18%
18%
21%
41%
19%
20%
40%
17%
Samestelling van jaarlikse kontantuitgawes / Composition of annual cash expenditureBedryf / Industry
Direkte koste / Direct cost Arbeid / Labour
Meganisasie / Mechanisation Vaste verbeteringe / Fixed improvements
Algemene uitgawes / General expenditure
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
100%
90%
80%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0%
10%
20%
2012
4% 5% 5% 4% 4%4% 4% 3% 4%
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12 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 13
Produksie se invloed op gelykbreek / Influence of production on break-even
Die gemiddelde plaasgrootte van die studie-groepe het 86 ha onder wyndruiwe beloop (ander vertakkings is nie in berekening gebring nie). Die gemiddelde produksie draende en nie-draende hektare het in die 2012-oesjaar 16.98 ton/ha beloop.
Die invloed van verhoogde produksie op die ge-lykbreekprys van totale produksiekoste in rand per ton is wesenlik. Alhoewel totale produksie-koste per hektaar met 6% gestyg het sedert 2011, het die gelykbreek in terme van rand per ton van R2 028/ton tot R1 910/ton gedaal. Anders gestel; die eerste R1 910 wat die produsent met die 2012-oes vir n ton druiwe ontvang het, moet vir totale produksiekoste aangewend word geen ondernemersloon, rente of belasting is nog in berekening gebring nie. Hierdie daling kan hoof-saaklik toegeskryf word aan die groter 2012-oes. Sommige distrikte het egter n kleiner oes gerea-liseer, wat weer n negatiewe effek op hul gelyk-breekprys het.
The average farm size of the study groups com-prised 86 ha planted to wine grapes (other agri-cultural branches were not taken into account). The average production bearing and non-bearing hectares amounted to 16.98 tons/ha during the 2012 production year.
The impact of increased yield on the breakeven price of total production cost in rand per ton is considerable. Although total production cost increased by 6% per ha since 2011, the break-even point in terms of rand per ton decreased from R2 028/ton to R1 910/ton. In other words, the first R1 910 that the producer received for a ton of grapes from the 2012 harvest must be used to cover total production cost no entre-preneurial remuneration, interest or tax had been taken into account. This decrease can be as-cribed mainly to the larger 2012 crop. However, certain districts had a smaller crop, which had a negative impact on their breakeven price.
Die ouderdomsamestelling van deelnemers se wingerde het definitief verswak oor die afgelope nege jaar. Meer as 15% van die wingerdopper-vlak is ouer as 20 jaar en 12% van die wingerde in die steekproef was drie jaar en jonger. Die verswakking in die ouderdomsamestelling kan duidelik waargeneem word sedert 2004 n sterk aanduiding dat produsente hul kapitale instandhouding agterwe laat in n poging om fi nansieel te oorleef.
Gemiddelde produksie wissel geweldig tussen die onderskeie distrikte, terwyl die totale produk-siekoste in rand per hektaar nie noemenswaar-dig verskil nie. Hierdie produksieverskille gee egter aanleiding daartoe dat die gelykbreekprys ten opsigte van totale produksiekoste per ton geweldig verskil tussen die onderskeie distrikte.
The age composition of participants vineyards has definitely deteriorated over the past nine years. More than 15% of the surface planted to grapevines is older than 20 years and 12% of the grapevines in the sample were three years old and younger. The deterioration in age composi-tion can be clearly observed since 2004 an obvious indication that producers are neglecting their capital maintenance in an effort to survive financially.
Average production varies tremendously among the various districts, while the total production cost in rand per hectare does not differ signifi-cantly. The above-mentioned differences in production cause the breakeven price in respect of total production cost per ton to differ im-mensely among the various districts.
13.1
1
13.7
9
15.3
4
15.5
8
16.3
1
15.5
5
14.7
3
15.0
8
16.9
8
Invloed van produksie op gelykbreek / Influence of production on break-evenBedryf / Industry
18.00 R 2 500
R 2 000
R 1 500
R 1 000
R 500
R 0
17.00
16.00
15.00
14.00
13.00
12.00
Ton/
ha
R/t
on
R 1 449
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
R 1 497R 1 391
R 1 420R 1 709
R 1 941R 2 028 R 1 910
R 1 446
Gelykbreek / Break-even (R/ton)Produksie / Production (ton/ha)
Gelykbreek / Break-even (R/ton)Produksie / Production (ton/ha)
11.4
3P
aarl
7.19
Ste
llenb
osch
21.0
3K
lein
Kar
oo
18.7
7R
ober
tson
19.6
3W
orce
ster
20.8
6B
reed
eklo
of
25.7
7O
lifan
ts R
iv(i)
er
27.9
9O
rang
e R
iv(i)
er
16.9
8B
edry
f / In
dus
try
6.36
Mal
mes
bur
y
R 6 000
R 4 000
R 3 000
R 2 000
R 1 000
R 0
R/t
on
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
R5 314
R3 358
R 5 000
Ton/
ha
R1 576 R1 910
R1 128R1 291
R2 547
R1 514R1 658R1 506
Gelykbreek per distrik (2012-oes) / Break-even per district (2012 harvest)
Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for renewalBedryf / Industry
10 000
7 000
5 000
3 000
1 000
-
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
4 779
5 633 5 7336 108
6 876
7 5417 937
8 1398 606
2012
R/h
a
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
9 000
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VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 15
PRODUKSIEKOSTE VIR WYNDRUIWE KOSTE AS RAND PER HEKTAAR (2012-OES) PRODUCTION COST FOR WINE GRAPES COST AS RAND PER HECTARE (2012 HARVEST)
DISTRIK / DISTRICT Stellenbosch Paarl Robertson Breedekloof Olifants Riv(i)er Worcester Oranje Riv(i)er Klein Karoo BedryfIndustry Malmesbury
KOSTESTRUKTUUR / COST STRUCTURE R/ha
DIREKTE KOSTE / DIRECT COST 3 802 3 505 4 520 4 970 4 217 4 796 2 675 5 030 4 150 3 011
SAAD / SEED 168 88 32 126 61 56 26 642 107 98
KUNSMIS / FERTILISER 640 756 1 712 1 237 1 782 1 629 1 166 1 685 1 221 834
ORGANIESE BEMESTING / ORGANIC MATERIAL 17 189 141 683 274 301 179 267 242 62
PLAAG- & SIEKTEBEHEER / PEST & DISEASE CONTROL 1 931 1 574 1 608 1 864 1 452 1 749 726 1 470 1 639 1 454
ONKRUIDBEHEER / WEED CONTROL 566 463 642 690 364 685 423 301 548 403
HERSTEL- & BINDMATERIAAL / REPAIR & BINDING MATERIAL 479 436 384 370 284 377 155 665 393 160
ARBEID/ LABOUR # 15 065 9 503 7 620 8 082 6 949 7 806 11 138 7 273 9 630 6 188
TOESIG & BESTUURSHULP / SUPERVISION 3 199 1 271 1 664 1 551 868 1 417 1 114 653 1 689 574
PERMANENTE ARBEID / PERMANENT LABOUR 7 745 5 452 4 382 5 323 4 854 5 536 5 251 5 066 5 616 2 932
SEISOENSARBEID & KONTRAKTEURS / SEASONAL & CONTRACT WORKERS 4 120 2 779 1 574 1 208 1 227 853 4 773 1 553 2 325 2 682
MEGANISASIE / MECHANISATION 5 153 4 291 4 767 4 880 5 394 4 588 5 466 4 825 4 868 3 702
BRANDSTOF / FUEL 2 029 1 824 1 747 2 135 2 210 2 020 2 809 2 446 2 040 1 469
HERSTEL, ONDERDELE & REPARASIES / REPAIR, PARTS & MAINTENANCE 2 587 1 661 2 456 2 063 2 152 2 003 1 952 1 574 2 136 1 236
LISENSIES & VERSEKERING / LICENCES & INSURANCE 386 369 393 479 714 496 608 395 460 308
VERVOER GEHUUR / TRANSPORT HIRED 152 437 171 203 318 69 98 410 232 688
VASTE VERBETERINGE / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS 901 625 719 842 546 708 630 459 720 465
HERSTEL & ONDERHOUD / REPAIR & MAINTENANCE 712 458 501 577 253 442 302 236 490 326
VERSEKERING / INSURANCE 189 168 218 265 292 266 328 223 230 139
ALGEMENE UITGAWES / GENERAL EXPENDITURE 4 781 3 550 4 712 3 921 5 918 4 453 3 678 5 503 4 466 1 740
ELEKTRISITEIT / ELECTRICITY 1 507 1 681 2 819 2 524 2 419 2 128 1 199 1 851 2 063 552
WATERKOSTE / WATER COST 824 538 906 191 1 930 1 236 1 237 2 276 931 356
GROND-, EIENDOMS- & MUN BELASTINGS / LAND-, PROPERTY- & MUN TAXES 406 170 137 175 273 134 152 179 218 94
ADMINISTRASIE / ADMINISTRATION * 2 044 1 161 850 1 031 1 297 955 1 091 1 197 1 254 738
TOTALE KONTANTUITGAWES / TOTAL CASH EXPENDITURE 29 701 21 475 22 338 22 695 23 023 22 351 23 587 23 089 23 834 15 105
VOORSIENING VIR VERVANGING / PROVISION FOR RENEWAL 8 507 7 642 8 783 8 726 10 246 8 594 7 973 8 743 8 606 6 253
WINGERDE / VINEYARDS 4 951 5 132 5 120 5 166 4 807 5 290 5 122 5 286 5 082 4 254
VASTE VERBETERINGS / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS 1 094 611 870 861 972 781 427 651 832 433
LOSGOED OF PRODUKSIEMIDDELE / LOOSE ASSETS OR PRODUCTION MEANS 2 463 1 900 2 793 2 699 4 467 2 523 2 424 2 805 2 691 1 565
TOTALE UITGAWES / TOTAL EXPENDITURE 38 209 29 117 31 121 31 421 33 269 30 945 31 560 31 833 32 439 21 358
GEM OPPV GEPLANT / AVE AREA PLANTED (HA) 106 96 91 99 51 103 17 31 86 143
OPPV ONDER BESPROEIING / AREA UNDER IRRIGATION (%) 87% 93% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 39%
OUDERDOMSAMESTELLING / AGE COMPOSITION (%)
3 JAAR & JONGER / 3 YEARS & YOUNGER 10.02 10.81 13.39 12.07 11.05 13.88 11.55 15.68 11.80 7.03
TUSSEN 4 & 7 JAAR / BETWEEN 4 & 7 YEARS 14.15 14.83 20.81 15.41 15.47 22.15 24.67 19.33 17.32 14.94
TUSSEN 8 & 15 JAAR / BETWEEN 8 & 15 YEARS 40.94 49.00 36.76 42.58 40.23 34.03 41.03 39.78 41.21 61.19
TUSSEN 16 & 20 JAAR / BETWEEN 16 & 20 YEARS 13.02 13.62 16.23 16.19 19.60 14.47 11.59 15.34 15.01 11.32
OUER AS 20 JAAR / OLDER THAN 20 YEARS 21.86 11.74 12.81 13.74 13.65 15.46 11.16 9.86 14.66 5.53
GEMIDDELDE OPBRENGS / AVERAGE YIELD (TON/HA) 7.19 11.43 18.77 20.86 25.77 19.63 27.99 21.03 16.98 6.36
KONTANTUITGAWES / CASH EXPENDITURE (R/TON) 4 131 1 879 1 190 1 088 893 1 139 843 1 098 1 404 2 375
TOTALE UITGAWES / TOTAL EXPENDITURE (R/TON) 5 314 2 547 1 658 1 506 1 291 1 576 1 128 1 514 1 910 3 358
# Ingesluit: Voorsorgfonds, WVF, medies, beskermde klere, klerasie, bonusse, rantsoene, ongevalle, vergoeding kommisaris, ens. # Included: Provident fund, UIF, medical, protected clothes, clothing, bonuses, ransom, workmans compensation comission, etc.
* Ingesluit: Bankkoste, ouditeursgelde, lidmaatskappe, sekuriteit, rekenaaronderhoud, professionele dienste, kursusse/opleiding, posgeld, telefoon, skryfbehoeftes, besproeiingsmonitering en diverse uitgawes.
* Included: Banking costs, bookkeeping fees, membership fees, security, computer maintenance, professional fees, training/courses,postage, telephone, stationery, irrigation monitoring and sundries.
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16 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 17
Kostestruktuur van top presteerders / Cost structure of top achievers
Die top presteerders word volgens beste netto boerdery inkomste (NBI) geselekteer. Top prest-eerders se jaarlikse kontantuitgawes (R22 054/ha) was gedurende die 2012-oesjaar minstens 7% laer as di van die bedryf (R23 834/ha), terwyl die voorsiening vir vervanging van die top pres-teerders (R8 815/ha) 2% hor was as die bedryfs-gemiddeld (R8 606/ha). Totale produksiekoste van die top presteerders het R30 869/ha teenoor die bedryfsgemiddelde R32 439/ha beloop 5% laer.
The top achievers are selected according to highest net farming income (NFI). Top achievers annual cash expenditure (R22 054/ha) was at least 7% lower than that of the industry (R23 834/ha) during the 2012 production year, while the provision for replacement of the top achievers (R8 815/ha) was 2% higher than the industry average (R8 606/ha). Total production cost of the top achievers amounted to R30 869/ha compared to the industry average of R32 439/ha, which was 5% lower.
PRODUKSIEKOSTE VIR WYNDRUIWE (R/HA) / PRODUCTION COST FOR WINE GRAPES (R/HA)
KOSTESTRUKTUUR / COST STRUCTURETop 50 2010R/ha
Industry 2010R/ha
Top 50 2011R/ha
Industry 2011R/ha
Top 50 2012R/ha
Industry 2012R/ha
DIREKTE KOSTE / DIRECT COST 4 039 3 921 4 140 3 992 4 530 4 150
SAAD / SEED 41 77 65 97 84 107
KUNSMIS / FERTILISER 1 166 1 017 1 155 1 061 1 393 1 221
ORGANIESE BEMESTING / ORGANIC MATERIAL 289 233 346 225 417 242
PLAAG- & SIEKTEBEHEER / PEST & DISEASE CONTROL 1 737 1 758 1 661 1 655 1 661 1 639
ONKRUIDBEHEER / WEED CONTROL 550 544 541 592 552 548
HERSTEL- & BINDMATERIAAL / REPAIR & BINDING MATERIAL 257 292 373 362 422 393
ARBEID / LABOUR # 7 265 8 477 7 412 9 111 7 937 9 630
TOESIG & BESTUURSHULP / SUPERVISION 1 244 1 425 1 140 1 593 1 568 1 689
PERMANENTE ARBEID / PERMANENT LABOUR 4 690 4 920 4 728 5 272 5 092 5 616
SEISOENSARBEID & KONTRAKTEURS / SEASONAL & CONTRACT WORKERS 1 331 2 132 1 544 2 246 1 278 2 325
MEGANISASIE / MECHANISATION 4 193 4 142 4 341 4 633 4 543 4 868
BRANDSTOF / FUEL 1 553 1 533 1 599 1 726 1 820 2 040
HERSTEL, ONDERDELE & REPARASIES / REPAIR, PARTS & MAINTENANCE 1 936 1 983 1 976 2 243 2 059 2 136
LISENSIES & VERSEKERING / LICENCES & INSURANCE 456 419 507 422 464 460
VERVOER GEHUUR / TRANSPORT HIRED 248 207 260 242 199 232
VASTE VERBETERINGE / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS 602 741 517 707 715 720
HERSTEL & ONDERHOUD / REPAIR & MAINTENANCE 392 540 296 486 488 490
VERSEKERING / INSURANCE 210 201 221 221 227 230
ALGEMENE UITGAWES / GENERAL EXPENDITURE 3 273 3 367 4 125 3 999 4 328 4 466
ELEKTRISITEIT / ELECTRICITY 1 312 1 339 1 777 1 768 2 269 2 063
WATERKOSTE / WATER COST 790 720 1 060 846 861 931
GROND-, EIENDOMS- & MUN BELASTINGS / LAND-, PROPERTY- & MUN TAXES 175 177 223 209 172 218
ADMINISTRASIE / ADMINISTRATION * 997 1 131 1 066 1 176 1 026 1 254
TOTALE KONTANTUITGAWES / TOTAL CASH EXPENDITURE 19 373 20 648 20 537 22 443 22 054 23 834
VOORSIENING VIR VERVANGING / PROVISION FOR RENEWAL 8 269 7 937 8 324 8 140 8 815 8 606
WINGERDE / VINEYARDS 4 304 4 263 4 714 4 725 5 143 5 082
VASTE VERBETERINGS / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS 752 730 774 791 910 832
LOSGOED OF PRODUKSIEMIDDELE / LOOSE ASSETS OR PRODUCTION MEANS 3 213 2 944 2 835 2 623 2 761 2 691
TOTALE UITGAWES / TOTAL EXPENDITURE 27 641 28 585 28 860 30 582 30 869 32 439
Die persentasie samestelling van top pres teerders se kontantuitgawes verskil ook van die bedryfs-gemiddeld. Direkte kostes by top pres teerders was gedurende die drie oorsigjare ietwat hor as di van die bedryf, hoofsaaklik van we groter spandering aan bemesting. Die meganisasie-komponent is by top presteerders groter en ar-beid kleiner as die bedryfsgemiddeld. Totale ar-beidskoste van top presteerders is ook laer as die bedryfsgemiddeld. Gesien in die lig hiervan wil dit voorkom of die top pres teerders tot n mate meer gemeganiseerd is ten koste van arbeid, of arbeid word meer produktief aangewend. Die ander kostekomponente toon egter nie veel verskille nie.
The percentage composition of top achievers cash expenditure also differs from the industry average. Top achievers direct costs were slight-ly higher than that of the industry during the three years under review, mainly due to greater spending on fertiliser. Top achievers mechanisa-tion component is bigger, while the labour com-ponent is smaller than the industry average. Total labour cost of top achievers is also below the industry average. In view of the above it seems as though the top achievers are more mecha-nised at the expense of labour, or labour is ap-plied more productively. The other cost compo-nents do not differ much.
Hoewel die kostestruktuur van top presteerders van die bedryfsgemiddeld verskil wat betref sa-mestelling en werklike randwaarde, was dit in-komste per hektaar hoofsaaklik aangedryf deur produksie wat in 2012 vir die derde agtereen-volgende jaar die aansienlike verbetering in NBI bewerkstellig het.
Die ouderdomsamestelling van wingerd oor die driejaar oorsigperiode toon nie wesenlike ver-skille nie. Beide groeperings beskik na regte oor n aanvaarbare ouderdomsamestelling.
Although the cost structure of top achievers dif-fers from the industry average with regard to composition and actual rand value, it was in-come per hectare mainly fuelled by production that resulted in the considerable improvement in NFI for the third consecutive year in 2012.
The age composition of grapevines over the three year period under review does not differ much. For both groups the age composition is quite acceptable.
21%
17%
22%
38%
19%
16%
20%
41%
20%
20%
21%
36%
18%
18%
21%
41%
21%
20%
21%
36%
17%
19%
20%
40%
Samestelling van jaarlikse kontantuitgawes (top presteerders vs bedryfsgemiddeld) / Composition of annual cash expenditure (top achievers vs to industry average)
Direkte koste / Direct cost Arbeid / Labour
Meganisasie / Mechanisation Vaste verbeteringe / Fixed improvements
Algemene uitgawes / General expenditure
Top 502010
100%
90%
80%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0%
10%
20%
Bedryf/Industry 2010
Top 50 2011
Bedryf/Industry 2011
Top 50 2012
Bedryf/Industry 2012
3% 4%3%
3%3% 3%
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18 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 19
Wat doen top presteerders anders? / What sets top performers apart?
Die volgende korttermyn tegniese praktyke het oor die afgelope drie tot vyf jaar die wins ge-wend heid van individuele wynprodusente n hupstoot gegee.
Snoeimetodes
In n poging om produksie te verhoog, poog produsente om oogladings tydens snoei te ver-hoog deur die toepassing van verskillende snoei- praktyke. Die aantal o word toegeken met in-agneming van die groeikrag geiler stokke kry dus meer of langer draers en n hor ooglading. Verskillende snoeimetodes/-stelsels word ook vir verskillende wyndoelwitte toegepas.
Lowerbestuurspraktyke
Lower word bestuur om vegetatiewe groei te akkommodeer sonder verlies aan vrugbaarheid en met behoud van kwaliteit. Groot fokus word geplaas op lig in die lower en suier-, top- en blaarbreek-aksies word uitgevoer om te verhoed dat stokke te dig en onvrugbaar raak. Produsen-te poog ook om op arbeid te bespaar deur sekere praktyke uit te skakel of af te skaal. S word wingerde onder andere meer toegelaat om oop te l (sprawl) om voldoende deurlugting en beligting te verseker. Voorheen is voorkeur ge-gee aan vertikale lootposisionering (VSP) waar al die lote tussen die loofdrade ingedruk word en verdigting maklik kan plaasvind indien daar nie gesuier word nie.
Bemesting en besproeiing
Groeikrag het n groot impak op produksie en produsente pas hul bemestings- en besproei-ings praktyke volgens spesifieke wyndoelwitte toe. Premium-blokke het matige groei en drag wat in balans is, terwyl bulkwynblokke sterker groeikrag het wat n groter lower en drag kan ak kommodeer. Besproeiing en bemesting word hierby aangepas.
Blokke met hor produksies kry dikwels:
Goed gedreineerde grond
Diep grondvoorbereiding
Meer stikstof (N)
Luuks water (nie te veel nie risiko van ver-suiping).
Tekortbesproeiing (RDI) word slegs toegepas indien die wynprys dit regverdig.
The following short-term technical practices improved the profitability of individual wine pro-ducers over the past three to five years.
Pruning methods
In an attempt to increase production, producers attempt to increase bud load during pruning by means of various pruning practices. The number of buds allocated depends on vigour grape-vines that are more vigorous have more spurs or longer bearers, thus a higher bud load. More-over, different pruning methods/systems are used for different wine objectives.
Canopy management practices
Canopies are managed to accommodate vegeta-tive growth without loss of fertility, while retaining quality. There is considerable focus on sunlight penetration within the canopy, and suckering techniques, topping and leaf removal are per-formed to prevent grapevine canopies from be-coming too dense and infertile. Producers also attempt to save on labour by eliminating or downscaling certain practices. By allowing cer-tain grapevines to sprawl in order to ensure sufficient aeration and light penetration, shoots do not need to be tucked into wires as required with vertical shoot positioning systems. The lat-ter practice could be responsible for too dense canopies unless proper suckering takes place.
Fertilisation and irrigation
Vigour has a great impact on yield; therefore producers apply their fertilisation and irrigation practices according to specific wine objectives. The growth and yield in premium blocks are moderate and in balance, whereas bulk wine blocks are more vigorous in order to accommo-date larger canopies and yields. Irrigation and fertilisation are adjusted accordingly.
Blocks with high yields often have:
Well-drained soil Deep soil preparation More nitrogen (N) Abundant water (not too much risk of drown-
ing).
Deficit irrigation (RDI) is applied only if it is justified by the price of the wine.
Belyn praktyke met die wyndoelwitWingerdbestuur het tot n groot mate verskuif vanaf slegs gehalte teen alle koste na winsge-wendheid teen die regte gehalte. Produsente belyn dus hul praktyke met die uiteindelike wyndoelwit en druiweprys. n Langtermynprak-tyk wat vorentoe n groot rol gaan speel, is die gebruik van nouer plantwydtes, en spesifiek nouer rywydte, wat meer rye per hektaar gee.
Alternatiewe prieelstelselsDie keuse van prieelstelsel het n baie groot impak op winsgewendheid, en hoewel nog in die beginfase, gebruik l meer produsente alterna-tiewe prieelstelsels of bestuur hul bestaande stelsel(s) anders.
Alternatiewe prieelstelsels kan:
Produksie (ton/ha) verhoog deurdat verhoog-de effektiewe blaaroppervlak n groter oes kan rypmaak
Arbeidskostes verlaag, byvoorbeeld oopl-stelsels teenoor VSP
Sonligpenetrasie verbeter Tot meer gebalanseerde groeikrag lei Tot beter gehalte teen n hor produksie aan-
leiding gee, vanwe groter, effektiewe lowers.
Uitkap van nie-winsgewende blokkeLaer-produserende blokke of di waarvan die drui we nie meer in aanvraag is nie, word uitgekap.
Doeltreffende arbeidsbestuurAs deel van beter algemene kostebestuur, word arbeid meer doeltreffend bestuur deur onder andere te meganiseer waar moontlik en gebruik te maak van meer opgeleide arbeiders waar hande-arbeid wel benodig word.
Plant nuwe wingerde aanSlegs winsgewende produsente plant tans nuwe wingerde aan, maar doen fyn beplanning vir beter produksies met betrekking tot die grond, kultivar, onderstok, klone, prieel, besproeiing, bemesting, snoei en lowerbestuur.
Tydsberekening van aksiesDie korrekte tydsberekening van verskillende wingerdaksies is baie belangrik dit kan kostes bespaar en effektiwiteit verbeter. Feitlik alle ak-sies vereis n bepaalde tyd; verbeur dit en betaal die gevolge.
Align practices with the wine objectiveViticultural management has shifted to a large extent from quality alone at all costs, to profita-bility combined with the right quality. Producers are therefore aligning their practices with the eventual wine objective and grape price. A long-term practice that is set to play a significant role in the future, is the use of narrower plant widths, and specifically narrower row widths, which give more rows per hectare.
Alternative trellising systemsThe choice of trellis system has an enormous impact on profitability, and although it is early days yet, more and more producers are using alternative trellis systems, or manage their existing system(s) differently.
Alternative trellis systems can:
Increase yield (ton/ha), as a larger effective leaf surface area is able to ripen a larger crop
Reduce labour costs, for example sprawling systems versus vertical positioning
Improve sunlight penetration Result in more balanced vigour Result in improved quality and higher yield,
due to bigger, effective canopies.
Uprooting of non-profitable blocksBlocks with low yields, or blocks with grapes that are no longer in demand, are uprooted.
Efficient labour managementAs part of improved general cost management, labour is managed more efficiently by means of, inter alia, mechanisation where possible, and where manual labour is required, by making use of more skilled labourers.
Plant new vineyardsOnly producers who make a profit are currently planting new vineyards, following meticulous planning for improved yields with regard to the soil, cultivar, rootstock, clones, trellis, irrigation, fertilisation, pruning and canopy management.
Timing of actionsCorrect timing of various vineyard activities can go a long way to reducing costs and increasing the effectiveness of operations, where late action often comes with extra costs. Just about every activity has its time; miss it and it will cost you.
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20 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 21
Dit is van uiterste belang dat produsente en ander rolspelers in die wynbedryf weet wat die teikeninkomste per hektaar moet wees om te verseker dat redelike en aanvaarbare ekono-miese opbrengste gerealiseer word. Om die teikeninkomste te bepaal word die totale pro-duk siekoste, n aanvaarbare ondernemers loon, asook n realistiese opbrengs op kapitaalbe-legging in berekening gebring. Sodoende word die teikeninkomste per hektaar bepaal, wat na ge lang van verskillende produksies aangepas moet word om teikenpryse vir spesifieke pro-dukte te bepaal. Hierdie syfers is slegs n gemid-delde teikeninkomste per distrik ten opsigte van Pro duksieplan-deelnemers en die ideaal is dat elke produsent sy eie individuele teikeninkomste bepaal na gelang van sy plaasgrootte, koste-struktuur, ens.
Teikeninkomste (2012-oes) / Target income (2012 harvest) It is important that producers and other role players are informed of what their target income per hectare should be to ensure that reasonable and acceptable economic yields are obtained. Total production cost, entrepreneurial remunera-tion and a realistic return on capital investment are all taken into account to determine the total target income. After the target income per hec-tare has been calculated, it should be divided according to varying levels of production in order to determine target prices for specific products. The target income guidelines shown here repre-sent the average for all the participants of the Production Plan per district and producers should ideally calculate their individual target income according to their own cost structure, farm size, etc.
TE
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29
701
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22
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8 5
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38
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tigin
gsko
ste
R
120
000/
ha)
Inte
rest
on
inve
stm
ent
(est
ablis
hmen
t co
st
R12
0 00
0/ha
) 9
600
9 6
00 9
600
9 6
00 9
600
9 6
00
9 6
00 9
600
9 6
00 7
200
Teik
enin
kom
ste
voo
r o
nder
nem
ing
slo
on
Targ
et in
com
e b
efo
re e
ntre
pre
neur
ial r
emun
erat
ion
47
809
38
717
40
721
41
021
42
869
40
545
41
160
41
433
42
039
28
558
Ond
erne
min
gslo
on (R
30 0
00/m
aand
)E
ntre
pre
neur
rem
uner
atio
n (R
30 0
00/m
onth
) 9
000
9 00
0 9
000
9 0
00 9
000
9 0
00 9
000
9 0
00 9
000
5 1
43
Teik
enin
kom
ste
per
ha
Targ
et in
com
e p
er h
a 5
6 80
9 4
7 71
7 4
9 72
1 5
0 02
1 5
1 86
9 4
9 54
5 5
0 16
0 5
0 43
3 5
1 03
9 3
3 70
1
TE
IKE
NIN
KO
MS
TE
RIG
LYN
PE
R T
ON
(201
2) /
TA
RG
ET
INC
OM
E G
UID
ELI
NE
PE
R T
ON
(201
2)
Pro
duk
sie
per
hek
taar
/ Y
ield
per
hec
tare
R/t
on
5 1
1 36
2 9
543
9
944
1
0 00
4 1
0 37
4 9
909
1
0 03
2 1
0 08
7 1
0 20
8 6
740
8 7
101
5
965
6
215
6
253
6
484
6
193
6
270
6
304
6
380
4
213
10 5
681
4
772
4
972
5
002
5
187
4
955
5
016
5
043
5
104
3
370
12 4
734
3
976
4
143
4
168
4
322
4
129
4
180
4
203
4
253
2
808
15 3
787
3
181
3
315
3
335
3
458
3
303
3
344
3
362
3
403
2
247
20 2
840
2
386
2
486
2
501
2
593
2
477
2
508
2
522
2
552
1
685
25 2
272
1
909
1
989
2
001
2
075
1
982
2
006
2
017
2
042
1
348
30 1
894
1
591
1
657
1
667
1
729
1
652
1
672
1
681
1
701
1
123
-
22 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 23
Arbeid is verreweg die grootste komponent van die wyndruifprodusent se jaarlikse kostes. Daar-om is die effektiewe bestuur van die arbeidsmag op die plaas baie belangrik. In die volgende ta-bel is arbeidsnorme vir sekere aksies saamgevat wat die wyndruifprodusent sal help met die be-planning, bestuur van, en begroting vir arbeid beide permanent en seisoenaal deur die jaar.
Arbeidsriglyne / Labour guidelines
Labour is by far the largest component of wine grape producers annual expenditure. Therefore efficient management of the labour corps on the farm is of utmost importance. The following table includes labour norms for specific actions that will assist the wine grape producer to plan, man-age and budget for labour both permanent and seasonal throughout the year.
Arbeidsnorme / Labour norms
ARBEIDSNORME / LABOUR NORMS
Tipe aksie / Type of action Man-ure per hektaar / Man hours per hectareVir eie gebruik /
For own useWingerd uittrek / Vineyard uproot
Bosstok / Bush vines 40 - 55
Opleiwingerd / Trellised vineyards 1100 - 1400
Skoonmaak van grond / Field clearing 23 - 30
Skoonmaak van grond (trekker) / Field clearing (tractor) 25 - 35
Verwyder ou stokke / Uproot old vines 23 - 30
Wegry van stokke / Remove vines from site 25 - 35
Wingerdvestiging (alle aktiwiteite) / Establishment (all activities)
Jaar 1 / Year 1 900 - 1300
Jaar 2 / Year 2 1000 - 2400
Jaar 3 / Year 3 1000 - 1500
Wingerdvestiging (gespesifiseerde aktiwiteite) / Establishment (specified activities)
Pale plant / Plant posts 320 - 380
Draadspan / Strain wires 70 - 90
Besproeiing installeer / Install irrigation 170 - 200
Opleistelsel oprig (medium tot groot) / Erect trellis systems (medium to large) 1200 - 1700
Saai van dekgewas / Sow cover crop seed 3 - 5
Plant van stokke / Plant vines 160 - 185
L van dekplastiek / Lay plastic covering 24 - 30
Groenlootontwikkeling / Green shoot development 230 - 300
Winterloot op raamwerk / Winter cane on framework 110 - 125
Oesbeheer / Crop control 65 - 80
Ander aktiwiteite / Other activities
Voorsnoei vir oplei / Pre-prune for trellising 30 - 37
Skoonsnoei vir bosstok / Clear pruning for bush vines 86 - 160
Skoonsnoei vir oplei / Clear pruning for trellising 105 - 120
Stompsnoei vir bosstok / Blunt pruning for bush vines 45 - 55
Stompsnoei vir oplei / Blunt pruning for trellising 42 - 62
Gesamentlike snoei (skoon en stomp) / Collective pruning (blunt and clear) 90 - 145
Suier intensief / Intensive offset 45 - 80
Suier ekstensief / Extensive offset 24 - 45
Lote deursteek / Plant shoots 20 - 36
Top van lote / Top shoots 15 - 25
Blare uitbreek / Remove leaves 20 - 30
Oesbeheer / Crop control 65 - 80
Oes van bosstok (man-ure per ton) / Harvest of bush vines (man hours per ton) 11 - 15
Oes van oplei (man-ure per ton) / Harvest of trellis (man hours per ton) 9 - 11
Minimum loon / Minimum wage
The minimum wage from 1 March 2013 until 28 February 2014 is as follows:
Die minimum loon vanaf 1 Maart 2013 tot 28 Februarie 2014 is soos volg:
Vestigingskoste / Establishment cost
Dit is wenslik om die volgende prosedures te volg ten einde n eenmalige, korrekte voorberei-ding vir die meerjarige wingerd daar te stel.
(In samewerking met Braham Oberholzer, VinPro-grondkundige).
GrondontledingsChemiese regstellings, soos die uitstrooi van die regte hoeveelheid kalk vir die regstel van die grond se pH en fosforstatus, gaan gepaard met grond-voorbereiding. In die meeste gevalle lei grond wat bekalk is tot n pH van 6 tot n be te kenisvolle ver-hoging in wortelmassas van onderstokke.
Grondprofiel-inspeksieDie maak van profielgate vir grondklassifikasie is nodig sodat beoordeel kan word watter be-werkingsmetode nodig sal wees. Grondverskui-wingsmaatskappye werk vandag baie nou saam met grondkundiges en dring dikwels aan by pro dusente dat grondkundiges eers gronde moet besigtig of klassifiseer. Netjiese profielgate wat strek tot 1 500 mm en selfs dieper bied goeie aanwysers vir besluitneming.
Die vestiging van wingerd is n langtermyn, ka-pitaal-intensiewe besluit waarmee die produ sent vir meer as 20 jaar moet saamleef. Dit is dus krities dat alle aspekte rondom so n besluit deeglik besin moet word alvorens dit geneem of uitgevoer word.
The following procedures are recommended to ensure once-off, correct soil preparation for the perennial grapevine.
(In collaboration with Braham Oberholzer, VinPro soil scientist).
Soil analysesChemical adjustments such as the application of the right amount of lime to adjust the soils pH and phosphorus status, go hand in hand with soil preparation. In most instances soil that had been limed to a pH of 6 led to a significant in-crease in the root mass of rootstocks.
Soil profile inspectionIt is necessary to create profile pits for soil clas-sification, in order to determine the required cultivation method. Nowadays there is excellent collaboration between earthmovers and soil scientists, the former often urging producers to have a soil scientist view or classify the soil beforehand. Neat profile pits up to a depth of 1 500 mm and deeper are very good indicators in decision-making.
The establishment of vineyard is a long-term, capital-intensive decision, which will have an effect on the producer for the next 20 years or more. It is therefore critical that all aspects sur-rounding the matter are thoroughly considered before the decision is made or implemented.
Grondvoorbereiding / Soil preparation
Uurlikse loon / Hourly wage R11,66 per uur / per hour
Daaglikse loon / Daily wage R105,00 per dag / per day
Weeklikse loon / Weekly wage R525,00 per week
Maandelikse loon / Monthly wage R2 274,82 per maand / per month
ARBEIDSNORME / LABOUR NORMS
Tipe aksie / Type of action Man-ure per hektaar / Man hours per hectareVir eie gebruik /
For own useBesproeiing in seisoen / Irrigation in season 20 - 35
Plaagbeheer (trekker) / Pest control (tractor) 60 - 75
Somerloofaksie / Summer foliage action 230 - 320
Skoffel / Hand clean 25 - 40
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24 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 25
Implementkeuse
Wieltrekkers is lankal nie meer die oplossing vir diep grondbewerking nie, omdat kontak met die grondoppervlak te min is, genoegsame krag op die grond ontbreek en die wielglip moontlik grond kompaksie bevorder. Kruiptrekkers is die enigste kragbron wat suksesvol gebruik kan word, aangesien dit meer krag na die grond ver-plaas met minder kompaksie weens groter kontak tussen die rusperbande en die grondoppervlak.
Tipe vermenging
Tans is die gebruik van slootgrawers, bekend as spitdol, n gemaklike opsie om te oorweeg. Daar is egter min gronde wat uitstekend gepas is tot die gebruik van die spitdol; daarom word groot masjiene eerder aanbeveel. Indien lae voorkom, weens onder andere drastiese tekstuurverskille (dupleksgronde), moet versigtig omgegaan word met n slootgrawer wat lae vermeng, en sal n skuifmengdol wat lae in posisie hou, beter gepas wees.
n Skeurploeg en skuifmengdol se aanvoorwyd-te die wydte tussen die implement se skare moet ook voor die tyd bepaal word, hoofsaaklik weens koste-implikasies en die nodigheid daar-van. Indien groot lense onversteurde grond tus-sen die aanvoorwydtes vermy wil word, sal hier-die keuse oordeelkundig gemaak moet word. Die lense kan gewoonlik met n kruisaksie ver-klein word. Indien daar tot dieptes van 900 mm bewerk word, moet die aanvoor twee-derdes opneem dus 600 mm.
Tydperk van grondvoorbereiding
Die tydperk van grondvoorbereiding is baie be-langrik. In t dro grond sal groot kluite, veral op die oppervlakte, breek wat n ongewenste situ-asie skep wanneer ingewerk word met dol-ak-sies. Die grondklimaat is byvoorbeeld geskik vir bewerking wanneer n balletjie grond gerol kan word en met geringe druk uitmekaar val. Klimaat en kalkbehoefte sal dan bepaal of die grond gekruisdol moet word of anders net n enkele aksie sal benodig. Die vorming van groot kluite kan beperk word deur benatting van die grond vir vier ure met sprinkelbesproeiing in die orde van 25 mm water en n toelating van 48 - 72 uur daarna vir uitdroging.
Implement selection
Tractors are no longer suitable for deep soil preparation, as their soil surface contact is insuf-ficient, there is not sufficient power available on the soil and if used, slipping wheels could add to soil compaction. Bulldozers are the only source of power that can be used successfully, as they displace more power to the soil with less compaction due to the larger contact area of the caterpillar tyres on the soils surface.
Type of mix
Currently the use of digger loaders, known as spit delve, is a good option to consider. How-ever, there are not many soils that are totally suited to the use of the spit delve; therefore large machines are preferred. If layers occur due to, inter alia, drastic differences in texture (du-plex soils), a digger loader should be used with caution, since it mixes layers, and one would prefer a finger mix delve plough, which keeps layers in position.
The furrow width the width between the plough-shares of a ripper and finger mix delve plough needs to be determined well in advance, mainly due to cost implications and the necessity there-of. If you want to avoid large lenses of undistur-bed soil between the furrow widths, this will have to be a carefully considered decision. Lenses can usually be reduced with a cross action. If vines are planted up to a depth of 900 mm, the furrow should take up two-thirds in other words 600 mm.
Period of soil preparation
The period of soil preparation is of utmost im-portance. In excessively dry soils, large clods will break, especially on the surface, which creates an undesirable situation when the soil is tren-ched. The soil climate is, for example, most op-timal for cultivation when a ball of soil can be rolled and falls apart with the slightest of pres-sure. Climate and lime requirements will deter-mine whether the soil should be cross-delved or alternatively require a single action. The forma-tion of large clods can be limited if the soil is wetted for four hours with sprinkler irrigation at 25 mm water, followed by a drying period of 48 - 72 hours.
OpsommingDie volgende moet ten alle tye in gedagte gehou word:
Oormatige bewerking kan lei tot struktuurver-nietiging en die grond, wanneer droog, sal tot poeierstof bewerk wees.
T wye aanvoorwydtes lei tot swak vermen ging met groot onaangeraakte grondbanke/-lense.
Die bewerkingsrigting moet korrek gekies word met die oog op ondergrondse dreinering.
Die grondklimaat moet korrek wees n t dro klimaat lei tot groot kluite en n t nat klimaat smeer die ondergrond.
Gereelde evaluering van grondvoorbereiding is onontbeerlik. Dit beteken dat profielgate gereeld gemaak moet word (hou slootgrawer byder-hand), sodat vordering en kwaliteit deur kundi-ges beoordeel kan word.
Die koste van grondvoorbereidingDie moontlike kostes van verskillende grond-voorbereidingsaksies word in die volgende tabel opgesom. Let wel dat hierdie slegs riglyne is en dat die kostes sal wissel afhangende van grondtipe, implement-tipe en die spesifieke ak-sies wat deur die produsent verlang word. Die produsent moet verder self vervoerkostes in berekening bring volgens sy/haar eie situasie.
SummaryThe following should be kept in mind at all times:
Excessive tillage can result in destruction of the structure and the soil, when dry, will have been tilled to a powdery matter.
Excessively wide furrow widths result in poor mixing with large untouched soil banks/len-ses.
The cultivation row should be selected cor-rectly with a view to drain the subsoil.
The soil climate should be correct a too dry climate will lead to large clods and a too wet climate will smear the subsoil.
Regular evaluation of soil preparation is essen-tial. That means creating regular profile pits (keep trencher handy), so that progress and qua lity may be judged by the experts.
Cost of soil preparationThe potential costs of certain soil preparation actions are summarised in the following table. Please note that these are only guidelines and that the actual costs will differ depending on soil type, implement type and the specific actions required by the producer. Furthermore, the pro-ducer must calculate the transport cost accord-ing to his/her own situation.
TIPE BEWERKINGTYPE OF ACTION
DRO KOSTEDRY COSTS (R/HA)
DIESELVERBRUIKDIESEL USAGE
Caterpillar D8 / Komatsu D155
Caterpillar D9 /Komatsu D275
Caterpillar D8 / Komatsu D155
Caterpillar D9 / Komatsu D275
Rip maklike grond (wye aanvoorwydtes)Rip easy soil (wide furrow width) R6 000/ha R7 000/ha 37% 45%
Rip moeilike grond (nou aanvoorwydtes)Rip difficult terrain and soil (narrow furrow widths) R8 000/ha R9 000/ha 48% 62%
Rip en kruis maklike grond (wye aanvoorwydtes)Rip and cross easy soil (wide furrow width) R10 000/ha R14 000/ha 44% 40%
Rip en kruis moeilike grond (nou aanvoorwydtes)Rip and cross difficult terrain and soil (narrow furrow width) R14 000/ha R19 000/ha 43% 40%
Diep meng- en skuifdolploeg (sonder rip)Deep mix and delve plough (without rip) R13 500/ha R16 500/ha 44% 40%
Rip en kruisdol (nou aanvoorwydte)Rip and cross delve (narrow furrow width) R16 000/ha R22 000/ha 45% 40%
Enkeltoon rip en 3 toon kruis-mengripSingle blade rip and 3 blade cross-mix rip R7 500/ha R9 000/ha 50% 55%
Spitdol vol oppervlakte (25 ton excavator)Spit delve full area (25 ton excavator) R17 000/ha 35%
Spitdol net op rye en opert (25 ton excavator)Spit delve only on rows and ridging (25 ton excavator) R9 000/ha 40%
Rye opert met bulldozer (D5-D6 Cat)Ridging of rows with bulldozer (D5-D6 Cat) R4 000/ha 26%
Wingerd uitrip met vlerk (D8 Cat)Remove vines with wing (D8 Cat) R3 000/ha 40%
Slootgrawer (CAT 22 ton) werkstempo afhangend van grondtipe Diggerloader (Cat 22 ton) work tempo dependent on soil type R500/h 45 l/h
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26 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 27
Die koste van prieelstelsels word bereken deur die nuutste pryse (BTW uitgesluit) vanaf verskeie verskaffers van pale, draad en ander materiaal te verkry. Die gemiddelde pryse word in n teo-retiese model ingevoeg om die koste van verskil-lende prieelstelsels met verskillende paallengtes, paalspasirings, ens te bepaal. Dit bly dus teo-retiese bedrae en kan van werklike kostes ver-skil. Vir n meer akkurate kosteberekening van prieelstelselkoste, kontak die samestellers.
Vir vertikale prieelstelsels is die pale in 6 m-vakke geplant en vir die alternatiewe stelsels is die vakke 7.5 m. Kontak die samestellers gerus om u unieke prieelstelselkoste te bepaal met verskillende vaklengtes, paallengtes en -diktes.
The cost of a trellis system is calculated by ob-taining the latest prices (VAT excluded) for the poles, wire and other materials from a number of suppliers. These prices are entered into a theo-retical model to calculate the cost of various trellis systems with different pole lengths, pole spacings, etc. These are therefore theoretical costs and may differ from actual costs. For a more accurate cost calculation of different trellis systems, please contact the compilers.
For the vertical trellis systems a pole spacing of 6 m is used and 7.5 m for alternative trellis sys-tems. Feel free to contact the compilers to cal-culate your unique trellis system cost with differ-ent pole types and spacing.
Koste van prieelstelsels / Cost of trellis systems
VE
RT
IKA
LE P
RIE
ELS
TE
LSE
LS /
VE
RT
ICA
L T
RE
LLIS
SY
ST
EM
S
Prie
elst
else
l / T
relli
s sy
stem
Paa
lP
ole
Rys
pas
irin
g /
Row
sp
acin
g
1.8
1.9
22.
12.
22.
32.
42.
52.
62.
752.
82.
93
3.1
3.2
3.3
Een
dra
ad h
eini
ngO
ne-s
tran
d h
edge
1.2
m (5
0 -7
5)18
927
17
003
17
204
16
234
14
726
14
838
13
415
13
764
12
435
12
372
12
126
11
677
10
807
10
476
10
144
9
827
Twee
dra
ad h
eini
ngTw
o-st
rand
hed
ge1.
2 m
(50
-75)
19 7
59
18 6
83
17 9
70
16 8
93
16 1
80
15 4
53
14 7
39
14 3
76
13 6
63
12 9
50
12 5
86
12 2
23
11 8
73
11 5
09
11 1
46
10 7
96
Drie
dra
ad h
eini
ngTh
ree-
stra
nd h
edge
2.1
m (7
5 -
100)
55 4
26
52 4
04
50 4
05
47 3
84
45 3
85
43 3
39
41 3
40
40 3
17
38 3
18
36 3
20
35 2
97
34 2
74
33 2
98
32 2
75
31 2
52
30 2
76
Vie
rdra
ad h
eini
ngFo
ur-s
tran
d h
edge
2.1
m (7
5 -
100)
57 2
03
54 0
84
52 0
21
48 9
02
46 8
38
44 7
28
42 6
65
41 6
09
39 5
46
37 4
82
36 4
27
35 3
72
34 3
64
33 3
09
32 2
53
31 2
45
Vyf
dra
ad h
eini
ngFi
ve-s
tran
d h
edge
2.4
m (5
0 -
75)
48 0
48
45 4
32
43 6
99
41 0
83
39 3
50
37 5
85
35 8
52
34 9
70
33 2
36
32 3
54
30 6
21
29 7
39
28 8
88
28 0
05
27 1
23
26 2
72
Per
old
1.8
m (1
00 -
125
)57
440
54
309
52
237
49
106
47
034
44
913
42
842
41
782
39
710
37
639
36
579
35
518
34
507
33
447
32
387
31
376
Dub
bel
Per
old
Dou
ble
Per
old
1.8
m (1
00 -
125
)59
992
56
721
54
557
51
286
49
122
46
909
44
745
43
638
41
474
39
309
38
203
37
096
36
039
34
932
33
825
32
768
Sku
ifbar
e P
erol
dM
ovab
le P
erol
d2.
1 m
(100
- 1
25)
68 0
39
64 3
29
61 8
75
58 1
65
55 7
11
53 1
98
50 7
45
49 4
88
47 0
34
44 5
81
43 3
24
42 0
68
40 8
70
39 6
14
38 3
57
37 1
60
Vie
rdra
ad v
erle
ngd
e P
erol
dFo
ur-s
tran
d e
xten
ded
Per
old
2.1
m (1
25 -
150
)85
579
80
911
77
827
73
159
70
074
66
908
63
823
62
240
59
156
56
071
54
488
52
905
51
403
49
820
48
237
46
736
Vyf
dra
ad v
erle
ngd
e P
erol
dFi
ve-s
tran
d e
xten
ded
Per
old
2.1
m (1
25 -
150
)84
885
80
257
77
198
72
570
69
512
66
372
63
314
61
743
58
685
55
627
54
057
52
487
50
999
49
429
47
858
46
370
Vyf
dra
ad s
kuifb
are
verle
ngd
e P
erol
dM
ovab
le fi
ve-s
tran
d e
xten
ded
Per
old
2.1
m (1
00 -
125
)69
069
65
305
62
815
59
050
56
560
54
010
51
520
50
245
47
755
45
265
43
990
42
716
41
500
40
226
38
951
37
736
Ses
dra
ad v
erle
ngd
e P
erol
dS
ix-s
tran
d e
xten
ded
Per
old
2.4
m (1
00 -
125
)79
207
74
889
72
034
67
716
64
861
61
934
59
079
57
616
54
761
51
906
50
443
48
979
47
588
46
125
44
661
43
270
Vyf
dra
ad v
erle
ngd
e d
ubb
el P
erol
dFi
ve-s
tran
d e
xten
ded
dou
ble
Per
old
2.1
m (1
00 -
125
)69
845
66
038
63
519
59
712
57
194
54
616
52
098
50
809
48
291
45
773
44
484
43
195
41
966
40
677
39
388
38
159
Ses
dra
ad d
ubb
el v
erle
ngd
e P
erol
dS
ix-s
tran
d d
oub
le e
xten
ded
Per
old
2.4
m (1
00 -
125
)82
624
78
119
75
140
70
636
67
657
64
606
61
627
60
101
57
122
54
143
52
617
51
092
49
638
48
113
46
587
45
134
Vyf
dra
ad d
ubb
el v
erle
ngd
e P
erol
dFi
ve-s
tran
d d
oub
le e
xten
ded
Per
old
2.4
m (1
00 -
125
)80
847
76
440
73
525
69
118
66
203
63
217
60
302
58
809
55
894
52
980
51
487
49
993
48
572
47
079
45
586
44
165
Ses
dra
ad v
erle
ngd
e d
ubb
el P
erol
dS
ix-s
tran
d e
xten
ded
dou
ble
Per
old
2.4
m (1
00 -
125
)83
399
78
853
75
845
71
298
68
291
65
212
62
205
60
665
57
658
54
650
53
111
51
571
50
103
48
564
47
024
45
557
Sew
edra
ad v
erle
ngd
e d
ubb
el P
erol
dS
even
-str
and
ext
end
ed d
oub
le P
erol
d2.
7 m
(100
- 1
25)
94 2
78
89 1
37
85 7
38
80 5
97
77 1
97
73 7
15
70 3
16
68 5
75
65 1
75
61 7
75
60 0
34
58 2
94
56 6
34
54 8
94
53 1
53
51 4
94
Sew
edra
ad d
ubb
el v
erle
ngd
e P
erol
dS
even
-str
and
dou
ble
ext
end
ed P
erol
d2.
7 m
(100
- 1
25)
93 5
03
88 4
04
85 0
33
79 9
34
76 5
63
73 1
09
69 7
38
68 0
11
64 6
39
61 2
68
59 5
41
57 8
14
56 1
69
54 4
43
52 7
16
51 0
71
Sm
art
Dys
on2.
4 m
(100
- 1
25)
61 6
27
60 1
01
57 1
22
54 1
43
52 6
17
51 0
92
49 6
38
48 1
13
46 5
87
45 1
34
Meg
anie
se s
tels
el (h
igh
wire
)M
echa
nica
l tre
llis
(hig
h w
ire)
1.8
m (1
00 -
125
)
38
836
37
873
35
997
34
121
33
159
32
196
31
283
30
320
29
357
28
444
Daar mag soms verwarring voorkom tussen die benamings en konstruksies van verskillende vertikale prieelstelsels. Ten einde enige verwar-ring uit te skakel word n skematiese voorstelling van die stelsels op bl 28 voorsien met die voor-ge stelde benamings en afkortings tussen hakies (Archer et al, 1992).
There may be some confusion regarding the names and constructions of different vertical trellis systems. To eliminate any confusion, a schematic representation of the systems is pro-vided on p 28, with their names and abbrevia-tions in brackets (Archer et al, 1992).
ALTERNATIEWE PRIEELSTELSELS / ALTERNATIVE TRELLIS SYSTEMS
StelselSystem
PaalPole
Ryspasiring / Row spacing (m)
2.1 2.5 2.75 3 3.3
Skuinskap 1.5 m kappaalSlanting trellis 1.5 m slanting pole 2.4 m (50 - 75) 42 463 37 899 34 464
Skuinskap 1.8 m kappaalSlanting trellis 1.8 m slanting pole 2.4 m (50 - 75)
46 114 42 281 38 448
Gewelstelsel 2.1 m paalGable system 2.1 m pole 2.1 m (75 - 100) 68 069 62 582 56 851
Fabrieksdak 2.1 m paalFactory roof 2.1 m pole 2.1 m (75 - 100) 56 021 50 293 46 792
U-stelselU-system 2.1 m (75 - 100) 70 770 62 499
DraadgewelWire gable 2.1 m (50 - 75) 51 700
LierstelselLyre system 2.4 m (100 - 125) 85 990
Scott Henry 2.7 m (75 - 100) 56 780 48 360 43 528 39 911 36 293
Grobbelaar 2.1 m (75 - 100) 61 914 57 296 52 677 50 429
T-kapT-system 2.4 m (75 - 100) 59 243 54 823 50 404 48 254
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VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 2928 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE
Kordondraad / Cordon wire Loofdraad / Foliage wireKordondraad / Cordon wire Loofdraad / Foliage wire
EENDRAAD HEININGONE-STRAND HEDGE
TWEEDRAAD HEININGTWO-STRAND HEDGE
DRIEDRAAD HEININGTHREE-STRAND HEDGE
VIERDRAAD HEININGFOUR-STRAND HEDGE
VYFDRAAD HEININGFIVE-STRAND HEDGE
1H 2H 3H
4H 5H
PEROLD
P
SP / MP 4VP / 4LP OVP / IVP 5VP / 5LP
SKUIFBARE PEROLDMOVEABLE PEROLD
VIERDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLDFOUR-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD
OMGEKEERDE VERLENGDE PEROLDINVERTED LENGTHENED PEROLD
VYFDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLDFIVE-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD
S5VP / M5LP 6VP /6LP 5DVP / 5DLP 6DVP / 6DLP
SKUIFBARE VYFDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLD
MOVABLE FIVE-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD
SESDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLD
SIX-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD
VYFDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLD
FIVE-STRAND DOUBLE LENGTHENED PEROLD
SESDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLDSIX-STRAND DOUBLE LENGTHENED PEROLD
7DVP / 7DLP
SEWEDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLDSEVEN-STRAND DOUBLE LENGTHENED PEROLD
DP 5VDP / 5LDP 6VDP / 6LDP 7DVP / 7LDP
DUBBEL PEROLDDOUBLE LENGTHENED
PEROLD
VYFDRAAD VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD
FIVE-STRAND LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD
SESDRAAD VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD
SIX-STRAND LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD
SEWEDRAAD VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD
SEVEN-STRAND LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD
DUBBEL VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD
DOUBLE LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD
DVDP / DLDP
VERTIKALE PRIEELSTELSELS / VERTICAL TRELLIS SYSTEMS
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30 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 31
Besproeiing / Irrigation
Ongeveer 58% van die totale wyndruif wingerd-stand van Suid-Afrika word tans deur middel van drupbesproeiing besproei. Ander vorme van be sproeiing (droland ingesluit) het drasties af-geneem sedert 1996.
Die koste van verskillende besproeiingstelsels word saamgevat in die meegaande tabel. Hier-die algemene riglyne sluit slegs die bogrondse materiaal en sublyne wat sal wissel na gelang van verskillende blokuitlegte in die blok in.
Approximately 58% of the total area under wine grape vineyards in South Africa currently re-ceives drip irrigation.