3

.

- 3 1/30 -

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff1824-871

William Thomson1824-1907

18241825

Johann Strauss II 1825-1899

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand

von Helmholtz1821-94Rudolf Julius Emmanuel

Clausius1822-88

Robert Wilhelm

Bunsen1811-1899

18601861

1859-60

1 G. R. Kirchhoff1824-87184618541875R. W. Bunsen1811-1899186018611859-60H. L. F. von Helmholtz1821-941858187020051852

- 3 2/30 -

..

1860

emissibility

..1860

Wilhelm Carl

Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien1864-19281893

1893

- 3 3/30 -

1860

U

3.1

(3.1)

U

U

- 3 4/30 -

U

max

3.1

?

?

19

..1859-60

1865

- 3 5/30 -

James Clerk Maxwell 1831-792 1865

US

(3.2)

(3.3)

2 J.C. Maxwell1831-7918711874H.Cavendish 1731-181048

- 3 6/30 -

(3.3)

(3.4)

(3.3)

(3.5)

(3.6)

(3.6)(3.2)

(3.7)

- 3 7/30 -

(3.7)

.

3.2 6

- 3 8/30 -

x

y

z

3.2

50%

3.3OO

- 3 9/30 -

O

3.3O

O

O

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O

O

O

- 3 10/30 -

.

Joseph Stefan1835-933

1 Pierre Louis Dulong1785-1838 Alexis

Thrse Petit1791-182018172 F. Provostaye P. Desains1846

3 John Tyndall1820-18931864

4

1879

0K 0

6000K

3 J. Stefan1835-93

a1435Hz

a1435Hz440Hz

443Hz

- 3 11/30 -

(3.8)

(3.5)

(3.8)

- 3 12/30 -

(3.9)

(3.8)

3.4

Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann1844-

19064 1884

18841873

1884

4 L. E. Boltzmann1844-19061877

Albert Einstein1879-1955190528

1906

- 3 13/30 -

John Henry Poynting 1852-19145

(3.10)

(3.10)

(3.10)

(3.10)

3.3O

O5 J. H. Poynting 1852-19141880

- 3 14/30 -

O

O

O

(3.10)

(3.10)

(3.11)

(3.7)

(3.12)

1884

(3.11)(3.12)

(3.13)

- 3 15/30 -

(3.13)

(3.5)

(3.13)

(3.8)

(3.11)(3.13)(3.9)

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz1853-

1928

- 3 16/30 -

7

1884

18731878

Josiah Willard Gibbs1839-19031884

18822

1865

Oliver Heaviside 1850-1925

1884

Heinrich

Rudolf Hertz1857-941886-88

1890

- 3 17/30 -

(3.14)

(3.8)

(3.14)(3.13)

(3.15)

.

(3.14)(3.15)

- 3 18/30 -

3.4

1

0K (3.7)

(3.7)3

0

S

S0

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F0

p0

H0

3.4

.

- 3 19/30 -

1879

1884

U

3.1

U

H. F. Weber1843-19126

1888

F. Paschen1865-1947

1895

W. E. (1804-1891)

1888

ETH

Albert Einstein1879-1955

1898-996 Heinrich. F. Weber1843-1912

H.L.F. von Helmholtz1821-1894

- 3 20/30 -

.

18881893

Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien1864-19287

1893

1893

1842

Johann

Christian Doppler1803-531842

1845

1848

7 Wilhelm. K. W. Wien1864-1928 14301892189318961911X

- 3 21/30 -

186840km/s

1912

Edwin Powell Hubble1889-1953

1893

3.5

T

TH

TC

A

B

x

3.5

AB

A

THA- 3 22/30 -

TCA

A

B

x

AB

BB

THB

TC

AB

T

x

AB

Ux

(3.16)

(3.4)

(3.11)

- 3 23/30 -

(3.16)

(3.16)

3

A

U ( ) UA

- 3 24/30 -

1

A

(3.17)

x

BA

A

A

A uA

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- 3 25/30 -

Au u

AB1

A

u

c

A

- 3 26/30 -

A

(3.18)

A

(3.17)(3.18)

A

(3.19)

0 (3.19)

(3.16)

(3.19)

(3.20)

- 3 27/30 -

(3.21)

1888

188851893

187951884

(3.21)

(3.22)

U 3 f

T

(3.22)

- 3 28/30 -

(3.22)

U

1893

U

f T( )

T?

Max Planck1858-19471900

G. R. Kirchhoff1824-87J.

Stefan1835-93L. E. Boltzmann1844-1906

H. F. Weber1843-1912W. K. W. Wien

1864-192819

.

1860

0

- 3 29/30 -

?

?

(3.8)

1879

1884(3.8)

(3.11)

(3.8)

1888

1893

f T( )

- 3 30/30 -