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关于 06年报考机械、动力、车辆、核能工程硕士考生见面会通知

报考我院机械、动力、车辆、核能工程领域的工程硕士考生：  兹定于 9月 2日（周六）上午 9： 30 在交大徐汇校区工程馆 303 举行对我院 06 年报考机、动、车、核的工程硕士考生见面会。会议内容将由学院工程硕士办负责人介绍： 1、招生录取各有关信息； 2、如何考好 GCT与专业基础课； 3、考生参加综合面试各有关事项； 4、专业领域及培养简况介绍。请上海各单位报考我院以上四个工程技术领域的考生届时参加。（注意：上汽集团、宝钢集团、上海电气集团有部分考生已听过介绍者，不必参加）   上海交大机械与动力工程学院工程硕士办公室

2006.8.8

一 .  题型特征1.  主旨题

主旨题的典型提问方式：(1)The main idea of the passage is ________.(1)    The topic of this article is _________.(2)    The best title for the passage is ________.(3)    The passage primarily ( mainly ) deals with ________.(4)    The author’s purpose in writing this passage is ___________.(5)    The author mainly discusses __________.(6)    The title that best expresses the main idea is __________.(7)    The central idea conveyed in the above passage is __________.(8)    What’s the main topic ( theme, subject, point ) of the passage ?(9)    What would be the most appropriate title for this passage ?(10) Which sentence best summarizes the article ?(11) Which title suits this passage best ? 

请见例题 If the wind becomes gusty, after a period of calm, you should seek shelter. The sky needs careful watching, too. Gradual darkening and “boiling” cloud should quicken your pace. Lightning and thunder are common enough storm indicators, but few people realize that the brightness of the lightning is not nearly as important as the number of lightning flashes. The signs of an oncoming storm are many, and a person’s life may depend on his ability to interpret them.

段落主旨题1. Which is the topic sentence of the above paragraph?A) If the wind becomes gusty after a period of calm, you should seek shelter.B) The sky needs careful watching.C) Lightning and thunder are common storm indicators.D) The signs of an oncoming storm are many, and a person’s life may depend on his ability to interpret them.

标题主旨题2. The paragraph could be entitled______.A) The Gusty Wind B) The Destructive StormC) Storm Indicators D) The Effects of a Storm

出题点分布（低难度）例 1    It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstanding between them. They have always complained, more or less justly that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant; that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems—and that they have no sense of humor, at least in parent-child relationships. I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young.

Question:The first paragraph is mainly about ______.A.   the teenagers criticism of their parent B. misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents C. the dominance of the parents over their childrenD. the teenagers ability to deal with crises.

  本题的答案为 A。答案出处在第一段的首句：“ It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstanding between them.” 原文中的 be critical of 与正确选项中的criticism 为同义词，而原文中的 to blame them for 。。。与正确选项中的 criticism 亦为近义词。故此题难度不大。

出题点分布（高难度）

例 2：U.S. direct markers are taking advantage of the trends of the market and natural advantages which provide good opportunities in Japan. And the future looks promising, too. In particular, the appreciation of the yen, or what the Japanese refer to as endaka, has made many U.S. Products much more affordable and desirable to the Japanese consumer. Also, through direct marketing, U.S. companies can bypass the multiple distribution channels and provide the Japanese consumer with a product that is priced very competitively to the retail product.

接前

Another advantage is that the Japanese market consists of a very affluent society with a high per-capita income. Direct marketing allows the Japanese consumers to increase their leisure time by staying at home and shopping. This is very important since leisure time is a very precious commodity in a society which typically has a long work week. (Japanese direct marketers have also taken note of this factor, as evidenced by the trend of stagnant traditional retail sales in Japan while direct marketing sales have continued to expand,) Japanese consumers also prefer the cachet （  声望，级别） of such imported goods. This is similar to many consumers around the world who prefer the distinction of French perfume or Italian leather.

Questions:1.What is the passage mainly about?A.  The reason why U.S. Products are now welcomed in Japan.B.   U.S. Markers want to expand their markets to Japan.C.  The author gives a comparison between U.S. and Japanese products.D.  With their high per-capita, Japanese people can now afford U.S. Products.

本题答案为 A。作者向人们介绍美国产品在日本直销的情况（受欢迎）。考生可根据文中的标志词及带有倾向性的词语了解大意 .（请见文中黑体字）

亦可根据其它题目的正确选项最后作答。下面为其它题目：2.What does the word “appreciation” mean?A. Evaluation B. Enjoyment C. Gratitude D. Increase in value此题答案为 D。日元升值使日本人更有能力并希望买到美国货。

3.U.S.marketers are able to offer a fairly low price because .A.they want to sell as much as possible in JapanB. direct marketing enables them to avoid the multiple distribution channelsC.they prefer to keep the same price as it is in U.S.D.       the cost of their products is low此题答案为 B。由于可以避免其它分散销售的渠道，美直销商可提供与日本同类商品零售价较优惠的价格。

4.What is the problem in Japanese market?A.  More and more people are buying imported goods.B.   They face the challenges from all imported goods.C.  Long work hour hinders the expansion of traditional retail sales.D.  High inflation prevents the market from developing.此题答案为 C。日本人工作时间长，使其不能有更多的时间采购，妨碍了零售业的销售量。 

5.  According to the author, people round the world sometimes enjoy imported goods because . A. other people are doing the same and they want to keep up with the fashion  B. using imported goods bring them a sense of prestige C. imported goods are better in quality than homemade ones     D. they prefer the cachet此题答案为 D。人们喜欢购买法国香水及意大利皮革；之所以如此是喜欢它们的品牌。

2. 细节题 

细节题在阅读理解中比重很大 , 且相对简单 , 是得分的重头戏 .  其一重要特点为 :  所提问题一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案 , 但正确选项一般不会与阅读材料的原句一摸一样 . 通常是用不同的词语或句型来表达相同的意思 . 命题人员比较常用的方式一般有如下四种 : (1)  简化语言 ; (2)  正话反说 ; (3)  反话正说 ; (4)  关键词替换

细节题的典型提问方式： (1) What time does the writer think is …?(2) Where in the passage does the author describe … ?(3) What causes… ?(4) Why does the author mention … ?(5) How many … ?(6)Which of the following is mentioned in the passage ?(7)    Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage ?(8)    The author mentions all of the following except … (9)    What is the example of … as described in the passage ?(10)The author states that …(11)The reason for … is … (12)According to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, etc. ) …

例题 ( 三正一误型 )If you are interested in buying a pair of contact lenses, be prepared to pay $200 or more. Generally there are three main reasons why people want contact lenses. You may need them because the cornea（角膜） of your eye is misshaped and ordinary glasses are not satisfactory. Perhaps you are a football player, a swimmer, a pilot, an actor, or perhaps you’re engaged in an industry where flying particles may endanger your eyes, so you want them. Or you feel that glasses are handicapping （不利于） your appearance and you’d rather have invisible glasses. In this way you hope to improve their looks.

All the reasons are stated for wearing contact lenses EXCEPT ______.A) correcting the shape of the corneaB) meeting the needs of a sport, or vocation（职业）C) saving moneyD) improving the appearance

知识背景型

黄页Shopping Guide pages 2~4Women’s Page page 6Editorial Section page 7Classified Advertisements pages 9~14Business News pages 16~17

1. On which page would you look for recipes? A) p.7 B) pp.16~17 C) pp.2~4 D) p.62. On which page would you look for a discussion on politics? A) p.7 B) pp.2~4 C) p.6 D) pp.9~14

直接细节题

This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. In Britain this has developed into a “Welfare State” in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees.

Questions:1. In the author’s view, Britain is a Welfare State in that .A.  all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some senseB.   poor, unlike the rich, could enjoy free medical treatmentC.  health service is highly developed in BritainD.  Britain doesn’t allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health

隐含细节题However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimes this free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they don’t really need to. Because they have so many patients, doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, some wealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to other.

2.The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because A.  their doctors can give them more time leave from workB.   those doctors have better medical instrumentsC.  they might save some money for the poorD. their doctors have a stronger sense of responsibility for the patients

解题技巧 

(1)    找 到 列 举 关 联 词 : （如： First…, second …, third… ） 或者其它没有标志词的并列内容，根据题中的选项进行选择或排除；

(2) 根据选项特点利用“扫描法” : 该法也能有效提高答题速度和准确性。 

(3)    “ According to 题型” :  通过题中含有 according to 或其它表达“ according to”意义的词句来定位出题点，读懂出题点便可顺利解题。同时要利用题干中的关键词，找到文中的对应词；在对应词周围找答案：体现中心思想或同义词替换的选项便是答案，内容与原句相反、部分不同或太绝对的则不是答案。

请见下例 According to 型 ( 直接型 ) ： 

According to a conservative estimate, China has about 100,000 private cars today. Seven percent of urban residents have installed home phones. The Chinese Post and Telecommunications Ministry plans 120 million new phone lines for the year 2000, or a phone for every urban household. Today fax machines, computers and mobile phones are very common and face a booming market.

Questions:1. According to a conservative estimate, .A.  seven percent of urban residents have got their private phonesB.   there will be 120 million phone lines by the year 2000C.  there will be a mobile phone for every urban householdD.  China produces 100,000 cars every day(同义替换 )

请见下例 According to 型 ( 隐含型 )  Authoritative scholars place China’s social development at the ‘lower medium level’ compared to the rest of the world. China has gone though several twists and turns since 1949, and many people’s lives have changed for better or worse as a result. However, today a general improvement is evident. Since 1978 in particular, many people’s life-styles have improved at a greater pace than in the previous 30 years.

From the year 1978 on, life for the majority of the Chinese people .A.  has gone through several twists and turnsB.   has changed for worseC.  has been improved at a much quicker pace than it was in the pastD.  has come to a higher level compared with that in the rest of the world

(4)    数字题型” : * 若有运算型的，不能选与文中相同的数据；* 若为多选一，则要一一对应找答案；* 若为文中未出现的数字，则要推理后选答案。

请见下例“数字题型”：  According to nationwide surveys of the disabled, handicapped children under 14 account for 16 percent of the total handicapped population, and they display the greatest need for rehabilitative training as they display the highest recovery rates after early therapy. Those disabled between the ages of 15 and 59 account for 44 percent, but often their disabilities are not very severe. Although they are more or less able to work, they require vocational training, “cultural education” and special employment..

(接前 )

The disabled over 60 years of age account for 40 percent. Many of them become handicapped due to illness or loss of various functions. Some live alone without any income, and therefore their insurance, rehabilitation, and medical needs have become a social issue.

1.Which group represents the largest percentage of disabled people in China?A. Children under 14. B. Those between 15 and 59.C. People over 60 D. People at the age of 16,40 and 44.

2.The disabled people who are most likely to recover after an early treatment are .A. the children under 14 B. Those between 15 and 59C. the people over 60 D. The people at the age of 16, 40 and 44

细节题训练请见讲义 P496~P499

3. 语义或词义题考查方式 : （ 1）文章中相关指定词所指代的内容 ;（ 2）引用的话语在上下文中的意思 ;（ 3）超纲词或词组在特定上下文中的意思 ;（ 4）多义词在特定上下文中的意思 .(5)  采取直接定义的方法 ( 该方式有较明显的标示 :  下定义时除了常使用 i.e 或 is之外，常用的词语还有： means, signifies, refers to, constitutes, is considered to be, is known as, is called, can be defined as 等等。有时定义不只是一两句话，而是整个段落或者整篇短文 )。

典型提问方式：（ 1） The word “justify” in the last sentence refers to … ；（ 2 ） The term “ rule out” in the second paragraph can best be replaced by … ；（ 3 ） The phrase “ face up to” ( Para 3, Line 2) in the context means … ；（ 4 ） Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “ interact”?（ 5 ） According to the author, the word “delicate” means …（ 6 ） As used in the first line of last paragraph, the phrase “ give rise to” refers to … 

字里行间见超纲词 

An unfortunate offender, for his most venial offence, was commanded to appear before all other students and was subjected to a stream of criticism. A) serious B) inexcusable

C) negligible D) terrible 

从 “ Unfortunate” 一词可知，这位冒犯者十分倒霉。对他的处罚显然不公。我们可从字里行间发现作者的同情心理，读者可从而判断他的错误一定是微不足道的。根据这一前提，可猜 venial一词 ( 超纲词 )  在特定上下文中的大概意思了。故答案为 C

根据定义猜测词义 The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood…

根据解释猜测词义： The pro-hanging lobby （ 赞 成 极 刑 的 活 动 集团） uses four main arguments to support its call for the reintroduction of capital punishment. First there is the deterrence theory, which argues that potential murders would think twice before committing the act if they knew that they might die if they were caught. The armed band robber might, likewise, go back to being unarmed.Question:In Line 2, “deterrence” means .A. proclamation B. protest C. prevention. D. protection

根据举例猜测词义 : There are hidden factors which scientists call “feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quiteclearly how they will interact with the changing climate. Here ‘s one example: plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries.Question:“Feedback mechanisms” in Line 1 most probably refers to .A.  how plants and animals adapt to hidden factorsB.   how plants and animals interact with the changing climateC.  how climate changesD.  how climate zones shift

根据对比关系猜测词义 :Saturation （ 饱 和 ） point was rapidly being approached for items such as the first household radio, gas cookers, and electric refrigerators, whereas increasing purchases of automobiles and television sets were registered.Question:The word “registered” in the last line most probably means .A. marked B. approached C. listed D. booked

根据构词法识别生词 

In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. American flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. The word “multitudes” in Line 1 means ______. A) crowds B) purpose C) lots D) choices

英语的主要构词方法有很多种，比如：    l.派生法（ derivation ） 前缀十词根十后缀        in + cred + ible ＝ incredible 不信  形容词后缀      不可信的    2.合成法（ compound ） ice + box（冰箱）    3.缩略法（ abbreviation ） advertisement ＝ ad ．（广告）    4.拼缀法   （ blending ） smoke + fog ＝ smog（烟雾）其中派生法最为重要。 

以下是一些常考词汇的词根： (参见 P463~465)

 

ann ＝ yearaudi ＝ hearingauto ＝ selfbio ＝ lifecapit = headcide = kill, cut

 

 

例词： anniversary 周年纪念例词： audience听众例词： automation 自动化例词： biology生物学例词： capital首都例词： suicide自杀 bactericide杀菌剂

 

annual每年的audible听得见的autobiography自传biography传记decapitate斩首insecticide杀虫剂 

根据词根知识，猜测词义

  1） bioecology 2 ） malnutrition 3 ） countercharge 4 ） transcontinental 5 ） postgraduate 6 ） unicycle 7 ） unicellular animal 8 ） semi-bankruptcy 9 ） lengthen 10 ） triplane 

参考答案

    1 ）生物生态学，  2 ）营养不良，      3 ）反诉（反告）  4 ）横贯大陆的    5 ）研究生           6 ）单轮脚踏车       7）单细胞动物    8 ）半破产状态    9 ）使延长          10 ）三翼飞机  

4. 推理题： 典型提问方式：(1） From the last paragraph we can infer that _______ .（ 2 ） The second sentence of Paragraph 3 implies that ________ .（ 3 ） It can be inferred from the passage that ________ .（ 4 ） It can be concluded from the passage that _________ .（ 5 ） The passage appears to be of _________ .（ 6 ） The writer implies but not directly states that _________ .（ 7 ） The author strongly suggests that _________ .（ 8 ） The passage is intended to _________ . （ 9 ） The writer indicates that ________ . 

4. 推理题： 典型提问方式：

(1） From the last paragraph we can infer

that _______ .（ 2 ） The second

sentence of Paragraph 3 implies that ________ .

（ 3 ） It can be inferred from the passage that

________ .（ 4 ） It can be concluded

from the passage that _________ .

（ 5 ） The passage appears to be of

_________ .（ 6 ） The writer implies

but not directly states that _________ .

（ 7 ） The author strongly suggests that _________ .

（ 8 ） The passage is intended to _________ .

（ 9 ） The writer indicates that ________ .

 

出题点分布： 文章中的举例、下定义或引用之处及语义转折处容易出归纳推理题。难度较大的隐含在语篇语义中 .  一般含有下列标志词： but, however, in fact, nevertheless, on the other hand, unlike …

  解题技巧 : 

(1)    推理如果是以引用、比喻、对话、举例、代词指代关系或描述事实为依据，在文中定位该信息，并按题干要求推理。(2)    推理依据无法在原文中复现时，先确定推理依据（主题思想、作者观点等）再按有关逻辑关系推理。

逻辑推理例题 :Three pintail duck from North America turned up in widely separated parts of the world. One duck was taken near Cali. Colombia. South America; one in Japan; and the third along the Dart River in England. The South American hunter was told that his duck had come from North Dakota. The Japanese scientists learned that their bird had been on a National Wildlife Refuge in New Mexico. The English sportsman found that his pintail, just 21days before, had been seen in Labrador, some 2,200 miles across the Atlantic.

(接前 )

How did these people know their ducks had come from North America? It really isn’t such a mystery as it might seen. On the leg of each duck the hunter had found an aluminum band. The band carried a number and a request that the finder of the band report to the Bird Banding Lab. Washington. D.C. Each hunter did exactly that.

1. It may be inferred that the North American pintail duck is :A) a world traveler B) limited in North AmericaC) protected by law D) a threatened kind of bird2. We may conclude that the Bird Banding Lab ______.A)is intended to help hunters B) Records the movements of wild birdsC) Rewards hunters who return leg band

D) is founded by American and foreign scientists

3.The Bird Banding Lab probably asks the finder to report_________. A) whether he has hurt or killed the birdB) how the bird behaves C) how fast the bird is flyingD) where he has found the bird.4. Wild bird banding contributes to ________.A) the preservation of wild birdsB) relieving international tensionsC) the treatment of sick birdsD) safer hunting

Key: 1.A 2. B 3.D 4. A.

“ 转折关系题” : Governments in drought-plagued countries are taking drastic measures. Authorities in hard-hit areas of France have banned washing cars and watering lawns. In Britain, water will soon be metered, like gas and electricity. “The English have always taken water for granted”, says Graham Warren, a spokesman of Britain’s National Rivers Authority. “ Now they’re putting a price on it.” Even a sudden end to the drought would not end the misery in some areas. It will take several years of unusually heavy winter rain, the experts say, just to bring existing water reserves up to their normal levels.

Questions:1. Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A.  Germany is the only country free from the drought.B.   Water reserves are at their lowest level in years due to the drought.C.  The drought is more serious in Britain than in France.D.  Europe will not have heavy rain until several years later.

本题答案为 B。答案出处在第二段末两句：“ Even a sudden end to the drought would not end the misery in some areas. It will take several years of unusually heavy winter rain, the experts say, just to bring existing water reserves up to their normal levels.”  这题要求考生理解句子和内容之间存在的某种逻辑关系（如因果关系等）并通过有关逻辑关系词快速定位原文并找到答案的题目。

因果关系题 :

We are associate colors with feeling and attitudes. In politics dark blue often means ‘tradition’, and red means social change. But blue can also mean sadness (I’m feeling blue). White is often for purity, although in China white is worn for funerals, and red is used to express the joy of a wedding, in western Europe white is worn at wedding and black for funerals. Advertisers are aware of the importance of selecting colors according to the way people react to them. Soap powders come in white and light blue packets (clean and cold, like ice); cereals often come in brown packets (like wheat fields), but cosmetics never come in brown jars (dirty!).

Question:Soap powders come in white and light blue packets to .A. resemble ice B. show quality C. suggest purity D. attract customers

Smoking hurts health severelyEditor: The 10th World Conference on Tobacco or Health was held recently in Beijing, and will bring about a great advance in antismoking acts. Statistics indicate that, besides the 300 million cigarette-puffing population, there are about 400 million passive smokers in China. The figure is estimated to rise by 2 percent each year. To prevent the situation from getting worse every day, a nationwide campaign against smoking has been waged by the government. For example, municipal authorities of 72 cities have announced prohibitions on smoking in public places. With the damage caused by smoking widely acknowledged, and the non-smoking campaign further deepened, more people will abandon smoking.

Question:1.The writer believes that A.  smoking can easily be given upB.   the antismoking campaign is a difficult jobC.  there will be fewer and fewer smokers as time goes on D.  only the government can prohibit smoking

今日作业： 清华模拟题第 3， 4套。

机械学院通知 

关于 06年报考机械、动力、车辆、核能工程硕士考生见面会通知

报考我院机械、动力、车辆、核能工程领域的工程硕士考生：  兹定于 9月 2日（周六）上午 9： 30 在交大徐汇校区工程馆 303 举行对我院 06 年报考机、动、车、核的工程硕士考生见面会。会议内容将由学院工程硕士办负责人介绍： 1、招生录取各有关信息； 2、如何考好 GCT与专业基础课； 3、考生参加综合面试各有关事项； 4、专业领域及培养简况介绍。请上海各单位报考我院以上四个工程技术领域的考生届时参加。（注意：上汽集团、宝钢集团、上海电气集团有部分考生已听过介绍者，不必参加）   上海交大机械与动力工程学院工程硕士办公室

2006.8.8