79532443-engineering-book-myanmar.pdf - [pdf … အခန္း (၁)...
If you can't read please download the document
TRANSCRIPT
79532443-Engineering-Book-Myanmar.pdf - [PDF Document]
Sign in Register
Hide
79532443-Engineering-Book-Myanmar.pdf
Category: Documents
DownloadReport copyright
Share:
Copy
Description
1 ()
Related documentsView more
Transcripts
1
()
Unit (Unit (Unit (Unit () ) ) ) Unit Conversion ( Unit Conversion ( Unit Conversion ( Unit Conversion ( ))))
- Bar, Pound per square feet
- Imperial Unit SI Unit -
Imperial Unit British System ft (feet), lb (pound), sec (second)
SI Unit Metric System m (meter), kg (kilogram), sec (second)
unit conversion unit conversion
( ( ( (LLLLength)ength)ength)ength) (Area) (Area) (Area) (Area)
Imperial Unit SI Unit Imperial Unit SI Unit 1 in = 25.4 mm 1 in2 = 6.45 cm2 1 ft = 30.48 cm 1 ft2 = 929 cm2 1 mile = 1.61 km 1 acre = 0.405 ha
1 sq mile = 2.59 km2
in = inch, ft = feet, mm = millimeter, cm = centimeter, km = kilometer, sq = square, ha = hectare
( ( ( (VolumeVolumeVolumeVolume))))
Imperial Unit
SI Unit SI Unit
Imperial Unit
SI Unit
2
1 in3 = 16.4 cm3 1 m3 = 35.3 ft3 1 Lit = 1000 cc 1 US gal = 3.78 lit 1 Lit = 61.024 in3 1 m3 = 1000 Lit
in3 = Cubic Inches, cm3 = Cubic centimeter, gal = gallon, Lit = Litre, (Weight) (Weight) (Weight) (Weight)
Imperial Unit
SI Unit SI Unit Imperial Unit
1 lb = 0.454 kg 1 kg = 2.2046 lb 1 Long Ton = 1.016 Metric Ton 1 Metric Ton = 0.984 Long Ton 1 Short Ton =
0.907 Metric Ton 1 Metric Ton = 1.102 Short Ton
lb = Pound, kg = kilogram, 1 Long Ton = 2240 lbs, 1 Short Ton = 2000 lb, 1 Metric Ton = 1000 kg
(Pressure) (Pressure) (Pressure) (Pressure)
Imperial Unit
SI Unit SI Unit Imperial Unit
1 psi = 6.895 kPa 1 kg/cm2 = 14.22 psi 14.5 psi = 1 bar = 100 kPa 1 kPa = 0.1451 psi 14.7 psi = 101.3 kPa = 1 atm 1 m H2O = 1.422 psi
psi = pound per square inch, kPa = kilo Pascal, 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa or 14.7 psi. ( ( ( (Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Various SubstancesVarious SubstancesVarious SubstancesVarious Substances)))) 1 m3 () 1 Metric Ton () Specific Gravity (Sp. Gr.) 1 Sp. Gr. Sp. Gr.
3
- .
- 1250 mm 1750 mm 10 mm 1 m 1000 mm mm m 1250 mm x 1750 mm x 10 mm = 1.25 x 1.75 x 0.01 = 0.021875 m3 1000 1000 1000 7.21 x 0.021875 = 0.1577 Ton 0.1577 x 1000 = 157.7 kg
4
(Ellipse)
A = pi x A x B C = 6.283 x (A2+B2 )/2 A = (Area) A = (minor radius) B = (major radius)
(Circle)
A = pi x R2 C = 3.142 x D R = D/2 A = (Area), C = (Circumference) pi = 3.142 R = (radius), D = (Diamater)
(Rectangle)
A = W x L A = (Area) W = (Width) L = (Length)
L
W
5
A = 12.56 x R2 A = (Area) V = 4.188 x R3 V = (Volume)
(Triangle)
A = (W x H) / 2 A = (Area) W = (Width) H = (Height )
(Cone)
A = 3.142 x R x S + 3.142 x R x R
V = 1.047 x R2 x H
A = (Area) V = (Volume) R = (Radius) S = H = (Height )
A = (3.142 x R2 x ) / 360 A = (Area) L = 0.01745 x R x = L / (0.01745 x R)
A = H x L A = (Area) H = (Height) L = (Length)
(Parallelogram)
6
(Trapezoid)
A = H x (L1 + L2)/2 A = (Area) L1 = L2 = H = (Height )
(Rectangular
Solid)
A = 2 (W x L + L x H + H x W) V = W x L x H A = (Area) V = (Volume) L = (Length) W = (Width) H = (Height )
Area of
Area of
7
(Elliptical Tanks)
= 6.283x (A2+B2)/2 x H + 6.283 x A x B V = 3.142 x A x B x H V = (Volume) A = (minor radius) B = (major radius) H = (Height )
(Cylinder)
A = 6.283x R x H + 6.283 x R x R V = 3.142 x R x R x H A = V = (Volume) R = (radius) H = (Height )
P = a + b + c , A = (Area) W = (Width), H = (Height ) P = (Perimeter)
(Triangle)
8
(Pythagoras Theorem) (Pythagoras Theorem) (Pythagoras Theorem) (Pythagoras Theorem)
TrigonometryTrigonometryTrigonometryTrigonometry
Sin 90 = 1, Sin 60 = 0.866, Sin 45 = 0.707, Sin 30 = 0.5, Sin 15 = 0.2588, Sin 5 = 0.08716 (Lifting Mathematics) (Lifting Mathematics) (Lifting Mathematics) (Lifting Mathematics) (Load depends on Sling Lifting Angles)
9
( ) = ( Load = 1000 lb) = = -
= =
500 Sin 60
500 Sin 60
10
- = =
-
= = - = =
Centre of Gravity (CG)
500 Sin 45
500 Sin 30
500 Sin 15
11
- CG (Centre of Gravity) (CG) CG
(CG)
12
-
Run = 1250 mm Angle A 30 -
Set = 1250 x tan 30 = 721.687 mm
Travel = 1250 / Cos 30 = 1443.375
13
Equal Spread Offset Constants for Finding, Starting and Ending Length DifferencesEqual Spread Offset Constants for Finding, Starting and Ending Length DifferencesEqual Spread Offset Constants for Finding, Starting and Ending Length DifferencesEqual Spread Offset Constants for Finding, Starting and Ending Length Differences
Formula Offset Angles
90 72 60 45 30 22 1/2 11 1/4 Difference in Length = Spread x
1 0.727 0.577 0.414 0.268 0.199 0.098
45 Offset 45 Offset 45 Offset 45 Offset 90 90 90 90
Different in Length = Spread x 0.414 Travel 1 = 1.414 x Offset Travel 2 = Previous shortest travel + (2 x difference in length)
-
14
Long Radius Weld ElbowsLong Radius Weld ElbowsLong Radius Weld ElbowsLong Radius Weld Elbows
H = Distance from Face to Elbow Centre in mm. D is Nominal Diameter (DN) of Elbow.
For 90 Deg Elbow, H = 38.1 x D For 45 Deg Elbow, H = 15.78 x D For Z Deg Elbow, H = 38.1 x D x tan Z/2 (where H = mm, and D = Inches)
15
D (DN) (in) H (mm) Z Elbow
-
(14) Elbow -
For 14 90 Elbow; H = 38.1 x 14 = 533.4 mm For 14 45 Elbow; H = 15.78 x 14 = 220.9 mm For 14 63 Elbow; H = 38.1 x 14 x tan (63/2) = 326.9 mm
(DN) H
Elbow Constant () Elbow Constant () 7.5 2.5 45 15.78 15 5.02 60 22 22.5 7.58 67.5 25.46 30 10.21 90 38.1
A = 1.5 x Dia of Elbow (DN) B = A (OD/2) C = A + (OD/2) D = Degree of Fitting required K = Constant () = 0.01746 L1 = D x C x K L2 = D x A x K L3 = D x B x K
L4 = A x 2 x Sin (D/2)
16
= Angle of Cut OD = Outside Diameter of the pipe R = Radius = OD / 2 RA = R x Cos 45 = R x 0.707 C1 = OD x tan C2 = (R + RA) x tan C3 = C1 / 2 C4 = (R - RA) x tan OD 45 projection line
) ) ) 45 )
Dummy SupportDummy SupportDummy SupportDummy Support
Dummy Support Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy SupportFabrication of Dummy SupportFabrication of Dummy SupportFabrication of Dummy Support Type 1Type 1Type 1Type 1
Dummy Support (Centre Line) (Support Pipe) (vertical pipe line)
45
17
L1 = H5 H1 L2 = H5 H2 L3 = H5 H3 L4 = H5 H4 H1 ,H2 , H3, H4,H5
D = Outside Diameter of Elbow R1 = Outside Radius of Elbow
OD = Outside Diameter ID = Inside Diameter R1 = OD of Header / 2 R2 = ID of Branch / 2
1 = 5 = 2D 2 = 4 = 2D C3 3 = 2D C1 6 = 1.5D
18
R2 = Inside Radius of Support Pipe = Inside Diameter of Support Pipe / 2 R2A = R x Cos 45 = R x 0.707
- L1 = H5 H1 L2 = H5 H2 L3 = H5 H3 L4 = H5 H4
Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support TypeTypeTypeType 2 2 2 2
Dummy Support (Bottom Surface) (Support Pipe) () (vertical pipe line) support pipe support
19
Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Type 3Type 3Type 3Type 3
Dummy Support (Bottom Surface) (Support Pipe) () (vertical pipe line) support pipe support
1 = 5 = 2D 2 = 4 = 2D C2 3 = 2D C1
20
Rule of Thumb Rule of Thumb Rule of Thumb Rule of Thumb Outside Diameter of pipe = D () , Thickness = t ()
W = 10.68 x (Dt t2)
W () OD = 4.5 , t = 0.25 -
W = 10.68 x (4.5 x 0.25 0.252 )
= 11.35 lb/ft .
W = D x t x 16
W D = (Diameter of the pipe) - t = (Thickness ) -
-
W = 20 x x 16 = 80 tons Pipe Span (Pipe Support Pipe Span (Pipe Support Pipe Span (Pipe Support Pipe Span (Pipe Support ) ) ) )
Sch 40 S = 7 D S = 6.6 D S = Pipe Support () D = Outside Diameter of pipe (in) - ()
21
Hydrostatic Test Hydrostatic Test Hydrostatic Test Hydrostatic Test
V = 0.0408 x d2 x L
- V = () d = Inside Diameter of pipe (in) () L = Hydrotest ()
- hydro test ID .
- V = 0.0408 x 6.0652 x 650
= 975.5
()
(Definition of Piping) (Definition of Piping) (Definition of Piping) (Definition of Piping)
(Piping) (Fittings)
22
(Elbow, Tee, Reducer, Flange) Valve, Bolt, Nut, Washer, Gasket, Pipe Supports
Adhesive Joint - Ambient Temperature - Alloy Steel - - - . - . - .
Anchor - Assembly - Automatic Welding - Backing Ring - penetration Base Metal - () parent metal Bevel - Bonding - Butt Joint - () Branch Bypass - - valve, flow meter Carbon Steel - Carbon Steel aluminium, boron, chromium, cobalt
23
copper 0.40 manganese 1.65 silicon 0.60 copper 0.60 Cast Iron - Chamfering - Cold Bending -
(Radius of Bend = 5 x Diameter of pipe) Commissioning Crack - Defect - Design Pressure (Design Pressure Operating Pressure . ) Design Temperature Electrode - Expansion Joint - Fabrication - Fillet Weld - Flow Rate Flushing Flux - / GA (General Arrangement) Drawing ( ) Galvanizing -
GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) MIG CO2 Welding
GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) - TIG
24
Groove Groove Welding Groove Angle - Groove
Gravity Test Hangers and Supports Pipe Support Header - Main run of piping - Hydro-Test ID Inside Diameter ( ) Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing) XYZ Coordinate ( ) MPI (Magnetic Particle Inspection) NDT (Non Destructive Testing) NPS Nominal Pipe Size () - ND - Nominal Diameter DN - Diameter Nominal NB - Nominal Bore DN metric DN100 DN200 OD Outside Diameter ( ) Operating Pressure Operating Temperature Penetrant Test Pneumatic Test P n ID (Piping and Instrument Diagram) ( ) RT (Radiographic Testing) (X-Ray) Reverse Polarity DC Arc Welding (-) (+) Schedule Number -
25
( )
Schedule Number = 1000 P / S
P Service Pressure ( psi) S Allowable Stress (psi) Seamless Pipe - SMAW Shielded Metal Arc Welding - Arc Welding Slag Inclusion (Welding ) Soldering - Spatter - Straight Polarity DC Arc Welding (+) (-) Size of Weld -
Thermoplastic - Thermosetting Plastic - Thickness Schedule - UT (Ultrasonic Test)(Ultrasonic Examination or Inspection) Visual Inspection Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) -
26
Abbreviations (Abbreviations (Abbreviations (Abbreviations ()))) AISI - American Iron and Steel Institute AEC - American Engineering Council ANSI - American National Standards Institute API - American Petroleum Institute ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials AWG - American Wire Gauge AWS - American Welding Society AWWA - American Water Works Association BHN - Brinell Hardness Number DIN - Deutsches Institu fur Normung; German Standards Institute gpm - Gallons per inute HVAC - Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning NPT - National Pipe Taper ppb - Parts per billion ppm - Parts per million SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers (Pipes & Tubes) (Pipes & Tubes) (Pipes & Tubes) (Pipes & Tubes)
(Ferrus metal Pipe) (Non-ferrus metal Pipe) (Plastic Pipe) (Stainless Steel) (Carbon Steel)
(Alloy Steel) Monel, Nickel, Inconel, Hastalloy, Copper, Brass, Bronze, Titanium, Tantalum, Bismuth, Aluminium, High Speed Steel, Zinc, Lead PVC, CPVC, PP, PE, PPR, PVDF, GRP, GRE, ABS
27
Pipe Standards and Specifications
Specification
Size Range
(NPS) Application
ASTM A53 1/8 to 26 Ordinary use in gas, air, oil, water, steam
ASTM A106 1/8 to 48 High temperature service (steam, water, gas, etc.)
ASTM A369 Custom High temperature service
ASTM A335 Custom High temperature service
ASTM A333 1/8 and larger
Service requiring excellent fracture toughness at low
temperatures
ASTM A671 16 and larger Low Temperature services
ASTM A672 16 and larger Moderate Temperature services
ASTM A691 16 and larger High Temperature services
ASTM A312 1/8 and larger Low to High Temperature and corrosive services
API 5L Low pipe, refinery anf transmission service
AWWA C200 6 and larger Steel Water pipe
AS 1450 Steel tubes for mechanical purposes
BS 3602
Steel pipes and tubes for pressure purposes, Carbon
steel: High temperature duties
DIN 2440 Steel tubes medium-weight Suitable for threading
JIS G3445
Carbon steel tubes for Machine and Structural
Purpose
JIS G3458 Alloy steel pipes
(Pipe Properties and Characteristics) (Pipe Properties and Characteristics) (Pipe Properties and Characteristics) (Pipe Properties and Characteristics) ASTM A53 API 5L Grade Grade A B Grade C A B Grade B Grade A Tensile Strength (Cold Bending) Grade A Grade A Grade B
28
Chemical composition and Tensile Strength of Grade A and Grade B Steel Pipe
Chemical Composition Tensile Properties
Designation Grade C Mn P S
min. yield
strength
psi (Mpa)
min. tensile
strength
psi (Mpa)
ASTM A53 A 0.25 0.95 0.05 0.06 30,000 (205) 48,000 (330)
B 0.30 1.2 0.05 0.06 35,000 (240) 60,000 (415)
API 5L A 0.22 0.9 0.04 0.05 30,000 (205) 48,000 (330)
B 0.27 1.15 0.04 0.05 35,000 (240) 60,000 (415)
C= Carbon Mn = Manganese P = Phosphorous S = Sulphur
(Weight and Schedule Number) (Weight and Schedule Number) (Weight and Schedule Number) (Weight and Schedule Number) -
Standard (Std.) Extra Strong (XS) or Extra Heavy (XH) Double Extra Strong (XXS) or Double Extra Heavy (XXH) -
(Outside Diameter OD) (Inside Diameter ID) Schedule No. (Die) (Fittings) NPS NPS OD ID ID NPS = OD
1. SP x 1000 Number Schedule =
2. CS x 2D x P Thickness Wall +=
3. DC) - (T S x 2 Presure =
P = Internal Pressure (psi) S = maximum allowable stress value (psi)
D = outside diameter (in)
29
C = allowance for threading and grooving T = wall thickness (in) C
General Allowance for Threading and Grooving Pipe Size (NPS) Allowance (15mm) to (20mm) 0.0571 (1.45mm) 1(25mm) to 2(50mm) 0.0696 (1.77mm) 2 (65mm) and larger 0.1000 (2.54mm)
Stress Value S S Value
Maximum allowable stress S value for Carbon Steel Seamless pipes
Maximum stress in 1000 psi (MPa) for various Temperature
Specification Grade
-20 to 650 F (-29 to 343 C)
700 F (371 C)
750 F (399 C)
800 F (427 C)
ASTM A53 A B
12.0(82) 15.0(103)
11.7(80) 14.4(99)
10.7(73) 13.0(89)
9.0(62) 10.8(74)
ASTM A106 A B
12.0(82) 15.0(103)
11.7(80) 14.4(99)
10.7(73) 13.0(89)
9.0(62) 10.8(74)
API 5L A B
12.0(82) 15.0(103)
11.7(80) 14.4(99)
10.7(73) 13.0(89)
9.0(62) 10.8(74)
(corrosion) (temperature), (specific application)
(. )
Threaded and Coupled ( - ) Threaded without Couplings ( - ) Plain End cut square () Beveled for welding 30 degree bevel with a 1/16 (1.6mm) land
( ) Groove End ( )
30
Pipe Schedule tables for selected pipe sizes
1 All Dimensions are in inches
2 The Nominal Wall Thickness shown are subject to a 12.5% Mill Tolerance 3 Not included in ANSI B 36.10
Nominal NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS Pipe Outside Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch
Size Dia 5S (1)
10S (2) 10 20 30 WT 40
1/8 0.405 --- 0.049 --- --- --- 0.068 0.068
1/4 0.540 --- 0.065 --- --- --- 0.088 0.088 3/8 0.675 --- 0.065 --- --- --- 0.091 0.091 1/2 0.840 0.065 0.083 --- --- --- 0.109 0.109 3/4 1.050 0.065 0.083 --- --- --- 0.113 0.113 1 1.315 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.133 0.133
1-1/4 1.660 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.140 0.140 1-1/2 1.900 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.145 0.145
2 2.375 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.154 0.154 2-1/2 2.875 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.203 0.203
3 3.500 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.216 0.216 3-1/2 4.000 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.226 0.226
4 4.500 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.237 0.237 5 5.563 0.109 0.134 --- --- --- 0.258 0.258 6 6.625 0.109 0.134 --- --- --- 0.280 0.280 8 8.625 0.109 0.148 --- 0.250 0.277 0.322 0.322
10 10.75 0.134 0.165 --- 0.250 0.307 0.365 0.365 12 12.75 0.156 0.180 --- 0.250 0.330 0.375 0.406 14 14.00 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.438 16 16.00 0.165 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.500 18 18.00 0.165 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.438 0.375 0.562 20 20.00 0.188 0.218 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.375 0.594 22 22.00 0.188 0.218 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.375 --- 24 24.00 0.218 0.250 0.250 0.375 0.562 0.375 0.688 26 26.00 --- --- 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 --- 28 28.00 --- --- 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 --- 30 30.00 0.250 0.312 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.3753 ---
31
NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS Pipe Sch Extra Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XX Size 60 Strong 80 100 120 140 160 Strong 1/8 --- 0.095 0.095 --- --- --- --- ---
1/4 --- 0.119 0.119 --- --- --- --- --- 3/8 --- 0.126 0.126 --- --- --- --- --- 1/2 --- 0.147 0.147 --- --- --- 0.188 0.294 3/4 --- 0.154 0.154 --- --- --- 0.219 0.308 1 --- 0.179 0.179 --- --- --- 0.250 0.358
1-1/4 --- 0.191 0.191 --- --- --- 0.250 0.382 1-1/2 --- 0.200 0.200 --- --- --- 0.281 0.400
2 --- 0.218 0.218 --- --- --- 0.344 0.436 2-1/2 --- 0.276 0.276 --- --- --- 0.375 0.552
3 --- 0.300 0.300 --- --- --- 0.438 0.600 3-1/2 --- 0.318 0.318 --- --- --- --- ---
4 --- 0.337 0.337 --- 0.438 --- 0.531 0.674 5 --- 0.375 0.375 --- 0.500 --- 0.625 0.750 6 --- 0.432 0.432 --- 0.562 --- 0.719 0.864 8 0.406 0.500 0.500 0.593 0.719 0.812 0.906 0.875
10 0.500 0.500 0.594 0.719 0.844 1.000 1.125 1.000 12 0.562 0.500 0.688 0.844 1.000 1.125 1.312 1.000 14 0.594 0.500 0.750 0.938 1.094 1.250 1.406 --- 16 0.656 0.500 0.844 1.031 1.219 1.438 1.594 --- 18 0.750 0.500 0.938 1.156 1.375 1.562 1.781 --- 20 0.812 0.500 1.031 1.281 1.500 1.750 1.969 --- 22 0.875 0.500 1.125 1.375 1.625 1.875 2.215 --- 24 0.969 0.500 1.218 1.531 1.812 2.062 2.344 --- 26 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- --- 28 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- --- 30 --- 0.5003 --- --- --- --- --- --- 32 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- --- 34 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- --- 36 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- --- 42 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---
32
(Pipe Identification and Marking)(Pipe Identification and Marking)(Pipe Identification and Marking)(Pipe Identification and Marking) grade ASTM API ASTM standard -
/ (Manufactureers Name - trade mark or brand)
(Pipe manufacturing method): o F = Furnae butt welded, continuous welded o E = Electric resistance welded o S = Seamless
/ (Sch Std. , XS, or XXS.) Specification Number (ASTM spec. no.) (Length)
Grade Schedule No. API standard -
/ (Manufactureers Name - trade mark or brand)
API Specification Number (Nominal Diameter or Outside Diameter) (Weight per foot)
A&B Co. ASTM A 53 Seamless XS 21 10.75 x 0.5
ASTM Specification No Method of Manufacture Length
Trade Mark or Wall Thickness Weight Company Name Outside Diameter
33
Grade (Pipe manufacturing method):
o F = Butt welded o E = Welded, except Butt Welded o S = Seamless o SW = Spiral Welded
(Length) (Thickness) Type of steel :
E Electric furnace steel R Rephosphorized steel
Heat Treatment HN Normalized or normalized/tempered HS Subcritical stress relieved HA Subcritical age hardened HQ Quench and tempered
Test Pressure if the pressure is higher than in tables.
Carbon Steel PipeCarbon Steel PipeCarbon Steel PipeCarbon Steel Pipe Carbon Steel (mechanical properties) ASTM A53
A&B Co. Spec 5L 14 54.68 B S E 0.25 x 40
API Specification No Outside Diameter Grade of Pipe Pipe Weight (per ft) Seamless
Trade Mark or Wall Thickness Length Electric Company Name or API monogram Furnace
34
Type Grade Manufacturing System Remarks F A Furnace Btt Welded Flange joint E A , B Electric resistance welded Type F S A , B Seamless
( ( ( (Stainless Steel PipeStainless Steel PipeStainless Steel PipeStainless Steel Pipe)))) (Chromium) (Nickel)
Austenitic (AISI types 200 and 300 series) Ferritic (AISI type 400 series) Martensitic (AISI types 400 and 500 series)
Austenitic Series 300 400 Series 400 Series 300 304 316 - 304 304L Austenitic 316 316L 304 304 316 304L 316L 304 316
35
Ferritic Martensitic Ferritic Martensitic Austenitic Austenitic Carbon steel 1/8 30 Schedule 5S, 10S, 40S, 80S S stainless steel Schedule 5S 10S Pipe Schedule Table for Stainless Steel Pipes
Pipe Size Outside Diameter
Wall Thickness
Inside Diameter
(inches) (inches) Schedule
No. (inches) (inches) 10S .049 .307
40S .068 .269 1/8 0.405 80S .095 .215
10S .065 .410
40S .088 .364 1/4 0.540 80S .119 .302
10S .065 .545
40S .091 .493 3/8 0.675 80S .126 .423
5S .065 .710
10S .083 .674
40S .109 .622 1/2 0.840 80S .147 .546
5S .065 .920
1.050 10S .083 .884
40S .113 .824 3/4 80S .154 .742 1 1.315 5S .065 1.185
36
10S .109 1.097
40S .133 1.049
80S .179 .957
5S .065 1.530
10S .109 1.442
40S .140 1.380 1 1/4 1.660 80S .191 1.278
5S .065 1.770
10S .109 1.682
40S .145 1.610 1 1/2 1.900 80S .200 1.500
5S .065 2.245
10S .109 2.157
40S .154 2.067 2 2.375 80S .218 1.939
5S .083 2.709
10S .120 2.635
40S .203 2.469 2 1/2 2.875 80S .276 2.323
5S .083 3.334
10S .120 3.260
40S .216 3.068 3 3.500 80S .300 2.900
5S .083 3.834
10S .120 3.760
40S .226 3.548 3 1/2 4.000 80S .318 3.364
5S .083 4.334
10S .120 4.260
40S .237 4.026 4 4.500 80S .337 3.826
5S .109 5.345
10S .134 5.295
5 5.563
40S .258 5.047
37
80S .375 4.813
5S .109 6.407
10S .134 6.357
40S .280 6.065 6 6.625 80S .432 5.761
5S .109 8.407
10S .148 8.329
40S .322 7.981 8 8.625 80S .500 7.625
5S .134 10.482
10S .165 10.420
40S .365 10.020 10 10.750 80S .500 9.750
5S .156 12.438
10S .180 12.390
40S .500 11.750 12 12.75 80S .688 11.374
5S 156 13.688 14 14.00 10S .188 13.624
5S .165 15.670 16 16.00 10S .188 15.624
5S .165 17.670 18 18.00 10S .188 17.624
5S .188 19.624 20 20.00 10S .218 19.564
5S .188 21.624 22 22.00 10S .218 21.564
5S .218 23.564 24 24.00 10S .250 23.500
5S .250 29.500 30 30.00 10S .312 29.376
(Copper Pipe) (Copper Pipe) (Copper Pipe) (Copper Pipe)
38
1/8 12 (light, regular, extra strong) () (Copper-nickel), Aluminium-bronze Pipe Schedule table for Copper Pipes
NominalNominalNominalNominal I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. Wall ThicknessWall ThicknessWall ThicknessWall Thickness
Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
KKKK LLLL MMMM DWVDWVDWVDWV KKKK LLLL MMMM DWVDWVDWVDWV 1/4" 3/8" 0.305 0.315 - - 0.035 0.03 - -
3/8" 1/2" 0.402 0.43 0.45 - 0.049 0.035 0.025 -
1/2" 5/8" 0.527 0.545 0.569 - 0.049 0.04 0.028 -
5/8" 3/4" 0.652 0.666 - - 0.049 0.042 - -
3/4" 7/8" 0.745 0.785 0.811 - 0.065 0.045 0.032 -
1" 1-1/8" 0.995 1.025 1.055 - 0.065 0.05 0.035 -
1-1/4" 1-3/8" 1.245 1.265 1.291 1.295 0.065 0.055 0.042 0.04
1-1/2" 1-5/8" 1.481 1.505 1.527 1.541 0.072 0.06 0.049 0.042
2" 2-1/8" 1.959 1.985 2.009 2.041 0.083 0.07 0.058 0.042
2-1/2" 2-5/8" 2.435 2.465 2.495 - 0.095 0.08 0.065 -
3" 3-1/8" 2.907 2.945 2.981 3.03 0.109 0.09 0.072 0.045
(Cast Iron Pipe) (Cast Iron Pipe) (Cast Iron Pipe) (Cast Iron Pipe) 2% 4% 1% 3%
39
White Cast Iron Ductile Iron Gray Cast Iron Malleable Iron
Cast Iron Pressure Pipe Cast Iron Soil Pipe -
Cast Iron Pressure Pipe Pipe Schedule table for Cast Iron Pipes NominalNominalNominalNominal Class AClass AClass AClass A Class BClass BClass BClass B Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 100 Foot Head (43 psi)100 Foot Head (43 psi)100 Foot Head (43 psi)100 Foot Head (43 psi) 200 Foot Head (86 psi)200 Foot Head (86 psi)200 Foot Head (86 psi)200 Foot Head (86 psi)
WallWallWallWall WallWallWallWall O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.
3" 3.80" 0.39" 3.02" 3.96" 0.42" 3.12"
4" 4.80" 0.42" 3.96" 5.00" 0.45" 4.10"
6" 6.90" 0.44" 6.02" 7.10" 0.48" 6.14"
8" 9.05" 0.46" 8.13" 9.05" 0.51" 8.03"
10" 11.10" 0.50" 10.10" 11.10" 0.57" 9.96"
12" 13.20" 0.54" 12.12" 13.20" 0.62" 11.96"
14" 15.30" 0.57" 14.16" 15.30" 0.66" 13.98"
16" 17.40" 0.60" 16.20" 17.40" 0.70" 16.00"
18" 19.50" 0.64" 18.22" 19.50" 0.75" 18.00"
20" 21.60" 0.67" 20.26" 21.60" 0.80" 20.00"
24" 25.80" 0.76" 24.28" 25.80" 0.89" 24.02"
30" 31.74" 0.88" 29.98" 32.00" 1.03" 29.94"
36" 37.96" 0.99" 35.98" 38.30" 1.15" 36.00"
42" 44.20" 1.10" 42.00" 44.50" 1.28" 41.94"
48" 50.50" 1.26" 47.98" 50.80" 1.42" 47.96"
40
54" 56.66" 1.35" 53.96" 57.10" 1.55" 54.00"
60" 62.80" 1.39" 60.02" 63.40" 1.67" 60.06"
72" 75.34" 1.62" 72.10" 76.00" 1.95" 72.10"
84" 87.54" 1.72" 84.10" 88.54" 2.22" 84.10" NominalNominalNominalNominal Class CClass CClass CClass C Class DClass DClass DClass D Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 300 Foot Head (130 psi)300 Foot Head (130 psi)300 Foot Head (130 psi)300 Foot Head (130 psi) 400 Foot Head (173 psi)400 Foot Head (173 psi)400 Foot Head (173 psi)400 Foot Head (173 psi)
WallWallWallWall WallWallWallWall O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.
3" 3.96" 0.45" 3.06" 3.96" 0.48" 3.00"
4" 5.00" 0.48" 4.04" 5.00" 0.52" 3.96"
6" 7.10" 0.51" 6.08" 7.10" 0.55" 6.00"
8" 9.30" 0.56" 8.18" 9.30" 0.60" 8.10"
10" 11.40" 0.62" 10.16" 11.40" 0.68" 10.04"
12" 13.50" 0.68" 12.14" 13.50" 0.75" 12.00"
14" 15.65" 0.74" 14.17" 15.65" 0.82" 14.01"
16" 17.80" 0.80" 16.20" 17.80" 0.89" 16.02"
18" 19.92" 0.87" 18.18" 19.92" 0.96" 18.00"
20" 22.06" 0.92" 20.22" 22.06" 1.03" 20.00"
24" 26.32" 1.04" 24.22" 26.32" 1.16" 24.00"
30" 32.40" 1.20" 30.00" 32.74" 1.37" 30.00"
36" 39.60" 1.80" 36.00" 40.04" 2.02" 36.00"
42" 45.10" 1.54" 42.02" 45.58" 1.78" 42.02"
48" 51.40" 1.71" 47.98" 51.98" 1.96" 48.06"
54" 57.80" 1.90" 54.00" 58.40" 2.23" 53.94"
60" 64.20" 2.00" 60.20" 64.82" 2.38" 60.06"
72" 76.88" 2.39" 72.10" NominalNominalNominalNominal Class EClass EClass EClass E Class FClass FClass FClass F Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi) 600 Foot Head (2600 Foot Head (2600 Foot Head (2600 Foot Head (260 psi)60 psi)60 psi)60 psi)
O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D. WallWallWallWall I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D. WallWallWallWall I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.
ThkThkThkThk ThkThkThkThk
41
6" 7.22" 0.58" 6.06" 7.22" 0.61" 6.00"
8" 9.42" 0.66" 8.10" 9.42" 0.71" 8.00"
10" 11.60" 0.74" 10.12" 11.60" 0.80" 10.00"
12" 13.78" 0.82" 12.14" 13.78" 0.89" 12.00"
14" 15.98" 0.90" 14.18" 15.98" 0.99" 14.00"
NominalNominalNominalNominal Class EClass EClass EClass E Class FClass FClass FClass F Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi) 600 Foot Head (260 psi)600 Foot Head (260 psi)600 Foot Head (260 psi)600 Foot Head (260 psi)
WallWallWallWall WallWallWallWall O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.
16" 18.16" 0.98" 16.20" 18.16" 1.08" 16.00"
18" 20.34" 1.07" 18.20" 20.34" 1.17" 18.00"
20" 22.54" 1.15" 20.24" 22.54" 1.27" 20.00"
24" 26.90" 1.31" 24.28" 26.90" 1.45" 24.00"
30" 33.10" 1.55" 30.00" 33.46" 1.73" 30.00"
36" 38.70" 1.36" 39.98" 39.16" 1.58" 36.00"
NominalNominalNominalNominal Class GClass GClass GClass G Class HClass HClass HClass H Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 700 Foot Head (304 psi)700 Foot Head (304 psi)700 Foot Head (304 psi)700 Foot Head (304 psi) 800 Foot Head (347 psi)800 Foot Head (347 psi)800 Foot Head (347 psi)800 Foot Head (347 psi)
WalWalWalWalllll WallWallWallWall O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.
6" 7.38" 0.65" 6.08" 7.38" 0.69" 6.00"
8" 9.60" 0.75" 8.10" 9.60" 0.80" 8.00"
10" 11.84" 0.86" 10.12" 11.84" 0.92" 10.00"
12" 14.08" 0.97" 12.14" 14.08" 1.04" 12.00"
14" 16.32" 1.07" 14.18" 16.32" 1.16" 14.00"
16" 18.54" 1.18" 16.18" 18.54" 1.27" 16.00"
18" 20.78" 1.28" 18.22" 20.78" 1.39" 18.00"
20" 23.02" 1.39" 20.24" 23.02" 1.51" 20.00"
24" 27.76" 1.75" 24.26" 27.76" 1.88" 24.00"
Cast Iron Pressure Pipe Cast Iron Soil Pipe DWV (Drainage, Waste, Vent) Soil Pipe Single Hub, Double Hub Hubless (
42
) Gray Cast Iron ASTM Soil Pipe Service Weight Extra Heavy
(Plastic Pipe) (Plastic Pipe) (Plastic Pipe) (Plastic Pipe)
Thermoplastic Pipe Thermoset Plastic Pipe
SDR (Standard Dimension Ratio) SDR
43
(t) Thickness Wall Minimum
(OD)Diameter Outside SDR =
(Thermo Plastic Pipe) (Thermo Plastic Pipe) (Thermo Plastic Pipe) (Thermo Plastic Pipe)
( ) working pressure () tensile strength
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) Polybutylene (PB) Polyethylene (PE) Polypropylene Random (PPR) Polyvinylidine Fluoride (PVDF)
(Thermo (Thermo (Thermo (Thermosetsetsetset Plastic Pipe) Plastic Pipe) Plastic Pipe) Plastic Pipe) FRP (Fibreglass Reinforced Pipe) FRP
Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) Glass Reinforced Polyestr (GRP) Glass Reinforced Vinylester (GRV) Glass Reinforced Furan
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
44
Sch 40 ABS pressure 145, 180, 230 psi ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
( )
Nominal Size Mean
(Inch/Imperial) Outside Diameter(mm)
min max
" 17 17.3
" 21.2 21.5
" 26.6 26.9
1" 33.4 33.7
1 " 42.1 42.4
1 " 48.1 48.4
2" 60.2 60.5
2 " 75 75.3
3" 88.7 89.1
4" 114.1 114.5
5" 140 140.4
6" 168 168.5
8" 218.8 219.4
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) PVC
45
PVC PVC O-ring PVC ABS PVC schedule 40, 80, 120 PVC socket flange ( ) NominalNominalNominalNominal MaxMaxMaxMax
Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size Wall thicknessWall thicknessWall thicknessWall thickness
PSIPSIPSIPSI
O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
40404040 80808080 120120120120 40404040 80808080 120120120120
1/8" 0.405 0.068 0.095 810 1230
1/4" 0.54 0.088 0.119 780 1130
3/8" 0.675 0.091 0.126 620 920
1/2" 0.84 0.109 0.147 0.17 600 850 1010
3/4" 1.05 0.113 0.154 0.17 480 690 770
1" 1.315 0.133 0.179 0.2 450 630 720
1-1/4" 1.66 0.14 0.191 0.215 370 520 600
1-1/2" 1.9 0.145 0.2 0.225 330 470 540
2" 2.375 0.154 0.218 0.25 280 400 470
2-1/2" 2.875 0.203 0.276 0.3 300 420 470
3" 3.5 0.216 0.3 0.35 260 370 440
3-1/2" 4 0.226 0.318 240 350
4" 4.5 0.237 0.337 0.437 220 320 430
5" 5.563 0.258 0.375 190 290
6" 6.625 0.28 0.432 0.562 180 280 370
8" 8.625 0.322 0.5 160 250
10" 10.75 0.365 0.593 140 230
12" 12.75 0.406 0.687 130 230
14" 14 0.437 0.75 130 220
16" 16 0.5 0.843 130 220
18" 18 0.562 0.937 130 220
46
20" 20 0.593 1.031 120 220
24" 24 0.687 1.218 120 210 Polybutylene (PB)Polybutylene (PB)Polybutylene (PB)Polybutylene (PB) PB PB O-ring ( ) Polyethylene (PE)Polyethylene (PE)Polyethylene (PE)Polyethylene (PE) PE Low Density, Medium Density, High Density ( ) UV (Ultraviolet) (Maximum allowable pressure) SDR PE O-ring ( ) PPR PPR PPR PPR PPR DIN 8077/8078 PN1.25, PN1.6, PN2.0, PN2.5, PN3.2
Wall thickness and Pressure
47
O.D Tolerance 5(PN1.25) 4(PN1.6) 3.2(PN2.0) 2.5(PN2.5) 2(PN3.2)
20 0.3 - 2.3+0.5 2.8+0.5 3.4+0.6 4.1+0.7
25 0.3 2.3+0.5 2.8+0.5 3.5+0.6 4.2+0.7 5.1+0.8
32 0.3 2.9+0.5 3.6+0.6 4.4+0.7 5.4+0.8 6.5+0.9
40 0.4 3.7+0.6 4.5+0.7 5.5+0.8 6.7+0.9 8.1+1.1
50 0.5 4.6+0.7 5.6+0.8 6.9+0.9 8.3+1.1 10.1+1.3
63 0.6 5.8+0.8 7.4+1.0 8.6+1.1 10.5+1.3 12.7+1.5
75 0.7 6.8+0.9 8.4+1.1 10.3+1.3 12.5+1.5 15.0+1.8
90 0.9 8.2+1.1 10.1+1.3 12.3+1.5 15.0+1.7 18.1+2.1
110 0.9 10.0+1.2 12.3+1.5 15.1+1.8 18.3+2.1 22.1+2.5 ---- FRP (Fiberglass FRP (Fiberglass FRP (Fiberglass FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Reinforced Reinforced Reinforced Pipe)Pipe)Pipe)Pipe) -40 300 (-40 149 ) FRP FRP (DN15 DN3600 ) FRP resin Resin (Physical properties) resin epoxy resin, polyester resin, vinylester resin, isophthalic polyester resin furan resin furan resin polyester vinylester resin epoxy resin polyester vinylester resin furan resin phenolic resin epoxy resin Marine & Offshore ( ) FRP filament winding centrifugal casting FRP Fitting (press mold)
48
FRP Bell and Spigot, socket, butt and wrap, flange, threaded, o-ring bell and spigot FRP
(chemicals concentration) (operation temperature and pressure) / (Frequency of use) (Mixing o chemicals
which may react in the line) (Other factors)
49
50
FRP
51
FRP -
FRP (Adhesive) FRP (expired adhesives, resin and catalyst) FRP FRP FRP
52
FRP
53
54
()
(pipe size) (Tee, Elbow, Flange, etc.,) (joining method- welded, threaded, soldered, etc.,) (steel, PVC, FRP, copper, etc.,) (Pressure and Temperature rating or Class designation) - 2 Class 3000 carbon steel (ASTM105) threaded straight tee 8 Flange SO RF 150# HDG FS ASTM A 105 ANSI B16.5 8x6 Conc. Red. BWE HDG SCH STD CS ASTM A234 GR WPB ANSI B16.9 8 Pipe SMLS ANSI B36.10 BWE SCH STD HDG CS ASTM A106 GR. B
- Elbow - Flange - Tee - Cross - Wye - Reducer - Coupling - Nipple - Union - Plug - End Cap - Ferrule - Adapter
(Elbow) (Elbow) (Elbow) (Elbow)
Elbow elbow
- 45 deg Elbow - 90 deg Elbow - Reducing Elbow - 180 deg Elbow
55
15 , 30 , 22.5 , 60 elbow 45 Elbows (((( )))) 45 elbow LR(Long Radius) SR(Short Radius) elbow
Water supply facilities Food Industrial Pipeline networks Chemical industrial pipeline networks Electronic industrial pipeline networks Air conditioning facility pipeline Agriculture and garden production transporting system 90909090 Elbows (((( )))) 90 elbow LR(Long Radius) SR(Short Radius) elbow 90 Elbow 90 Ell quarter bend
45 Elbow 90 Elbow end to centre dimension (H)
NPS x 85 elbow radius long deg 45
NPS x 1 elbow radiusshort deg 90
NPS x 21 1 elbow radius long deg 90
=
=
=
45 Elbow
90 Short Elbow
90 Long Elbow
56
- 90 long radius Elbow - H = 1.5 x 6 = 90 short radius Elbow - H = 1 x 6 = 45 long radius Elbow - H = 5/8 x 6 = . Elbow Table Flanges ( Flanges ( Flanges ( Flanges ()))) (Gasket) (bolt and nuts)
- Slip On Flange - Welding Neck Flange - Threaded Flange - Lap Joint Flange - Reducing Flange - Socket Weld Flange - Orifice Flange - Blind Flange - Spectacle Blinds
57
58
Slip On FlangeSlip On FlangeSlip On FlangeSlip On Flange
Slip On Flange fillet weld
59
Welding Neck FlangeWelding Neck FlangeWelding Neck FlangeWelding Neck Flange Butt welding Threaded FlangeThreaded FlangeThreaded FlangeThreaded Flange
Lap Joint Flange (Van Stone Flange)Lap Joint Flange (Van Stone Flange)Lap Joint Flange (Van Stone Flange)Lap Joint Flange (Van Stone Flange)
Stub End Flange stub end stub end alignment
60
stub end
Reducing FlangeReducing FlangeReducing FlangeReducing Flange
( ) reducer
Socket Weld FlangeSocket Weld FlangeSocket Weld FlangeSocket Weld Flange
socket joint Orifice FlangeOrifice FlangeOrifice FlangeOrifice Flange
orifice plate
61
welding neck slip on threaded type
Blind FlangeBlind FlangeBlind FlangeBlind Flange
Blind Flange Spectacle BlindsSpectacle BlindsSpectacle BlindsSpectacle Blinds
Spectacle Blind Spectacle Blind ( Iso Drawing NC Normally Close ) ( Iso Drawing NO Normally Open )
Spectacle Blind
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
TeeTeeTeeTee ( ( ( ())))
Tee (header) (branch) 6 x 6 x 6 6 x 6 x 4 Tee
- Equal Tee - Reducing Tee
- Bullhead Tee - Lateral Tee
- Standard Wye - Reducing Wye
- Cross / 4 Way
Equal TeeEqual TeeEqual TeeEqual Tee
Equal Tee (header)
(branch) - 6 x 6 x 6 Tee
Reducing TeeReducing TeeReducing TeeReducing Tee
Reducing Tee (header)
(branch) - 6 x 6 x 4 Tee
69
Bullhead TeeBullhead TeeBullhead TeeBullhead Tee
Bullhead Tee (header) (branch) - 4 x 4 x 6 Tee Lateral TeeLateral TeeLateral TeeLateral Tee
Lateral Tee (branch) (header)
Standard WyeStandard WyeStandard WyeStandard Wye
Flexible Flexible Flexible Flexible CouplingCouplingCouplingCoupling
Flexible Coupling
Rigid Rigid Rigid Rigid CouplingCouplingCouplingCoupling
Rigid coupling Flexible coupling alignment
70
NippleNippleNippleNipple
Nipple ( ) PVC, CPVC Male Pipe Male Pipe -
Nippple close - NC Nipple hex - NH Reducing hex nipple - RHN (Male NPT Threads) Long hex nipple - LHN (Male NPT Threads) - -
UnionUnionUnionUnion
female end (nut)
PlugPlugPlugPlug
blind flange plug End CapEnd CapEnd CapEnd Cap
End Cap (Male) cap (Female)
71
Pipe Ferrule
Pipe Ferrule Pipe Ferrule heat exchanger Pipe Ferrule Adapter
Adapter - Adapter Adapter Female Adapters, Male Adapters, Terminal Adapters, Hi Low converter Adapters, Twist to lock Y cord Adapters, Auto Converter Adapters, Conduit Box Adapters, Reduce Drive Adapters, Red Adapters
End Bell
/ End Bell End bell End Bell
72
Expansion Joint
Expansion coupling bellow airtight chamber bellow chamber expansion bellow expension joint -
Metal Expansion Joint Fabric Expansion Joint Rubber Expansion Joint
(Cast Iron) (Cast Iron) (Cast Iron) (Cast Iron)
Hub and Spigot No Hub or Hubless Hub and Spigot ( ) Service (SV) Extra Heavy (XH) Hubless ( ) Hubless coupling
73
Hubless coupling elbow, tee
tensile strength
(sprinkler system)
flare
74
connection (), compression connection () and solder connection()
- 45 Elbow 90 Elbow Female Pipe Adapters Male Pipe Adapters Pipe Cap Pipe Coupling Pipe Tee Pipe Union Reducer Couplings PVC, CPVC ABS PVC CPVC -
75
()
(Pipe Joining Systems) (Pipe Joining Systems) (Pipe Joining Systems) (Pipe Joining Systems)
(welding, soldering, brazing) (Union) (coupling) (welding) (Welding)
(Union)
- Socket Type Coupling () Dresser Coupling ()
76
Socket Coupling Dresser Coupling (bolt) (nut)
coupling
Flexible Couplings (Dresser Coupling) (Steel), (Aluminum), (Cast Iron)
(Solvent Cementing Joints) (Threaded Joints) (Grooved Joints) (Flanged Joints) (Electric Fusion)
PVC, CPVC, PB, PE, PPR PVC, CPVC, PB, PE, PPR PVC, CPVC, PB, PE, PPR PVC, CPVC, PB, PE, PPR
Rigid Coupling Socket Coupling
77
(primer)
PVC
(Hydro-test) ABS ABS ABS ABS (Solvent Cementing Joints) (Solvent Cementing Joints) (Solvent Cementing Joints) (Solvent Cementing Joints)
ABS ABS primer PVC
78
PVC ABS ABS PVC PVC ABS ABS
PVC (cement) (MEK cleaner)
(Threaded Joint) (Threaded Joint) (Threaded Joint) (Threaded Joint)
- Teflon Tape (Sealing Tape)
(Grooved Joints) (Grooved Joints) (Grooved Joints) (Grooved Joints)
79
(compression nut) (seal)
(Flanged Joints (Flanged Joints (Flanged Joints (Flanged Joints)))) (bolt), (nut), (washer), (gasket), (spanner), (water level), (square)
80
Torque Wrench Torque Value
81
(Bolt Torque Values for Steel Pipes) (Imperial)
SAE 5 SAE 8 Socket Head
Cap Screws
Steel Grade
Minimum
Tensile
1/4-1/2"
180,000
Strength PSI 120,000 150,000 5/8-1" 170,000
Nominal Dia.
And Bolt Torque Specs in Foot Pounds or (Inch lbs)
Thread Pitch Dry Lubed Dry Lubed Dry Lubed
1/4-20 (101) (76) (143) (107) (168) (120)
1/4-28 (116) (87) (147) (123) (192) (144)
5/16-18 (209) (157) (295) (221) (348) (264)
5/16-24 (231) (174) (327) (245) (384) (288)
3/8-16 (372) (276) 44 33 51 38
3/8-24 (420) (312) 49 37 58 43
7/16-14 49 37 70 52 81 61
7/16-20 55 41 78 58 91 68
1/2-13 75 57 106 80 124 93
1/2-20 85 64 120 90 140 105
5/8-11 150 113 212 159 238 179
5/8-18 170 127 240 180 270 202
3/4-10 267 200 376 282 423 317
3/4-16 297 223 420 315 472 354
7/8-9 429 322 606 455 682 511
7/8-14 474 355 669 502 752 564
1-8 644 483 909 681 1022 767
1-12 722 542 1020 765 1147 860
Dry = Lubed =
82
(Bolt Torque Values for Steel Pipes) (Metric Unit)
Property
8.8
10.9
12.9 Socket
Head
Class Cap Screw
Minimum
Tensile
M6
M16: 800
Strength MPa
M20 -
M30: 830 1040 1220
Nominal Size
and Bolt Torque Specs in Newton Meters - Nm
Thread Pitch Dry Lubed Dry Lubed Dry Lubed
M5 x 0.80 6.1 4.6 8.8 6.7 10.3 7.7
M6 x 1.00 10.4 7.8 15 11.2 17.6 13.1
M7 x 1.00 17.6 13.1 25.1 18.9 29.4 22
M8 x 1.25 25.4 19.1 37.6 27.3 42.6 32.1
M10 x 1.50 50 38 72 54 84 64
M12 x 1.75 88 66 126 94 146 110
M14 x 2.00 141 106 201 150 235 176
M16 x 2.00 218 164 312 233 365 274
M18 x 2.50 301 226 431 323 504 378
M20 x 2.50 426 319 609 457 712 534
M22 x 2.50 580 435 831 624 971 728
M24 x 3.00 736 552 1052 789 1231 923
M27 x 3.00 1079 809 1544 1158 1805 1353
M30 x 3.50 1463 1097 2092 1570 2446 1834
M33 x 3.50 1990 1493 2849 2137 3328 2497
M36 x 4.00 2557 1918 3659 2744 4276 3208
Dry = Lubed =
83
Torque Wrench
FRP (Bolt Torque Values for FRP Pipes)
84
85
(Electric Fusion) (Electric Fusion) (Electric Fusion) (Electric Fusion)
nut fusion coil
nut (socket)
Nut
86
Electric Fusion PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride), PP (Poly-propylene), PE (Polyethylene) HDPE (High density Poly-ethylene) Fusion Welding pressure testing ( ) electrofusion socket (fusion coil) ()
87
()
(Fusion Welding) - Pressure Welding Explosion Welding OFW (Oxyfuel Gas Welding), AW (Arc Welding) RW (Resistance Welding) welder
welder, welding supervisor, QC
(Safety First) (Safety First) (Safety First) (Safety First)
88
(Personal Protective Equipment) (Personal Protective Equipment) (Personal Protective Equipment) (Personal Protective Equipment)
(Goggles) (Face Shields)
A B
welding goggle C D welding helmet A (Flash Goggle) B (Eyecup or Cover type of Goggle) Fuel Gas Welding
89
Arc Welding Arc Welding C D Type C flip up filter lens 2 inches by 4 inches Type D 4 inch by 5 inch window Welding Helmet protective colored filter clear cover lens
(Welding Handgloves) (Welding Handgloves) (Welding Handgloves) (Welding Handgloves)
90
Gas welding A Electric Arc welding B (Welders Protective Clothing) (Welders Protective Clothing) (Welders Protective Clothing) (Welders Protective Clothing)
Safety Shoes Safety Shoes Safety Shoes Safety Shoes
Safety Boots Safety Shoes
91
((((Safety Regulations for Hot Work)Safety Regulations for Hot Work)Safety Regulations for Hot Work)Safety Regulations for Hot Work)
(Safety Course for Welding Work / Hot Work)
(fire blanket)
( - )
92
(A(A(A(Additional Safety Informationsdditional Safety Informationsdditional Safety Informationsdditional Safety Informations for Hot Work) for Hot Work) for Hot Work) for Hot Work)
(Oxy-Acetylene)
(gas cylinders)
(valves)
(valves) (regulators) (hoses) Flashback Arrester
( ) (cap)
93
Permit To Work () (tip)
-
94
(Welding Symbols)(Welding Symbols)(Welding Symbols)(Welding Symbols) American Welding Society (AWS) (reference line), (an arrow) (tail)
(Basic weld symbols)
(Arrowhead indicates bevelled plate)
95
(Weld symbols applied to reference line)
(Specifying weld location)
Fillet Weld Bevel
Corner Flange
J Groove
Flare Bevel
96
(size) (length) pitch (centre-to-centre spacing)
97
(Dimensions applied to weld symbols)
(Dimensioning of Welds)
(Drawing)
(((())))
(((())))
98
fillet weld pitch
/ 2 - 5 1/2 60 45
(Supplementary symbols)
Finishing symbol G grinding () C Chipping () M Machining () SMAW SMAW
99
Shielded Metal Arc Welding See detail A A Back Gouge gauging
Representing Multiple Welds Example of welding symbol in use.
multiple weld bevel groove weld fillet weld bevel groove weld fillet weld
G Grinding
Finishing Symbol
100
(Welding Terminology)
welding inspector Filler Metal Welding rod welding electrode Welding Rod Electrode Gas Welding Welding Electrode Electric arc welding electrode holder ()
101
102
103
( ( ( (Welding Procedure Specification - WPS) Welding Procedure Specification Bevel root travel speed
Welding Procedure Specification -
104
Welding Procedure Specification -
105
WPS (Welding Supervisor)
WPS
(Welding Joints)
Weld Joint (Butt Joint), (Corner Joint), (T Joint - T ), (Lap Joint), (Edge)
Basic Weld Joints
Butt Joint - (square) (groove)
106
Corner Tee Joint - Lap Joint - torch brazing () spot welding Edge Joint -
Root of joints
(Weld Joint Design)
(Weld joint design) - (compression) (tension) (bending) (fatique) (impact stresses)
107
The Groove Face, Root Face, and Root Edge of joints.
Bevel angle, groove angle, groove radius, and root opening of joints for welding
108
-
( ( ( (Welding Positions) 1G, 2G, 3G 1F, 2F G Groove Weld F Fillet Weld 1 Flat () 1G groove () welding 5G
1 Flat, 2 Horizontal, 3 Vertical, 4 Overhead 6G overhead (position) 6G welder 3G 4G
109
Welding Position - Groove Welds - Plate
Welding Position - Fillet Welds - Plate
(Basic Welding Electricity)
(voltage) (current) (penetration) penetration
110
Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC) AC DC (positive + ) (negative -- )
( ( ( (Duty Cycle)
(full capacity) % (Welding Machine)
AC DC (Stationary Power Source) (Rotating Power Source) DC Constant Current (CC) Constant Voltage (CV) CC GTAW SMAW SAW FCAW CV GMAW, FCAW SAW AC Transformer AC DC Duty Cycle % AC to DC Rectifier AC, DCRP, DCSP Duty Cycle Inverter AC, DCRP, DCSP Duty Cycle (earth grounded)
111
(Selection of the Welding Cables)
Welding Cable Size Numbers
smallest > LARGEST 4 3 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0
() Amps
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 350 400 100 2 2 2 2 1 1/0 1/0 2/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 4/0 150 2 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 4/0 200 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 4/0 250 2 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 300 1 2/0 3/0 4/0 350 1/0 2/0 4/0 400 1/0 3/0 4/0 450 2/0 3/0 500 2/0 4/0 550 3/0 600 3/0 (Welding Electrode)
(American Welding Society AWS)
E-XXXX - E Electrode XXXX - Minimum Tensile Strength (Thousands of pound per square inch) (Chemical composition of
112
coating) polarity - E6027 Minimum Tensile Strength 60000 psi 2 flat and horizontal position ( ) 7 iron oxide AC, DCRP,
DCSP
1 all position () 2 flat and horizontal ( ) 3 flat position only ( ) 4 vertical down, flat, horizontal and overhead ( )
(Selection of Correct Electrode) (Selection of Correct Electrode) (Selection of Correct Electrode) (Selection of Correct Electrode)
-
Identification of Electrodes for SMAW Electrode Coating Polarity AWS designation E-XXX0 Cellulose/sodium DC+ E-6010,E-7010 E-XXX1 Cellulose/potassium DC+,DC-,AC E-6011,E-7011 E-XXX2 Rutile DC-,AC E-6012 E-XXX3 Rutile/potassium DC+,DC-,AC E-6013 E-XXX4 Rutile/iron powder DC+,DC-,AC E-7014,E-7024 E-XXX5 Lime/calcium carbonate DC+ E-7015 E-XXX6 Lime/calcium carbonate DC+,AC E-7016 E-XXX7 iron oxide/iron powder DC+,DC-,AC E-6027,E-7027 E-XXX8 Lime/iron oxide DC+,AC E-7018,E-8018
113
Remarks: DCRP = DC+ , DCSP = DC-
AC DC
(What type of fit up?), gap penetration (chemical composition)
(Mechanical properties high tensile strength, ductility, corrosion resistance)
WPS code (ASME code)
Mild Steel High-carbon steel Special alloy steel Cast Iron Nonferrous
mild steel
low-hydrogen
114
(Polarity)
Straight Polarity ( ( ( ()))) (electrode) Electrode
Negative (Straight Polarity) DCSP mild steel Straight Polarity Straight Polarity Reverse Polarity ( ( ( ())))
(electrode) Electrode Positive (Reverse Polarity - ) DCRP Vertical Overhead welding Reverse Polarity (Cast Iron) Reverse Polarity Reverse Polarity Arc Welding
Arc Welding Arc Welding Gas Welding Gas Welding ( ) (heat distortion) Carbon Arc Welding (CAW), Electrogas Welding (EGW), Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) arc welding arc welding -
(heat source) (filler metal) (shielding gas)
115
-
welding current (), voltage (), speed of arc travel (- ) wire electrode extension ( stick-out
(electrical contact tip) (end of the wire electrode) )
backhand forehand backhand forehand Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
Stick Welding AC DC (CC) SMAW core wire filler metal
Shielding Gas SMAW
(CO2) (ferrous
electrode) (amp, ) ()
116
SMAW
117
SMAW
()
118
()
119
(Starting the Arc)
(Starting the Arc)
( )
120
121
WPS (Preheating) Groove weld () gap () (overlap) (undercut)
122
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) TIG (T TIG (T TIG (T TIG (Tungsten Inungsten Inungsten Inungsten Inert Gas) ert Gas) ert Gas) ert Gas)
SMAW GTAW
shielding gas
GTAW (TIG) shielding gas
123
SMAW filler metal electrode GTAW filler rod electrode GTAW 1/8 Filler rod () Filler rod
GTAW GTAW filler metal AWS
ERXXS-X - E Electrode, R Rod, XX minimum tensile strength S Solid () X chemical composition ( ) - ER70S-6
SMAW GTAW AC DC Constant Current (CC) DC DCSP (electrode negative) GTAW -
124
GTAW Torches (TIG ))))
TIG (current) (electrode) TIG
Tungsten Identification AWS Listing (Type) Colour
EWP, (Pure Tungsten) Green EWCe-2, (+/- 2% Cerium Oxide) Orange EWLa-1, (1% Lanthanum Oxide) Black EWLa-2, (2% Lanthanum Oxide) Back EWTh-1, (1% Thorium Oxide) Red EWTh-2, (2% Thorium Oxide) Yellow EWZr-1, (+/- 2% Zirconium Oxide) Brown EWG, (unspecified alloys) Grey
GTAW
125
Electrode AC DC
(current - ) electrode
Electrode Diameter (in) Current (Amp) for Standard Tungsten Electrodes 0.04 10 60 1/16 40 120 3/32 100 160 1/8 150 210 5/32 190 275 3/16 250 350 1/4 300 490 5/16 450 600
GTAW
126
GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) M M M MIG (Metal IIG (Metal IIG (Metal IIG (Metal Inert Gas)nert Gas)nert Gas)nert Gas)
MIG TIG TIG electrode filler rod MIG electrode filler metal filler rod (copper coated solid wire) (wire feeding machine) TIG MIG MIG (any position) MIG (power supply), (wire feeding mechanism), (welding gun) (gas supply)
127
(current amp) MIG DCRP
MIG gun MIG gun gun (wire feeder)
CO2 shielding gas
MIG
Mild steel mild steel 0.020, 0.030 0.035
MIG gun
128
0.045 1/16 MIG
Fillet Weld Groove Weld MIG
129
AWS MIG filler metal
EXXS-X E Electrode XX minimum tensile stength S solid () X filler metal (chemical composition) MIG Carbon Steel, Aluminum, Stainless Steel MIG (weld defects) - Surface Porosity, Crater Porosity, Lack of Penetration, Burn Through, Whiskers
Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), Plasma Arc Welding (PAW), Carbon Arc Welding (CAW), Electrogas Welding NDT (Non Destructive Testing) Destructive Testing NDT NDT
Visual Inspection Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) Liquid Penetrant Inspection Radiographic Inspection (X Ray) Ultrasonic Inspection Eddy Current Testing
Destructive Testing Free Bend Test Guided Bend Test Nick Break Test Impact Test Fillet Welded Joint Test Etching Test Tensile Strength Test
130
NDT Surface and subsurface cracks
Porosity Tears Machining, rolling & plating defects Laminations Lack of fusion Inclusions Segregation Lack of Weld penetration Fatigue defects Seams Blowholes Flakes Pitting Laps Undercut Dimensional tolerance (e.g. Thickness)
Visual Inspection (Visual Inspection (Visual Inspection (Visual Inspection ( ))))
welder inspector
Magnetic Particle Inspection Magnetic Particle Inspection Magnetic Particle Inspection Magnetic Particle Inspection ( ( ( ( ))))
( )
131
Circular Magnetization (Prod Method)
Longitudinal Magnetization (Coil Method)
132
Prod spacing 600 to 2000 amps ( ) (Prod Method) DC High carbon steel AC Liquid Penetrant Inspection Liquid Penetrant Inspection Liquid Penetrant Inspection Liquid Penetrant Inspection ( ( ( ( )))) Liquid Penetrant Test Liquid Penetrant Test Dye Penetrant Non Water Washable ( ) Dye Penetrant Water Washable ( ) Fluorescent Penetrants ()
MPI
133
(finishing) finishing Penetrant Test finishing
( 150 nanometer = ) (fluorescent penetrants)
( ( ( (RT RT RT RT ---- Radiographic Testing Radiographic Testing Radiographic Testing Radiographic Testing))))
X-Ray Gamma Ray X-Ray -
134
Penetrating power ()
()
X-Ray -
Gamma Ray -
Gamma Ray
Gamma Ray -
135
X-Ray ( - )
(porosity, slag inclusion, inadequate penetration, incomplete fusion, under cutting, cracking, voids, pin holes, misalignment) ( ( ( (UT UT UT UT ---- Ultrasonic Ultrasonic Ultrasonic Ultrasonic TestingTestingTestingTesting)))) -
Pulse Echo Transmission Resonance Frequency Modulation
136
Eddy Current Testing
Eddy Current Testing (electromagnetic field) eddy current
inspection probe eddy current eddyscope eddyscope Eddy current test (penetration depth or skin depth) (frequency), (conductivity) permeability
1kHz 3MHz 5m 1mm Eddy current testing ()
Nuclear power plant heat exchanger eddy current
137
(weld cap) (heat affected zone)
Destructive Testing (Welding Quality Control) (Welding Quality Control) (Welding Quality Control) (Welding Quality Control) QA/QC
WPS (Welding Procedure Specification) ( )
fitting WPS NDT Traceability Record Traceability Record ( )
138
139
140
141
(Valves)
Gate Valve Globe Valve Check Valve Diaphragm Valve Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Plug Valve Relief Valve
Safety Valve, Storm Valve, Control Valve, Needle Valve (Mechanical motion)
1. Linear Motion Valves 2. Rotary Motion Valves 3. Quarter Turn Valves
Linear motion valves Gate valve, Globe valve, Lift check valve, In-line check valve, Pinch valve, Diaphragm valve, Safety valve, Relief valve Rotary motion valves Swing check valve, Tilting disc check valve, Folding disc check valve, Stop check valve, Ball valve, Butterfly valve, Plug valve
142
Quarter turn valve Ball valve, Butterfly valve, Plug valve (Quarter turn valve / - ) (valve size) - - (NPT thread ) ID () ID Rising stem Non-rising stem (open), (close) 250 psig steam service Gate valve
- Stop (Isolation) Valves gate valve, globe valve, butterfly valve, ball valve, plug valve, diaphragm valve
- Regulating Valves Glove valve butterfly valve, needle valve, ball valve, plug valve diaphragm valve
143
- Backflow Prevention Valves Non-return valve Check Valve
- Pressure Relief Devices Pressure relief valve
(normal working pressure) design pressure design pressure working pressure working pressure 10 bar
144
design pressure 15 bar Pressure relief valve
(set point pressure) (MAWP Maximum Allowable Working Pressure)
Design Pressure MAWP MAWP Set point pressure Set point pressure working pressure
Gate Valve Gate Valve Gate Valve Gate Valvessss
Gate Valve
145
Gate Valve gate valve solid wedge, flexible wedge, split wedge, double disc split wedge double disc disc Gate valve (pressure loss) disc disc Gate valve (Body), (bonnet) (trim) Trim stem, gate, wedge of disc, seat ring
Globe Valve Globe Valve Globe Valve Globe Valvessss
Gate Valve Globe Valve Globe valve disc ( ) disc
T Pattern Globe Valve
146
T pattern body, Y pattern body Angle body globe valve
Y pattern globe valve T pattern body Angle body globe valve T pattern T pattern (pressure drop)
Globe valve gate valve Globe valve conventional disc, plug disc, composition disc, needle valve disc Globe valve
Globe valve Gate valve Globe valve
Angle Body Globe Valve
Y Pattern Globe Valve
147
Check Valves (Non-Return Valves)
Check Valve Check Valve one way valve () Check valve Swing Check Valve Lift Check Valve
Check valve direction ( ) check valve Check valve
Swing Check Valve
Lift Check Valve
Wafer Check Valve
Ball Check Valve
148
Diaphragm Valves
Diaphragm valve (diaphragm) /
Weir type diaphragm valve Straight through diaphragm valve Diaphragm valve / Diaphragm valve 200 psi (1380 kPa) 400F (204C) Diaphragm valve
149
Ball Valves
Ball valve quarter turn valve (sealing ability) (nylon), (synthetic rubber), delrin, fluorinated polymer plug valve Ball valve
150
Ball valve Split Body ball valve, Top Entry ball valve, End Entry ball valve, Three Piece Body ball valve, Double Trunnion ball valve ball valve ball valve Ball valve
ball valve Butterfly Valves
Butterfly valve Quarter turn (flanged end) wafer and lug
151
Butterfly valve / (disc) butter fly valve - (elbow) control valve Tee Plug Valves
Plug valve cock Quarter turn valve Plug valve Plug valve Plug valve 0 bar 10000 psi -50F 1500F
Ball valve Plug valve Ball valve plug valve
152
plug Plug valve
Lubricated plug valve Non-lubricated plug valve Plug valve Two way, three way, four way
/ / Ball valve
153
Pressure Relief Valve (Safety Valve)
Pressure Relief Devices or Safety Valves
154
Safety valve safety valve set pressure (Selection of Valve) (Selection of Valve) (Selection of Valve) (Selection of Valve) Valve Types and Typical Applications
Notes:
1. Only angle-globe valves can be used for a 90 deg change in direction of flow.
2. Check valves (other than the stop-check valves) stop flow only in one (reverse) direction.
Stop check valves can be and are used as stop, block, or isolation valves, in addition to
being used as a check valve.
3. Some designs of ball valves are suitable for throttling service.
4. Multiport ball and plug valves are used for changing the direction of flow and mixing
flows.
155
( ) Classification (ASME B31.1, ASME Sec. III, etc.,) ()
(ANSI, DIN, JIS, etc.), (Class #150, 300, etc.,) (Definition relative to seat/tightness)
1. Drop Tight : (
) ( )
2. Bubble Tight : ( 1/8 ) 3. No visible leakage: a. For Liquid () (hydrostatic test) b. For Gas () c. Zero Leakage ( ) zero leakage zero leakage
1x10-8 cm3
0.3 cm3
Standard API 598 MSS.SP-61
156
(Valve Installation)
(
)
valve specification
( )
(upstream) (strainer)
(bolt, nut, gasket)
(vertical pipe line)
()
Check valve (flow direction)
swing check valve disc
flow direction
(platform)
(misalignment)
class
157
(Valve support)
Support pipe support
158
( Interpreting the Drawings) (Drawing) (Lines in Piping Drawing) (Lines in Piping Drawing) (Lines in Piping Drawing) (Lines in Piping Drawing)
( )
Seen Line
Long Break Line
Centre Line
Hidden Line
Dimension Line
159
Weldneck Flange section
Iso Drawing isulation
-
(Standard Piping Symbols) (Standard Piping Symbols) (Standard Piping Symbols) (Standard Piping Symbols)
Section Line
160
Fitting Type Flanged Screwed
Bell &
Spigot Welded Soldered
45 Deg
Elbow
90 Deg
Elbow
Fitting
Type Flanged Screwed
Bell &
Spigot Welded Soldered
Elbow Turn
Down
Elbow Turn
Up
Tee
161
Tee Down
Tee Up
Cross
Lateral
Union
Concentric
Reducer
Eccentric
Reducer
Bushing
Sleeve
Reducing
Flange
Cap
Y Strainer
Plug
Spectacle Blind
162
Valve Type Symbol
Valve Type Symbol
Gate Valve
Check Valve or
Non Return
valve
Angle Gate
Valve
Angle Check
Valve
Gate Valve
Motor
operated
Float operated
valve
Globe Valve
Butterfly
Valve
Angle Globe
Valve
Stop Cock
Globe Valve
Motor
operated
Diaphragm
valve
Quick opening
valve
Control valve
Safety Valve
Plug valve or
Cock Valve
Angle Safety
Valve
Solenoid valve
(((())))
163
( Piping Abbreviations) ( Piping Abbreviations) ( Piping Abbreviations) ( Piping Abbreviations)
AFC Approved For Construction ( ) AG Above Ground () ANSI American National Standard Institute API American Petroleum Institute ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society of Testing Materials AWS American Welding Society AWWA American Water Works Association Appd. Approved () atm Atmospheric BCD Bolt Circle Diameter BFV Butterfly Valve B/L Base Line () BOP Bottom of Pipe ( /) BWE Butt Weld End Ctr Centre () CL Centre Line () C to C Centre to Centre ( ) Con. Red. Concentric Reducer () cfm Cubic Feet per Miniute ( ) dia. Diameter () dim. Dimension () dir. Direction () DIN Deutsches Institute fuer Normung DN Diameter Nominal (Nominal Diameter) () Dwg Drawing () DWV Drain, Waste & Vent ( ) ea. Each () Ecc. Red. Eccentric Reducer () ell. elbow ()
164
elev. elevation () Fab. Fabricate () Flg Flange () FF Flat Face FW Field Weld ( ) galv. Galvanized () gskt. Gasket HV Heating and ventilation () HVAC Heating, Ventilating And Air Conditioning hex. Hexagon ( ) horiz. Horizontal () HP High Pressure () ID Inside Diameter () instr. Instrument insul. Insulation () IPS Iron Pipe Size () iso Isometric Drawing IFA Issued for Approval ( ) IFC Issued for Construction ( ) IFR Issued for Review ( ) JIS Japanese Industrial Standards jt. Joint () lat. Lateral () LP Low Pressure () matl. Material max. Maximum () min. Minimum () MS Mild Steel NC Normally Closed ( ) NPS Nominal Pipe Size NPT National Pipe Thread NO Normally Opened NRS Non Rising Stem NTS Not To Scale no. number OD Outside Diameter
165
PE Plain End PI Pressure Indicator (Pressure Gauge ) prefab. Prefabricated prelim. Preliminary PRV Pressure Reducing Valve proj. Project PO Purchase Order PSI Pound per Square in PW Potable Water QO Quick Opening qty. Quantity rad. Radius ref. Reference Rev. Revised, Revision RF Raised Face RJ Ring Joint RS Rising Stem RW Raw Water sch. Schedule SMLS Seamless Steel ( ) spec. Specification SO Flg Slip On Flange () SS Stainless Steel std. Standard SWE Socket Weld End temp. Temperature thk. Thickness TOC Top of Concrete ( ) TOP Top of Pipe ( ) TOS Top of Steel ( ) typ. Typical () UG Under Ground () vac. vacuum WN Flg Weld Neck Flange () WOG Water, Oil & Gas (Working Pressure) XH Extra Heavy
166
XS Extra Strong (pipe schedule) XXH Double Extra Heavy XXS Double Extra Strong (pipe schedule) (Reading the Scale Drawings) (Reading the Scale Drawings) (Reading the Scale Drawings) (Reading the Scale Drawings)
(Scale Ruler)
(Triangle Ruler)
- 1:5 1:50, 1:10 1:100, 1:20 1:200, 1: 500 1:1000
Fan Shape Scale Ruler
167
(Fan Shape Scale Ruler) 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, 1:25, 1:30, 1:50, 1:75, 1:100, 1:200 Title Block Title Block Iso Drawing 1:10 10mm 10x10=100 mm 50mm 50x10=500 mm
1:10 100 100 Title Block NTS
Iso Drawing (Piping Drawings) (Piping Drawings) (Piping Drawings) (Piping Drawings) Piping Drawing Schematic Diagram Flow Diagram P & ID Drawing (Piping and Instrument Diagram) GA Drawing (General Arrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan) Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing) Spool Drawings
168
Schematic Diagram Schematic Diagram Schematic Diagram Schematic Diagram
Schematic DrawingSchematic DrawingSchematic DrawingSchematic Drawing
169
Flow Diagram (Flow Diagram (Flow Diagram (Flow Diagram ( ))))
Schematic Diagram drawing Flow Diagram
Flow DiagramFlow DiagramFlow DiagramFlow Diagram
P & ID Drawing P & ID Drawing P & ID Drawing P & ID Drawing (Piping and Instrument(Piping and Instrument(Piping and Instrument(Piping and Instrumentationationationation Diagram) Diagram) Diagram) Diagram)
Process and Instrumentation Diagram Schematic Diagram -
170
P & ID Drawing (Major equipment and need valves) (System of all process lines, pipe size and Flow direction)
P & ID Diagram P & ID Diagram P & ID Diagram P & ID Diagram
171
(Line Numbers and Codes along the line) (Instrumentation and controlled devices)
Check Valve pump flow meter instrument flow direction (air vent) (drain) P & ID P&ID (instrumentation)
Flow F (Level) L (Temperature) T (Pressure) P
(Indicator) I, (Recorder) R, (Controller) C, (Transmitter) T
FLOW - Temperature - FI Flow Indicator TI Temperature Indicator FR Flow Recorder TR Temperature Recorder FC Flow Controller TC Temperature Controller FT Flow Transmitter TT Temperature Transmitter
Level, Pressure P & ID diagram P & ID
Heat Exchanger, Pump, Tank, Compressor, Valve Actuator
172
173
174
GA Drawing (General AGA Drawing (General AGA Drawing (General AGA Drawing (General Arrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan)rrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan)rrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan)rrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan) ( ) (Plan View) General Arrangement Drawing Piping Plan GA Drawing
GA Drawing
175
- Pipe Size
Iso Drawing No.
- Elevation
- S S 199000
GA Drawing
176
GA Drawing
177
pipe support flow meter, pressure gauge, Temperature Indicator GA Drawing GA Drawing GA Drawing Elevation
178
Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing)Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing)Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing)Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing)
GA Drawing GA Drawing GA Drawing Isometric Drawing ( Iso Drawing)
Iso Drawing (axis) X axis, Y axis Z axis X Y Z (Coordinate system) elevation - + ( ) - ()
( Coordinate System) ( Coordinate System) ( Coordinate System) ( Coordinate System)
( X Axis X
)
( Y Axis Y ) ( Z Axis Z )
xy z
179
(Origin) x - y - z - (x,y,z) (0,0,0) X + ()
- () Y + () - () Z + () - ()
180
Drawing
Iso Drawing
W396197 , S288303, EL -180 (W) (S) (column)
181
Iso Drawing Iso Drawing Iso Drawing Iso Drawing
Iso Drawing
Title Block
Bill of Material
182
Iso Drawing Title Block ( ) Bill of Material ()
(N)
Iso Drawing No. W158015-E-15800-PI-2343-0409-0610
(Centre to Centre) Iso Drawing Centre to Centre
183
Revision 0 ( ) Revision 1 Revision 2, Revision 3 Rev 0, Rev 1, Rev 2 cloud 1, 2 Rev
Pipe support
184
Revision No.
elevation ( )
185
Title Block ( Title Block ( Title Block ( Title Block ( ))))
Piping Class
Iso Drawing No. GA Drawing
Revision
P&ID Diagram Piping Plan (GA) GA Drawing
186
Iso Drawing
Iso Drawing
187
Bill of Material Bill of Material Bill of Material Bill of Material or Material Take Off (BOM or MTO) or Material Take Off (BOM or MTO) or Material Take Off (BOM or MTO) or Material Take Off (BOM or MTO)