a fajok eredete - darwin

7/23/2019 A fajok eredete - Darwin

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CHARLES DARWIN

A FAJOK EREDETE

Termszetes kivlaszts t!

Kam"is #$%r&$ '(r)*ts+a! s el,szavval

Budapest : Neumann Kht., 2004


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A MEK Egyeslet tmogatsa

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T%rt!eti vzlat a 'a(k ere)etre v( !atk(z7 !zetek m-!k!k els, me&ele!st me&el,z,'el,)sr,l2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222

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III2 Feezet ; A ltrt '(l$7 k6z)elem22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222?5

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Ql)k a termszetes kivlasztsra8 va&$is a le&alkalmasa++ak 'e!!mara)sra22222222222222222=?

Az e&$e)ek keresztez,)se2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222223

Az '(rmk termszetes kivlaszts rv! val7 ltre%tt0ez ke)vez, k%r6lm!$ek222222222

Ki0als a termszetes kivlaszts k%vetkezt+e!222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222?

A elle&ek sztvlsa22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222=

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A szervezet 'el,)si '(kair7l222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222253B

A elle&ek k(!ver&e !s 'el,)se22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222253

A 'eezet %ssze'(&lalsa2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222553

2 Feezet ; A vlt(zs t%rv!$ei222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222255>A szervek 0asz!lat!ak s !em0asz!lat!ak 0atsa8 a0(&$a! azt a termszeteskivlaszts sza+l$(zza2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222255

AkklimatizMi722222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222255B

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2 Feezet ; ssze'(&lals s +e'eezs2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222225@
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8/331

BEVEZET TANULMNY

Darwin s a fajok eredete

egsz munkm egyetlen hossz gondolatmenet542 'e28 52 m(!)atU

C0arles Dari!5=35==>U

Kevs m()er! m va!8 amel$ (l$a! szles k%r+e! ismert le!!e8 mi!t a 'a(k ere)ete2 Azismerts& az(!+a! sz(m(r t!$U ',le& a M*mre k(rlt(z7)ik2 Qe)i& Dari! e mve a mai

(lvas7 szmra is r)ekes (lvasm!$8 szakem+er!ek s laik-s!ak e&$ar!t2 Ez a r%vi)ta!-lm!$ !em vllalk(z0at arra8 0(&$ +em-tassa8 mirt2 .i!)%ssze Dari! let!ek !0!$t!$t8 a m keletkezs!ek s '(&a)tats!ak le&'(!t(sa++ k%r6lm!$eit8 a k%!$v vzlat(svezr'(!alt s a!!ak a m()er! +i(l7&ival val7 ka"Ms(latt8 valami!t !0!$ t(v++i kr)stri!t6!k2

Rvid kronolgia

C0arles Dari! 5=3;+e! sz6letett S0res+-r$+e!8 5==>;+e! 0alt me& a Ke!t me&$eiD(! k%zs&+e!8 s ma a Westmi!ster a"ts&+a! !$-&szik2 E&$i),s a +i(l7&ival8 a sz7t Jea!a"tiste )e LamarMk 5?@@5=>U alk(tta me& a Dari! sz6letsi v+e! me&ele!t Q0il(s("0ie9((l(&i-e llatta!i 'il(z7'iaU M*m k%!$v+e!2 E)i!+-r&0;+a! (rv(s!ak ta!-l8 )e !em +*ra az("erMi7k ltv!$t8 ks,++ a"a k*v!s&ra Cam+ri)&e;+e! te(l7&iai ta!-lm!$(kat '(l$tat2 Itt%ssze+artk(zik J2 S2 He!sl(;val8 a +(ta!ik-s "a""al2 .r i'k(r+a! sz*vese! &$t +(&arakats e&$e+eket8 )e re!)szeres ta!-lm!$(kat !em '(l$tat vel6k ka"Ms(lat+a!2 He!sl( +arts&avisz(!t s(rs)%!t,!ek +iz(!$-l2 Dari! az e&$eteme! 5=5;+e! v&ez ka"7ra %! szmra8 0(&$"" akk(r i!)-l '%l) k%r6li tra a ea&le K("7 mi!t re!),rk("78 va)szk("7U !ev0r(mr+(M(s2 He!sl( +ea!la a ka"it!$!ak8 R(+ert Fiztr($!ak8 s rveszi8 0(&$ a 0(ssz t-!almt e!$0*te!), vi&$e ma&val C0arlest2 t7++i!ak traval7-l L$ell 'risse! me&ele!tQri!Mi"les (' #e(l(&$;t a)a2 A 0a7 5=52 )eMem+er >?;! '-t ki8 az t %t vi& tart2 Dari!mi!t k"zett s ta"asztalt !at-ralista tr vissza8 '(rma szeri!t is2 A 0a&$(m!$(k!ak me&'elel,e!a 0(ssza++ 0a7-tak(! a &$tem!$ek s a 'ele&$zsek ksz*tsvel mi!)i& k6l%!termszetk-tat7t +*ztak me&8 aki re!)szeri!t a 0a7(rv(s v(lt2 X&$ t%rt!t ez a ea&le eset+e! is8)e a 0a7 (rv(sa8 R2 .MC(rmiMk e&$ v mlva vratla!-l 0azatrt8 s 0el$t a termszetk-tat7i"(szt(! 0ivatal(sa! is Dari! '(&lalta el2 A k(r++a! Ml !lk6l l,8 l,)%r&, 'iatalem+ert a0(ssz t telese! talak*ta8 5=B2 (kt7+er >;! me&vlt(zva8 am+*Mi7kkal tele tr 0aza2 5=;+e! L$ell a!lsra ta&a lesz a Kirl$i Trsas&!ak8 e&$ 0t mlva 'eles&6l veszi els,-!(katestvrt8 az er,se! valls(s Emma We)&(()(t8 7tev,!ek8 a z(r) a"a elle! ,t t%++sz%rsikerrel me&v), J(sia0 We)&(()!ak a l!$t2 Emma az vek s(r! %sszese! 53 e&szs&es&$ermeket sz6l !eki k%z6l6k kisk(r+a! me&0alU2 .& -&$a!a++a! az v+e! me&ele!ik


9/331

Dari! els, mve8 a J(-r!al (' ResearM0es i!t( #e(l(&$ a!) Nat-ral Hist(r$ (' t0e ari(-sC(-!tries visite) +$ H2 .2 S2 ea&le eszm(l7 ,'els&e 0a7a8 a ea&le ltal me&lt(&at(tt(rsz&(k &e(l7&ira s termszetrazra v(!atk(z7 k-tats(kr7lU8 amel$ ks,++ T0e ($a&e ('t0e ea&le A ea&le -tazsaU M*me! t%++sz%r is ra me&ele!ik8 s sikervel me&ala"(zzaDari! ks,++i vei!ek a!$a&i '6&&etle!s&t2 A k%!$v +evtel+,l 5=@>;+e! !a&$ 0zat vesz

D(!+a!8 a0(l -tazsait leszm*tvaU e&sz ks,++i lett t%lti8 mi!t vi)ki riem+er2 sszese!t%++8 mi!t e&$ t-Mat k%!$vet *r8 a le&vlt(zat(sa++ tmkr7l/ kaMsl+ rk(kr7l8ksz7!%v!$ekr,l8 (rM0i)ekr7l8 %!me&termke!$*t, vir&(kr7l s 0as(!l7kr7l2 Ev(lMi7s *rsaik%z6l A 'a(k ere)ete mellett Az em+er szrmazsa 5=?5U s az 5=?>;es T0e EP"ressi(! ('Em(ti(!s i! .a! a!) A!imals ma is k%zismert2

A fajok eredete

Dari! ',mv!ek8 A 'a(k ere)et!ek keletkezst%rt!eti )t-mai/ 5=@>;+e!'ele&$zseket ksz*t arieties a!) S"eMies M*mmel8 ezek 4 (l)alt tesz!ek ki8 Mer-zval *rva25=@@;+e! sz6letik e&$ ks,++ Yels, vzlatZ !ve! ismertt vlt kzirat8 amel$ >3 (l)al 0(ssz2&$a!e++e! az v+e! sz6letett v&re!)elet+e! Dari! @33 a!&(l '(!t(t ele!t,s %ssze&etUk6l%!*t el arra a Mlra8 0(&$ 0alla eset! a k%!$vet me&ele!tessk2 5=4;+e! ele!ik me& O!T0e Ori&i! (' S"eMies +$ .ea!s (' Nat-ral SeleMti(! (r t0e Qreservati(! (' Fav(-re) RaMes i!t0e Str-&&le '(r Li'e A 'a(k termszetes kivlasztssal val7 ere)ete8 ava&$ a sikeres 'a(k'e!!mara)sa a ltrt '(l$7 k6z)elem+e!U2

Jele! '(r)*ts ala"a a B2 kia)s2 Az 52 kia)s mellett ez az8 amel$ ma is szm(skereske)elmi vlt(zat+a! ka"0at72 A B2 kia)s e&$+e! a Dari! let+e! me&ele!t le&-t(ls72 Aze&$es kia)s(k sz%ve&e k%z%tt ele!t,s eltrs va! l)2 A t+lzat(tU mi!) k%z6l a B2 ale&+,ve++8 s az ere)etit,l rtelemszere! ez tr el le&i!k++2 A le&'(!t(sa++8 azala"'(&almakat is ri!t, k6l%!+s&ek/ Her+ert S"e!Mer 5=B;+e! me&alk(ta a YS-rvival (' t0e

FittestZ a le&alkalmasa++ tllseU ki'eezst8 5=?5;+e! "e)i&8 a DesMe!t (' .a! Az em+erszrmazsaU M2 k%!$v+e! Dari! els, *z+e! 0asz!la az Yev(lMi7Z sz7t2 A B2 kia)s+a!mi!)kett, szere"el8 az el,++i a @28 -t7++i a ?28 =28 5328 s 542 'eezet+e!2

Vv1kia)s Ql)!$;szm T%r%lt m(!)att*rt m(!)at H(zz*rtm(!)at

sszes m(!)atlt(zs :

5=4152 58>43 8=?=

5=B31>2 8333 @= 3 8= ?

5=B512 >8333 B5? >BB @85> 5@

5=BB1@2 58433 B 53? @4 @845 >55=B142 >8333 5?= 5??3 >>? @84=3 >

5=?>1B2 8333 B 5B 4?5 483== >5>

F(rrs/ .(rse QeMk0am8 54/ T0e Ori&i! (' S"eMies +$ C0arles Dari!/ A ari(r-mTePt8 Q0ila)el"0ia/ !iversit$ (' Qe!!s$lva!ia Qress2


10/331

A B2 kia)st -&$a!akk(r s(ka! +*rlk is8 e&$rszt +els, elle!tm(!)sai miatt #illia!eer8 R2 .2 (-!&U8 msrszt azrt8 mert mi!t +*rl7k m(!)kU 0i!$zik +el,le az 52 kia)st6t, eree i!k++ Ye&$rszt;msrsztZ t*"-s 7vat(sk()st m-tat H2 Ritv(U2 Az elektr(!ik-ssz%ve&vlt(zat +irt(k+a! kevs er,'esz*tssel val7+a! +rki me&lla"*t0ata8 0(&$ az e!$0ei!k(!ziszte!Mia v)a !em ala"tala!2 Az i!)eP !0!$ ki'eezse "l)-l a sz%ve&+e! !em is

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.i!)ezek elle!re mi sem ll tv(la++ az i&azs&t7l8 mi!t az a 'elttelezs8 0(&$ a szm(s

t)(l&(zs ere)m!$ek!t e&$ kil&(z(tt8 rtkt vesztett8 k-sza8 'li& visszav(!t sz%ve& %ttv(l!a ltre e!!ek "" az elle!kez,e i&az2 Az -&$a! kts&tele!8 0(&$ Dari! letraz*r7iszeri!tU a B2 kia)s i)ere mr +ele'ra) a k(r++i kia)s(k miatti vtize)es k6z)elem+e sma&$arzk()s+a8 s ez val7sz*!le& me& is ltszik a k%!$v%!8 )e e t!$8 valami!t az e!$0e'(&almazsi +iz(!$tala!s&(k s az e&$;kt %!elle!tm(!)s elle!re m&is a B2 kia)s az8amel$ Dari! &(!)(lk()sm7)!ak eret le&telese++ '(rm+a! m-tata2 Ez e&$rszt a!!akk%sz%!0et,8 0(&$ Dari! az elle!'eleivel '(l$tat(tt vita s(r! a termszetes kivlasztstkie&sz*t, t(v++i ev(lMi7s meM0a!izm-s(k s(rt 'e)ezi 'el8 amel$ek ma az ev(lMi7elmletszerves rszt alk(tk8 )e a k(r++i kia)s(k+a! !em szere"el!ek va&$ !em (l$a!0a!&sl$(sak2 Dari!!ak a termszetes kivlasztst7l8 mi!t e&$etemes ma&$arzatt7l val7eltrse te0t a le&t%++ eset+e! !%veli8 !em "e)i& Ms%kke!ti mve szakmai rtkt2 .srszt a

B2 kia)s+a! 0(sszasa! elemzi az 52 kia)s 7ta 'elmer6lt elle!rveket s az az(kat ll*t7la&tm(&at7 me&'i&$elseket ez-t! vil&(s elemzssel me&m-tata8 0(l tve)!ek a +*rl7i k6l%!%se! St2 #e(r&e .ivart8 aki 5=?5;+e! !a&$sza+s k%!$v+e! O! t0e #e!esis (' S"eMiesU'(&lala %ssze a )ari!i kivlaszts elmlete elle!i ki'(&s(kat2 A sz7+a! '(r&7 elle!vetsek azaz7ta eltelt szz%tve! v 7ta az ev(lMi7elmlet elle!'elei!ek lla!)7 0ivatk(zsai az7ta semkell r-k (++ vlasz8 mi!t amit Dari! a)(tt2 .i!)ezek ala"! k%!!$ v(lt a )%!ts a B2kia)s sz%ve&e mellett2

Dari! ',mve el,sz%r 5=?;+a! ele!t me& ma&$ar-l A 'a(k ere)ete a termszeti kivlst! M*mmel '(r)2 Da"s$ Lszl7U8 a Kir2 .a&$ar Termszett-)(m!$i Trs-lat kia)s+a!555;+e! .ikes La(s '(r)*ts+a! ra kia)ta az At0e!ae-m2 E++e ks,++ k(s Kr(l$ s i'2#ellrt Oszkr t%++sz%r +eleav*t(tt ez a vlt(zat ele!t me& 544;+e! az Aka)miai Kia)7 s a.velt N" kia)7 k%z%s &(!)(zs+a!8 5?>;+e! "e)i& ra!$(mta a Helik(!2

Darwin s kora

A rszletese++ tr&$alsra trve8 el,sz%r is '(!t(sak s ellemz,ek az(k a trsa)almi sszellemi k%r6lm!$ek8 amel$ek k%z%tt Dari! letmve me&sz6letik2 A!&lia vil&+ir()al(m80atalma s k-lt-rlis 'el,)se MsMs!2 A k(rszak!ak !evet a)7 ikt7ria kirl$!, 5=?;+e! l" a


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tr7!ra8 e&$ vvel a ea&le 0azatrte -t!2 K-lMs'(!t(ss& vtize)ek ezek a t-)(m!$ maik"!ek kialak-lsa szem"(!t+7l2 A 5=2 szza) ti"ik-s t-)7sa m& '6&&etle! !emesem+er8&az)a& "(l&r va&$ ""e! a '6&&etle!s&rt k6z), ma&!ta!r2 A 52 szza)+a!8 "" Dari!vtize)ei+e! a t-)(m!$ az(!+a! 7rszt i!tzm!$es6l2 5=5;+e! ltre%! a ritis0 Ass(Miati(!'(r t0e A)va!Meme!t (' SMie!Me AASU8 a rit T-)(m!$(s Trsas&2 Az e&$etemi (ktats

t%me&ess vlik8 az e&$etemi ta!r(k szma -&rsszere! me&!,8 a k-tats +ev(!-l aze&$etemekre2 Dari! mr (l$a! trsa)almi k%ze&+e! m(z(&8 a0(l "l$atrsai8 elle!'elei stm(&at7i t%++!$ire "r('essz(r(k , !emU2 &$a!e++e! a k(r+a! talak-l a t-)(m!$ %!k"e is2E!!ek e&$ik ki'eez,e az A-&-ste C(mte ltal 5=3;+a! els,k!t me&'(&almaz(tt "(zitivizm-s8amel$ a t-)(m!$t e&$s&es vil&!zet '(rm+a! lttata2 Ez az eszme val7)i karrierttalak-lt '(rm+a! a 0-sza)ik szza)+a! '-ta ma) +e2 .s'el,l8 mik%z+e! a t-)(m!$ a 52szza) ele! m& l"te!;!$(m(! a 7za! szre 0ivatk(zik8 s a!!ak !ev+e! '(&almazza me& azere)m!$eit8 e 0ivatk(zs "" az i),k%z+e! v&+eme!t i!tzm!$es6ls miatt mr !em telese!rv!$es/ ekk(r vlik v&le& szt laik-s t-)s s t-)(m!$(s t-)s8 szemllet s elmlet8 7za!sz s ka!(!ik-s m7)szer2

Na&$ ele!t,s& )(l(& ez8 a mai !a"i& ki0at Dari! mv!ek '(&a)tatsra2 .ik%z+e! a

t-)(m!$ az (l$a! !a&$(++ kr)sek+e!8 mi!t amil$e! az ev(lMi78 a laik-s(kat is me& akara!$er!i8 az eml*tett (k(k!l '(&va Dari! k(r+a! mr e&$re kevs+ t-) s az i!tzm!$es6lt!$elv s m7)szerta! keretei! k*v6l !em is akarU vel6k 0atk(!$a! k(mm-!ikl!i a t-)(m!$Y)(ktr*!itZ "e)i& Msak a szakrt,k ismerik2 Vr)emes me&'i&$el!i8 mil$e! +esz)es '(rm+a!ele!tkezik ez a )ilemma A 'a(k ere)et!ek la"ai!2 N(0a a k%!$v k6l%!%se! az 5=?>;+e!eleve 'l r(! "iaMra )(+(tt B2 kia)sU ki'eezette! a !a&$k%z%!s&!ek *r7)(tt8 Dari! m&isszm(s 0el$e! eml*ti az vmilli7kr7l +eszlve ez !em is ker6l0et, elU8 0(&$ a 0tk%z!a"i sz8 a)(l&(kkal val7 me&sz(k(tt ka"Ms(lat8 a k%z!a"i vil& ismer,ss&e 'lrevezet +e!!6!ket2 A laik-sszt k*v!a me&&$,z!i8 )e l"te!;!$(m(! a laik-s szmra rt0etetle! t-)(m!$ra 0ivatk(zik m a!!ak ala"ai s elveit8 mi!t m(!)a8 Y!i!Ms m7)(m elma&$arz!iZ2

a!!ak8 akik ma is Dari! +!!ek s az ev(lMi7elmlet k(rlt!ak teki!tik ezt8 0(&$az ev(lMi7 elmlete val7+a! Msak a t-)(m!$(s mvelts&&el mr eleve re!)elkez,k8 illetve at-)(m!$ ma&$arzati m7)szereit eleve ismer,k s el'(&a)7k szmra 0(zz'r0et,8 0(l(tt et!$!ek %!ma&+a! sem Dari!0(z8 sem az ev(lMi7 tm0(z !i!Mse! k%ze mi!)%ssze e&$(l$a! "illa!at t6kr%z8 amel$+e! tette! r0et, a t-)(m!$ s a k%z%!s& visz(!$!ak mraimmr v&letess s &$ t!ik8 v&le&ess vltU talak-lsa2

Az elzmnyek

K%z0el$8 0(&$ Dari! el,tt mr ms(k is me&'(&almaztk az ev(lMi7 t!$t2 Dari!!em az ev(lMi7 'el'e)ez,e8 ele!t,s&e !em e++e! ll8 0a!em e&$ (l$a!8 t-)(m!$(sa!

me&ala"(z(tt meM0a!izm-s me&'(&almazs+a!8 amel$ az ev(lMi7t e&$szerre 0i0et,v srt0et,v teszi2 A B2 kia)s ele!ek t%rt!eti vzlata r%vi)e! tteki!ti Dari! sat "ers"ekt*vtaz ev(lMi7elmlet el,zm!$eir,l2 Vr)emes ezt !0!$ t(v++i me&e&$zssel kie&sz*te!i2 Ame&e&$zsek e&$ik Ms("(rta ma&ra az ev(lMi7s &(!)(latra v(!atk(zik8 msik rsze az(kra azev(lMi7t7l '6&&etle! '(&almakra8 amel$ekre Dari! elmlete "*t2

Az letr,l -ralk()7 k%z"k(ri elk"zels Ya ltez,k !a&$ l!M(lataZ8 a &(!)(lat ma&vaAriszt(telszt,l szrmazik2 A !a&$ l!M(lat8 a Y&reat M0ai! (' +ei!&Z az l,l!$eket '(!t(s


12/331

0a!&sl$(z!i8 0(&$ a leszrmazs &(!)(latt7l '6&&etle!6l8 s,t azt ta&a)va e&$ emelke),ltr! 0el$ezi el8 als7++; s 'els,++re!)ekre (sztva ,ket2 A ltra tete! az em+er ll8 aki ale&k%zele++ ll Iste!0ez2 r ez !em i),+e!i s(r8 +r ks,++ e&$es k(rai ev(lMi7s s"ek-lMi7kazzal a &(!)(lattal is eltsz(ttak8 0(&$ Ya termszet l"Ms,'(kaiZ a0(&$ a '(&al(m Dari!!lszere"elU a l!$ek e&$ms+7l val7 keletkezsre is -tal!ak2 A l!M8 va&$ eltere)t lati! !ev! a

YsMala !at-raeZ li!eris re!)et 'eez ki8 s mivel az e&sz !iverz-m(t ma&+a! '(&lala8 ezrtels,s(r+a! k(zm(l7&iai s !em +i(l7&iai "ers"ekt*v2 Az elk"zels!ek '(!t(s eleme8 s s(kk(ra+eli er,lk%)s '(rrsa8 0(&$ a l!M se0(l !em szaka)0at me&8 !i!Mse!ek +e!!e 6resszakasz(k2 Ni!Ms ki0als va&$ keletkezs2 E&$ tize!!$(lMa)ik szza)i k%!$v+e! C0arles(!!et8 C(!tem"lati(! )e la !at-re8 5?B@U a k%vetkez, '(rm+a! szere"el/ ter8 leve&,8 '%l)8sv!$(k8 0-m-sz va&$ telev!$U8 z-zm7k8 !%v!$ek8 +(kr(k8 'k8 rzke!$ !%v!$ekmim7zkU8 "(li"(k8 'r&ek8 r(var(k8 ka&$l7k8 Msi&k8 06ll,k8 te!&eri k*&$7k8 a!&(l!k8 0alak8re"6l,0alak8 v*zima)arak8 ma)arak8 str-MM(k8 )e!evrek8 !&$l+ak8 mam(k8 s v&6l azem+er2 A '(&al(m k%zismerts&e s m()er! karriere !a&$rszt L(ve($ s(ksz(r ra!$(m(tt8 mamr klasszik-s k%!$v!ek k%sz%!0et, L(ve($8 Art0-r O!Mke!/ T0e #reat C0ai! (' ei!&/ Ast-)$ (' t0e Hist(r$ (' a! I)ea8 Cam+ri)&e8 .ass2/ Harvar) !iversit$ Qress8 5BU2

Lt0at78 0(&$ az l,l!$ek e&$ms al s '%l re!)else eszmet%rt!etile& !em azev(lMi7 k%vetkezm!$e va&$ 0(za)ka8 0a!em me&el,zi azt2 Ez teszi le0et,v8 0(&$k(rtrsai0(z 0as(!l7a! Dari! is a&&l$tala!-l +eszle! az e&$es 'a(k!ak a termszet0ierarM0i+a! el'(&lalt 0el$r,l2 Amik(r te0t e++e!8 az ev(lMi7 elmletr,l sz7l7 m+e! azals7++; s 'els,++re!) l!$ekr,l (lvas-!k8 s me&kr)ezz6k8 0(!!a! t-)-k ezt a visz(!$t mraz ev(lMi7elmlet el,tt8 s mit kell rte!6!k alatta8 akk(r itt va! vlasz2

E&$ msik emlkezetes rsz+e! Dari! az let 'r7l va&$ ms !ve! a t%rzs'r7l is+eszl/ YE&$ a)(tt (sztl$ l,l!$ei!ek r(k(!s&i visz(!$ait !0a !a&$ 'a '(rm+a! sz(ktk+rz(l!i2 Azt 0iszem8 ez a 0as(!lat !a&$(! is me&'elel, k"e a val7s&!ak2Z @2 'e2U2 Eztk%zkelete! szi!t! az ev(lMi7val ka"Ms(lk %ssze8 m r&e++i ere)et2 A t%rzs'a eszmeval7sz*!le& Carl v(! Li!!t,l 5?3?5??=U szrmazik8 aki els,k!t vezetett +e kett,s0ierarM0i !evezkta!t8 ezzel t%++ &ra +(!tva a l!$ek s(rt2 5?4;+e! kia)(tt S$stemaNat-rae A termszet re!)szereU M2 mve A 'a(k ere)et+e! szere"l, e&$ t(v++i tal!$(ski'eezs8 a re!)szerta! Ytermszetes re!)szereZ ere)etrt is 'elel,s a s(rs ir7!ia8 0(&$ Li!!re!)szere ""e!0(&$ %!k!$es v(lt8 azaz !em termszetes8 emiatt a re!)szerta!t a 5=52Szza)+a! ma) az7ta isU t%++sz%r m7)(s*t(ttk2

A k%zele++i el,zm!$ek s(ra8 az ev(lMi7s &(!)(lat 'el,)se a 'a(k Li!! ltal is vall(ttr%&z*tetts&!ek elvetsvel kez),)ik2 A k(rai ev(lMi7s "r7+lk(zs(k e&$ '(!t(s szem"(!t+7lkt rszre (szt0at7k/ a &e(l7&iai '(rra)al(m el,ttiekre s -t!iakra2 A &e(l7&it7l m& '6&&etle!"r7+lk(zs(k k%z tart(zik az els,s(r+a! Fra!Mia(rsz&+a! !"szer #e(r&es;L(-is LeMlerM )e-''(! 5?3?5?==U Les E"(-es )e la Nat-re;e 5??5U8 e00ez 0as(!l7 elle& az Erasm-s

Dari! 5?55=3>8 C0arles !a&$a"aU ltal 5?@;+e! kia)(tt 9((!(mia8 va&$ LamarMk mreml*tett 5=3;es mve2 Az ev(lMi7 i&azi )ia)alme!ete az(!+a! a &e(l7&ia t-)(m!$!ak'el,)svel "r0-zam(s s a++7l t"llk(zik2 K%r6l+el6l 5=33;+a! William Smit0 5?B5=Uk-ltrmr!%k 'elismeri8 0(&$ a ml$e++e! 'ekv, &e(l7&iai rte&ek k(r++iak8 mi!t a 'elett6klv,k2 A rte&ek %ssze0as(!l*t7 vizs&lat+7l e&$re vil&(sa++ vlik8 0(&$ a F%l) r(""a!t r&i!em "r ezer ves8 mi!t a +i+lia m(!)aU2 -''(! ?4333 ves!ek tarta8 s C-vier 5=3@;+e! mrYt%++ ezer vszza)(s!akZ2 Az &e(l7&ira "*t, ev(lMi7ta!(k k%z""(!ti 'elismerse8 0(&$az ,si rte&ek+e! ki0alt 'a(k va!!ak8 a mai 'a(k visz(!t !em tall0at7k me& +e!!6k2 #e(r&es


13/331

C-vier 5?B5=>U8 ezt els,k!t me&ltva8 a vil&(t telese! ki"-szt*t7 katasztr7'k s az eztk%vet, teremtsek s(r(zatak!t k"zeli el az ev(lMi7t2

A 52 szza)i &e(l7&ia le&!a&$(++ alaka s a )ari!i ev(lMi7elmlet i!s"irt(ra az(!+a!C0arles L$ell 5??5=?4U2 K(rszakalk(t7 Qri!Mi"les (' #e(l(&$;a 5=35=U az els,val7+a! m()er! &e(l7&iai m-!ka e++e! L$ell vil&(sa! kim-tata8 0(&$ a F%l) t%++szz milli7

ves ma a F%l) k(rt @844 millir) vre +eMs6lik8 )e L$ell Msak a szilr) kre&&el '(&lalk(z(tt8s ezt 'i&$elem+e vve mr 7val kise++ a tve)seU2 .r eml*tett6k8 0(&$ Dari! a ea%!L$ellt (lvassa2 Na"l7a szeri!t a ks,++i elmlet szem"(!t+7l le&'(!t(sa++ 0r(m m(zza!atmr ekk(r 'elkelti a 'i&$elmt2

E&$/ 0a a '%l) il$e! elk"eszt,e! r&i8 akk(r +,ve! v(lt i), mi!)e!'le !a&$ l"tkvlt(zsra s !emMsak a &e(l7&i+a! a0(&$ L$ell me&'(&almaztaU8 0a!em az l,l!$ekvil&+a! is2 Kett,/ L$ell azt 0a!&sl$(zza8 0(&$ a Ms()kra s a teremtsre val7 0ivatk(zs !emma&$arz me& semmit8 Ms-"! 6res +esz)2 H(&$ ez a 'el'(&s mil$e! ml$ +e!$(mst tettDari!ra8 m-tata8 0(&$ A 'a(k ere)et+e! t%++ 0el$e! 'el0asz!la "l2 A B2 'eezet+e! *&$/YAki a szmtala! k6l%! teremtsi akt-s+a! 0isz8 azt m(!)0at!8 0(&$ [\] a Teremt,!ek a++a!telt a ke)ve8 0(&$ [*&$ te&$e!] !ekem az(!+a! &$ t!ik8 ez Msak ma&!ak a t!$!ek e&$emelke)ett !$elve! val7 me&ismtlse2ZU Hr(m/ L$ell az -!i'(rmizm-s elvt 0ir)eti8 amel$ aztll*ta8 0(&$ a F%l) 'el,)st a mlt+a! alak*t7 er,k az(!(sak a ma is mk%),kkel2 Dari!szmra ez a)a me& a v&s, l%kst2 Lta8 0(&$ a 'a(k tr+e! vlt(z!ak ta s(r! mi!t *raUsz)ele& az a"r7 eltrsekt,l2 O)++ -tazva a 'a(k 'elismerse +iz(!$tala!! vlik ms 'a(kle!!!ek ezek8 va&$ -&$a!az(k .& t(v++ tv(l()va az(!+a! ra k%!!$ lesz8 ak6l%!+s&ek a))i&ra mark!sa++ak2 A &e(l7&ia e00ez 0as(!l78 az eltrseket 'el0alm(z7 i),+elis(r(kat m-tat2 a(! ezek az ll(ms(k val7+a! e&$ vlt(zsi '(l$amat !$(mai s ere)m!$eiv(l!!ak L$ell elve szeri!t8 aki a 'a(k mlt+eli vlt(zsait akara me&rte!i8 a!!ak maivlt(zsaikat kell me&'i&$el!ie2 Ez 0*va 'el Dari! 'i&$elmt a te!$szts s a 0zias*tsk%r6lm!$eire8 a0(l il$e! vlt(zs(k v&+eme!!ek8 s arra8 0(&$ az (tt 0at7 er,ket a termszetres a mltra v(!atk(ztatva ltal!(s*tsa )aM(lva k(r!ak ltal!(s 'el'(&sval8 amel$ ate!$sztett 'a(kat a termszet szem"(!t+7l semmi+e! sem teki!ti relev!s!ak2

Dari! k%zismert msik i0let,e T0(mas R(+ert .alt0-s 5?BB5=@U2 Az , k%z&az)as&i"esszimizm-s!ak Yk*srtete t%++8 mi!t 43 ve! t zaklatta A!&lia lettZ R2 .2 (-!&U2 A!Essa$ (! t0e Qri!Mi"le (' Q("-lati(! M*m8 ere)etile& 5?=;+a! t%m%r Mikk '(rm+a!me&ele!t8 ma) 5=3;+a! 0(ssz k%!$vv +,v*tett *rsa a 52 szza) e&$ik le&t%++et '(r&at(tt(lvasm!$a2 Tzisei ma is k%zismertek/ a avak +,s&e szmta!i8 a "("-lMi7 elle!+e! mrta!i0ala)v!$ szeri!t 'el,)ik8 e!!ek ere)m!$e !$(m(r8 sze&!$s& s +! -t7++i+a .alt0-s a'(&amzs&tlst is +elertetteU2 .alt0-s mve k(m(l$8 r)em+e! me&vlasz(latla! ki0*vstele!tett az -&$a!a++a! az i),+e! )ivat(s8 William Qale$ 5?@5=34U s ms(k ltal k"viseltYtermszetes te(l7&ikZ szmra "l2 Qale$/ Nat-ral T0e(l(&$8 5=3>U8 amel$ek !at-ralista elvek

ala"!8 a termszet t%rv!$eivel %ssz0a!&+a! k*v!tk rtelmez!i a i+lia ta!*tst s az iste!i&(!)viselst2 .alt0-s ala"! az(!+a! iste! s em+er 7i!)-lata ala"vet,e! kr)sess vlik atermszet s a trsa)al(mU !em a) e!!i mi!)e! 0es sz!ak8 0arm7!ia %sszet%rik2 Ez a"r(+lma a 52 szza)+a! '(!t(s k%z&az)as&i8 (&i8 te(l7&iai s termszet'il(z7'iai mvek s(rti0lette me&8 k%zt6k az ev(lMi7 eszmt me&el,z, -t(ls7 !a&$sza+s szi!tzis8 a ri)&eaterTreatises t%++ szerz, ltal *rt szm(s k%tett 5=5=BU2


14/331

A darwini elmlet

Dari!i elmlet va&$ )ari!izm-s alatt a le&&$akra++a! az al++iak+a! k%rv(!alaz0at7k"et sz(ks rte!i2 T%++ e&$e) sz6letik8 mi!t ame!!$i 'el!,0et s sza"(r()0at8 ez a ltrt '(l$7k6z)elem0ez s kivlaszts0(z vezet2 E++e! az e&$e)ile& eltr,8 %r%kletes vlt(zat(k eltr,mrtk+e! sikeresek2 Az %r%kletes eltrsek a '(l$amat(s kivlaszts rv! 'el0alm(z7)!ak8 ami

a)a"tMi7kat a tllst s a sza"(r()st se&*t, elle&eketU 0(z ltre2

Dari! sat elmlete az(!+a! e!!l 7val %sszetette++8 s l!$e&es "(!t(k(! eltr a 'e!ti!"szers*t, k"t,l2 S(katm(!)7 t!$8 0(&$ a 'a(k ere)et+e! a le&i!k++ re!)szerese!0asz!lt ki'eezs a Ym7)(s-lssal val7 leszrmazsZ !em a Ytermszetes kivlasztsZ8 s m&kevs+ az Yev(lMi7Z8 amel$ Msak alkalmi ki'eezsk!t ele!ik me&U2 .& l!$e&ese++8 0(&$Dari! mr az 52 kia)s+a! isU s(k (l$asmit *r8 amit lelkes k%vet,i !em vesz!ek 'i&$elem+e8illetve Msak ks,++ 'e)ez!ek 'el ra2 A le&'(!t(sa++ az(!+a! az8 0(&$ a k%!$v &(!)(latme!ete!em e&$te!&el$/ kt e&$mssal telese! e&$e!ra!& rsz+,l ll2 Az els, a!!ak kim-tatsval'(&lalk(zik8 0(&$ a 'a(k mi!) a 0zias*ts k%r6lm!$ei k%z%tt8 mi!) "e)i& a termszet+e!vlt(zk(!$ak s vlt(z7k2 E rsz k-lMs'(&alma a sat(s m7)(! 'el'(&(tt vlt(zat2 Ol$a!

'(&al(m ez8 amel$!ek ele!t,s&e s )(!s&a %sszemr0et, a termszetes kivlasztseszmvel2 A &(!)(latme!et msik 'ele ka"Ms(lat(s Msak azzal8 a mr k%zismert8 el,++ eml*tettelvvel8 0(&$ a vlt(zat(k verse!&s+e! ll!ak8 s e!!ek k%vetkezt+e! a t%++s&6k ki"-szt-l2.& itt is 7vat(ss&ra i!t8 0(&$ Ya vlt(zs(k!ak ez a ',8 )e !em az e&$etle! (kaZ e'i&$elmeztets "(!t(s rtelmt a ks,++iek+e! '(&-k me&rte!i2

F(!t(s 0a!&sl$(z!i azt is8 0(&$ az e&sz )ari!i letm s eze! +el6l A 'a(k ere)ete!em a mai !"szer rtelem+e! vett Yev(lMi7r7lZ8 va&$is a termszetes kivlasztssal val7U'el,)sr,l sz7l s !emMsak ma&!ak a ki'eezs!ek a ker6lse miattU2 Az (k !mile& me&le",8+r az ev(lMi7elmlet szakrt,i s a t-)(m!$t%rt!szek el,tt 7l ismert2 Az ev(lMi7 e&$ikle&ala"vet,++ ele!s&e -&$a!is a 'el,)s8 a k(m"lePits !%veke)se8 ms sz7val az e&$re+(!$(l-lta++ l,l!$ek ltre%tte2 A Dari! el,tti i),k ev(lMi7s "r7+lk(zsai s a Dari!

-t!i a!ti;)ari!ista elmletek e&$ike;msikaU ""e! e Yteremt, 'el,)sreZ %ssz"(!t(s*t aki'eezssel He!ri er&s(! 0as(!l7 M*m 53=;as mvre -tal(kU2 Azt 'elttelezik8 0(&$ atermszet+e! valami'le el,re 0at7 er, va!8 ami sz6ks&k""e! 0ala)s0(z vezet2 .rm(st a)ari!i elmlet s 0-sza)ik szza)i vlt(zata8 a !e(;)ari!izm-s e++e! az rtelem+e!8 "ara)(Pm7)(!8 ""e!0(&$ a!ti;ev(l-Mi(!ista2 A termszetes kivlaszts elmlete -&$a!is '6&&etle! a0ala)s8 a 'el,)s8 valami'le Ml 'elttelezst,l2 .a&a Dari! is szm(s 0el$e! emlkeztet r/!i!Ms (l$a! termszeti t%rv!$8 amel$ azt m(!)a! ki8 0(&$ a 'a(k!ak m7)(s-l!i-k kell2 .&kevs+ va! t%rv!$ arra8 0(&$ a m7)(s-ls !%vele az l,l!$ek 'eletts&t2 .7)(s-ls akk(rk%vetkezik +e8 0a Ya termszet 0ztarts+a!Z 0el$ek !$*l!ak me&2 A m7)(s-ls elle&r,l"e)i& ltal!(ss&+a! Msak a!!$i m(!)0at78 0(&$ az a)(tt k%r6lm!$ek k%z%tt avetl$trsakkal %ssze0as(!l*tva tllsi siker0ez vezet2 De 0(&$ ez mit ele!t8 s 0(&$ mik(r

k%vetkezik +e8 az az a)(tt k%r6lm!$eke! mlik2 V""e! ezzel a +eltssal ma&$arz0at78 0(&$Dari! (l$ !a&$ &(!))al elemzi a 'a(k vlt(zsa szmra ke)vez, s ke)vez,tle!k%r6lm!$eket mai sz7val az %k(l7&iai s +i(&e(&r'iai t!$ez,ket8 s ezek!ek az ev(lMi7valval7 ka"Ms(latt2 A 'eletts& kr)st "e)i& "r(+lmi miatt leszk*ti8 s azt e&$ 7lme&0atr(z(tt k(!krt ele!s&&el8 a szervek '-!kMi(!lis )i''ere!Mil7)sval 0el$ettes*ti8va&$is az l,l!$ek szervei k%z%tti m-!kame&(sztssal2 il&(sa! kim(!)a/ m& *&$ is Ms-"!+iz(!$*tatla! 0i"(tzisk!t '(&almaz0at7 me&8 0(&$ a '(l$amat(s kivlaszts s(r! a szervezet'eletts&e t%++!$ire !%vekszik )e erre r%&t%! elle!"l)kkal is sz(l&l2


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J7l rts6k me&/ ma is l!$e&+e! az a 0el$zet8 0(&$ a m()er! ev(lMi7elmlet !em a'el,)sr,l8 a k(m"lePits!%veke)sr,l sz7l ez ltsz7la&(s %!elle!tm(!)s8 )e m&is *&$ va!2Az ev(lMi7 k(rtrs klasszik-sa8 J(0! .a$!ar) Smit0 5B;es T0e T0e(r$ (' Ev(l-ti(!;+a! ak(m"lePits )(l&t a me&(l)a!)7 kr)sek e&$ikek!t ellemzi2 .s sz7val az8 0(&$ azev(lMi7!ak mi az ir!$a8 ele!le& e&$szere! !em rsze a ele!le&i ev(lMi7elmlet!ek2 A

kreaMi(!izm-s 'elesle&es viti rsz+e! e!!ek a !em ismers+,l t"llk(z!ak2 St-art Ka-''ma!T0e Ori&i!s (' Or)er8 5U 7vat(s Yszi!tziseZ tal! az e&$etle! ismerte++ "r7+lk(zs a)ari!i elmlet s az el,re0ala)7 k(m"lePits elmlet!ek e&$+e'(&lalsra2 Sark*t(tta!'(&almazva/ a )ari!i elmlet !em a k(zmik-sa! rtelmezett ev(lMi7r7l8 0a!em M*m!ekme&'elel,e! YMs-"!Z a 'a(k ere)etr,l sz7l2

Vltozatok s fajok

A )ari!i &(!)(latme!et els, rsze a ms()ik!ak a '(&almi s m7)szerta!i el,ksz*tse2A m7)szerta!i (l)al kt eleme/ a 'a(k vlt(zs!ak ta"asztalati kim-tatsa s a 0zi 'atkr7lszerzett t-)s %sszeka"Ms(lsa a termszeti 'a(k vizs&latval2 A k%!$v 52 'eezete a!!ak akim-tatsval '(&lalk(zik8 0(&$ a 0zillat(k s a 0asz(!!%v!$ek vlt(z!ak2 E&$rszt arr7l va!itt sz78 0(&$ e&$ltal! ltez!ek vlt(zat(k8 va&$is8 0(&$ a 0ziU 'a(k va&$ 'atk !em0(m(&!8 i),tle! e!tits(k msrszt Dari! -&$a!itt mr arra is rm-tat8 0(&$ a vlt(zs(k e&$rsze mara)a!)72

A 0zi 'atk vlt(zatai!ak ltezse8 ma) ks,++ a >2 'eezet+e! a termszetes 'a(kvlt(zk(!$s&!ak +iz(!$*tsa e&$ Dari! ltal eli!)*t(tt s mi& 0at7 '(&almi '(rra)al(mi!)*t7 l"se2 Qlat7! s Ariszt(telsz8 valami!t a k%z"k(ri sk(lasztika s Li!! 'iPizm-sa!$(m! a 'a(kat Dari! k(r+a! m& Ytermszeti 'atk!akZ8 valami'le elv(!t t*"-s(kme&testes*t,i!ek teki!tettk8 amel$ek Yl!$e&6kkelZ8 msk!t sz7lva az ,ket )e'i!il7t-la)(!s&(k 0almazval 0atr(z0at7k me&2 Ez az &$!evezett essze!Mialista 'a'(&al(m a

elle&!l '(&va kizra8 0(&$ a 'a(k me&vlt(zza!ak8 0isze! e &(!)(lk()sm7) szeri!t e&$ 'ame&vlt(zsa Msak &$ v(l!a le0ets&es8 0a 0irtele! e&$ msik 'a8 va&$ le&al++ e&$ msik'a+a tart(z7 e&$e) %!!e ltre2 A 'a(k!ak eszeri!t !i!Mse!ek s !em is le0et!ek '(k(zataik2 Ak-t$a az k-t$a8 a maMska az maMska8 s e&$ik+,l s(0asem lesz a msik2 A Dari! el,tti'a'(&al(m merev8 kate&(rik-s %r%k *tletet 'eez ki2

Dari! 52 s >2 'eezet+eli !at-ralista elemzsei!ek a Mla ezzel szem+e! a!!akkim-tatsa8 0(&$ !em sz6ks&es8 s,t !em is i&az8 0(&$ e&$ 'a me&vlt(zsa az(!!al e&$ msik'a+a val7 0irtele! Yt-&rstZ ere)m!$ezze!2 Dari! vr+eli !at-ralista termszet'il(z7'-sszellem+e! a ta"asztalat (l)alr7l k%zel*ti me& a kr)st2 .i!)e! me&vlt(zs az e&$e)eketi!)ivi)--m(katU ri!ti8 amel$ek val7s&(sak8 e&$e)iek -!iklisakU s mr eleve k6l%!+%z,k a'a ezzel szem+e! Ms-"! a+sztrakMi7!ak8 se0(l sem lt0at78 se0(l !em ta"asztal0at72 Az e&$e)i

eltrsekre %ssz"(!t(s*t7 s me&'i&$elsek t%me&vel ("erl7 'ata me&k%zel*ts kvzi;em"irik-sa! YM'(laZ a termszeti 'atk ariszt(teli!-s ta!*tst8 ame!!$i+e! me&m-tata8 0(&$a 'a(k s 'atk k%z%tt t!$le&ese! '(l$t(!(s az tme!et2 Dari! ezzel a 'a merev8essze!Mialista 'el'(&sa 0el$+e e&$ )i!amik-s "("-lMi7s 'a'el'(&st ll*t8 amel$ az e&$!ieltrseket m-tat7 e&$e)ek8 va&$is az e&$mst7l kise++;!a&$(++ mrtk+e! eltr, e&$e)ivlt(zat(k re!)ezett %sszess&! ala"-l2 Dari!!ak a 'i!(ma! l"Ms,z%tt '(k(zat(kra v(!atk(z7ta"asztalati 'elismersei8 s az az(kat ki'eez, e '(&almi el&(!)(ls(k azrt ala"vet,ele!t,s&ek8 mert ezek +izt(s*tk a!!ak a 'elttelt8 0(&$ a 'a(k Ytra!szm-tMi7aZ8 e&$ms+a


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val7 talak-lsa e&$ltal! kezel0et, le&$e!8 !e vezesse! rtelmetle!s&0ez2 Hatsa az(!+a!messze tlm-tat eze!2 A kate&(rik-s )e'i!*Mi7k 0el$+e l",8 t-la)(!s&aik+a! '(l$amat(sa!e&$ms+a tt!, )ari!i vlt(zat(k k"e a 0-sza)ik szza)+a! t%++ !a&$ ele!t,s& 'il(z7'iai'elem!$ei!ek ala"-l sz(l&l8 mi!t Witt&e!stei! YMsal)i 0as(!l7s&Z '(&alma8 va&$ `-i!era)iklisa! m7)(! 'el'(&(tt Ytermszeti 'atiZ2

A 0zi 'atk(! szerzett ta"asztalat(k Dari!t a vlt(zat(k s a 'a(k e&$ms k%ztivisz(!$ait ri!t, t(v++i ele!t,s 'elismersek0ez vezetik2 .e&lla"*ta8 0(&$ a mesters&eskivl(&ats (l$a! mrtk+e! is k"es me&vlt(ztat!i e&$ 'att8 0(&$ ezltal e&$e)i vlt(zat(kMs("(rtai/ 7l elk6l%!6lt8 0zi vlt(zat(k %!!ek ltre2 A >2 'eezet m& t(v++ viszi ezt azszrevtelt8 kim-tatva8 0(&$ a vlt(zat(k !emMsak a 0zi 'atkkal8 0a!em a termszet+e!tall0at7 'a(kkal is ka"Ms(lat+a! ll!ak2 A termszet+e! is tall0at7 vlt(zk(!$s&8 s,t8 mi!tDari! sat kitere)t me&'i&$elsei +iz(!$*tk8 az e&$e)i vlt(zat(k s a 'ai vlt(zat(k aYma)!em al'a(kZU s,t a vlt(zat(k s a 'a(k k%z%tti k6l%!+s& letle!8 elm(s7)72 A 'a'(&alma8 v(!a le a k%vetkeztetst8 !emMsak a+sztrakt8 0a!em visz(!$la&(s is8 a 'a !em ms8mi!t Ms-"! r%vi)*ts/ Y! a 'a '(&almt %!k!$es!ek tart(m8 amel$et az e&$msra k%zelr,l0as(!l*t7 e&$e)ek Ms("(rtra Msak a k!$elem ke)vrt 0asz!l-!k8 [22] ez !em !a&$(!

k6l%!+%zik a vlt(zat '(&almt7l8 amel$et a kevs+ elk6l%!6l, s i!&a)(z7++ '(rmkraalkalmaz-!kZ2 A vlt(zat(kat s a 'a(kat8 a 0zi s termszeti visz(!$(kat %sszeka"Ms(l7 e&$ikl(&ikai Ms(m7"(!t a >2 'eezet!ek az a 0i"(tzise8 0(&$ a 0zias*ts visz(!$ai0(z 0as(!l7a!ma&+a! a termszet+e! is va! vlt(zs8 !emMsak vlt(zk(!$s&/ Ya 7l kive0et, vlt(zat(ke!!l'(&va sz6let,+e! lv, 'a(k!ak teki!t0et,k 0(&$ ez a !zet i&az(l0at7;e8 azt a m-!km+a!k%z%lt s(k'le t!$ s me&&(!)(ls sl$a ala"! kell el)%!te!i2Z

.a a +i(l7&iai 'a'(&al(m e&$+k!t Msak 'li& k%veti Dari! me&0atr(zst2 E&$0-sza)ik szza)i klasszik-s8 Er!st .a$r !$(m! tveszi -&$a! a "("-lMi7s &(!)(lk()st8 )e a'a kritri-m!ak m&is e&$ merev vlaszt7v(!alat8 a re"r()-kt*v iz(lMi7t tarta2 A )(l(&r)ekess&e az8 0(&$ mr A 'a(k ere)ete is vil&(s "l)kkal sz(l&l az il$e! 'a'(&al(m"r(+lms v(ltval ka"Ms(lat+a! *&$ azt! !em me&le",8 0(&$ a 'a s a ma&asa++ taP(!(kle&(++ me&0atr(zsval ka"Ms(lat+a! ma is l!k vita '(l$ik2

A termszetes kivlaszts

Vr)emes Dari!!ak a termszetes kivlasztssal ka"Ms(lat(s &(!)(latme!ete "(!t(srek(!str-kMi7ra is i),t szak*ta!i2 A termszetes kivlaszts a tlsza"(r()s+7l !ema-t(matik-sa! a)7)7 &(!)(lat2 A ki)(l&(z(tt m7)szerta!i elvek alkalmazst i&!$li8 mert a0zias*ts visz(!$a k%z6l teki!t ki a termszeti 'a(kra2 A )%!t, "(!t8 az %ssze'(&lal7 542 'eezetme&'(&almazs+a!8 *&$ 0a!&zik/ YNi!Ms semmi (k-!k ktelke)!i a++a!8 0(&$ a 0zias*tsvisz(!$ai k%z%tt (l$ 0atk(!$!ak +iz(!$-lt elvek a termszet+e! is mk%)0et!ek2Z L(&ikai

szem"(!t+7l !zve ez a L$ell -!i'(rmizm-s!ak szellem+e! '(&a!t 'elttelezs >2 'eezet 'e!ti)zett m(!)at!ak a '(l$tatsa8 s a malt0-si elvet a kivlasztssal ka"Ms(la %ssze2

A 2 'eezet az(!+a! a malt0-si m7)(! mk%), termszet elveit '(&almazza me&2 Azt+iz(!$*ta8 0(&$ az e&$e)ek s ezzel a vlt(zat(kU k%z6l s(k el"-szt-l a mrta!i sza"(r()sisza+l$ miatt8 amel$ a t"llk0i!$8 az &0alati i!&a)(zs(k s ms (k(k miatt !emrv!$es6l0et2 E!!ek k%vetkezt+e! Ya ltrt '(l$7 k6z)elemZ %! ltre a verse!&s e&$;e&$'a(! +el6l lesz a le&er,se++2 A @2 'eezet rvel8 amellett 0(&$ a ki"-szt-ls termszetes


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kivlaszts0(z s a 'a me&vlt(zs0(z vezet2 Ha e&$ 'a(! +el6l %r%kletes vlt(zat(ss&ta"asztal0at7 s ki"-szt-ls l" 'el8 akk(r Y\i&e!Msak '-rMsa le!!e8 0a e&$es vlt(zat(k !em+iz(!$-l!!ak 0asz!(s!ak az e&$es l,l!$ek szmra -&$a!&$8 a0(&$a! a te!$sztettvlt(zat(k 0asz!(s!ak +iz(!$-ltak az em+er!ek2 Ha vala0a 'ell"!ek az l,l!$ek szmra0asz!(s vlt(zs(k8 akk(r +iz(!$(s8 0(&$ az ezeket 'elm-tat7 e&$e)ek!ek lesz a le&(++ esl$e

a ltrt '(l$7 k6z)elem+e! val7 'e!!mara)sra8 s az %r%kl,)s elve ala"! ezek ltal+a!ma&-k0(z 0as(!l7 -t7)(kat '(&!ak ltre0(z!i2 A tlls eme elvt8 va&$is a le&alkalmasa++ak'e!!mara)st !eveztem el termszetes kivlaszts!ak2Z

Ez -&$a!az8 Msak rszletese++e!8 mi!t a 542 'eezet+e! ltt-!k2 .i!)ez "e)i& *&$ e&$6tt8vlt(zat(k8 'a(k8 .alt0-s s mi!)e!8 a ktte!&el$ )ari!i &(!)(latme!et vzlata8 a0(l atermszetes kivlaszts a MsMs"(!t/ i!!e! a 'a(k vlt(zsa mr )e)-kt*v k%vetkezm!$k!ta)7)ik2 A vlt(zat(k lt!ek +iz(!$*tsval kez),),8 a vlt(zs '(&almait me&alk(t7 s az(kat atlsza"(r()si s a kivlasztsi elv %sszeka"Ms(lsval e&$+e'(&lal7 &(!)(latme!et az(!+a!m& mi!)i& Msak Ya sze&!$ em+er Dari!tZ ele!ti tize!!&$ 'eezet+,l !&$et2 Ha Dari!Ms-"! ezeket *rta v(l!a me&8 mr az is e&$ !a&$sza+s elmlet le!!e )e , messze t(v++me&$2

A fajok vltozsnak egyb okai s Darwin modernitsa

Az8 amit val7+a! )ari!i ev(lMi7elmlet!ek le0et !evez!i8 e&$e!ra!& k(m"(!e!sk!ttartalmazza a termszetes kivlasztst8 a ki"-szt-lst8 a 'a(k vlt(zst s vlt(zk(!$s&t8e!!ek %ssze'6&&st a '%l)razi eltere)ssel s az ,sl!$ta!i leletekkel8 a re!)szerta!!al8 am(r'(l7&ival s az em+ri(l7&ival8 s s(k e&$+ t!$ez,vel2 Ezekkel '(&lalk(zik a t%++i t*z'eezet2 K(r++a! eml*tettem8 0(&$ Dari! a 'a(k vlt(zs!ak szm(s (l$a!8 a termszeteskivlasztst7l '6&&etle! (kt ismeri 'el8 amel$ek ma) Msak mi!te&$ szz vvel ks,++8 7rszt a0-sza)ik szza) 0atva!as0etve!es vei+e! vl!ak az ev(lMi7elmlet szerves rszv2 Az

%t%)ikt,l a tize!!e&$e)iki& tere), 'eezetek az elmlet t(v++i rszletei!ek ki)(l&(zsa sY(l)alr7l t%rt!,Z i!)-kt*v me&ala"(zsa8 va&$is i!k++ me&tm(&atsa mellett il$es'lekr)sek s(kas&val '(&lalk(z!ak2 Lss-!k !0!$ "l)t2

Y&$ ltszik8 az alkati sat(ss&(k ltre0(zs+a! s(k eset+e! a me&sz(ks!ak8 a szervekme&er,s*ts+e! a 0asz!lat!ak8 me&&$e!&*ts+e!8 illetve kise++*ts+e! "e)i& a!em0asz!lat!ak v(lt ele!t,s 0atsa2 [\] a kem!$ s k6ls, rszek m7)(s-lsai !0a+e'(l$s(lk a +els, s l&$a++ rszeket2 Ha valamil$e! rsz 'elt!,e! 'elett8 akk(r le0et8 0(&$0alam(s elsz*v!i a t"llk(t a sz(msz)(s rszekt,l [\] A 'el"*ts!ek a k(rai letk(r+a!+ek%vetkez, vlt(zsai +e'(l$s(lk a ks,++ ki'el,), rszeket8 s ka"Ms(lt vlt(zs(kk%vetkez!ek +e8 amel$ek rszletes termszett !em ismer6k2 A me&t%++sz%r%z%tt rszek szmas 'el"*tse vlt(zk(!$8 tal! azrt8 mert !em kell,k""e! s"eMializl7)tak k6l%!le&es'-!kMi7kra [\]2 al7sz*!le& -&$a!e++,l az (k+7l ki'(l$7la&8 az alaMs(!$ l"Ms,'(k(k(! lv,l,l!$ek vlt(zk(!$a++ak8 mi!t a ma&asa++a! lv,k8 amel$ek!ek az e&sz szervezete (++a!s"eMializlt2Z 42 'eezetU

Az i)zet+e! mai sz70asz!lattal sz7lvaU az e&$e)'el,)si k!$szerekr,l8 a Y&e!erativee!tre!M0me!tZ;r,l va&$is az ala"vet, str-ktrk Y+es7)sr7lZU8 a ka"Ms(lt &!ek szere"r,l8 a


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0(m(l7& szervek vlt(zsair7l s a vlt(zk(!$s& 'il(&e!etikai %ssze'6&&seir,l (lvas0at-!k me&a!!$i m()er! tmr7l2 tt%r, Dari! az esetle&ess&ek szere"!ek 0a!&sl$(zs+a! is2.irt !em alak-lt ki E-r7"+a! a zsir'0(z 0as(!l7 llat8 amik(r itt is va!!ak "ats !&$l+aks ma&as 'k Dari! vlasza/ Msak2 Csak8 mert t%rt!etese! !em k%vetkeztek +e az(k az e&$e)iesem!$ek8 amel$ek a me&'elel, vlt(zat(kat ltre0(ztk v(l!a2 .e&ele!ik azt! Dari!!l a

"!a)a"tMi(!izm-s!ak8 va&$is a!!ak a 'el'(&s!ak a +*rlata8 amel$ mi!)e! 'ai elle& m%&%ttalkalmazk()st s kivlasztst set2 Aki A 'a(k ere)ett 'i&$elmese! (lvassa8 lt!i '(&a8 0(&$Dari! mil$e! l!k szavakkal +eszl a semle&es elle&ek le0et,s&r,l ami az 5B3;asvek+e! !e-tralizm-s !ve! r(++a! +e a m()er! elmlet+e8 .(t(( Kim-ra rv!U8 )e arr7l is8amit ma "("-lMi7s )ri't!ek s()r7)s!akU 0*v!ak ms sz7val s ismt Msak mai szavakkalUarr7l a ele!s&r,l8 0(&$ e&$ "("-lMi7 &e!etikai %sszettele akk(r is me&vlt(z0at8 0a !em 0atr szelekMi72 Fel'e)ezi s 'e!(me!(l7&iai szem"(!t+7l mai szemmel is 0el$tll7a!U ellemzi az%k(l7&iai k(ev(lMi7t8 azt a ele!s&et8 0(&$ e&$ vlt(z7 'a(kkal k%r6lvett 'a ma&a is me& kellvlt(zz(! a00(z8 0(&$ a 0el$! mara)0ass(!2 Ez a te7ria 5?5;+e! Re) `-ee!;elmlet !ve!0*res6l el8 Lei&0 a! ale!t,l2 Dari! 'elismeri a '-!kMi7vlt(zs elvt8 va&$is azt8 0(&$ a 'a(km7)(s-lsaik s(r! &$akra! a me&lv,8 ms '-!kMi7ra val7 szerveket 0asz!lk 'el Ml(kra2

Ql)a8 az sz707l$a&+7l ltre%tt t6), az(!(s azzal8 amit a N(+el;)*as Fra!M(is JaM(+ !emr&iY+arkMs(lsiZ ti!keri!&8 +riM(la&eU elmlet+e! (lvas-!k 5=>U2 De "l)-l S2 J2 #(-l)!ak a0etve!es;!$(lMva!as vek+e! ki)(l&(z(tt ePa"tMi7s elmlete szi!t! a '-!kMi7vlt(zs )ari!ielv0ez !$l vissza s 'e)ezi 'el ra2 ma&a az eml*tett sz707l$a&;t6), 0(m(l7&iatermszetese! !em Dari! 'el'e)ezse8 az eml*tett ev(lMi7s elv az(!+a! a!!l i!k++2U Az(lvas7 Dari! e&$ msik 0a!&sl$(s me&'(&almazs+a! a k(m"etit*v ePklzi7 elvt8 ms!ve! az %k(l7&ia #a-ze;0i"(tzist is 'elismer0eti2 A 'a(k ere)ete la"ai! -&$a!Msaktallk(z0at-!k a Seall Wri&0t;'le Ys0i'ti!& +ala!MeZ elmlet elemeivel8 va&$is az i),szak(ster6leti iz(lMi7 s a "("-lMi7mret +(!$(l-lt ev(lMi7s %ssztkaival is2 Szi!t! Dari! az8aki a r(vartrsa)almak "l)! +evezeti a Ms("(rtszelekMi7 elvt az 5B3;as vekt,l kez),),e!0atalmas vita '(l$ik2 E r%vi) s tv(lr7l sem teles 'els(r(ls v&re 0a&$tam azt a 7l ismertt!$t8 0(&$ Dari! mi!)ezek mellett a +i(&e(&r'ia at$a is2 AlePa!)er v(! H-m+(l)t mellett ,az els,8 aki a 'a(k '%l)razi eltere)st8 e!!ek a 'izikai s +i(l7&iai let'elttelekkel8 aleszrmazssal s a kivlasztssal val7 ka"Ms(latval szisztematik-sa! vizs&la2

ilyen rtelemben igazolja Darwin m!ve a fajokleszrmazssal val keletkezst"

Ltt-k mr8 A 'a(k ere)ete els,s(r+a! is !em azt m-tata ki8 0(&$ a 'a(k termszeteskivlasztssal keletkez!ek8 0a!em8 0(&$ e&$rszt azt8 0(&$ vlt(z!ak8 msrszt8 0(&$ ak6l%!+%z, 'a(k e&$mssal leszrmazsi ka"Ms(lat+a! ll!ak2 E&$szerre M'(la te0t a 'a(kvlt(zatla!s&!ak elvt s a k6l%! teremts elmlett2 Els,s(r+a! az -t7++i m(zza!at az8 amimiatt a )ari!i elmlet a me&sz6lets!ek "illa!att7l kez)ve a mai !a"i& a le&k6l%!'l++valls(s sz*!ezet tma)s(k Ml"(!ta2 A!!ak elle!re *&$ va! ez8 0(&$ az ismert rtelmezsszeri!tU Dari! !em ateista v(lt8 0a!em T0(mas H-Ple$ szavval sz7lva8 a&!(sztik-s8 va&$is(l$a! szeml$8 Yaki szeri!t az em+eri elme !em t-)0ata me&8 va!;e Iste! va&$ ms v&s, (k aza!$a&i ele!s&e! tlZ/ a t-)(m!$ Mla "e)i& ""e! az a!$a&i ele!s&ek ellemzse8 s !emms2 r a ""a 5B;+a! a Q"ai Aka)mia el,tt kiele!tette8 0(&$ a tm(&at7 +iz(!$*tk(k!a&$ t%me&e miatt Yaz ev(lMi7 elmlete t%++ !em 0a&$0at7 'i&$elme! k*v6lZ8 a mai a++kelet ev(lMi7s szke"tiMizm-s s a kreaMi(!ista re!esz!sz '!$+e! m&is 'el kell te!!i a


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kr)st/ Msak-&$a! i&az(la;e Dari! Yaz ev(lMi7tZ8 va&$ 0el$ese++e! a 'a(k e&$mst7ltermszetes leszrmazssal val7 keletkezst

A 0el$zet az8 0(&$ a leszrmazssal szem+e! a k6l%! teremts 'elttelezse se l(&ikaila&le0ets&es8 )e t-)(m!$(sa! 6res le0et,s&2 A Dari! ltal el,s(rak(ztat(tt +iz(!$*tk(k (l$a!termszetek8 0(&$ t-)(m!$(s rtelem+e! vett ktel$t !em 0a&$!ak a leszrmazssal

ka"Ms(lat+a!2 De mit is ele!t valamit t-)(m!$(sa! +iz(!$*ta!i Semmik""e! !emvalamil$e! M'(l0atatla!8 elemie! k!$szer*t, &(!)(latme!etet il$e! &(!)(latme!et !em isle0ets&es8 0isze! m& a l(&ika i&azs&ai is 'elttelesek a!!$i+a!8 0(&$ el kell '(&a)!i 0(zz-ka l(&ika sza+l$aitU 0a!em Ms-"! (l$a! t!$ek 'elm-tatst8 amel$ek!ek msk!t8 mi!t aza)(tt ma&$arzat(t k%vetve8 !i!Mse! rtelme2

H(&$ ez mit ele!t8 arra !zz6k ezt a "l)t/ YAki a++a! 0isz8 0(&$ mi!)e! l7'lt k6l%!teremtettek8 'elteszem8 azt '(&a erre m(!)a!i8 0(&$ mi!)e! 'at azzal a k"ess&&el e&$6tt0(ztk ltre8 0(&$ ""e! *&$ vlt(zz(! ma) me&8 akr a termszet+e!8 akr a 0zias*tsvisz(!$ai k%z%tt [\] s 0(&$ valame!!$i 'a t(v++ az arra val7 er,s 0alammal teremt,)%tt80(&$ amik(r a vil& tv(li z-&! lak7 'a(kkal keresztezik8 akk(r !e a sat sz6leire8 0a!em a!emzets& ms 'aaira 0as(!l*t7 0i+ri)eket 0(zz(! ltre2Z 42 'eezetU

Az ev(lMi7s ma&$arzat itt az ,s%k t-la)(!s&aira val7 vissza6ts mai sz7val/ areMessz*v %r%kl,)sU2 Ez t%m%r8 ele&!s8 rtelmes s te&$6k 0(zz/ "re)ikt*v8 azaz %v,+e!iesem!$ek me&7slsra alkalmasU2 A k6l%! teremtst az(!+a!8 mel$ !e0zkes8 0(ssza)almas8rt0etetle! ma&$arzat(t !$t8 mi!)ez Yelv+e!Z !em zra ki2 Lt0at78 Dari! tiszt+a! va!azzal8 0(&$ +rmil$e! 'el'e)ezs va&$ elmlet elle!+e! is mi!)i& kim(!)0at7k lesz!ek az(kaz a++ m(!)at(k8 amel$ek a 'a(k k6l%! teremtst ll*tk2 .r t-)-k8 0(&$ L$ellt k%vetve ,az il$e! m(!)at(kat ""e!8 mivel ezek +rmik(r8 +rmil$e! +iz(!$*tk elle!+e! kim(!)0at7kUsemmitm(!)7!ak tarta2 Szerkezett teki!tve az rv ele!t,se! ltal!(s*t0at72 V""&$ 'elvet0et,-&$a!is8 s ""&$ !em M'(l0at78 0(&$ a Ta- Ceti kk sz%r!$ei 0(ztak i)e mi!ket2 NemM'(l0at78 Msak ""e! 'elesle&es s rtelmetle! 'elttelezs2 Dari! 6ze!ete te0t ez/ k%!!$ e&$

l&6res tr+e! azt m(!)a!i8 0(&$ a Teremt, +rmit teremt0etett8 amit Msak a ke)ve tart(tt va&$0(&$ a kk sz%r!$ekt,l szrmaz-!k8 mirt !eU8 )e !zz6k me& el,sz%r8 k(!krta! mit kellettv(l!a e00ez a Teremt,!ek va&$ a kk sz%r!$ek!ekU te!!ie2 E!!ek '!$+e! vlasz(l0at7 Msakme& a kr)s8 0(&$ mi ma&$arzza (++a! a ele!s&eket a teremts elve;e8 va&$ az ev(lMi7S 0(&$ e YreMe"tZ mil$e! 7l mk%)ik8 m-tatk Dari! Yttr,Z k(rtrsai8 az(k a &e(l7&-s(k8"ale(!t(l7&-s(k8 z((l7&-s(k8 akik mi!t a k%!$v+e! is emle&etett Fra!b(is;J-les QiMtetU "l)-laz al++i ele!s&ek s rvek 0atsra a leszrmazs 0*v6l sze&,)tek2 Cs-"! !0!$ i)zetetra&a)-!k m(st ki2

Tkletlen fajok. Az a)a"tMi7kkal ka"Ms(lat+a! a 542 'eezet ezt *ra/ Y.i!t0(&$ atermszetes kivlaszts a verse!&s rv! mk%)ik8 ezrt e&$ a)(tt ter6let lak7it Ms-"! a t%++ilak7k0(z k"est t-)a talak*ta!i s t%kletes*te!i2 Nem sza+a) te0t Ms()lk(z!-!k8 0a azt

lt-k8 0(&$ e&$ ter6let lak7it le&$,zik s kisz(r*tk a ms0(!!a! +etele"*tett l,l!$ek "e)i&az ltal!(s vlem!$ szeri!t az el,++ieket ""e! e ter6let szmra teremtettk8 s e00ez ater6let0ez sat(sa! alkalmazk()tak2Z .s-tt ezt (lvass-k/ YAki a 'a(k k6l%! teremts!ekta!t '(&a)a el8 azt is el kell '(&a)!ia8 0(&$ az 7Me!i szi&etekre !em teremtettek ele&

a fajok eredete - darwin

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