abstract book - الجامعة الإسلامية...

The Fifth International Conference on Engineering

and Sustainability (ICES5)

Faculty of Engineering - Islamic University, Gaza City,

Palestine.

ABSTRACT BOOK

9-10 December, 2014

ICES5, IUG & USM Gaza, 9-10 December 2014

5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 i

Conference Chairman:

Dr. Fahid Rabah(IUG)

Dean of Faculty of Engineering

Vice Chair:

Prof. Ahmed Farhan Sadullah (USM)

Conference Advisors:

Prof. Mohamed M. Ziara (IUG)

Prof. Hyunook Kim (University of Seoul, Korea)

Organizing Committee:

Chairman: Dr. Yunes K. Mogheir(IUG)

Dr. Basil Hamed(IUG) Dr. Raed Slaha(IUG)

Dr. Nader Elnamara(IUG) Dr. Khalid Halaq(IUG)

Dr. Wesam Al Madhoun(IUG) Mr. Said EL Namrouti(IUG)

Eng. Jehad Aldahdooh(IUG) Eng. Sarah Aldirawi(IUG)


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 ii

Scientific Committee:

Chairwoman: Prof. Hala Jarallah El-Khozondar (IUG)

Prof. Adnan A. Enshassi(IUG) Prof. Hamidi Abdul Aziz(USM)

Prof. Mohammed Shabat(IUG) Prof. Meor Hamza (USM)

Dr. Basil Hamed(IUG) Prof. Mohammad Selamat (USM)

Prof. Farid Al-Qeeq(IUG) Prof. Ismail Abustan(USM)

Prof. Salah Agha(IUG) Prof. Bodrulhisham Abu Baker(USM)

Dr. Husam Al-Najar (IUG) Prof. Fauziah Ahmad(USM)

Dr. Jamal ElZebda(IUG) Prof. Wan Muhd. Aminuddin Wan

Hussin(USM)

Dr. Mohammed Al-Hanjouri

(IUG)

Prof. Mohd. Nordin Adlan(USM)

Prof. Said Zuhdi(U-PSUD) Prof. Md Azlin Md Said(USM)

Prof. Nor Azam Ramli(USM)


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 iii

Paper Review Committee

Name Institution

Prof. Mahmoud Moghavvemi University of Malaya, Malaysia

Prof. Marwan Haddad An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine

Prof. Fouad Gharaybeh Jordan University of Science and

Technology, P.O.Box 3030

Prof. Hala EL-Khozondar Islamic University of Gaza,

Palestine

Prof. Mohammad Mikki Islamic University of Gaza,

Palestine

Prof. Farid Al-Qeeq Islamic University of Gaza,

Palestine

Prof. Sameer Abu-Eisheh An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine

Prof. Wasel Ghanem Birzeit University, Palestine

Prof. Rafiq Choudhry National University of Sciences

& Technology (NUST), Pakistan

Prof. Tarek ElShafiey Tanta University, Tanta City,

Egypt

Prof. Khaled Abaza Birzeit University, Palestine

Dr. Rashed Al-Sa`ed Birzeit University, Palestine

Dr. Riyad Awad An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine

Dr. Ali Abdulhamid An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine

Dr. Osama Ata Palestine Polytechnic University,

Hebron, Palestine


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 iv

Dr. Issam Al-Khatib Birzeit University, Palestine

Dr. Maher Amro Palestine Polytechnic University,

Hebron, Palestine

Dr. Nidal Mahmoud Birzeit University, Palestine

Dr. Abed Schokry Islamic University of Gaza,

Palestine

Dr. Ziad Mimi Birzeit University, Palestine

Dr. Yunes Mogheir Islamic University of Gaza,

Palestine

Dr. Mamoun Alqedra Islamic University of Gaza,

Palestine

Dr. Rifa El-Khozondar Al-Aqsa University, Gaza,

Palestine

Dr. Aiman Abu samra Islamic University of Gaza,

Palestine

Dr. Muain Jawabrah Birzeit University, Palestine

Dr. Ahmad Ramahi An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine

Dr. Falah Mohammed An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine

Dr. Sufyan Samara An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine

Dr. Ahmad Elkhateb Universiti Malaya, Malaysia

Dr. Zubaidah Ismail

University of Malaya, 50603

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Dr. Mahmoud Dwaikat An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine

Dr. Jihad Hamad Islamic University of Gaza,

Palestine


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 v

Dr. Omar Zimmo Birzeit University, Palestine

Dr. Numan Mizyed An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine

Dr. Nabil Al-Joulani College of Eng. And Technology,

Palestine Polytechnic University

Dr. Rad Amro Palestine Polytechnic University,

Hebron, Palestine

Dr. Ghadi Zakarneh Palestine Polytechnic University,

Hebron, Palestine

Dr. Imad Nazzal Al-Quds Open university-Jenin-

Palestine

Dr. Ghandi Manasra Palestine Polytechnic University,

Hebron, Palestine

Dr. Osayd Abdul-Fattah An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine

Dr. Ahmad Shraideh An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine

Dr. Hafez Shaheen An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine

Dr. Husam Al-Najar Islamic University of Gaza,

Palestine

Dr. Isam Jardaneh An-Najah National University,

Nablus, Palestine


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 vi

Authors List

Authors Title

Abdel Qaraman Chemistry Dept., Women College,

Egypt

Abdellkareem Mohsen Design & Architecture Theory,

IUG , Palestine

Abdelmajid Nassar Environmental Eng. Dept., IUG ,

Palestine

Abdul Allah Saand University of Eng. Science and

Technology – Pakistan.

Abed Schokry Industrial Eng. Dept., IUG,

Palestine

Adham Abu Shamla Electrical Eng., IUG , Palestine

Adnan Enshasi Construction Eng. and

Management, Civil Eng., IUG ,

Palestine

Afif Hasan Mechanical Eng. Dept., Birzeit

University, Palestine.

Ahmed Abu Hanieh Mechanical Eng. Dept., Birzeit

University, Palestine

Ahmed Nassar Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine

Ahmed Alnahhal Info. Tech. Dep. ,University of

Palestine, Palestine,

Aiman Abu Samra Computer Eng. Dept.,

IUG,Palestine

Alaeddinne Eljamassi Civil Eng., IUG , Palestine


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 vii

Alexanderrayar Singarayah Environmental Eng., Faculty of

Eng. and Green Technology

(FEGT), University Tunku Abdul

Rahman, Perak, Malaysia.

Amal Bashir Faculty of Eng. and Green

Technology, Universiti Tunku

Abdul Rahman, Jalan

Anwar Mousa University of Palestine, Gaza,

Palestine

Ashwaq Ghneim Head of infrastructure dep.

,ministry of planning

Asma Ismail Assistant Lecturer at the Academy

May 15 for architecture, civil

engineer

Assad Abu-Jasser Electrical Eng. Dept., IUG,

Palestine

Ayat Albatniji Environmental Engineer, Gaza,

Palestine

Aziman bin Abdullah Energy and Environmental System

Eng. Dept., University of Seoul,

South Korea

Azman M Civil Eng., Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia

Azzam Abuhabib Environmental Eng., IUG ,

Palestine

Balkess El-Khozondar Environmental Eng. Dept., IUG

Basil Hamed Electrical Eng. Dept., IUG ,

Palestine

Bassam Tayeh

Civil Eng. Dept, IUG, Palestine.


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 viii

Chew Thiam Leng Faculty of Eng. and Green

Technology, Universiti Tunku

Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti,

Bandar Barat

Chik, Z. Civil & Structural Eng., Faculty of

Eng. & Built

Environment,Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia

Emad Muhaisen Architect Eng. Dept., University

College of Applied Sciences,

Palestine

Euniza J Civil Eng., Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia

Farid Al Qeeq Architectural Design & Building

Technology, Islamic University of

Gaza

Faten Z. Mahmoud Chemistry Dept., Women’s

College, Ain shams University,

Cairo, Egypt.

Fauziah Ahmad Civil Eng. Dept., University sains

Malaysia, Pinang, Malaysia.

Feras Alasali Electrical Power Eng., Al-yarmuk

University, Irbid –Jordan

Ghada Okshiya Environmental Eng. Dept., IUG

H. Abdul Hamid Civil Eng., Universiti Teknologi

MARA, 13500 Permatang Pauh,

Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Haneen AbuHarbid Environmental Eng. Dept., IUG

Hyunook Kim Energy & Environmental System

Eng., University of Seoul, Korea.


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 ix

Haider Zwaina Civil Eng., Universiti Sains

Malaysia

Hala El-Khozondar Electrical Eng. Dept., IUG ,

Palestine

Hamidi Abdul Aziz Civil Eng., Eng. Campus,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300

Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

Hasanan Md. Nor Civil Eng., Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia

Hashem Badra Mechanical Eng. (academics, and

vocational, and industrial)

Hazem Abukaresh Communications Eng. Dept.,

IUG,Palestine.

Hosam Al-Malehy Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine

Husam Al-Najar Environmental Eng. Dept.,IUG,

Palestine

Husam Foudeh Electrical power Eng., Al-yarmuk

University

Husameddin Dawoud College of Applied Eng. & Urban

Planning, University of Palestine,

Gaza

Inas Elrantisi Director of physical policies and

plans

Irvan Dahlan Chemical Eng., Universiti Sains

Malaysia, Eng. Campus, Seri

Ampangan 14300 Nibong Tebal,

Seberang Perai Selatan Pulau

Pinang, Malaysia.

Israa Abushaban Environmental Eng., IUG ,

Palestine


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 x

Jawad Alagha Ministry of Public Works and

Housing, Gaza, Palestine.

Jomah Al-Najjar Project Coordinator, UNDP/PAPP,

Gaza

Khaled AlTatari Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine

Khaled Matter Electrical Eng. Dept., IUG,

Palestine

Khalel Alastal Civil Eng. Dept. , IUG , Palestine

Khalid El-Hallaq Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine

Khalid Kahloot Computer Eng., IUG, Palestine

Khalil El Khateeb Environment & Earth sciences

Dept., IUG, Palestine

Lamyaa Snodi Lecturer in Tikrit University, Iraq.

Lina AbuHamra MSc of Construction Management,

Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine.

M.A. Samsudin Civil Eng., Universiti Teknologi



M.Rashid Air Resources Research

Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan

International Institute of

Technology, Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia

Maha R. Mohamed Chemistry Dept., Women’s

College, Ain shams University,

Cairo, Egypt.

Maher Elbayoum Civil Eng. Dept., Universiti Sains

Malaysia, Malaysia

Mahmoud Abukmail Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine

Mahmoud Abu-Marasa Electrical Eng. Dept., IUG,

Palestine


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 xi

Mahmoud Alhalabi Electrical engineer in Association

of Engineers – Gaza governorate

Mahmoud Alhabbash Computer Eng., IUG, Palestine

Manal Elnahas Architectural Eng. Dept., Bani

Suaif University

Mazen Abualtayef Environmental Eng. Dept., Islamic

University of Gaza, Gaza,

Palestine

Md Azlin Md Said Civil Eng., Universiti Sains

Malaysia (USM), 14300 Nibong

Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Mehdi Gheisari Computer Eng., Lecturer in

Computer Science at IAU, Iran

Mohamed El-Kahlout Architecture Eng. Dept., IUG,

Palestine

Mohamed Abdelati Electrical Eng. Dept., IUG,

Palestine

Mohamed Ouda Electrical Eng. Dept., IUG,

Palestine

Mohammad Mikki Computer Eng. Dept., IUG,

Palestine

Mohammad Murad Civil and Structural Eng.,

Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia

Mohammed Alhanjouri Computer Eng. Dept., IUG,

Palestine

Mohammed Abu Ismaiel Construction Manager, Gaza Strip.

Mohammed Bashir Environmental Eng., Faculty of

Eng. and Green

Technology,UniversitiTunku Abdul

Rahman, Perak,Malaysia

Mona Khrais Msc in Business Administration


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 xii

Mostafa Elasttal Civil Eng. Dept., IUG , Palestine

Muhamad Rahmad Civil Eng. in Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM).

Nabil El-Sawalhi Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine

Nader ElNamera Urban Planning and Design, IUG ,

Palestine

Nasreddin Elmezaini Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine

Nastaein Qamaruz Zaman Chemical Eng., Universiti Sains

Malaysia, Eng. Campus, Seri

Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal,


Noor Faizah Fitri Md Yusof Civil Eng., Eng. Campus,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang,

Malaysia.

Nor Azam Ramli Civil Eng., Eng. Campus,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang,

Malaysia.

Nur Hidayah A.H Civil Eng., Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia

Nurshazwani Bt Environmental Eng., Faculty of

Eng. and Green Technology

(FEGT)

Osama Abo Zebida Chemical and Environmental Eng.,

Palestine

Osama Tabash Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine

Pooyan Ayar Civil Eng. Dept., Babol Noshirvani

University of Technology, Babol,

Iran.

Rachid Ababou Institut de Mécanique des Fluides

de Toulouse, France.


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 xiii

Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya Civil Eng. Dept., Universiti

Teknologi, Malaysia

Reem Elghussain Environmental Eng., IUG ,

Palestine

Rifa El-Khozondar Physics Dept., Al-Aqsa University

Rifat Rustom Civil Eng., Rector of the

University College of Applied

Sciences (UCAS).

Ros Nadiah Bt Rosli Environmental Eng. from the

School of Civil Eng., University of

Science Malaysia

Shorok Jendia Environmetnal Eng., IUG,

Palestine

Sadiq A. AbdElall Sustainable Manufacturing Dept.,

Technical University of Berlin,

Germany & IUG Gaza.

Salah Almuzaini Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine

Salem Al Qudwa Architecture Eng. Dept., IUG,

Palestine

Salem Abu Amr Civil Eng., Universiti Sains

Malaysia, Malaysia

Samar EL-Khuzundar Environmnetal Eng. Dept., Islamic

University of Gaza, Palestine

Shafik Jendia Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine

Shareefa EL-Helou

Environmnetal Eng. Dept., Islamic

University of Gaza, Palestine.

Shereen Helles Project coordinator - General

Projects' Directorate - MOEHE


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 xiv

Shuokr Qarani Aziz Civil Eng. Dept., College of Eng.,

University of Salahaddin–Erbil,

Iraq.

Sirin Elbohisi Ministry of Public Works and

Housing, Gaza Strip, Palestine

Siti Roshayu Hassan Civil Eng. Dept., Universiti Sains

Malaysia

Suheir Ammar Architectural Eng. Dept., IUG,

Palestine

Sumathi Sethupathi Dept. of Environmental Eng.,

Faculty of Eng. and Green

Technology (FEGT), University

Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900

Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.

Talal Skaik Electrical Eng. Dept., IUG,

Palestine

Teuvo Suntio Electrical Eng., Tampere

University of Technology, Finland

W.M.F Wan Ishak Centre for Earth Resources

Research & Management,

Universiti Malaysia Pahang,

Malaysia

Wael Al-Daya Collage of commerce, Gaza

Wafaa Hegazy Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine

Wesam Alaloul Civil Eng. Dept., University of

Technology PETRONAS, Perak-

Malaysia

Wesam Al Madhoun Environmental Eng. Dept.,IUG,

Palestine

Yahya Sarraj Civil Eng. Dept., IUG, Palestine


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 xv

Yamuna Manusamy Faculty of Eng. and Green

Technology, Bandar Barat, 31900

Kampar, Perak, Malaysia

Yee Hooi Min Civil Eng., Universiti Teknologi



Yunes Mogheir Environmental Eng. Dept., Islamic

University of Gaza, Palestine

Zaiton H. Faculty of Civil Eng., Universiti

Teknologi Malaysia

Zamri Chik Diploma in Civil Eng. (UTM), BSc

(Aberdeen), MSCE, PhD

Pittsburgh), P.Eng, MIEM, CPESC

(Geotechnical Eng.)

Zenat Ahsan Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 xvi

Content

No. Subject Page

i Paper Review Committee iii

ii Authors List vi

iii Content xvi

Theme 1: Sensors and management systems

1-1 A Very Wideband Filter-Amplifier Based on

Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Lines

Loaded With RTD

2

1-2 Types of Attacks Penetrating Wireless Sensor

Networks And Strategies to Overcome Them

3

1-3 Spectrum Sensing Techniques: A Solution for the

Scarcity of Electromagnetic Spectrum in The West

Bank And The Gaza Strip

4

1-4 Coupled Resonator Diplexer for LTE-Advanced

System

5

Theme 2: Communication and Computer Engineering

(Networking and Communication)

2-1 Somvisua: Data Clustering And Visualization Based

on SOM and GHSOM

7

2-2 Performance Improvement of Wavelength Division

Multiplexing Passive Optical Networks.

8

2-3 AMI and AMR Projects in Jordan 9


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 xvii

2-4 The Acceptance and The Implementation of

Information Technology (IT) by Palestinian Non-

Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in The Gaza

Strip

10

2-5 Virtual Manufacturing – Navigation System 11

2-6 Perfect Planar Metamaterial Microwave Absorber at

5.85 GHz

12

2-7 National Plan for Future Emergency

Communications in Palestine- Disaster

13

2-8 Sound Visualization for Deaf Assistance Using

Mobile Computing

14

2-9 Theoretical Model for Continuous Water Quality

Monitoring System Using in-situ Hyper Spectral

Image Analysis

16

Theme 3: Materials science

3-1 The Use of Nanomaterial in Asphalt Concrete

Pavement Construction

18

3-2 Fabric Behavior in Tensioned Fabric Structures 20

3-3 Characterization of Raw Egg Shell Powder (ESP) as

A Good Bio-filler

21

3-4 Numerical Modeling of Microstructural Evolution

During Ostwald Ripening in Solid-Liquid System

22

Theme 4: Infrastructure and Environment (Water and

Wastewater)

4-1 Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Water

Quality Index (WQI) Approach - Gaza Coastal

Aquifer as a Case Study

24

4-2 Potential of Nano Filtration for Pretreatment of

Seawater Desalination in Gaza Strip

26


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 xviii

4-3 Evaluation of The Impact of The Ongoing Water

Resource Management Plans on Nitrate

Concentration in Gaza Coastal Aquifer Using

Modeling Approach

28

4-4 Governance of Wastewater Effluent Reuse

Management in The Gaza Strip

30

4-5 Support Vector Machine (SVM) for Groundwater

Quality Modeling – Gaza Coastal Aquifer Salinity as

A Case Study

32

4-6 The Effect of Urban Agriculture on Domestic Water

Supply System in The Semi-Urban Areas

34

4-7 Treated Water Usage Alternatives 35

4-8 Evaluation of Noise Levels at Different Industrial

Sectors Within The Gaza Strip: A Pilot Study

36

4-9 Modeling of Groundwater Level in Coastal Aquifers

Using Artificial Neural Networks – Gaza Costal

Aquifer as Case Study

37

Theme 5: Infrastructure and Environment (Solid waste

management)

5-1 Landfill leachate treatment by Low Cost Activated

Carbon Prepared from Agriculture Waste

40

5-2 The Possibility of Application The source separation

of household Solid Waste in Gaza Strip

41

5-3 Material Recycling & Minimization of Construction

Waste

43

5-4 Microscopic Observation of Anaerobic

Microorganism in A Modified Anaerobic Hybrid

44

5-5 Effect of Temperature on the Anaerobic Digestion of

Recycled Paper Mill Effluent

46


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 xix

Theme 6: Technologies, Policy and Education (Integrated

sustainability)

6-1 Factors Affecting Design Documents Quality And

Their Impact on The Construction Industry in Gaza

Strip: (Contractors' Perspective)

49

6-2 Strategies for Safety And Productivity Improvement 51

6-3 Potential Use of Photovoltaic Power Plants in The

Gaza Strip

53

6-4 Integration of Sustainability in Engineering

Education in Palestine

55

6-5 Towards A Strategy For Evaluating Sustainable

Campus at The Beginning of The Third Millennium

Sustainability Evaluating The Criteria of The College

Campus in Egypt

57

6-6 A Performance Evaluation of The Housing

Associations in Gaza- A Case Study – Tel-alHawa

Housing Project

58

6-7 Impact of Liberated Areas in The Gaza Strip on Land

Use Arrangements ―Khan Younis City As A Case

Study"

60

6-8 The Necessity of Sea Backfilling in Gaza Strip As A

Problem-Solving for Urban Expansion

62

6-9 Economic Buildings in Gaza Strip Using Minimalist

Architecture Concept

63

Theme 7: Control and Power

7-1 Wireless-Controlled Load Shedding Scheme

Case Study: Al-Quba Feeder in Gaza City

65

7-2 Design and Implementation of A Viable Power

Inverter

66


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 xx

7-3 Gaza’s Water Wells System Based on SCADA 67

7-4 Comparison Study of Photovoltaic Array Maximum

Power Tracking Techniques

68

7-5 Dc Motor Speed Control System Using Particle

Swarm Optimization Technique

69

Theme 8: Building Design and Construction (Construction

Management)

8-1 Time and Cost Overruns on Construction Projects:

Practical Case Studies

71

8-2 Duties of construction Projects Coordination in Gaza

Strip

72

8-3 Major Causes Of Delay in Construction Project in

Gaza Strip-Palestine-Clients’ Perspective

74

8-4 Time Management in Engineering Consulting Firms 76

8-5 Contractor Selection Criteria (Gift of The Givers

Child Care Center project Case Study)

77

8-6 Optimization Model for Construction Processes in

Residential Buildings

78

8-7 The Key Factors Supporting Lean Construction

Implementation in The Gaza Strip Construction

Industry

80

8-8 Study The Effect of Crushed Waste Iron Powder as

Coarse Sand And Filler in The Asphalt Binder

Course

81

8-9 Influence of Leaching on Gypseous Soil 83

8-10 Assessment of Fire Damaged Structures ―Case

Studies‖

84

8-11 Strategic Planning in Construction Companies in

Gaza Strip

86


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 xxi

Theme 9: Materials and Process

9-1 The Effect of HYPR Cationic Surfactant on The

Properties of Cement Pastes

88

9-2 A Comparative Study of The Thermal Comfort By

Using Different Building Materials in Gaza City

89

9-3 Odour Assessment Decision Tree for Odour

Sampling And Measurement

90

9-4 Application of electric resistivity method in early age

durability analysis of mortars

91

9-5 Dependency of Dry Density of Soil on Water

Content in The Measurement of Electrical Resistivity

of Soil

92

Theme 10: Infrastructure and Environment (Air Quality

Control and Management)

10-1 Comparison And Optimization of OZONE – Based

Advanced Oxidation Processes in The Treatment of

Stabilized Landfill Leachate

95

10-2 Determining Levels of Carbon Dioxide, Carbon

Monoxide And Thermal Comfort Inside IUG Offices

And Its Effect on The Employees

97

10-3 Filtration of Nanometric Airborne Particles Using A

new Generation of Aerogel Filters

99

10-4 Assessment of Lead Pollution in Urban Roadside

Environments of Gaza City

100

10-5 Assessing The Spatial Variability of Particulate

Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) around Gaza Strip

Schools.

102


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 xxii

Theme 11: Infrastructure and Environment

(Transportation and Highway)

11-1 Developing Road Accidents Recording System in

Palestine

104

11-2 New Flooring Techniques for Train Stations 105

11-3 Influencing Cost Factors in Road Projects in Gaza

Strip Using ANN

106

11-4 A Review of Double Layer Rubberized Concrete

Paving Blocks

107

11-5 A Review of Porous Concrete Block Pavement for

Heavy Rainfall

108


Theme 1:

Sensors and Management Systems


5th International Conference for Engineering and Sustainability-Faculty of Engineering-Islamic University of Gaza and Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 2

A Very Wideband Filter-Amplifier Based on

Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Lines

Loaded With RTD

Mahmoud O. Abu-marasa1, Hala Jarallah El-Khozondar

1

1Electrical Engineering Department, Islamic University of Gaza,

Gaza, Palestine.

Abstract:

The composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) is

presented as a general TL possessing both left-handed (LH) and

right-handed (RH) natures. RH materials have both positive

permittivity and positive permeability, and LH materials have both

negative permittivity and negative permeability. This paper aims to

design and analyze nonlinear CRLH-TL transmission line loaded

with Resonant Tunneling Diode (RTD). The main application of

this design is very wideband and compact filter that amplify the

travelling signal. We used OrCAD and ADS software to analyse the

proposed circuit. CRLH-TL based on the hybrid approach, where a

microstrip line is loaded with complementary split-rings resonators

(CSRRs), series gaps, and shunt inductor. The RTD is connected

parallel to shunt inductor. The designed structure posses a wide

band goes from 5-10.5 GHz and amplified signal up to 50 percent.

The proposed design is of interest to microwave compact

component designers.

Keywords: Composite right/left-handed transmission line, left-handed materials, metamaterials, RTD, filter, amplifier, split-ring resonators (SRRs).



Types of Attacks Penetrating Wireless Sensor

Networks And Strategies to Overcome Them

Mehdi Gheisari

Master of Science (MSc), Computer Engineering, Lecturer in

Computer Science at IAU, Iran

Abstract:

Like many other technologies on military and defense working on

sensor networks to be started. During the Cold War, the USA’s

government started to sponsor the project called Sound

Surveillance System. In that project the US Army trying to

intrusion detection and tracking of Soviet submarines by placing a

number of sensors at the strategic points under the ocean. Working

on the Sensor networks project are actively started in the Defense

Advanced Research Projects Agency of America since 1980 and

via the distributed sensor networks project. Most of the Sensors are

working with the chemical energy of a battery. Sensors can be used

to intervene and penetrate to the networks. This article focuses on

the methods of attack, and strategies of overcoming them.

Keywords: Wireless sensor networking, WSN, Power

consumption, Energy.



Spectrum Sensing Techniques: A Solution for the

Scarcity of Electromagnetic Spectrum in The West

Bank And The Gaza Strip

Dr. Anwar Mousa

Associate Professor at the College of Information Technology,

University of Palestine.

Abstract:

In this paper, a technical solution for the shortage and scarcity of

radio spectrum in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip is proposed

based on modern spectrum sensing cognitive radio. After

summarizing the spectrum availability in Palestine, the article

evaluates the impact of the application of spectrum sensing-

cognitive radio on the capacity of cellular networks. It then details

the conventional and modern cooperative spectrum sensing

techniques used to detect unused spectrum. Finally, the article

illustrates the terminal cognitive, reconfigurable and self-organized

capability of cognitive wireless networks.

Keywords: radio spectrum; spectrum sensing; cognitive radio; cellular networks; re-configurability.



Coupled Resonator Diplexer for LTE-Advanced

System

H. Abukaresh1, T. Skaik

2

1Communications Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza.

2Assistant professor at the Islamic University of Gaza.Palestine.

Abstract:

This paper presents the design of a microstrip hairpin diplexer. The

design is based on coupled-resonator structure using U-Shaped

resonators. It is designed to meet The Long Term Evolution-

Advanced (LTE-A) system Band 7, operating at uplink (UL): 2.50–

2.57 GHz and downlink (DL): 2.62–2.69 GHz for base transceiver

station antenna. The structure has three ports with 10-coupled

resonators with direct coupling to produce diplexer with chebyshev

filtering response. The diplexer does not involve any external

junctions for distribution of energy, so it can be miniaturized in

comparison to conventional diplexers.

Keywords: Component; Coupled-Resonator, Coupling Matrix,

Diplexer, Optimization



Theme 2:

Communication and Computer Engineering

(Networking and Communication)



SOMvisua: Data Clustering And Visualization

Based on SOM And GHSOM

Mohammad A. Mikki1, Khalid M. Kahloot

2

1Computer engineering. Islamic university of Gaza

Abstract:

Text in web pages is based on expert opinion of a large number of

people including the views of authors. These views are based on

cultural or community aspects which make extracting information

from text very difficult. Search in text usually finds text similarities

between paragraphs in documents.

This paper proposes a framework for data clustering and

visualization called SOMvisua. SOMvisua is based on a graph

representation of data input for Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and

Growing Hierarchically Self-Organizing Map (GHSOM)

algorithms. In SOMvisua sentences from an input article are

represented as graph model instead of vector space model. SOM

and GHSOM clustering algorithms construct knowledge from this

article. SOMvisua provides a visual animation for eight famous

graph algorithms execution with animation speed control. It also

presents six types of visualization. For visualization of similarity

lists, we use well-known methods that take a similarity list as input

and according to the used similarity measure an adjustable number

of most similar sentences are arranged in visual form. In addition,

this paper presents a wide variety of text searching. We conducted

experiments on the SOMvisua using a large document dataset.

Then we compared the performance with that of hierarchal

clustering with automated topology based SOM and GHSOM

clustering to prove the superiority of SOMvisua.

Keywords: Clustering, visualization, Self Orgainzing Map,

Growing Hierarchically Self-Organizing Map, text similarity



Performance Improvement of Wavelength Division

Multiplexing Passive Optical Networks

(WDM PONs)

Mahmoud Alhalabi

Master degree in Electrical Engineering, Islamic University of

Gaza, [email protected]

Abstract:

Passive Optical Network (PON) introduces a good data

transmission rate and large bandwidth. We have demonstrated a

bidirectional PON system based on a Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-

LD) with two cascaded array waveguide gratings (AWGs). The

downstream data rate equals to 10 Gbps and the upstream data rate

equals to 2.5 Gbps. This network is classified to 10GPON

Standard. FP-LD is used at optical network unit (ONU) as

transmitter so it can re-modulate the downstream signal with

upstream data, and then re-sent upstream towards the central office

(CO). FP-LD is considered as low cost optical source, it is less

costly than other sources like distributed feedback (DFB) laser,

vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and reflective

semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA). The main idea for using

AWGs in the system is to increase the capacity, security and

privacy. AWGs are used to multiplex and demultiplex different

wavelengths in wavelength division multiplexing PON (WDM-

PON). Our proposed systems is effective low cost system and the

injection locked FP-LD is used as low cost colourless transmitters

for high speed optical access exploiting WDM technology.

Keywords: Array Waveguide Grating, Fabry Perot Laser Diode,

Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier, WDM PONs.



AMI and AMR Projects in Jordan

Feras Al-Asali 1, Hussam Foudeh

1

1Electrical power Engineering, Al-yarmuk University, Irbid -Jordan

Abstract:

Two communication media between meter and server are

applicable in Electrical Distribution Company (EDCo) in Jordan),

namely, the Power Line Carrier (PLC) and the General Packet

Radio Service (GPRS). In this paper, we discuss the

implementation of these two communication media in the

Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and the Advanced Metering

Infrastructure (AMI) project in Jordan; and also point-out the main

advantages and dis-advantages of using a such grid of AMR/AMI

based on these communication media.

Keywords: AMR; AMI, AMM; PLC, GPRS.



The Acceptance and The Implementation of

Information Technology (IT) by Palestinian Non-

Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in The Gaza

Strip

Wael Aldaya1, Mona A.Khrais

2

1Lecturer at the collage of commerce, Gaza.

2M.Sc. in Business Administration, Bsc in Business information

systems.

Abstract:

Information Technology (IT) acceptance literature has developed

many models that empirically test user acceptance of IT. The most

recent model is the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of

Technology (UTAUT) developed by Venkatesh et al. (2003). Our

study extends the UTAUT model by suggesting two additional

independent variables, the percieved enjoyment and free access to

information to examine the ―intention to use‖ and ―usage behavior‖

of IT. Based on a sample of 154 organizations, the researchers find

that perceived enjoyment of using IT is the most influential factor

on the behavioral intention to adopt and use IT in the Palestinian

NGOs. Furthermore, the findings highlight the importance of free

access to information as an alternative communication tool with the

outside world in the besieged Gaza Strip.

Keywords: NGOs, UTAUT, IT, PLS, Technology Acceptance; intention to use; and usage behaviour.



Virtual Manufacturing – Navigation System

Hashem Badra

Mechanical Engineering at Chemniz University of Technology

2012, Chemnitz Germany.

Abstract:

The constantly increasing complexity of products, and their

manufacturing processes, and minimal resources are reasons to

control and manage the manufacturing effectively. Manufacturing

simulation and digital engineering tools and procedures have a

positive impact on the manufacturing industry. Here materials,

energy and unneeded processes can be spared, especially in the

construction of production plant and manufacturing lines. This

paper presents and describes a Navigator System, which controlls

and manages the virtual manufacturing processes effective and

thoughtful to avoid the errors that occur in the real production. The

Navigator System can be described as composite system from

integrated external applications (software). Inside the Navigator

System the virtual manufacturing processes of products is running

by the external application. As a result is to be expected, The digital

representation of a product and its digital manufacturing system, in

which the digital product is created, it is the result of this research.

Keywords: Virtual manufacturing process, Navigator System,

digital manufacturing system, manufacturing simulation, external

applications, and digital factory



Perfect Planar Metamaterial Microwave Absorber at

5.85GHz

Mohamed Ouda

Electrical Engineering Department, Islamic University of Gaza,

(Email: - [email protected])

Abstract:

The research for developing radar absorbing materials (RAM) had

been active for a long time. The most challenging task is

development of RAM with low density and high strength.

Metamaterials, which are a new class of composite structures that

exhibit unusual electromagnetic properties, offer lucrative

alternative options for designing of RAM. This paper presents the

design for a metamaterial absorber (MA) with unity absorbance at

5.85 GHz. Full-wave electromagnetic computer simulations of an

ideal—but realizable—MA was performed using the commercial

ANSOFT’s High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS V13). The

unit cell of the metamaterial consists of double V shaped resonators

over a dielectric substrate and metallic ground plane on the other

side of the substrate.

Keywords: absorbing materials, metamaterials, perfect absorbers

mailto:[email protected]



National Plan for Future Emergency

Communications in Palestine- Disaster

Preparedness And Mitigation

Anwar Mousa

Associate Professor at the College of Information Technology at

the University of Palestine.

Abstract:

This article illustrates the use of modern Information and

Telecommunications Technologies (ICT) in disaster preparedness

and mitigation. It presents the challenges for potential disasters and

risks possibly affecting the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. It also

highlights the existing emergency communication systems covering

disaster warning and recovery. Besides, the article summarizes the

current and promising communication technologies available in the

world for emergency and safety systems. A proposed nation-wide

(contingency) plan for future emergency communications systems

is given based on institutional, regulatory and technical

recommendations.

Keywords: Emergency communications, ICT, Disaster Warning, Disaster Recovery, risk, Trunking, Contingency plan.



Sound Visualization for Deaf Assistance Using Mobile

Computing

Aiman A. Abu Samra1 and Mahmoud S. Alhabbash

2

1Associate Professor, Faculty of Computer Engineering, Islamic


2Master of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Computer

Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine.

Abstract:

This thesis presents a new approach to the visualization of sound

for deaf assistance that simultaneously illustrates important

dynamic sound properties and the recognized sound icons in an

easy readable view. .In order to visualize general sounds efficiently

,the MFCC sound features was utilized to represent robust

discriminant properties of the sound. The problem of visualizing

MFCC vector that has 39 dimensions was simplified by visualizing

one-dimensional value, which is the result of comparing one

reference MFCC vector with the input MFCC vector only. New

similarity measure for MFCC feature vectors comparison was

proposed that outperforms existing local similarity measures due to

their problem of one to one attribute value calculation that leaded

to incorrect similarity decisions.

Classification of input sound was performed and attached to the

visualizing system to make the system more usable for users. Each

time frame of sound is put under K-NN classification algorithm to

detect short sound events. In addition, every one second the input

sound is buffered and forwarded to Dynamic Time Warping

(DTW) classification algorithm which is designed for dynamic time

series classification. Both classifiers works in the same time and

deliver their classification results to the visualization model.



The application of the system was implemented using Java

programming language to work on smartphones that run Android

OS, so many considerations related to the complexity of algorithms

is taken into account. The system was implemented to utilize the

capabilities of the smartphones GPU to guarantee the smoothness

and fastness of the rendering. The system design was built based on

interviews with five deaf persons taking into account their

preferred visualizing system. In addition to that, the same deaf

persons tested the system and the evaluation of the system is

carried out based on their interaction with the system. Our

approach yields more accessible illustrations of sound and more

suitable for casual and little expert users.

Keywords: Android, Mobile Computing, MFCC, sound

Visualization.



Theoretical Model for Continuous Water Quality

Monitoring System Using in-situ Hyperspectral

Image Analysis

A. Abdullah1, H. Kim

2, and W.M.F Wan Ishak

3

1A. Abdullah is a PhD candidate in the Department of Energy &

Environmental System Engineering, University of Seoul, Korea.

2H. Kim is a professor in the Department of Energy &

Environmental System Engineering, University of Seoul, Korea.

3W.M.F Wan Ishak is a director of Centre for Earth Resources

Research & Management, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia.

Abstract:

In a number of research works related with hyperspectral image

analysis (HIA) in environmental monitoring, data collected from

satellites and airborne type of remote sensing systems are usually

utilized. It is because HIA can monitor very wide area. However, it

is too expensive to implement HIA for continuous monitoring of

water quality at specific locations for regulation or enforcement

and near real time communication to the authority. Rapid

advancement of optical and electronic communication technology

has made HIA one of the cost-effective options for water quality of

streams. In this paper, we are proposing a theoretical model for

continuously measuring water quality using HIA that designed to

be paired with the existing Automated Water Quality Monitoring

System (AWQMS) which mainly uses chemicals reagent for to

analyze water samples. Data collected continuously from the HIA

system and AWQMS will be compared to evaluate the performance

of our proposed method.

Keywords: hyperspectral image analysis, correlation visualization,

water quality prediction.



Theme 3:

Materials Science



The Use of Nanomaterial in Asphalt Concrete

Pavement Construction

Pooyan Ayar

Highway and Transportation Engineering, Faculty of Civil

Engineering, Babol University of Technology

Abstract:

Nanotechnology is the science concerned with the design,

construction and utilization of functional structures with at least

one characteristic dimension measured in nanometers.

Nanotechnology is a recently developed, major enabling tool,

already well-established in several sectors of applied science,

technology and engineering. Development of nanotechnology has

led to advanced characterization, prediction and control of

properties of materials at submicron level. Compared with other

major industrial sectors, construction industry has lagged behind in

awareness of the potential for exploitation of nanotechnology. Both

the awareness and actual exploitation in construction are now

increasing, however, progress is uneven, especially in the current

early stages of its practical exploitation Pavements of highways and

airports are constructed with asphalt mix or concrete. Today, metal

fibers, glass, poly-propylene, carbon and polymeric composites in

asphalt are used for arming purposes and improvement of

pavement performance. The use of nanomaterials to improve the

environmental aspects in pavement construction is well known.

This paper discusses the application of nanomaterails in improving

asphalt concrete pavements. The focus is on the potential effects

that the technology may have on aspects such as environment

protection, economics, durability and sustainability of the

pavements construction.



Keywords: Nanotechnology, Pavement construction, Asphalt,

Asphalt concrete.



Fabric Behaviour in Tensioned Fabric Structures

M.A. Samsudin1, H.M. Yee

1, and H. Abdul Hamid

1

1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 13500

Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Abstract

Tensioned fabric structures are pre-stressed fabric structures that

are appropriately to be used for long span application. Tensioned

fabric structures must depend on their shape and internal pre-stress

alone to achieve stability and carrying loadings. Some of the largest

stadiums, airports, convention halls and commercial places are

tensioned fabric structures. Due to the flexibility of the fabric

material used, a lot of tensioned fabric structures with different

surface have been realized. Classical minimal surface such as

Catenoid, Helicoid, Enneper and Scherk or their variations for

tensioned fabric structure have been studied. Research study on

Möbius strip and Costa behavior as a tensioned fabric structure has

been studied also.

Keywords: Tensioned Fabric Structures, pre-stressed, minimal

surface



Characterization of Raw Egg Shell Powder (ESP) as A

Good Bio-filler

Amal S.M. Bashir1, Yamuna Manusamy

1

1Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Bandar Barat,

31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.

Abstract:

Chicken eggshell (ES) is an aviculture byproduct that has been

listed worldwide as one of the worst environmental problems. It

constituted by a three-layered structure, namely the cuticle on the

outer surface, a spongy (calcareous) layer and an inner lamellar (or

mammillary) layer. The chemical composition (by weight) of by-

product eggshell consists of calcium carbonate (94%), magnesium

carbonate (1%), calcium phosphate (1%) and organic matter (4%)

such as type X-collagen, sulfated polysaccharides, and other

proteins. This study aimed to investigate the various characteristics

of ESP including scaning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the

particle size, surface morphology, FTIR and X-ray fluorescence

(XRF), and Thermo gravimetric Analyzer (TGA). Based on its

unique characteristics, the potential use of ESP as a natural filler

prepared from food waste incorporated with natural rubber latex

foam (NRLF) was investigated.

Keywords: Composite, Eggshell waste, natural filler,

characterization.



Numerical Modeling of Microstructural Evolution

During Ostwald Ripening in Solid-liquid System

Rifa J. El-Khozondar1, Hala J. El-Khozondar

2

1Associate professor at the physics department at Al-Aqsa

University.

2Professor at the electrical engineering department in the Islamic


Abstract:

Liquid phase sintering is a process in which solid grains coexist

with a liquid matrix. This process has important applications in

processing of several engineering materials. Examples of these

applications are high-speed metal cutting tools, alumina substrates

for packaging silicon chips and barium titanate electrical capacitor.

Grain growth in liquid phase sintered materials occurs by Ostwald

ripening. The purpose of this paper is developing Monte Carlo

Potts model to simulate Ostwald ripening in liquid-phase sintered

materials. Ostwald ripening is simulated by treating two phases,

solid grains dispersed in a liquid matrix as a two-dimensional

square array of sites. Each site of the solid-phase grains (phase A)

is given a random positive number between 1 and Q where Q=100

for all the simulation. The sites of the liquid phase (phase B) are

assigned only one negative number, qB = -1. It is found that the

grain growth is controlled by volume diffusion for volume fraction

of the solid grains ranging from 40% to 90%. The grain growth

exponent has the value, n=3, in agreement with the theoretical

value of Ostwald ripening.

Keywords: Monte Carlo, Potts model, grain growth, grain size,

sintering, Ostwald ripening.



Theme 4:

Infrastructure and Environment (Water and Wastewater)



Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Water

Quality Index (WQI) Approach - Gaza Coastal

Aquifer as A Case Study

Khalil M. Alastal1, Jawad S. Alagha

2, Azzam A. Abuhabib

3

and Rachid Ababou4

1Khalil Alastal., Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic

University of Gaza (IUG), Gaza Strip,Palestine.

2Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH), Gaza Strip,

Palestine.

3Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic University of

Gaza (IUG), Gaza Strip, Palestine.

4Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, France.

Abstract:

Water resources in arid and semi-arid regions, such as the case of

Gaza Strip (GS), are generally under increasing stresses. Therefore

management of these valuable resources is one of the crucial

concerns and challenges facing researchers and specialists

worldwide. In these areas, there is a pressing need to evaluate the

water situation in terms of its quality using the available limited

data. Water quality index (WQI) helps managers and planners

working in water sector to qualitatively maps water quality; which

in turn enabling them to propose the possible management options

as well as sufficiently prioritizing the capital investment for water

sector. Being the only source of water for GS population of more

than 1.8 million, Gaza coastal aquifer (GCA) is in a disastrous

quality situation where it represents an extreme model on how

unstable political environment, disastrous economic situation,

decaying environmental conditions and unplanned human activities

are combined together to further deteriorate the groundwater



quality. The objective of this paper was to assess and map the

spatial distribution of groundwater quality of GCA using WQI

approach. Research results indicated that severe water quality

deterioration occurred in GS, where area that is classified "not

good" based on WQI jumped from about 30% to 55% of the overall

GS area within 10 years (between 2000 – 2010). The developed

WQI maps assisted in forming a simple yet comprehensive view

about the quality of groundwater in GS; which in turn enables to

setting management priorities, spotting critical locations in terms

water quality, and supporting the decision making process in

relation to drawing policies and proposing remediation measures to

sustain and restore water resources .

Keywords: Coastal aquifers, Contour maps, Gaza strip,

Groundwater, Water quality index.



Potential of Nanofiltration for Pretreatment of

Seawater Desalination in Gaza Strip

A. A. Abuhabib1, 2,a

, Yunes Moghier1,b

, G. Okshiya c, B.

Khozondar d

, H. Abuharbid e,S. Jendia

h

1Environmental engineering department, Engineering faculty,

Islamic University of Gaza.

2Department of development planning, University College of

Applied Science (UASC), Gaza.

[email protected],

[email protected],

cnew_star1991@hot

mail.com,[email protected],

[email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract:

The groundwater in the Gaza Strip has deteriorated over the past

thirty years qualitatively and quantitatively. This deterioration is

attributed to seawater intrusion caused by over exploitation of the

aquifer, pollution by untreated wastewater, and pollution from

various agricultural activities in the sandy areas of the Gaza Strip.

Due to the sharp shortage of water and the bad quality of

groundwater, brackish and seawater desalination plants were set up

all over the Gaza Strip, producing potable water for the population.

All plants are applying reverse osmosis (RO) characterized by high

quality of permeate and reasonable cost but low recovery and flux.

Nanofiltration membranes, the upraising technology competing

with RO especially for brackish desalination and seawater

pretreatment due to their remarkable advantages (high flux and

recovery, and high salt rejection) are potential alternative. The

main objective of this study is to test and measure Nanofiltration

membranes performance for potential pretreating of seawater prior

to RO in desalination using real samples filtered by dead-end lab-

scale system. Further, the most appropriate Nanofiltration



membrane in terms of rejection and flux rate will be determined.

Two commercial NF membranes, denoted as NF90 and DK were

tested on pressure range (10-25) bars. The water samples used were

the real sample was taken from beach wells from RO Deir Al Balah

desalination plant after pretreatment units in Gaza strip, Palestine.

Using NF90 membrane, there was a good result of flux rate having

value equal to 1.23 L/m2.hr at operation pressure 25 bar. Under this

pressure, the value of removing TDS was 9.32%. Therefore, this

pressure was the optimum for NF90 membrane. For DK

membrane, there was 10.05% removal efficiency of TDS at 25 bar,

and relatively high value of flux rate which is equal to 2.85 L/m2.hr

at 25 bar. This implies that the optimal presser of DK was 25bar.

This attributes to the high potentiality of applying NF membranes

for seawater desalination in Gaza Strip.

Keywords: Nanofiltration; Membranes; Desalination; Gaza Strip.



Evaluation of The Impact of The Ongoing Water

Resource Management Plans on Nitrate

Concentration in Gaza Coastal Aquifer Using

Modeling Approach

Yunes Mogheir1 and Khaled AlTatari

2

1Environmental Engineering Department, Islamic University of

Gaza, Email:[email protected],

2Civil Engineering Department, Islamic University of Gaza, Email:

[email protected]

Abstract:

Groundwater crisis in Gaza includes two major folds: shortage of

water supply and contamination. The groundwater pollution by

nitrates increased rapidlyas a result of wastewater leakage, sewage

sludge, animal manure and N-fertilizers.

The aims of this study are to obtain the impacts of implementing

the Gaza Emergency Technical Assistance Programme (GETAP) on

the nitrate concentration in groundwater in Gaza Strip using

modeling approach. A flow and transport model using a three

dimensional, finite difference simulation model (VMODFLOW

Pro.) was applied to simulate the Gaza coastal aquifer(GCA).The

approach for selecting the management scenarios was carried out

depending on the GETAP projects and focuses into the aquifer

system during the next 24 years.

It was estimated that work as usual scenario will raise the average

nitrate concentration by 8.15 mg/l annually, while upgrade and

maintain pipe work scenario will reduce the rising of average

nitrate concentration by 4.51 mg/l annually. This means that the

average nitrate concentration will increase by only 3.63 mg/l

annually. Also, it was estimated that scenarios imported water from

Israel, construction of short term low volume desalination plant




(STLV), Construction of two regional desalination plant and Reuse

of treated wastewater in addition to decrease N-fertilizer will

annually increase the average nitrate concentration by only

(4.67,2.78,3.87,2.15)mg/l, respectively. The results show that

applying all the scenarios together will decrease the average nitrate

concentration by 2.44mg/l annually. Regionally, the best scenario to

solve the increasing of nitrate concentration problem is a

combination of those scenarios. In domestic areas, the best

scenarios are STLV and upgrading and maintaining pipe work. In

Agriculture areas, the best scenario and the only one that has

significant effect is the reuse of treated wastewater in addition to

decrease N-fertilizer.

Keywords: Gaza strip, Groundwater, VMODFLOW, Nitrate,

Flow, Transport.



Governance of Wastewater Effluent Reuse

Management in The Gaza Strip

Dr. Abdelmajid R. Nassar

Associate prof. at the Faculty of Engineering- Environmental

Department, Islamic University of Gaza.

Abstract:

The institutional reforms within the Palestinian water sector have

been undertaken under three principles; the water sector has only

one regulatory body; functions of policy formulation, regulation

and service delivery are strictly separated from each other; and the

involvement of the private sector in the provision and management

of services.

The overall institutional framework constituent from policy level

which consist of cabinet of ministers and national water council.

The regular level is water Palestinian authority and service delivery

level consists of bulk water utilities.

The gabs in mandate for effluent reuse are: Construction, operation

and maintenance of the effluent conveyance system between the

WWTP and the off-take points at the farm level; management of

contractual relations with farmers for the supply of effluent;

effluent tariff collection, including recovery of operation and

maintenance costs of the effluent conveyance system as well as for

additional effluent treatment for compliance with the standards for

reuse; and Construction, operation and maintenance of recharge

facilities and cost recovery thereof.

This paper discussed three institutional options for reuse

management: Ministry of Agriculture to be the service provider; the

second option is extension the services of Water Utilities while the

third one is establishing wastewater reuse utility. Using multi

criteria analyses shows that stakeholders prefer establishing



wastewater reuse utility as a body responsible for reuse

management.

Keywords: Wastewater, Effluent, Reuse, Management,

Institutional, Gaza Strip



Support Vector Machine (SVM) for Groundwater

Quality Modelling – Gaza Coastal Aquifer Salinity

as A Case Study

Jawad S. Alagha1, Md Azlin Md Said

2,Yunes Mogheir

3

1Director, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Gaza, Palestine.

2Professor, School of Civil Eng., Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM),

14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

3Associate Professor, Environmental Engineering Department,

Engineering Faculty, Islamic University of Gaza (IUG), Palestine

Abstract:

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques such as artificial neural

networks (ANNs) and support vector machine (SVM) exhibits a

reliable performance in modelling complicated hydrological

processes using relatively less cost, effort and data. SVM is a new

technique compared with ANNs, and it has been developed based

on the statistical learning theory. In this study, SVM based model

was developed to simulate the salinity, (described as chloride

concentration), of Gaza Coastal Aquifer (GCA). The developed

model was trained using 10-years water quality data from 22

municipal wells in Khanyounis governorate in Gaza Strip. The

potential model input variables were basically selected based on

understanding the physical processes that govern GW salinity in

GCA. Different combinations of input variables were evaluated

based on the correlation coefficient and error criteria of the model’s

output. The best SVM model showed good simulation accuracy

where, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and correlation

coefficient (r) for test data set were 4.6% and 0.997 respectively.

The model results indicated that the most influencing input

variables on the chloride concentration in the study area wells were

the previous chloride concentration for the past analysis period,



abstraction rate, overall recharge in the well area, depth of pump

screen, and well’s location with respect to the shoreline and

adjacent aquifers. The developed model could effectively be

utilized for analyzing the effect of input variables variation on the

chloride concentration which is considered as a crucial step for

integrated water resources management.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Chloride, Groundwater Modelling, Gaza Strip



The Effect of Urban Agriculture on Domestic Water

Supply System in The Semi-urban Areas

Husam Al-Najar

Environmental Engineering Department, The Islamic University of

Gaza. P.O.Box 108, Gaza, Gaza Strip.

Abstract:

The main aim of the current research is to investigate the effect of

urban agriculture on the efficiency of domestic water supply in the

regions characterized by urban agriculture in the Gaza strip.

Field survey to determine the sources of water for agricultural

purposes and water meter readings were conducted for the two

main cities which characterized by various sub-urban districts.

Excel, 2007 program and SPSS, v. 15 were used to analyze the

relation between water supply, the unaccounted for water and the

agricultural areas within the districts of the city.

The districts with urban agriculture in sub urban areas in Beit

Lahya and Rafah city have 47 and 73% of unaccounted for water,

additionally, correlations among the agricultural area and the

unaccounted for water were shown R2= 0.622 and 0.44 for Beit

Lahya and Rafah, respectively. Indicating that the high

unaccounted for water refers to the illegal use of domestic water

distribution networks for urban agriculture. It is highly

recommended for the relevant institutions to adopt clear policy to

regulate and enhance sustainable urban agriculture without

depleting the water resources. Moreover, urban agriculture should

be considered by urban planners concerning water use, food

security and poverty alleviation in the Gaza Strip.

Keywords: Unaccounted for Water- Beit Lahya- Rafah- Urban

Agriculture.



Treated Water Usage Alternatives

Ashwaq A. Ghneim

Head of infrastructure dep., ministry of planning.

Abstract:

Gaza Strip is one of the most populated areas in the world, where

1,730,737 inhabitants lives in 365 km2 .Gaza Strip is characterized

as a limited water resources, where the aquifer is the only source of

water, which has serious problems in the quality and quantity, and

does not meet the growing needs of Gaza Strip for water

sector.Water sector suffers from real problems , so there are a

necessary need to search for alternative sources of water to achieve

sustainability in water sector , such as the re-use of waste water

which is produced in large quantities estimated by 37 million cubic

meters per year .

For this, Ministry of Planning decides to prepare a paper about

alternatives of using waste water , and this paper aims todiscusses

the problem of water in Gaza Strip and to clarify the alternatives of

wastewater reuse and its current situation .

This paper is based on several methodologies to serve its goals.

These methodologies are represented in descriptive approach: to

describe the current situation of Gaza Strip and analytical

approach: to analyze previous studies and tests, then analyze the

results of tests to choose the best standards fitted with Gaza Strip

needs.

The conclusion of this paper are groups of results which determine

the quantities of wastewater needed for irrigation sector per year ,

and also identify ways to inject the treated waste water aquifer

which can be applied in the Gaza Strip .



Evaluation of Noise Levels at Different Industrial

Sectors Within the Gaza strip: A Pilot Study

Abed Schokry

Faculty of Engineering, department of Industrial Engineering,

[email protected]

Abstract:

There is little/ no information about occupational noise exposure of

workers within industrial and manufacturing sectors in the Gaza

strip. It is due to the difficulty of conducting noise exposure

surveillance in such occupations and because of the lake of

awareness regarding this issue. The objective of the current study is

to evaluate the exposure of those groups of workers to occupational

noise using a combined measurement and questionnaire approach.

Noise is an important factor that affects work environment, and

consequently affects both workers' health and efficiency. The US

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) specify

seven basic sources for health hazards, and noise is probably the

most annoying factor. Noise presents health and social problems

in industrial operations, and is mainly related to machinery used in

the industries. The present study was conducted in different utilities

industries in the Gaza Strip, in order to evaluate the noise levels at

those factories and to develop awareness campaign among those

workers.

Keywords: Sound level meters; industrial noise pollution;

occupational noise exposure; marble and Stone factories;

carpentries; plastics producing companies; food processing

factories (bakeries); periodical hearing tests programs, pre-

employment hearing tests, hearing loss



Modeling of Groundwater Level in Coastal Aquifers

Using Artificial Neural Networks – Gaza Costal

Aquifer as Case Study

Ahmed I. Nassar1, Jawad S. Alagha

2 and Yunes Mogheir

3

1Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Islamic

University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine; 2School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang,

Malaysia;

3Environmental Engineering Department, Islamic University of

Gaza, Gaza, Palestine

Abstract:

Gaza coastal aquifer (GCA) is the most precious natural source in

Gaza Strip where it is the only source of water for different uses.

The extraction of groundwater currently exceeds the aquifer

recharge rate; as a result, the groundwater level (GWL) is falling

continuously. Therefore, forecasting of GWL is one of the most

important requirements for effective management of groundwater.

The undertaken research is concerned with the development of

GWL model using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The

applicability of the developed ANNs models in simulating GWL

was investigated for a part GCA. In this study, dependent variable

used in the developed ANNs model were the initial GWL, recharge

from different source such as rainfall, recharge from return flow

from both water and wastewater networks systems, recharge from

return flow from irrigation water, abstraction from both municipal

wells and agricultural wells. The aforementioned input variables

were used to predict GWL at 17 monitoring wells which distributed

over all study area. The performance of the best ANNs model was

satisfactory where the correlation between the observed and

predicted values of GWL was 0.993. Moreover, ANNs model was

utilized as a decision support tool by considering two future

abstraction scenarios.



Keywords: Groundwater Level, Artificial Neural Networks, Modeling, Costal Aquifer.



Theme 5:

Infrastructure and Environment (Solid Waste Management)



Landfill leachate Treatment By Low Cost Activated

Carbon Prepared From Agriculture Waste

Nurshazwani Bt. Azmi1, Alexanderrayar Singarayah

1,

Mohammed J.K. Bashir, Sumathi Sethupathi1

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering and Green Technology (FEGT), University Tunku

Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.

Abstract:

Adsorption via activated carbon (AC) is one of the superior

treatments for stabilized landfill leachate, but expensive and limited

resource of AC precursor (bituminous and lignite) limit application

of this technique in landfill leachate treatment. Based on previous

studies, agriculture waste performed as an excellence potential for

AC precursor. Thus, present study evaluates the sugarcane bagasse

derived activated carbon (SBAC) for adsorptive removal of

ammonical nitrogen, COD, and color from old anaerobic landfill

leachate located in Perak, Malaysia. The chemical and physical

properties of adsorbent were examined by Fourier transform

infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope

(SEM). The effects of AC dosage (g) on adsorption performance

were investigated in a batch mode study. Equilibrium data were

favorably described by Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum

monolayer adsorption capacity for NH3-N, COD and color at 14.62

mg/g, 126.58 mg/g and 555.56 Pt/Co, respectively. The results

illustrated the potential usability of SBAC for treatment of

anaerobic landfill leachate.

Keywords: Landfill, Landfill leachate, Sugarcane Bagasse,

Adsorption, Activated Carbon.



The Possibility of Application The Source

Separation of Household Solid Waste in Gaza Strip

Hosam Al-Malehy1, Adnan Enshassi

2

1Civil engineering, the Islamic University of Gaza.

2Professor in the Faculty of Engineering, the Islamic University of

Gaza

Abstract:

Solid waste in Gaza Strip is described by bad practices with

absence of legislation and inspection mechanisms are represent a

looming danger to the public health and the environment, and

particularly to the ground water resources, which are already poor.

Moreover, present landfills in the Gaza Strip are overloaded. The

household solid waste represent 54.6 % from total solid waste

produced in Gaza Strip from the following sector:( household,

commercial, agricultural, market).This study examines possibility

to applying source separation of household waste which considered

the technical heart of a sustainable solid waste management option.

Implementation of residents to source separation of household

waste at Gaza Strip will lead to prolonging the life of Gaza Strip

landfills by diverting waste to reuse, recycling and composting. The

study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with

randomly household sample to determine willingness and ability to

separate waste at source in house. And to check the best number of

categories of separation can be executed, and explain the most

likely motivation to promote public acceptance of source separation

processes. Also, these interviews discussed the relevant agencies

that should be involved in public awareness responsibility and law

legislation preparing. The results of study showed that residents

have high willingness to source separate waste into at three-

category streams:(organic waste, plastic and restwaste) if they have

the suitable public awareness and encouraging incentives. The



study demonstrated that the Municipality, Private Company, Solid

Waste Management Council (SWMC), UNRWA and NGO's can be

involved in source separation of household waste in Gaza Strip.

Finally, the results of this study have provided guidelines for the

possibility to implementation of the source separation of household

in Gaza Strip.

Keywords: Source separation, household soild waste, landfills

overloading, recycling, composting, Gaza strip.



Material Recycling & Minimization of Construction

Waste

Inas A. Elrantisi

Director of physical policies and plans ,ministry of planning.

Abstract:

According to the rapid natural growth in Gaza strip, construction

wastes increased up to 25% of total quantity of solid wastes. In

addition, construction wastes are costly. For example, in the United

States, wages of disposed construction wastes sector costs 50,000 $

per 100 housing units.

This paper aims to define the types of construction wastes, find

ways to decrease the quantity of construction wastes, handle the

related regulations, give awareness for the interested in the

construction management.

This paper will utilize the descriptive analytical approach, using

previous studies and studying experiments of other countries. The

paper results will define techniques to minimize the quantities of

construction wastes and the costs of disposing them, and will study

how to reuse or recycle these wastes.

Keywords: Material recycling & minimization, construction waste



Microscopic Observation of Anaerobic

Microorganism in A Modified Anaerobic Hybrid

Baffled (MAHB) Reactor in Treating Recycled

Paper Mill Effluent (RPME)

Siti R. Hassan1, Nastaein Q. Zaman

2, and Irvan Dahlan

3

1Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering

Campus, Seri Ampangan 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai

Selatan Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected]

2Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,Engineering

Campus, Seri Ampangan 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai

Selatan Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected]

3Senior Lecturer, School of Chemical Engineering Universiti Sains

Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan 14300 Nibong

Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.E-mail:

[email protected]

Abstract:

Activities of various kinds of microorganisms are the key factor for

anaerobic digestion which produces methane gas. Therefore,

anaerobic digestion process is known as an alternative methods to

convert waste into methane. In this present study, a modified

anaerobic hybrid baffled (MAHB) reactor with a working volume

of 58 L were used to treat recycled paper mill effluent (RPME)

wastewater. The mixture of 90% RPME wastewater and 10%

anaerobic sludge was used as substrate. The morphologies of

anaerobic microorganism involved in anaerobic digestion of RPME

in MAHB reactor was observed using Scanning Electron

Microscopy (SEM) and Fluorescence Microscope. Only small

amount of protozoa and fungi were observed in the MAHB reactor

system. It was found that bacteria responsible in biodegradation of

biomass inside the MAHB reactor were dominant. It was also



demonstrated that fast growing bacteria which were capable to

growth under high substrate levels and reduced pH was dominant at

the front compartments (acidification zone). Towards the end of the

reactor, a slower growing scavenging bacteria that grow better at

higher pH was found. In addition, the population of

Methanococcus, Methanosaeta and Methanosarcina were higher

compare to other species of methane former bacteria.

Keywords: Anaerobic microorganism identification, Recycled paper mill effluent, Biogas



Effect of Temperature on The Anaerobic Digestion of

Recycled Paper Mill Effluent

Haider M. Zwaina, Hamidi Abdul Aziz

1, Nastaein Qamaruz

Zaman2 and Irvan Dahlan

2

1School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,

Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau

Pinang, Malaysia.

2School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,

Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau

Pinang, Malaysia.

Abstract:

The recycled paper mill effluent (RPME) contains high

concentrations of organic matter and therefore requires proper

treatment prior to discharge. There is a lack of experimental data

available for the anaerobic digestion of RPME and its various

important parameters such as temperature effect. Therefore, the

anaerobic digestion of RPME was carried out in modified

anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor (MAI-BR) under low

mesophilic (29 °C), mesophilic (37 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C)

conditions. The MAI-BR was continuously operated with COD of

2500 mg/L and HRT of 2 days, giving an OLR of 1.25 g COD/L.

day. Experimental results showed that total COD removals in low

mesophilic and mesophilic conditions were up to 95%; and the

methane yields were 0.115 and 0.192 L CH4/ g COD, respectively.

Subsequently, when the temperature was increased to 55 ºC, the

COD removal in thermophilic condition was decreased to 76%.

This is might be because of organic contents in RPME become

highly soluble in thermophilic temperature. However, the methane

yield was 0.27 L CH4/ g COD which is much higher than that in the

mesophilic conditions. Hence, the RPME has been successfully

treated over a wide range of temperatures.



Keywords: Anaerobic digestion; recycled paper mill effluent

(RPME); Modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor (MAI-BR);

Mesophilic, Thermophilic.



Theme 6:

Technologies, Policy and Education (Integrated sustainability)



Factors Affecting Design Documents Quality And

Their Impact on The Construction Industry in

Gaza Strip: (Contractors' Perspective)

Adnan Enshasi1 and Sirin K. Elbohisi

2

1Department of Civil Engineering, IUG, Palestine

2Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Gaza Strip, Palestine

Abstract:

Evidence of a continuing decline in the quality of project

documentation in the building and construction industry has been

documented over the past years. It is acknowledges that design

deficiencies is the most important risk for the success of a project,

therefore paying attention to the quality of its design documents is

a fundamental issue. The aim of this paper is to identify and rank

the main factors affecting design documents quality and their

impact in Gaza Strip construction industry. A questionnaire surveys

was conducted to elicit contractors view regarding the importance

of factors affecting design documents quality and their degree of

severity in the construction industry. The study revealed that the

problems of defective designs caused delay and cost overrun in

projects. The design documents quality are influenced by several

factors related to both consultants and owners. The most severe and

occurred factors are those which were related to owners. The

factors affecting the design documents quality in Gaza strip

industry include last minute design changes by owner, inadequate

detailing and non-clarity of design documents. In order to minimize

the influences and occurrences of these factors, design time should

be realistic and sufficient, effective coordination between project

parties is required. Consultants should review design documents

very carefully. Training programs should be organized for

contractors’ staff by contracting association concerning design

documents quality.



Keywords: Design documents, quality, construction, contractors.



Strategies for Safety And Productivity Improvement

Lina Ahmed AbuHamra1 and Adnan Ali Enshassi

2

1Researcher in MSc of Construction Management, the Civil

Engineering Department, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza,

Palestine.

2Professor in the Faculty of Engineering at the Islamic University

of Gaza, Palestine. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:

The aim of this paper is to study the connection between

occupational health and safety (OHS) and increasing employee

productivity in construction industry from the point view of

contractors in the Gaza Strip. This has been done by identifying

strategies that effectively promote both safety and productivity

during a construction task. Quantitative research (descriptive and

correlational ) includes survey research (face-to-face interviews

and a written closed and semi closed questionnaire for a chosen

sample with a size of forty three people from the construction

population), validity test and reliability test, and a relative

importance index (RII) method to determine the relative

importance of various factors. Strategies that can be followed to

effectively affect safety and productivity were resulted from the

survey feedback. These strategies fall under five major groups;

planning, training, monitoring, communication skills, and

inspection. Results indicated that “Training workers to carry out

works properly, especially in the new types of work" factor has

been ranked in the 1st position with regard to its importance in

sustaining safety and productivity of project. This factor belongs to

training group. The research is only confined to the safety and

productivity relationship in the public construction environment in

Gaza strip, but not the west bank. The small sample size of the

survey would probably not be indicative of the general population



of contactors in Gaza strip, although the most of the results were

reasonably accepted and were related to the literature review. More

research is needed to understand the topic since literature on safety

and productivity in Palestine and surrounding region is very

limited. Construction companies need to substantially improve

OHS as well as improving construction productivity and reducing

insurance and other costs. Contractors need to plan for a strategy to

achieve that and need to move from strategies to implementation.

In other words, contractors are recommended to act strategically to

protect workers by continuously identifying hazardous conditions

and by training and monitoring.

Keywords: Construction, Safety, Productivity, Strategy,

Safety plans.



Potential Use of Photovoltaic Power Plants in The

Gaza Strip

Mazen Abualtayef1, Israa Abushaban

2, Reem Elghussain

2, Ayat

Albatniji2

1Assistant Professor at the Environmental Engineering Department,

Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine.

2Environmental Engineer, Gaza, Palestine.

Abstract:

Energy is the biggest crisis to humanity in the future. Nowadays,

most of the energy used on earth comes from oil, gas and coal. The

irradiation from the sun is the biggest energy source. Building

photovoltaic power plants to utilize the energy from sun will be an

only way to sustain the life cycle on the earth.

Electrical power shortage is an ongoing problem in Gaza Strip. In

fact it has been getting worse due to the rapid increase of the

population along with the dependency of this power on the

conventional resources that mainly come from outside Gaza. The

production of Gaza Power Plant meets about 20 percent of the

Strip's total energy demand.

In this article, discussions were addressed to study the potential of

solar energy in Gaza Strip by building two photovoltaic power

plants; the first scenario with 10 MWp on grid power plant, which

will cover the deficit of energy during the sunny hours, was

proposed to provide the network daily with about 50 MWh of

energy. To obtain this 50 MWh, ten plants each of 1 MWp were

proposed with a total area of 150 donums. The second scenario

with 45 MWp power plant, which will cover the energy deficit

along the day, was proposed to provide the network daily with

about 160 MWh of energy. To obtain this amount of energy an area

of 675 donums was found to be needed.



The results were very attractive and the photovoltaic systems can

compensate the energy deficit. Furthermore, the production cost of

energy for the first scenario is considered low as 10.25 ¢/kWh

when compared with the diesel generated energy from Gaza Power

Plant, while the production cost of energy for the second scenario is

considered to be high.

Keywords: Solar Energy, Photovoltaic, Energy crisis, Gaza Strip.



Integration of Sustainability in Engineering

Education in Palestine

Ahmed M. Abu Hanieh1, Afif A. Hasan

1, and Sadiq A.

AbdElall2

1Mechanical Engineering Department, Birzeit University, Palestine.

2Sustainable Manufacturing Department, Technical University of

Berlin, Germany & IUG Gaza.

Abstract:

Supporting engineering education is considered as one of the main

goals that lead to strong Palestinian economy due to the strong

interactions and synergy effects between education and the

economy. Engineering education is considered a mid-point that

connects natural resources at one side to industrial products at the

other side. To keep this connection in a sustainable manner that

guarantees maintaining these resources for the longest time of life,

engineering courses and programs are designed by integrating

sustainability aspects into engineering education in order to

increase productivity resource efficiency without damaging the

environment.The focal point of this paper is the academic faculties

of engineering where education and training courses are designed

and delivered on one hand and innovation and research are fostered

on the other hand. This paper demonstrates an overview of the

potential contributions of academia in altering the attitude of

industries toward more sustainable resource consumption and

capacity building for implementing sustainable engineering.

Bachelor and master engineering programs will be considered in

the paper. Cooperation and partnership between higher educational

institutions and industry will be addressed in the context of

sustainability and taking into account national and international

indicators for this partnership.



Keywords: Engineering Education; Sustainability; Development;

Partnership.



Towards A Strategy For Sustainable Campus

Evaluation At The Beginning of The Third

Millennium (Sustainability Criteria Assessment of Campuses in Egypt)

Asmaa S. A. Ismael

Lecturer, Egypt, email: [email protected] Abstract:

This study deals with the issue of measuring the effectiveness of

sustainability assessment methods with reference to university

campuses in Egypt. This issue is tackled because of its relationship

to several urban and environmental challenges that face the future

of Egypt. This includes limited energy supplies, water crises, and

severe environmental pollution. This is essentially important

considering the current absence of any formal regulatory

framework that organizes and encourages implementation of

sustainability strategies in construction. Thus,

this study aims to introduce a scientific base to assess sustainability

on university campuses in Egypt. This base is aimed to fit the local

context, and can be implemented easily in a way that fulfills the

goals and development aspirations of the local community.

Keywords: Sustainable universities, rationalization of energy

consumption, sustainability, sustainability assessment methods.



A Performance Evaluation of The Housing

Associations in Gaza- A Case Study – Tel-alHawa

Housing Project

Suheir M. S. Ammar

Department of Architecture, Islamic University of Gaza.

Abstract:

The phenomenon of multi-storey buildings in Gaza is relatively

new for designers, responsible authorities and residents. The

responsible authorities enforced new regulations which were trial

for the designers and residents. The designers do their best to

propose plans that they thought best for the residents. And the

residents began a new cooperative life which was different from

their previous detached houses. The new housing associations

were a new experience in Tel al-Hawa and Al-Zahra housing

projects. This paper aims to assess the performance of the housing

associations in Tel al-Hawa during and after the implementation of

the project. This study is significant as the orientation towards

verticality has become an inevitable choice in light of the

increasing population and the limitation of lands in the Gaza Strip.

In addition, the efficiency of the performance of these associations

affects the quality of life of residents and their comfort. A

questionnaire was used as a tool, and 331 questionnaires were

collected and analyzed from the seventy- nine multi-storey

buildings of Tel al-Hawa project. Moreover, a focus group that

aimed to identify the problems facing the management of such

buildings was held. The results of this survey show that this project

did not achieve its objectives to provide houses for their target

group. Some of the regulations of these associations were not

followed by residents and others were unknown to them. To

enhance the performance of these associations in the future, there is

a need to improve the regulations to match the needs and



affordability of householders and to increase the awareness of

householders with the regulations that control the management of

such buildings before residing.

Keywords: Housing Associations; multi-storey buildings;

performance; designers



Impact of Liberated Areas in The Gaza Strip on

Land Use Arrangements

"Khan Younis City As A Case Study"

Nader J. El Namera1, Farid S. AL Qeeq

2, Emad

H.Muhaisen3

1Prof. of Urban Planning and Design, Islamic University of Gaza.

2Professor, Architectural Design & Building Technology, Islamic

University of Gaza.

3Architect, Planner-Engineering Office, University College of

Applied Sciences

Abstract:

The Gaza Strip is a highly populated area with more than 1.7

million inhabitants. One of the worst administrations that governed

the Strip was the Israeli occupation, which massively limited the

development and growth of Palestinian cities. The occupation

tightened laws and regulations and increased obstacles that

prevented Palestinians from expanding their urban areas.

Meanwhile, it established settlements in a method that besieged

existing Palestinian urban areas and led them to develop in a way

that served the occupation, particularly from the security point of

view. With the change of political authority and the establishment

of the National Palestinian Authority, and the withdrawal from the

Strip in 2005, it was necessary to prepare development policies that

meet the vital needs of Palestinians. As a result of the huge burden,

represented in the constant population growth, this study comes to

identify the effects of former Israeli settlements (Muhararat) on

urban expansion and their reflections on city planning through

concentrating on Khan Younis City as a case study, as it is one of

the largest cities in the Strip that has been affected by Israeli

settlements. The study finds that lands of former settlements, which



are located within the municipality authority, have high

environmental values and characteristics that make it necessary to

protect it from unplanned use. It is necessary that such expansions

should create real job opportunities that contribute in economic

development, reduce high unemployment rates in the Strip and

maintain natural resources as a national asset for the coming

generations.

Keywords: Urban Planning, Israeli Settlements, Khan Younis,

Gaza Strip, Palestine.



The Necessity of Sea Backfilling in Gaza Strip As A

Problem-Solving for Urban Expansion

Mohamed A. El-Kahlout1, Abdellkareem H. Mohsen

1

1Associate Professor, Urban Planning, Islamic University of

Gaza.

2Associate Professor, Architectural Design & Architecture

Theory, Islamic University of Gaza.

Abstract:

The Gaza Strip is a narrow small area lying along Mediterranean. It

is considered as one of the highest densely populated areas in the

word, with a population growth rate of 3.5% annually doubles the

Population number every 22 years. This leads to a continuing

demand for new residential areas and encroachment of large

agricultural and open areas.

The research problem lies in the urgent need for a continuous urban

expansion to accommodate population growth with the limited

available Gaza strip area. The research aims to show the problem of

urbanization in the Gaza Strip highlighting the need to expand in

the Mediterranean through Sea Backfilling to create a new land

area as the only currently available possibility in the region. The

research utilized a descriptive and analytical methodological

approach based on available statistics from the Palestinian

institutions, as well as references, text analyses of researches, and

the researcher personal experience in Gaza Strip.

Keywords: Gaza Strip, population density, urbanization, sea

Backfilling



Economic Buildings in Gaza Strip Using Minimalist

Architecture Concept

Salem Yousuf Al Qudwa

Master of Architecture Engineering Department, IUG

Abstract:

The term minimalism is used to describe a trend in design and

architecture where the subject is reduced to its necessary elements.

In terms of architecture and for the purposes of this paper, the

concept of minimalist architecture is described in the following

way: To strip everything down to its essential quality and achieve

economy, by sorting out highest priority architectural requirements

are, and then to do the possibly least to achieve them. Such a

description fits with the majority of residential buildings in the

Gaza Strip which are known for their unfinished concrete plastered

repeated grey boxes, as well as using simple building details. This

paper investigates how to use minimalist architecture principles as

a guideline for designing, constructing and rehabilitating economic

buildings tailored to the community's needs and preferences.

A major concern is how a minimal language could help in the

existing situation here in the Gaza Strip. Analytical methodology is

used and had been divided into the following categories: review of

literature with examples of minimalist projects, analysis of the

existing minimal situation in the Gaza Strip; one building and one

working case studies. In response to the objectives of this paper, the

main outcome is that: adopting minimalist architecture in the Gaza

Strip, Palestine will effectively lead to more economic, easier to

build, more simple and livable buildings with better attitudes.

Keywords: Minimization, reduction, economic buildings, elemental construction, the Gaza Strip.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture



Theme 7:

Control and Power



Wireless-Controlled Load Shedding Scheme

Case Study: Al-Quba Feeder in Gaza City

Assad Abu-Jasser1 and Mona Al-Faqawi

1

1Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine

Abstract:

Electric power system operators resort to load shedding in electric

distribution grid in areas that suffer from power shortages as a last

measure after exhausting all other techniques. Scheduled load

shedding is the process of cutting off service in parts of the grid for

specific periods and durations to match power demand. Load

shedding scheme must meet a number of constraints that ensure

equality, economics and safety. Power utilities in some regions

around the world still employ manual schedule load shedding and

thus they are far away from meeting these constraints. This study

introduces an automatic scheme for the load shedding process

based on wireless control in the purpose of overcoming

deficiencies of the manual scheme. As a case study Al-Quba feeder

has been selected for the application of the suggested scheme. The

automation process consists of two main tasks, firstly developing

an automatic control program with a high capability to distribute

the available power fairly between customers connected to the

feeder in a repeated sequence even in case of failure conditions in

the hardware, and secondly suggesting the most suitable tools and

devices for applying such a technique. The outcomes have proven

that suggested scheme works efficiently and ensures equality,

economics, and safety.

Keywords: Load shedding, distribution grid, power shortage, power demand, power utility and wireless control



Design and Implementation of a Viable Power

Inverter

Mohamed Abdelati

Professor at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza.

Abstract:

In the last few years, people in the Gaza Strip started to rely on

power inverters as part of a backup power system due to frequent

failure of the mains utility. The simplest backup system consists of

a battery, a battery charger, and an inverter. At least one house out

of four in the Gaza Strip is equipped with such a system. In a

previous work, a method for building a simple and applicable

power inverter was presented. The used components and employed

technology respect special conditions found in Gaza but also many

other developing areas. However, the embedded battery charger is

primitive and needs development. Moreover, the device has not

been evaluated for induction motors loads such as fans or

refrigerator compressors. In this work, the device charger is

modified to run in a three stage charging algorithm. This is

achieved by incorporating a TRIAC in the primary winding of the

power transformer and controlling its firing angle according to the

battery voltage as well as the charging current. Moreover, the

inverter performance is investigated for running induction motors.

Keywords: Power electronics, Inverter, Battery charger, PIC16F877.



Gaza’s Water Wells System Based on SCADA

Basil Hamed1 and Adham Abu Shamla

2

1Associate Professor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vice Dean

for Scientific Research & Graduate Studies, Islamic University of

Gaza.

2Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza.

Abstract:

Gaza city has 21 water wells within a radius of 40 square kilometer

that feeds the city with water. The control of water wells still stays

in a manual state and some of these wells are on isolated area. A

water distribution system must be operated properly so that it

performs at an acceptable level of service. This paper describes the

application of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)

technology on water well control monitoring system in Gaza-strip.

The proposed system is designed to solve the major problems in

water distribution in Gaza city, through solving some weak points

such as accuracy and delay in gathering data by using SCADA, and

synchronization between water distribution and electricity

existence.

Solving the existing water distribution problem by using

INTEGRAXOR SCADA program which is pure webserver that it

doesn’t need any additional programs. Also using programmable

logic controller (PLC) to act as interface between hardware

component and software program. In addition controlling via

mobile had been added to the system as a second method

Keywords: SCADA, Water Wells, PLC, GSM, INTEGRAXOR



Comparison Study of Photovoltaic Array Maximum

Power Tracking Techniques

Khaled Matter1, Teuvo Suntio

2, Hala J. El-Khozondar

3

1K. Matter is with the Electrical Engineering Department, Islamic

University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine.

2T. Suntio is with the Dept of Electrical Engineering, Tampere

University of Technology, Finland.

3J. J. El-Khozondar is with the Electrical Engineering Department,

Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine.

Abstract:

There are numerous Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

algorithms for improving the energy efficiency of solar

photovoltaic (PV) systems. The main differences between these

algorithms are digital or analog implementation, simplicity of the

design, sensor requirements, convergence speed, range of

effectiveness, as well as hardware costs. Therefore, choosing the

right algorithm is very important to the users, because it affects the

electrical efficiency of PV system and reduces the costs by

decreasing the number of solar panels needed to get the desired

power. This paper provides the comparison of 45 different

techniques used in tracking the maximum power based on literature

survey. This paper is intended to be a reference for PV systems

users.

Keywords: Maximum Power Point tracking system (MPPT),

Photovoltaic (PV), system efficiency.



Dc Motor Speed Control System Using Particle

Swarm Optimization Technique

Mohammed A. Alhanjouri1 and Ahmed I. Alnahhal

2

1Assistant Professor, Comp. Eng. Dep. ,IUG, Palestine,

2Master,Info. Tech. Dep. ,University of Palestine, Palestine,

Abstract:

The aim of this paper is to design a speed controller of a DC motor

by selection of PID parameters using bio-inspired optimization

technique i.e. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Here, model of

a DC motor is considered as a second order system for armature

voltage control method of speed control. Bio-inspired optimization

technique in controllers and their advantages over conventional

methods is discussed using MATLAB/Simulink. This proposed

optimization methods could be applied for higher order system also

to provide better system performance with minimum errors. The

main aim is to apply PSO technique to design and tune parameters

of PID controller to get an output with better dynamic and static

performance. The application of PSO to the PID controller imparts

it the ability of tuning itself automatically in an on-line process

while the application of optimization algorithm to the PID

controller makes it to give an optimum output by searching for the

best set of solutions for the PID parameters.

Keywords: DC motor, PID Controller, Tuning methods, PSO algorithm, Optimal solution.



Theme 8:

Building Design and Construction (Construction Management)



Time and Cost Overruns on Construction Projects:

Practical Case Studies

Jomah Al-Najjar1

and Adnan Enshassi2

1Project Coordinator, UNDP/PAPP, Gaza

1Civil Engineering Department, IUG, Palestine

Abstract:

Construction industry is considered as one of the most important

industries in Palestine. It is known that most construction projects

in Gaza Strip exposed to time and cost overrun. This phenomenon

may affect the progress of local construction industry; many

contractors may face the danger of being forced out of business in

the long run. The aim of this paper is to assess factors influencing

time and cost overruns on construction projects in Gaza Strip

through several case studies. Contractors, consultants and owners

views were considered. The results indicated that continuous

changes in specifications and incomplete drawings, owners delay in

freeing the payments to contractors, fluctuation in the cost of

materials, cash problems during construction, lack of management

experience, lack of consultant experience, and change order are the

main factors which contributed to time and cost overruns.

Contracting parties are advised to consider these factors and others

in this study in order to avoid or minimize time and cost overruns.

Some recommendations are suggested to contracting parties in the

paper.

Keywords: Construction, time, cost, overruns, Gaza Strip.



Duties of construction Projects Coordination in Gaza

Strip

Adnan Enshassi1 and Wesam S. Alaloul

2

1Professor of Construction Engineering and Management,

Department of Civil Engineering-IUG Gaza Strip-Palestinian.

2Research Assistant in Department of Civil Engineering, University

of Technology PETRONAS, Perak- Malaysia.

Abstract:

Construction industry is considered as one of the most important

industries in Palestinian economy. It is a complicated industry with

multi stakeholders, in unstable circumstances. The aim of this paper

is to study coordination duties in construction projects in Gaza

Strip. Literature review led to identify 79 coordination duties,

which classified into six groups. A survey was conducted by filling

184 arbitrated questionnaires. An exploratory factor analysis was

applied to categorize the duties into clusters. Case study was

investigated to verifica the questionnaires results.

The results showed the rank of groups as; contract implementation

group (79.34%), quality and performance group (78.95%),

planning and scheduling group (78.90%), health and safety group

(78.14%), budget and cash flow group (77.85%) and resources and

team management group (76.11%). The most important duties

were, contributing in plan preparing for project procurement,

implementation and tracking with RII of 87.89 %. Then, follow up

the implementation of all contractual commitments, with RII of

87.09 %. There is an essential need for assigning a coordinator for

each construction project and providing them with suitable

communications and transportation facilities, in construction

parties’ teams.



Keywords: Construction industry, Coordination Duties and Gaza

Strip.



Major Causes of Delay in Construction Project in

Gaza Strip-Palestine-Clients’ Perspective

Alaeddinne Eljamassi 1

, Shereen Helles2

1Professor Associate, Faculty of Engineering, IUGAZA-Palestine,

[email protected]

2project coordinator - General Projects' Directorate - MOEHE -

[email protected]

Abstract:

One of the most common problems in the construction project is

the delay. Many researches illustrated that construction projects

might be delayed due to many factors related to clients, contractors,

external environment, third parties and others. Delays can be

minimized only when their cause are identified.

The objective of this study was to identify the major causes of

delays in construction projects. This study was carried out based on

literature review and a questionnaire survey. One hundred and

twenty seven (127) factors that result in projects’ delay were

categorized into twelve (12) groups. Sixty (60) questionnaires were

distributed with 90% Response Rate (R.R) targeting clients and

clients’ representatives who are operating in the Gaza Strip

construction projects such as projects managers, site

engineers/office engineers and organizations managers.

The results demonstrated that the most important factors which

contributed to projects’ delay are; political situation, shortage of

construction materials, unethical behaviors of contractors, non-

commitment of contractors to consultants instructions, low

motivation and morale, cash problem during construction,

ineffective project planning and scheduling, unreliable

subcontractor, difficulties in financing project by contractor, lack of

high-technology mechanical equipment.





These findings will provide valuable contribution to all

construction industry stakeholders to keep continuous improvement

in planning, organizing and controlling during the project life cycle

stages to mitigate the negative impact of delay that might be

existed in the construction projects.

Keywords: Delay, Construction Projects, Contractors, Clients, Gaza Strip



Time Management in Engineering Consulting

Firms

Nasreddin Elmezaini

Assoc. Professor, the Islamic University of Gaza

Abstract:

Human resources and manpower are the main assets for

engineering consulting firms. The profit of the firm depends on

how well the managers can make use of their employee’s time. To

maximize profit, it is necessary to maximize utilization and

billability rate of the employees. Lack of work in the firm will

leave some employees with an inadequate amount of work, hence,

their utilization and billability rates drop and the company starts to

lose cash. Sometimes however, billability rates drop not due to the

lack of work, but due to the inefficient utilization of the existing

manpower. This usually results from poor managerial practice

and/or lack of efficiency of the employees. This paper discusses the

efficiency and productivity of practicing engineers in consulting

engineering firms. How can we maximize the efficiency of

practicing engineers in our firms? The use of time sheet system will

be demonstrated. How can we benefit from the time sheet to

maximize production and minimize overhead.

Keywords: Time Sheets, Consulting Firms, Chargeable time,

Project efficiency.



Contractor Selection Criteria

(Gift of The Givers Child Care Center project Case

Study)

Salah Almuzaini1, Adnan Enshassi

2

1Civil engineering, Islamic University of Gaza,

2Professor in the Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of

Gaza.

Abstract:

Over 20 years ago, the common and only factor for evaluating bids

and selecting contractors is "the bid price". Recent studies showed

that there are many other important factors have to be taken into

account when evaluating bids and selecting contractors, in order to

implement a project with an acceptance level of quality that satisfy

clients.These factors can be found in the literature of this paper.

This paper presents a literature in the field of contractor selection

stages and the most important factors when evaluating bids, and

compares these stages and factorsof a practical example in Gaza

strip. This study found thatthe stages of contractors selection in the

literature and in the case study are the same, but there are some

differences between the factors were taken into account in each

stage, the lowest cost factor still the most importantfactor in this

project.

Findings of the study are recommendations for the clients in the

field of bids evaluation and contractor selection in order to ensure

efficiency, transparency and fairness in selecting contractors.

Keywords: contractor selection, selection criteria, bid evaluation, Gaza strip.



Optimization Model for Construction Processes in

Residential Buildings

Hasan KH. Abujamous1, Rifat N. Rustom

2, and Mahmoud Y.

Abukmail1

1Civil Engineering from Islamic University of Gaza in Palestine

2Civil Engineering , Rector of the University College of Applied

Sciences (UCAS).

Abstract:

Residential building projects have a considerable economic

standing in construction industry in Gaza Strip. Many previous

researches demonstrated that conventional planning and scheduling

methods that are commonly used do not achieve optimum resource

plans, which have direct influence on the project costs and

duration. This paper integrates simulation and optimization of

construction processes as a key solution for planning and

scheduling residential building projects in terms of time and cost

with the optimum number of resources. A general simulation

model was developed for typical residential building projects with

most possible scenarios. The model was developed by formulating

a conceptual model that represents the typical construction

processes. The conceptual formulation was then modeled using

ARENA simulation software. The simulated model was verified

and validated. The optimum number of resources crews for the

various activities were determined based on the minimum cost and

availability constraints using OptQuest. A visual basic interface

was developed to facilitate using the model. The developed model

was found to be an effective tool for planning and scheduling

residential building projects with complex relationships between

activities and considering the uncertainties in activities' durations.

The optimization process achieved 7.5% decrease in the total cost

from the actual cost through finding the optimum number of



resources. The practical application of the model helps the

construction firms and the planners to build effective plans with

better accuracy for the utilization of resources in residential

building projects.

Keywords: Optimization, Simulation, Residential buildings,

Construction, ARENA software.



The key Factors Supporting Lean Construction

Implementation in The Gaza Strip Construction

Industry

Nabil I. El-Sawalhi1 And Mohammed I.Abu-Ismaiel

2

1Cvil Engineering Department, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza,

Palestine.

2Civil Engineering Department, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza,

Palestine.

Abstract:

Lean construction is considered one of the newest research areas

that are adopted in construction industry. It is a continuous process

of eliminating waste, increasing value, and meeting or exceeding

customer requirements. The aim of this paper is to enhance the

awareness and understanding of the applicability of lean concept in

the Gaza Strip construction industry. This paper investigates the

key factors supporting the applicability of lean construction in the

Gaza Strip. A questionnaire survey was conducted on a sample of

92 contracting companies. The results showed that the team work

and leadership management are the main factors that affect the

applicability of lean construction principles in the Gaza Strip. The

study recommended that high collaboration and strong relationship

between labors and top management should be exerted to enhance

and develop the lean construction implementation. Clients are

recommended to start injecting mandatory clause in the contract

that supports lean construction.

Keywords: Gaza Strip, Construction Industry, Lean Construction, Factors



Study The Effect of CrushedWaste Iron Powder As

Coarse Sand And Filler in The Asphalt Binder

Course

Jendia Sh1, Tabash O

2

1Prof. Shafik Jendia Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic

University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine,

2Eng. Osama Tabash Department of Civil Engineer-ing, Islamic

University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine,

Abstract:

This research investigate the applicability of using the waste iron

powder (WIP) as an aggregates in asphalt pavements and

it provides a solution of an environmental problem in the world.In

this research, a number of Asphalt tests are conducted which are:

sieve analysis, specific gravity, absorption, adsorption, and

scanning electron microscopic. Marshal samples are prepared

using both conventional blending aggregates and (WIP) to

investigate the properties of the asphalt mix: stability, flow, bulk

density, air voids and comparing the results with the specifications.

WIP was introduced in the asphalt mixture in grinded form 0–2.00

mm. Marshal mix design procedure was used, first to determine the

Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) and then further to test the

modified mixture properties. In total, (58) samples were prepared,

30 samples were used to determine the (OBC) for two stages and

the remaining were use to investigate the effects adding different

(WIP) percentages to asphalt mix . At the first stage, the OBC was

5 % by weight of asphalt mix. The results showed that it is possible

to use the WIP in preparing the asphalt binder course. WIP content

of 5 % by weight of aggregate for asphalt mix is recommended as

the optimum WIP content for the improvement of performance of

asphalt mixMoreover, at the first stage, the ratio of sand was 5%

from weight ofaggregate, Four proportionsof WIP by weight of



aggregates were tested 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5%.Besides, testing of

ordinary asphalt mix. Asphalt mix modified with this percentage

has approximately 23% higher stability valuecompared to the

conventional asphalt mix. The second stage is done to ensure the

results that appeared at first stage by increase the ratio of WIP 7.5

and 10%.Asphalt mix modified with higher percentages of WIP

shows higher bulk density, higher flow and higher air voids.

Keywords: Waste Iron Powder, Optimum Bitumen Content,

Binder Course, scanning electron microscopic. .



Influence of Leaching on Gypseous Soil

Lamyaa Najah1, Prof. Fauziah Ahmad

1,

Prof. Md Azlin Md Said1

1Civil Engineering Department, University sains Malaysia, Pinang,

Malaysia.

Abstract:

Gypseous soil disturbed in many regions of the world. Existence of

these soils with high gypsum content caused many problems to the

buildings and structures that built on it due to dissolution and

leaching of the gypsum slates by the action of water flow through

the soil mass. Therefore, it is necessary to study the properties of

such soils and improve it. Leaching (infiltration) effects on flow

rates and some chemicals tests (T.S.S.) of sandy Gypseous soil

were investigated in this study. Time, leachate condition and flow

rate were considered. The leaching and flow rate measurements

were carried out utilizing the special approach. The aim of this

study is to simulate infiltration of water in Gypseous soil after

mixing with additive.

Test results show that leaching strain and the salts dissolved is a

time dependent process. Also, the flow rate change with type of

additive.

Keywords: Gypseous soil, leaching. Flow rate, infiltration.

Additive



Assessment of Fire Damaged Structures “Case

Studies”

Mostafa S. Elasttal1, Khalel alastal

2 , Abdul allah Saand

3

1Master Degree of Civil Engineering.

2Chairman of Civil Engineering Department IUG.

3Director of Postgraduate studies, Dean Quality Enhancement Cell

Quaid-E-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology

– Pakistan.

Abstract: This paper highlights the assessment/ investigation of damages

caused by fire on RCC structures. For the purpose a huge RC

structural systems; building of Maxco Textile Factory and Pakistan

National Shipping Corporation Building (PNSC) exposed to a

heavy fire in 2007 in the city of Karachi were investigated. The

preliminary investigations and detailed investigations were carried

out to determine the extent of damages. The Primary investigations

done by visual inspections were not sufficient to assess the

damages extent, but in their basis further investigations were

recommended. Although the concrete thermal properties are very

low, it lost its strength to an alarming level in the case of Maxco

textile factory but it reduced up to 25-35% of the actual strength

only in the PNSC Building. Breaking off of concrete cover, cracks

and changing in the colour of concrete surface were majority of the

consequences noticed in the both buildings due to fire. The results

of the core cuter tests applied to determine the extent of damages of

concrete have shown reduction in the actual strength of both steel

and concrete, steel did not expose in the PNSC Building cracks

were very fine and that lead to minor spalling out of concrete.

Variation in results/ damaged degree between the two cases can be

attributed to the time of exposure to fire and fire intensity.



Keywords: RCC structures, Assessment, heavy fire, preliminary /

detailed investigations, visual inspection, thermal, spalling out, crakes,

exposure, and fire intensity.



Strategic Planning in Construction Companies in

Gaza Strip

Khalid El-Hallaq1, Bassam A. Tayeh

2

1Khalid El-Hallaq is with the Civil Engineering Department, Islamic


2Bassam A. Tayeh is with the Civil Engineering Department, Islamic


Abstract:

This paper presents a study that aims to explore the reality of the

strategic planning in the construction companies in Gaza Strip. The

clarity of the scientific concept of strategic planning has been

investigated, in addition its significance, the degree of

implementation and use, also the participation involvement in

setting strategic plans and ability to adapt with their internal and

external changing environment to be considered. This study relied

mainly on the field study methods, where a special questionnaire

was designed and distributed on a sample of "149" construction

company, therefore, a full comprehensive survey was adopted. A

"66" questionnaire out of "90' were retrieved and were processed

and analyzed. The results of the study recommended the necessity

of starting up with the use of strategic planning as an administrative

tool to help these companies to adapt with their internal and

external environments, also to provide more training courses for

top management on strategic management and planning, and to

emphasize on the sharing principle when setting strategic plans,

where different administrative levels are involved.

Keywords: Construction Companies; Gaza Strip; Strategic

planning; Strategy



Theme 9:

Materials and Process



The Effect of HYPR Cationic Surfactant on The

Properties of Cement Pastes

Abdel Fatah A. D. Qaraman1 , Shafik M. Jendia

2 , Wafaa

Hegazy3, Faten Z. Mahmoud

4, Maha R. Mohamed

5

1Chemistry Department, Women’s College, Ain shams University,

Cairo, Egypt.


Cairo, Egypt.

3Civil Engineering Department The Islamic University-Gaza,

Palestine.


Cairo, Egypt.


Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract:

The performance evaluation of a HYPR Cationic Surfactant to

qualify as an air-entraining agent is presented in this paper. When

new surfactants are used a systematic study of The surfactant

molecules ability to entrain air bubbles and stabilize them in the

fresh cement paste. This study investigate the properties of HYPR

Cationic Surfactant and the influence of its concentration and

mixing time on the density, compressive strength and hydration

reaction of hardened cement paste specimens.

Keywords: air- entraining, density, compressive strength, XR

Diffraction, HYPR Cationic Surfactant.

http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/search;jsessionid=52s4ghfg8no0t.x-telford-live-01?value1=&option1=all&value2=Maha+R.+Mohamed&option2=author



A Comparative Study of The Thermal Comfort By

Using Different Building Materials in Gaza City

Husameddin M. Dawoud

Assistant professor in the College of Applied Engineering &

Urban Planning at the University of Palestine in Gaza.

Abstract:

This study compare between difference alternatives of construction

in Gaza city in the purpose of proposing a new approach of using

available construction materials to improve thermal resistance of

the building and minimizing energy losses. The focus was on three

systems applied on the residential construction in Gaza city using

available materials in different detailing techniques. Common

materials used in building envelope consist of "stone, hollow block

and plaster" that combined together in different ways to form the

three systems of building envelope. After thorough on-site

investigation and data collection, the information, along with

regional weather data were input into the Ecotect energy simulation

software for thermal performance evaluation. The passive gains

breakdown analysis indicates that the majority of heat losses occur

via conduction heat transfer (building fabric). This study found

that, using 5cm air gap in exterior walls saves 50% of required

energy to maintain comfortable temperature inside the home.

Current study demonstrate how a building envelope reacts

significantly to outdoor conditions through graphic illustration and

show ways in which the research can be extended by the creation of

simulations using Ecotect software. This research contributes to the

promotion of passive and low energy architecture towards a

sustainable future.

Keywords: Thermal comfort, envelope systems, Air gap, wall cavity, Ecotect.



Odour Assessment Decision Tree for Odour Sampling

And Measurement

Ros Nadiah Rosli

MSc candidate in environmental engineering from the School of

Civil Engineering, University of Science Malaysia.

Abstract:

There are various method in the world to sample and analyze

odour. No matter what method or technique that is used, it should

be accordingly to the standard. For new researcher or people

involved in odour management, they might lack in knowledge on

how to use proper or suitable technique to assess odour. In

Malaysia, there is no specific method on handling odour problem.

Currently this country is following European standard, which using

the Olfactometer to analyze odour. Since the Olfactometer is

expensive for the first time of installation, a cost effective Odour

Threshold Test has been developed from Japan was trying to

introduce. Comparative between those methods are studied and

suitability to use are presented. For odour sampling, there are three

types of source that need to be considered; point, area and volume.

Proper techniques should be done in order to sample at various

source. This paper would guide on sampling method, test procedure

and data analysis of some method. This would make sense as the

newer can choose their technique based on available instrument

and environment condition.

Keywords: guideline in Malaysia, odour sampling, odour

measurement



Application of Electric Resistivity Method in Early

Age Durability Analysis of Mortars

Chik, Z.A1, Ahsan, Z.B

2

1Professor of Geotechnical Engineering with the Department of

Civil & Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built

Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

2Graduate student with the Department of Civil and Structural

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Abstract:

This paper investigates the application of two probe electric

resistivity method as an early age concrete durability indicator and

its relationship with the most commonly used durability indicator,

compressive strength. The experiments were conducted under

laboratory environment on a particular cement paste at the same

water cement ratio and sand cement ratio. Temperature and curing

conditions were kept the same. The results show that both the

resistivity and compressive strength increases during the early age

of hydration. The time against resistivity graph follows a

logarithmic trend for this particular cement mix where as the

relationship between compressive strength and time is linear. The

relationship between these two properties follows an almost linear

increasing trend. A simplified linear equation has been proposed

for predicting the strength gaining of mortars for this cement mix

using its early age resistivity values.

keywords: electrical resistivity, two-probe method, compressive

strength, durability



Dependency of Dry Density of Soil on Water

Content in The Measurement of Electrical

Resistivity of Soil

Chik, Z. 1

, Murad, O.F. 2

, Rahmad, M. 3

1Prof. Zamri BinChik: Diploma in Civil Engineering (UTM), BSc

(Aberdeen), MSCE, PhD Pittsburgh), P.Eng, MIEM, CPESC

(Geotechnical Engineering)

2Mohammad Omar Faruk Murad: Completed B.Sc. in Civil

Engineering from Ahsanullah University of Science and

Technology with Dean’s list of honor.

3MuhamadRahmad: Continuing B.Sc. in Civil Engineering in

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM).

Abstract:

Density is defined as the weight of soil per unit volume of soil.

Often in the construction of different types of structures in-situ 'fill'

is required. In-situ measurement of density is vital for such

projects. When soil is being used as fill material it is usually

compacted to a dense state to obtain satisfactory engineering

properties. Dry density of soil basically depends on many

properties of soil. For this reason it is difficult to establish an

empirical relationship between electrical resistivity and dry density

of soil. For similar type, grain size distribution and dry density of

soil electrical resistivity widely varies with different percentages of

water. In this study dry density of soil was determined using

standard proctor test. After compaction electrical resistivity of soil

was measured for different dry density of soil. From the graph of

volumetric dry density of soil versus water content of soil a slightly

steeper increment in dry density can be observed for increasing

water contents. On the other hand in the case of dry density versus

electrical resistivity graph, electrical resistivity almost remains the



same for increasing dry density until it reaches to the peak value.

After achieving the maximum dry density a detrimental slopes can

be observed in both graphs. In the case of electrical resistivity of

soil, after achieving maximum density of soil it does not decrease

significantly. In general, a common trend can be observed in the

both of the graphs. These plots show that after a maximum value,

dry density tends to reduce. Also in both cases measured maximum

dry density of soil samples were 1.79, 1.936, 1.792 and 1.821 g/cm3

respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that for both cases

electrical resistivity mostly depends on percentages of water in the

soil rather than dry density. It is difficult measure dry density of

soil from only electrical resistivity. But the maximum dry density

of soil can be found from the least resistivity value.

Keywords: Dry density, electrical resistivity, soil moisture

contents, maximum soil density



Theme 10:

Infrastructure and Environment (Air Quality Control and Management)



Comparison And Optimization of OZONE – Based

Advanced Oxidation Processes in The Treatment of

Stabilized Landfill Leachate

Salem S. Abu Amr1, Hamidi Abdul Aziz

1, Mohammed J.K.

Bashir2Shuokr ,Qarani Aziz

3

1School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti

Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

2Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering and Green Technology,UniversitiTunku Abdul

Rahman, Perak,Malaysia.

3Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering,

University of Salahaddin–Erbil, Iraq.

Abstarct:

Leachate pollution is one of the main problems in landfilling.

Among the most problematic parameters in stabilized leachate are

COD, ammonia, and color. The treatment technology that can be

used may differ based on the type of leachate produced. Even after

treatment, the effluent characteristics are always hard to comply

with the discharge standard. Ozonation is one of the chemical

processes that can be used in the treatment of landfill leachate.

However, its performance when use alone is low; its effectiveness

can be improved using advanced oxidants. To date, application of

Fenton and persulfate reagents separately to improve ozonation

process in one ozone reactor was not well established. The study

aimed to evaluate and compare the performance of the three

treatment processes, namely ozone, ozone/Fenton and

ozone/persulfate in treating stabilized leachate separately at

different experimental conditions. The performance of the three

methods in the treating stabilized leachate was compared.

According to the results, the performance of ozone alone was poor,



and utilizing new advanced oxidation material during ozonation of

such leachate was required to improve leachate treatability.

Ozone/Fenton process is a viable choice for degrading and

decolourizing stabilized leachate. Furthermore, ozone/persulfate

process has higher performance in ammonia removal as well as it

has good removal efficiency of COD and color from stabilized

leachate. Suitable data for establishing fully stabilized leachate

treatment plant using ozone/Fenton and ozone/persulfate was

suggested. The final effluent of ozone/Fenton process complied

with the discharge standard for COD and colour.

Keywords: Advanced oxidation process, Ozonation, Fenton,

Persulfate, treatment efficiency.



Determining Levels of Carbon Dioxide, Carbon

Monoxide And Thermal Comfort Inside IUG

Offices And Its Effect on The Employees

Khalil M El Khateeb1, Zeyad H Abu Heen

2, and Wesam Al

Madhoun2

1Ministry of Education and Higher Education stuff.

2Department of Environment & Earth sciences, Islamic University

of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine

Abstract:

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is one of the most important

factors that affect the residents of the indoor locations. CO2, CO

and thermal comfort is the most famous parameters, and IUG is

considered as a leader in the pursuit of providing satisfaction for

workers. This study aims to identify the impact of the elements of

indoor environmental quality on the employees of IUG and to

compare these elements with the international recognized

standards. This study was conducted on 22 rooms within IUG,

where employees spend more 7 hours in their offices during three

seasons: winter, and summer, in two stages, the first stage: field

work, by measuring the concentration of CO2, CO, Humidity and

temperature by using the relevant devices, the second stage:

designing a questionnaire for exploring the extent of the impact of

The study shows the following results: 80% of IUG employees are

satisfied with thermal comfort and the concentration of CO is

appropriate and less than the standards (9ppm). CO2 is high in the

rooms that rely on centralized air conditioning, and there is a

negative relationship between the ventilation ratio and the

concentration of CO2. There is a significant statistical difference

between CO2 measurements according to seasons these factors on

the employees working indoors. The university employees felt the

symptoms of health issues related to carbon dioxide concentration.



The study concluded that CO2, CO concentrations are varied inside

the rooms of the university and the environmental awareness of

these factors and their effect need to be enforced.

Keywords: IEQ, IAQ, IUG, CO2, CO, thermal comfort, health effect.



Filtration of Nanometric Airborne Particles Using A

new Generation of Aerogel Filters

Osama Abo Zebida

PhD of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Palestine,

[email protected]

Abstract:

Aerogels are special class of nano-porous materials with

porosity about 98% and pore size typically in the range 10-30

nm. These materials can be use in filtration but they have to

be strengthened with support materials, such as e.g. glass

fibre mats (HEPA membrane).

This work presents the results of study on aerodynamic

properties and applicability tests of silica aerogel filters

produced by impregnation of glass fibre mat (HEPA

membrane) with silica sol and drying it in supercritical

conditions. The new filter mats were tested aerodynamically

and it was found that their resistance to airflow is only two

times higher than the original glass fibre substrate. Particle

retention tests have been carried out successfully. The results

indicate that silica aerogel impregnated glass fibre mats can

provide a good substrate for production of ultra HEPA filters

retaining nanometric airborne particles.

Keywords: dust, silica, HEPA, air pollution, nanofiltration



Assessment of Lead Pollution in Urban Roadside

Environments of Gaza City

Wesam Al Madhoun1, M.Rashid

2, Samar EL-Khuzundar

1

and Shareefa EL-Helou1

1Environmnetal Engineering Department, The Islamic


2Air Resources Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan

International Institute of Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Abstract:

This research investigated Roadside lead concentration at four

different locations at Gaza city. Road dust continues to be a major

potential reservoir of lead (Pb) in the urban environment, and an

important potential component of child Pb exposure. This study

presents analyses of lead concentration for 20 samples, collected

along selected streets of different traffic volume (PCU) of Gaza

city over different intervals of time. Lead concentrations

determined for particulates, which were collected from the soil and

the lead accumulated by the leaves of Ficusbengalensis were also

measured. The maximum lead concentrations accumulated by the

leaves was 122.77 at EL-Wehda street equals to 122.77 mg/kg.

Meanwhile a lead concentration of 12 mg/kg was the highest

concentration in soil a sample which is also found at EL-Wehda

street. A statistically significant correlation was found between the

number of traffic volume and lead concentrations accumulated by

the leaves which ranges between (0.87<P <0.99 ) at the designated

streets . Also significant correlation was found between the lead

concentration in soil and lead accumulated by the leaves which

ranges between (0.4<P <0.6). From our study it was obviously

noticed that a high traffic volume increases with the concentration

of lead on deposits and soil. Beside traffic volume, road

characterization had its effect on the distribution of lead emission.



Keywords: Lead, Road-dust, Roadside, Soil, Urban.



Assessing The Spatial Variability of Particulate

Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) around Gaza Strip Schools.

Maher Elbayoumi1, Nor Azam Ramli

1, Noor Faizah Fitri Md

Yusof1

1School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti

Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.

Abstract:

Monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 particularly in school

microenvironments is extremely important due to their impact on

children’s health and the global burden of disease. PM10 and PM2.5

concentrations levels were monitored inside and outside 36 natural

ventilated classrooms of 12 schools located in Gaza strip, Palestine.

The measurements were carried out using hand held particulate

matter instrument during fall, winter and spring seasons from

October 2011 to May 2012. The average concentration of indoor

PM10 was 349.49(±196.57)μg/m3 and for PM2.5 was

103.96(±84.96)μg/m3. Different spatial distribution pattern among

and within the schools was observed and the average daily patterns

of PM10 and PM2.5 show a clear seasonal variation. For most of the

schools a coefficients of divergence (COD) values varied from

spatial homogeneity to moderate spatial heterogeneity. However,

strong spatial heterogeneity in air pollutant concentrations exists in

two schools with higher particle emission. Furthermore, a spatial

variation in PM10 and PM2.5 concentration showed in the same

building. The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were greater than

1.2 and 1.4 times the concentration in 1st and 2nd floor,

respectively. Relatively high COD values at the schools during the

three seasons substantiate the need for school-based monitoring

program for sensitive populations like school-going children.

Keywords: Particulate matter, School children, Building height, Gaza



Theme 11:

Infrastructure and Environment (Transportation and Highway)



Developing Road Accidents Recording System in

Palestine

Dr.Yahya R. Sarraj

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,Islamic

University of Gaza, [email protected]

Abstract:

Traffic accidents report is considered as the main source of data in

judicial, legal and engineering purposes. Developing the system of

recording traffic accidents is the first stage in setting up an

integrated database to provide interested parties with relevant data.

This research aims at developing the recording form of traffic

accidents in Palestine by assessing the existing form and checking

the adopted mechanism. The existing crash form was also

compared with regional and international forms.

The most important information that must be available in the new

form has been identified. The design of the new form was

developed to ensure quicker filling-in process with less errors.

Recommendations of the General Directorate of Traffic in Gaza

were considered in designing the form. Fifty samples were used in

the field in ordor to get practical feedback. The result was the

adoption of the new form and the decision to start using it by the

local traffic police. The form will be re-evaluated after one year.

Keywords: Gaza, Palestine, Recording Traffic Accidents, Traffic

Accidents, Traffic Safety




New Flooring Techniques for Train Stations

Manal Elnahas

Faculty of Industrial Education, Bani Suaif University, Egypt

Abstract:

Train stations are some of the busiest spaces around the world.

With the constant flow of users, these stations need to provide a

high level of comfort. Flooring is a very important factor of

comfort because it is always subjected to the users. This report will

discuss the different types of flooring that could be used in train

stations and compare between the innovative techniques.

The main problem is that the flooring used in train stations might

not be suitable for the heavy use and would need a lot of

maintenance. The type of flooring has to be carefully considered

according to several factors to reach a decision of the most suitable

type. That's why the main objective is to review possible flooring

techniques for train stations and compare between them to choose

the most suitable and innovative one to use in Egypt.

In conclusion the report presents a comparative analysis of different

techniques for train stations that are efficient and also

multifunctional, an understanding of how different systems can

integrate with the flooring and finally reaching recommendations

for use in Egyptian train stations.

Keywords: Stainabillity, Train station loads, Train station flooring,

New flooring materials, Flooring for high traffic areas ,Flooring

durability ,Flooring life span



Influencing Cost Factors in Road Projects in Gaza

Strip Using ANN

Hasan KH. Abujamous1, Rifat N. Rustom

2, and Mahmoud Y.

Abukmail1

1Civil Engineering from Islamic University of Gaza in Palestine

2Rector of the University College of Applied Sciences (UCAS).

Prof. Rustom is a former Vice President for External Affairs and IT

at the Islamic University of Gaza (IUG).

Abstract:

Conceptual cost estimate can serve the owners’ feasibility estimate

and assists in the establishment of the owner's funding which aids

the engineers in designing to a specific budget. Conceptual

estimating exhibits low accuracy level due to the lack of project

information and the high level of uncertainty at early stage of

project development. The purpose of this paper is to determine the

most influencing cost factors in road projects using Delphi

technique and Artificial Neural Networks. These factors were

employed in a neural network (NN) for building a multi-layer

perceptron (MLP) model to estimate the road project cost.

Historical data of Gaza strip road projects were used to train and

test the MLP model. The model developed showed a reduced error

rate of 6.3% which demonstrates the ability to estimate the cost of

road projects at early stage with higher accuracy.

Keywords: Cost factors, Conceptual cost estimate; Artificial neural

networks.



A Review of Double Layer Rubberized Concrete

Paving Blocks

Euniza J1, Hasanan M.N

1, Ramadhansyah P.J

1, Zaiton H.

1,

and Azman M1

1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Abstract:

The objective of this paper is to presents and study a review of

waste material i.e. tyre rubber granules as a partial aggregate

replacement in different percentage and size of rubber granules;

and different thickness of block layer. Waste tyre rubber is found to

be very high in toughness. Owing to its technological and

economical advantages, both strength and toughness of concrete

can be increased. Incorporation of waste tyre rubber granules as

aggregates in concrete mixture not only improves the toughness of

concrete, but also improves the acoustics element by the increase of

sound absorption level. Previous studies on rubberized concrete

paving blocks (RCPB) especially on ability of pavement to absorb

sound is very limited. Various tests will be carried out to evaluate

engineering properties of double layer RCPB with 10, 20, 30, and

40% replacements of waste tyre rubber granules by weight of

aggregate. The sound absorption level of double layer RCPB with

different thickness of layer will be studied.

Keywords: Tyre rubber granule; Rubberized Concrete Paving Block; Sound absorption



A Review of Porous Concrete Block Pavement for

Heavy Rainfall

Nur Hidayah A.H1, Hasanan Md. Nor

1, Ramadhansyah P.J.

1, and Azman M

1

1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Abstract:

In recent years, the popularity of porous concrete block has grown

in the industry but there is still lack of knowledge on how and

when porous concrete block is appropriate. The objectives of this

paper is to presents and study a pre-view of porous concrete block

used for pavement by using different size of aggregate and effect of

permeability on porous concrete block during heavy raining season.

Large volume of surface water runoff needs to handle during this

season to prevent water ponding on the roads surface. Porous

concrete blocks has proved to be effective and meet most of the

requirement to solve the problem. The investigation on the different

size of aggregate use in porous concrete block and its performance

is very limited. However, further researches are ongoing by the

authors to study performance of porous concrete block for

pavement in mechanical and chemical properties will evaluate.

Various tests were carried out to evaluate durability of porous

concrete block made with 10 to 8 mm and 8 to 5 mm size of

aggregate in concrete mix. On the other hand, the results of

compressive strength, porosity and clogging test from previous

investigation were present in this study.

Keywords: Porous; Concrete; Block; Heavy rainfall; Microstructure.