1hatto Mafdaga

1. Sociolinguistics1.1. Ayyunafmissorakiibo tu-mabulutte (oyti)

Ayyunafmissodadal akaxaamik (baritto) ossobba/kala.

Nammaayak (af kee ayyunta) 20hatto horak 2hatto garab fan (1950+) baxsal kusaaqisimte sugte (tiyaay baxsah). Usun nammaayak tiyaay sinni xiinissa kalahmadqah innal sugen.Ligidak 1952 tutaaxagoayyunta kee afti intin axaw kusaaqat culaanam qemiseenim inki sanatahi adda sugte.

A ossobba addat tiyay tiya ittat tumcuggem qaddossa namma takko/numma tan----ayyunta kee af.Usun ayyunafcubbi ittah tan baxsa le qangara madqen/ginen.

Seehadaytu naaxegem fannek/faxnek afti caagit naaxigem faxximtam kee seehadayti kusaq maleh/maliinoh afti kusaaqissiyyi nek arac maxaga/mamuliya.

Ayyunafcubbi kaxxam qunxaane leh tan 62 karmat tan ossoba kataye kinni. Ligidak 1960 gexsiisen konforensil dago ammuntitte yeteebeqen. Haver C. “Sociolinguistics (ayyunafcubbi) ekraaro” ammuntisen naharsi artikil yeteebeqen,yaab kee caddo fantaaxaw.

Naharsi namma tabna sanootah (1960-1970) addat ayyunafmisso doolat kee barittoh maggo tuxxiq yece. Maggo qadad/ixxima leh tan tutaaxago fieldi kusaaqal hangi hayte.

Ayyunafmisso macaay?

Inki gabak/katuk afti mantafaqqa pattern kee aki gaba/katuk tommamey afti addat cultam kusaaqissa afti cubbi exxa.

Qangara elle tascassennal af kee ayyuntiino wagsissam, baxsa le caddol/raawal ittal gacsiyyi xiqto le ossobba/kala.

Is ayyunti afti baxxabaxsa luk leh yan angaaraw keemissa. Tohi Sabbatah, nammaayak (af kee ayyunta) fanat causal inttin axaw qalli keenik yan.

Ayyunafmisso ittan term namma qangarah koboxu:

Ayyun:- ayyunti caagid awlissa Afmisso:- afti caagida awlissa

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Amo biyal, ayyunafmisso iyyaanam afti quluumih exxaay af kee ayyunti fantaaxaw kusaaqissa/cubbussa.1.2. Af

Af yaanama sinam edde walaltah, itta edde geysisaanah, hinnay faxaana edde warsitan cogdaay ayyunti itta elle geyya heenih madqen/dadlisen/ginen tiya kinni. Akkinnal kaadu af seehadayti baxak kennaaneey num/mari/agat maa agat kinnim elle tamixxigeemi. Tonnaah, af yaanam qaggoor mantafaqqay adam baxi/banaadamti baxi etta elle gee angaaraw maknay/gida.

1.3. Ayyunta

Ayyunta yaanam iki guubul yan maraay baxaabaxsa le diini, qaada, af luuk xisimteh tan kee ital qekuh tan gaanta. Who axic ganta baxsitteta luk ittaluuk xiinah/yaqeeshe/allinnanim ittaluuk haysitah yan maray inki aracal gaaboobe/yenkette, a ayyunti addal kak anninnaanih agaatih/rakaakayih xinttot, madqat xiinah yan mara takkay immay marah le madqa yaaxigeenim takkeh/bictah macaay innek ayyuntta innah nan waqdi dubuk inki maray inki af, qaada/salu, diini, kee/hinnay madqa le mara akke waamih sabbata.

1.4. Afti baxaabaxsa

Afti baxsa innah nan wak af addal leh yan baxaabaxsitte tascasseh taniimi. Af mangonnal baxsa le. Ceelalloh, nado, karma, mare, rakaakay, ww… taham tascassem kulli num sinni caddol, rakaakay caddol, karrama caddol, mare caddol/kedo caddol, kee buxa addih qedaddo caddol, hinnay tu-baritto caddol baxsa lennal afat yantifiqqenimioh.

Afti baxaabaxsat cultah tan duyye (factors) afitte fanat cogda leh tan mango baxsitte tanim qadoh (Ingiliiz kee Jappaan af, Qafar kee Amcari af).masalan taa afitteh fanat madqa baxsi yan.

Mamaxxaga le/ossoobba le qngoor (Popular terms)

Innah nanwak, umman aracal ummatta edde yabtah tan afti addat tan baxsitteey num, sinam, mihratwa, egla, fiqma, ww… ikih tascasseh tan afti baxaabaxsitteh addat tan yabti manttaffaqqa.

Too duyye ahaa gubal katayta:

1.4.1. Afeyta: yaana afti baxaabaxsak tiyak teena kina wak fexe afti baxsay aki baxsittek (inki afih) maxcomaafo xisne (structure/grammar/syntax), angoor maqna (semantic), afeytisiino (Pronunciation) madqa/cogda baxsa lehtaniimi.

Aki gabak kaadu afeyta innah nanwaqdi, num kak yeemet/num manni rasih baxa kinnim kaak elle naxigu xiqnah nan afti baxsa. Nammahatto, inki afak yabti xongoloh

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mayyaaqa misso/qussaqa (Phonology), angoor/xisne aydaariyya (Morphology), xisne (Syntax), kee maqna (semantic) inkih addat yabixih yan afti baxsa kinni.

Ceelallo, cayso- kilbati rasu, daaco- awsi rasu= morphological

- Booxal obtaamal a carra sunkuh koo xagisak en. A carra koqsol obeettoy lakbah koo heeluken.= syntax.

- Bura, bara, cara, macammax- 3 hatto rasu, buxa,caxa, baxa, mocammad- awsi rasu, kilbati rasu, 5 hatto rasu kee tonnah amolludi caddol takkeh=Phonological

- Dirar,quusi- 2 hatto rasu, afxago, qerakkalo- awsi rasu= semantic

Taa dagal dafeyte ceelallola inki gaanta, amolludi, rasi caddol takkem xiqtah.

Kulli num amolluddi caddol mangoh yan afetat baxsa lennal/caddol yaabahaw kulli num afeyta leh/yaabah, mango afeytitte baxsa le caddol.

1.4.2. Afeytisiyya: a qangara afti addat mango maqna le. - Qangarak qido/afeytisiino wagitah taniimi.- Oksforx Ingiliiz xikshineeri (Oxford English Dictionary) elle

qaddosennal, afeytisiyya yaanam amolluddah, daqaarah, kalah mablah qusbah tan qangarak afeytisiino/qido/ oyta kak alle wan qangarak qusba qido.

Ceelallo, bura/buxa, caxa/cara, kawaka/keeawka. Better- British, better/berrer-qado ameerika kee data ameerika,

1.4.3. Gurra (Style): atiya tonnah afti baxaabaxsak tiyak teena kinni. Is yaabak gurra taysubulle. Takkay immay a tiya manggi/maggih qunxaaneyti yaab tascasse aw qusba yaabih gurray xeyi udduurut baya kee teexege fiqma edde tantifiqqime yaabti caalat.

Ossotinah, gurra/caalat yaanam afti baxsay yabti caaloota wagsissa: gita li kee gita mali.

Ayyunti addat ayyuntiino Sali (salu) hinnammaydinttoy mannal afat yanttifiqqeenim baxissa tan.Afak wuli mantafaqqa bica lem kinnim hinnammay bica allewaytam yaaxagoonuh ayyunti salul meexima.

Masalan, 1hatto caalat 2hatto caalat

Commentator Parliament meeting

Ceelallo, qunxaaneyti udduuru uddur baaha yan yabti gurra.

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Labnumuh atta iyyanam (anchi), እንንካው (genneh/foorreh iyyanam faxeenik), ጊቢልኝ (tu koo esseran wak keenih taceegidih iyyan angara, yaccuy), ወላ በል(kat wonnah,kell, wonnah gah),

ሳብ (foor/hiri/kaqit/warray,kex), ቅበረኝ (yoo cat/wad).

Tannah tan yabittey sinam edde tantifiqennak akinnal edde yantifiqqimen.

1.4.4. Nintin amo afeyta (Idiolect): yaanam kullinum sinni afeytay aki marak edde baxsima le. Qangooruk qedo kak kay buxah marak, kataysoosuk dagoo baxsa le.

1.4.5. Yabti gaanta (Speech community): yaanam ummatah ittaliinoy umman afeyta yabta. Gaanata innah nanwaqdi afti missok ussutina duyye (Extralinguistics factors) takkem xiqtah/maqnissah. Ceelallo, karma, rakaakay, ayyunti maddur caddo, horta mamaxxaga, w.w…

Karma waginnek qunxa num kee kaxxa num inki yab mali hinnammay baxsa le qangoorut yantifiqqen. Rakaakayah tugactek, sinam elle aninan ikkel ken aki rakaakayih marak baxsa yab loon.Ayyunti maddur/qidaddo caddo ittah tan tiyaay qayxixxu kee gaddali edde tantifiqime qangoor kee yabti gurra tascasse.Horta mamaxxaga tonnah inki egla elle tamixxigeh tan baxsa le yabti caalat/afeyta.

1.4.6. Register (Reejister): kak yaanam temeexege/baxsa le hora kee mihratwa edde tantifeqqe qangor kee tascasse. Afti cubbih mihrat (caalat-baxsa le) afti baxsa: baxsa le/yemeexege maralluk tangoorowuh edde tantifiqime hinnay ayyuntiino caalat bica le afti qaynat kinni.

Dialoctology: xiyaaloktoloojy yaanam rakaakay afeytih (afeyta) kussaaqa.

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1.5. Afti baxaabaxsitte yantifiqqime mara le katuk1.5.1. Afak rakaakay baxaabaxsa1.5.2. Afak ayyuntiino wadwaba baxaabaxsa

Af kee afeyta fan baxsa rorta weelissiyyi gidbaabina

Afeyta, xagissa, Reejister, gurra,tonnah af isih, lafa le asli/rakiibo mabla baxxaqisiyyi taqbi yan afti addat.

Af (Language) : wuli dudday afti cubbih xisne cogda le. Afeyta (dialect): nabam meqeh tahin tan namma paarameetirwaay afeyta sharcisa yan.

Tohimiiy: Ayyuntiino Wadba Xisne ( Social Structure ) kee rakaakay ittalluk aaliyya/keefiyo ( geographical distribution ) .

Sissinaane qaynootay af kee afeyta fanat tan:

Af (Language): baxsa le afitte :- Ingiliiz-af, Firansi-af, Amharih af, Qafar-af

Sinni dudda leh taniimi Ittin geey/ittin afhimiyya allewaytaama Dubuk maxca taskcasseemi/xongolo taysubulleemi

Afeyta (Dialect): kilbatti-qafar-af, gabbi-qafar-af, gonxer, gojjam Amcarih af

Sinni dudda mali Ittin geey lee

Afeyti yascassem afti qaynotah fanat yan baxaabaxsay qangoorul, rikkiisol, kee maxcal/ qngarak qidol baxsitte leh taniimi.

Afti mihratwa/mixxiwa af kee afeyta fan baxissuh wuli maassayyooyi daffeysen:

1. Haugen mablal: Af kee Afeyta fanat tanim manginta kee dagna baxsa. Af afeytak mangoh/xiyaalekti dagoh.

2. Hudson mablal: loonuh yanin caddo baxsa kinni.- Af yimixxige caddo le (Standard) - Afeyti saytunnane mali/kaxxa arac mali.

3. Wodros mablal: ittin geey baxsa loonum:- Af ittin geey mali- Afyti ittin geey leh

Namma baxsa le afeytat yaaba naama num itta yafhimeenimih xiqto yelleenik, ta mari inki af loonum iyyana faxximta. Laakin ta mari yaab ittak geewwnik baxsa le af loonu iyyaana faxximta.

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1. Afak rakaakay baxaabaxsa (Regional/geographical variation of language)

Afak rakaakay (geographical) baxsa iyyaanam cudud xalootuk tamaateemi.Afak rakaakay baxsi (ARB) dadlam seehada/sinam rakaakayal hinnaay ayyuntiiono wadbal ittak baxsiman waqdi.

Umman aydafaale

B. dagar aydafaale (Physical barriers): sinam cudud baxsa yeelleenik hinnammay mango/kaxxa qaleela fant keenik tenek hinnaay kadu bad fanat keenik yeenik afti baxaabaxsa bahoonu xiqaana.

T. Ayyuntiino wadbah aydaffale (Social barriers): ah inna wak, aydafaaley mango/baxaabaxsa le ayyuntiino gidbaabinak tamaateemi/uguttaama.

Ceelalloh: ayyuntiinoh addal sinam mangonnal baxsimta, siyaasa, mare (qado heemara kee qasa heemara), exxa/afa/daala, diini, w.w:

Wuli/inkin-ki baxooxal rakaakakay baxaabaxsi ayyuntiino wadba baxaabaxsak kaxxam cayla le/umannah gidbi.Masalan, Ityooppiya addal.

2. Afak ayyuntiino wadba baxaabaxsa (Social variation of language)

Sinam/seehada ayyuntiion wadbah baxaabaxsittett baxsa le gurral/gital yaabelon. Ayyuntiino wadba baxaabaxsa{ xisne (structure)} biyaktah/meextah afti caalat:---- karma, nado, baritto, w.w.

b. karma: (canxoowa/alaaqa, quxaaneyta, furrayna, illolti/idoola) ayyuntiino wadba baxaabaxsa mexta fakterwak tiyakteena kinni. Is nek yaabak gurra baxissah.

t. Nado: iyyaanam aki afti baxsay ayyuntiino baxaabaxsi yamaate (ayyuntiino baxaabaxsih xaloot).

A tiya tabbixeh tanim afeytisiino (Pronunciation), xisne rakiibo (Grammar), qngoor (Vocabulary), kee antafaqiyyi gurra (Context of use).

Ceelallo, saynum kee labnum yaabak abaanah gide wagsissa (labnum saynumuk kaxxi/maggom yaaba.

1.6. Afti baxaabaxsa manttafaqqa le katuk (variation of language according to use)

Ah yaanam simam afti baxaabaxsittet elle tantifiqqenna. Naharsi darsil elle wagitnennal,af maggo gurra leeh maggonna/baxaabaxsa lenna yantifiqqenih (yoh yaanam, afeyta,afeytisiino, afeytisiyya, w.w.). wooduyyeek ossotinah/qusbaamah edde qagisnaamah tugactek ahaak gubal ablenno:

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B. Register/REH gester (Reejister):

T. Slang (Islang):

S. Jargon (Jargon):yaanam baxsa le marih adoytit fanat ux gabah inna, qangooruy inki-nki context iroh maggih maqna acewaa/alle waa. Ahaak gubal tan ceelalloola teetik oyti taysaballuh cattu waytam:

Poolis Jargon: 10-4- radio jargo, meqeh hinnay kok ifhimeh yaanama. Code Eigth- 100/bool abba sissik cato faxa yaanama. Code Eleven- num umaaneh aracih addat yan yaanama.Assumed room tempreture- num rabeh yaanama.

Qaskar (Military) Jargon: TD- xiyi waktih tirki/temporary duty AWOL- Absent without leave

Siyaasa Jargon: Guri gali/Left wing- for liberal, progressive viewpoint.Migdi gali/Right wing- conservative viewpoint.Getting on a soapbox- ummattah addal yaabaanama.

Interneet Jargon: FAQ- maggih essertimte essero MOTD- ayro farmo/asaaki farmo TTYL- sarra koo yaabiseyyo

C. Standard and Non-standard variety of language:

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2hatto Mafdaga

2. Afti mantafaqqa

Afti mantafaqqa iyyaanam ayyunti afittet mangonnal yantifiqqeh yoo edde yaabah yan af ayyuntak hinnay amoluddak inah afa, nammahattoh afa hinnay iroh afaay barittok gee ittah tan tiyya tabixeh taniimi. Tonnah ayyunti hinnay amoluddi inah afat, nammahattoh afat, baad angaarawih afat hinnay iroh afat edde yaabam/yantifiqqem mawiddiiriy, mannal, macah kee miyyalluuk ittah tan esseroora katassah tanimi.

2.1. Itta elle geyan af (lingua franca)

Linguwa firanka innawaqdi, is afti ixxigah numma kee/hinnammay afti angaaraw xaloot kinni. Linguwa firanka takku xiqtam inki num akki hinnay kedo takku kay/ken afat yaabam xiqe waa maralluk walalam/yaabam faxek/faxeenik edde yantifiqqime/yaaba af. Num taa uddur linguwa firankat yaaba.

Tonnaah kaadu, inki yimixxige (baxsa le) af inki baaxol hinnay sidiica baaxol takku ittaliino addih angaaraw/walal af akkuk yanfiqe/yassiggilleh yan waka.

Ceelallo, Ityoppiya caalatal waginne nee tekkek, Amcarih af linguwa firankah raaqa.

2.2. Inki afih xiqto (Monolingualism)

Inki afih xiqto innawaqdi baad, rakaakay, aw amolutti caddol takku inki afih dudda/xiqto.

Uxuxuuk moonoliguwaliizim inki afih xiqto tascasse.

Ceelallo, ingilanx (England), Kuweet (Kuwait), Jappaan (Japan)

Masalan ta baaxooxa inki afih xiqto dubuk lem aw kaadu dubuk edde tantifiqqimem inki afa.

2.3. Namma afih xiqto (Bilingualism)

Baylinguwaliizimik kaxxam tamixxigeh tan namma baxxaaqesso/sharci kak yan. Namma tutaaxago elle qaddosennal:

b. Bloofieldi sharci namma afih xiqtok (1935), namma afih dudda kak yaanam yaba num (yaabeyni) inah afat leh yan xiqto nammay hatto afat leem wak.

t. Macnamara sharci namma afih xiqto (1969) akah iyyennah num affaraamak (maabal, yaabal, feeraysol/kattil, kee kawsiyyal) tiyak teenal xiqto namma hattoh afal loonumu.

2.4. Maggo afih xiqto (Multilingualism)

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Yaanam amolluddak hinnammay gaanatak nammaayaak daga yakke afih dudda.

Ceelallo, Paakistaan, kaameroon

2.5. Inah af (Mother tongue)

Inah af kak yaanam num qemmol inak barteh yan af hinnay canxowti yab bartah yan waqdi fiiruk af elle fakah yan af. Woo af elle fakeh yan af buxah addal giyam takkeh akkinal kaadu cugganek tonnaah geyam aw bartam xiqah yan af. Inah af ittah tan muduqqa tascasseh tanim sabiiti/alaqti yaab edde qemisa af aw kaadu alaqti inah anguuk bartah yan af (ina fexe af taallay qemmoh issi baxa edde yaabissah tan yab kah inah af/sugeet af (native language of speaker)

2.6. Namma hatto af (Second language)

A tiya tascasseh tanim inah afak kala nammay hattoh barittah tan yaaba. A nammay hattoh af fexeh gide yakkem xiqah (2………..100). Namma hottoh af barotto buxal hinnammay caafatak/cuggaanek barittam tonnaah kaadu aki baaxo gexah tan waqdi kaafat yaaba mari elle ane waa baarol sinaamalluk bictuh/walaltuh baritah tan af.

2.7. Iroh af (Foreign language)

Iroh af elle bartoonu xiqaanam iro agat gexxah tan waqdi. Tonnah inki baaxo nammay hatto af elle barittam iro agat sinni gubat tet xiinisa/kaamol ayyo gubat xinta/gacta waqdi.

Afrikah addal Ityoppiyaak kalih baaxooxa mangih kaamol ayyo gubat sukte tohi sabbatah iro agatih af bartaanamih dirki tetil bahte.

Masaln, Ingiliiz kee Firans xiinesseh tan Afrikah baaxooxak garab namma hattoh afah loonum Ingiliiz akki Ferans af.

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3hatto Mafdaga

3. Afti Ekraaro ke Afti Poolisi

Fiiruuk afti ekraaro kee poolisi baxxaqa kee tu-mabulu/afkan kak ablenno tohuuk gamadal baxaabaxsa/mango tu-taaxago ken wagsiisak daffesseh tan sharcitteeta wagtinno. Ellacabol ken qaynootat yaabenno.

3.5. Afti ekraaro

Afti ekraaro tascassem taqabi yafdagoonuh doorit gititte fanat aaxagih/makkook maqadaak aban dooro.Tadeerisen doorit gittitteh xaloot ramlisoonuh makkook maqaadih gicloy rakiibo doorol tekke.Ekraaro taqabih fan tufkuneemi/tascasseemi.

Maggo tu-taaxago afti ekraaroh baxaabaxsa le baxxaqqa/sharcitte daffesse/tece.

Afti ekraaro sinni afih acquisition, xisne, hinnay faxxima daabisiyyah arac abak aki afitte/akiimih caalat qeegisoonuh aban asmat le geclo tascasse (Cooper, 1989:45).

Rubin kee Jernud (1971) elle baxxaqissennal, afti ekraaro aaxagih aban afti milaagih angagoyya/taama yoo milaagi afti koox hinnay yaabiyyi hinnay nammaamih addat yan gexsit.

Afti ekraaro baaxoh addih afitte kee afitte baxaabaxsitte mannal xiqsiisimta iyyah yan maktab poolisih masayyooyi/xiqsissoosa kee abnesso/tamal asisa tabixe.3.6. Afti poolisi (gexsiis)

Afti poolisi af kee ayyuntiino wadba mano fanti axaw qallih moxxol tekke asmat le/cubbil aben dooro. Afti poolisitte wagsissam afitte agat af, baax angaarawih af, maktab af, taamah af, baritto buxal barsiyyi af, w.w innal edde nantifiqqimem faxximtanna intah tan tiya elle waanittam poolisi doolat raaral.

Ityoppiya federal ximokraasi ummuuno doolat madqah maasayya 5 baax tannal kataya:

Inkih tan Ityoppiyah afitte inki gidel caddo mamaxaga geytamih dudda le.Amcarih af tonnah Ityoppiayal/federal doolatak taamah af yakkemi.Federaal hortah adoytiit sinni cagal afitte mexaanam takkeh.

A saaku ossetinah federal doolat amcarih afat 4 agatih rakaakay kee 2 xinisso magaalal maktab afih innal/af akkuk yayfiqe. Usunuuy:

- Amcarih af- SNNPR- Benishangul-gumuz

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- Gambella

Raqqatta agat rakaakay sinni cagal maktab afte mango hadafah dooriten.

- Addis Ababa- Dire Dawa Ityoppiyak afti poolisi kaadu baaxo baritto gexsoh addat reflect aben, golik 3.5 baritto

kee aydakaakan poolisi. Pexagojicaalakmuxxo fayda alaaqa sinni inah afat bartaanam kee agatiino sinni afih

mantafaqqa faysaanama. Naharsi/qedmo baritto agatiino afat antocowemele. Amcarih af baaxok baax angaaraw innal barselon. Ingiliiz af 1haytuk qemmisak baritto buxah subject innal barselon. Ingiliiz af 2hatto caddo kee fayya caddo barittol barsiyyi giti gurral antocowemele.

3.7. Afti ekraaroh qaynoota

Ekraaro sidiica qaynatah kurrumta:

1. Caddoh ekraaro (status planning):

ayyunti addal cadar/faxximta moxxooxah aban afti hinnay baxsi daabisiyya/daffeyseyya hinnammay nammahah/qusubin daffeysiyya. Tohi sabbatah afti rakiibo hinnay ugtima affecti abak.

Ossotinah caddoh ekraaro innah nan waqdi, ayyunti addal aakam hinnammay moxxo akah yaceenim faxximtah taniimiy dabisaanah hinnay kaadu domaak sugteh/daabeseenih sugen af kee baxsat qagitaak aban caddoh ekraaro.

1.1. Afti caddo (Language status):

af aki afitte luuk leh yan rakiibo ugtima hinnay qaaqa/caddo (position). Afti gaaboyso caddo affara kennane kibsisoonuh inki sanatih (1968) addat baxsa lehtan namma orbisitte (Authors) caaloota kaak daffeysseh.

Heinz Kloss kee William Stewart, nammaayak inkkih exxaaxil elle baxsen innal, afak caddo baxissah tan affara mexxatitte baxsen. Faxximtah tan xisno makaadoyti keenik dagoo baxsa yaallay immay affar kinnaanel itta gen/daffeysen. Too kennaaneey:

1.1.1. Afti qemmo (Language origin):

baaxoh addal yan af yabti gaantak baaxoh af/aslih af/yoobeke af kinnim kee hinnammay irok yemeete/yemeeti kinnim baxsaanama.

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1.1.2. Raara/raawa caddoysiyya (degree of standardization):

gitat yan haysitto baxxaqissah tan dadalak wuli caddo le madab salitteh daffeyna.

1.1.3. Jurixikaal caddo (juridical status):a tiya gubat lica ximmooma tan: Inki maktab af (sole official language): inki af sinni baaxoh/ayyunti addal dubuk

maktab hinnay taamah af akkuk taamitah/yanfiqe waqdi sole official language kaak innu xiqnam/yakkem.Ceelallo, Qafar-af Qafar addal, Amcarih af Amcarih addal

Yengele maktab af (joint official language): inki baaxoh addal namma af hinnay wohuuk daga yakkeh yan af ayyunti/rakaakay addal maktab afah asa waqdi.Ceelallo, Afrikaans kee ingiliiz af gabbi afrika addal, Qafar-af kee Amcarih af Qafar addal, Firench, jermen, itaaliyaan kee roomaaniyaan Siwizerlanx addal

Rakaakay maktab af (regional official language): fexe af takku sinni baaxoh/rakaakay hinnay ayyunti addal taamahlmaktab af akkuk yayfeqe waqdi/yanfiqe afa.Ceelollo, igboh af Nayjeeriyah addal, Maraatih af Maharaastira, Inxiyah addal

Promoted language: agatiino hinnay rakaakay raawal maktab caddo sinni/kaakraqta laakin fayseeni inki-inki wak ummatah abseynit baxsa le hadafah edde yanttifiqimen.

Tolerated language: fayse wenih hinnammay waasewen/mamnuuq abe ween ; mamaxxaga leh laakin deelin af. Ah iyyaanam inki afaay ayyunti addal geytimah tonnah yamixxige takkay ayyunti addal kaa garciseenih.Ceelallo, Ameerikak ubkah/baaxobbagih af United states addalA ceelallo nee taysubullem iro mari hinnay iroh af Ameerikak baaxo xaylol baaheh yan xokko af keenik akah deelimannah kee ambe waannah abeenimi.

Mamnuuq aben af (Proscribed language): makta salul aydukumise ween hinnay waddo leh yan af.Ceelallo, Baskiwi kee kataloon firansisko firancoh xintol Ispeen addal.

1.1.4. Vitality (mano): yaanam afat yantifiqime marih booltah ixxima/ratio aki variable, inkih tan ummatta innah.kloss kee stewart nammaayak inkih ‘statical’keefiyyol lica exxal kuren/baxsen. Takkay immay, usun exxa fan badsa le rortal weelisen. Kloss le katuk, naharsi exxaxxi, fayya le mano/quwwat raawa 90% hinnay mango yabeynitil daffeysin. Raqqa itte koona exxaaxiy tuuywak tankuseh tan 70-89%, 40-69%, 20-39%, 3-19% kee 3% addah. Stewart le gammuk/katuk, lica exxaxi ta boolta ixximal baxsimta 75%, 50%, 25%, 10%, 5% kee 5% addah.

Ugtima (origin), caddosiyyi raawa (degree of standardization), Juridical caddo, kee mano/qande (vitality) ittat afti caddo warsan.

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Stewart afti ekraaroh addat tabana taamita xoomenitte yeyyeqe:

1. Maktab (official)- maktab af baaxdoolat/baaxol siyaasa kee qaada fayxi/hada/caagidih bica le duddi inna taamita/yayfiqe. Mangih/maggih afak maktab abnisso doolat madaqal baxsimta.

2. Rakaak (Provencial): rakaakay af baaxok uqunxiyya itta rakaaka baaxah maktab af akkuk/innah yayfiqe/taamita (French in Quebec)

3. Baax le angaaraw (Wider communication): baax le angaaraw af yaanam afay maktab hinnay rakaakay (provincial) yakkem xiqa. Laakin mango fula le moxxol inki baaxoh afti cududu ella afati cudud angaarawah yayfiqe (Hindi in India, Amharic in Ethiopia).

4. Baaxooxafanih quuko (International): baaxooxa fanih quukoh af baaxo cudud elaa baaxo cudud angaaraw gita akkuk/innal yayfiqe (English).

5. Qaasima (Capital: Qaasimah af agat/baaxo qaasimah addal kee raakaakayal moxxo/qaasimah afih innal yayfiqe (Dutch and French in Brussels)

6. Hotra (Group): horta af kedo horta hinnay inki qaadah adoytit fanat barten afih innal yay fiqe (Hebrew among jews, Ge’ez among Cristain in Ethiopia).

7. Baritto (Educational): baritto af le af rakaakay hinnay agat/baaxo rakiibol 1hatto caddo baritto kee 2hatto caddo baritto buxal barsiyyi gitih innal yayfiqe (Urdu in West Pakistan and Begali in East Pakistan).

8. Baritto buxah baritto (School subject): baritto buxah baritto yaanam afay 2hatto caddo baritto buxal hinnay fayya le caddo baritto buxal baritto gurral barsan (Latin and Ancient Greeck in English School).

9. Weerita (Literary): weeranta af feerayso kee tu-taaxagoh adafitteh inna yayfiqe (Ancient Greeck).

10. Diini (Religious): diini af yemeexeg diinih qibaadah hadafih iinal yayfiqe (Arabic for reading Qur’an-ul- Kareem).

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