"Jh"

bfrgkl f'k{k.k

ys[kd

yk[kk jke pkS/kjh 9785510551 (M. Phil, M.A., B.Ed. M.A.Ed., DLIS)

,e-fQy- jktuhfr foKku ,e-,- ¼jktuhfr foKku] bfrgkl] yksd iz'kklu]

lekt'kkL=] f'k{kk ,oa fgUnh½ DLIS ¼iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa fMIyksek½

O;k[;krk Jh yky cgknqj 'kkL=h efgyk f'k{kd

izf'k{k.k egkfo+|ky;] tks/kiqj

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izkDdFku

Hkkjr fofo/krkvksa okyk ns'k gS blh fofo/krk esa ,drk fuokl djrh gS] blesa fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ,ao laLdfr;ksa ds yksx fuokl djrs gSA ;g ,d Qwyksa ds cxhps ds leku gSA Hkkjr dks izkphu le; esa lksus dh fpfM+;k] lEiw.kZ fo'o dk xq:] dgk tkrk Fkk ftlesa ?kh] nw/k vkSj ngh dh ufn;kWa cgrh FkhA Hkxoku Jhjke vkSj Jhd".k us vorkj fy;k blh esa r{kf'kyk] ukyUnk vkSj foØe'khyk tSls fo'ofo|ky; Fks ftlesa nqfu;k ds nwljs ns'kks ds fo|kFkhZ fo/kk 'kfDr vftZr djus ds fy, vkrs FksA vr% bu lHkh dk dqN u dqN bfrgkl gSA ;gkWa dh uhfr loZ/keZ leHkko dh jgh gS vkSj lHkh /keksZ dk lEeku djuk ;gkW dh lH;rk dk ewy vkn'kZ jgk gS D;ksafd bl izdkj viuh lH;rk] laLdfr ,ao xkSjo'kkyh vrhr dh tkudkjh ns'k dh Hkkoh ;qok ih<+h dks djuk f'kf{kr dk ije drZO; gS D;kasfd bl ns'k ds bfrgkl esa nzks.kkpk;Z tSls xq: ,dyO; tSls f'k";] rFkk egf"kZ n/khfp] jktk f'koh ,ao d.kZ tSls nkuohj ,ao ijksidkjh iSnk gq, FksA bl izdkj bl ohjHkwfe] ukjh iwT;] HkrZgfj ,ao gfj'pUnz tSls jktkvksa dh tUeLFkyh jgus okys Hkkjr dk bfrgkl vfeV] xkSjo'kkyh] ,ao lnSo izj.kknk;h jgk gSA f'k{kd gh fdlh ns'k dk HkkX; fuekZrk gksrk gS og dykRedrk ds ek/;e ls fo"k;&oLrq ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{k.k fØ;k dks fofHkUu ek/;eksa }kjk izLrqr djrk gSA bu lHkh ckrksa dks nf"Vxr j[krs gq, bl iqLrd dh jpuk esa ;g iz;kl fd;k x;k gSa fd bldh fo"k;&oLrq Nk=ksa ds Kku dk lao)Zu djusa ds lkFk&lkFk muesa O;ogkjxr ifjorZu dj mudh dq'kyrkvksa o ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djs ftlls os thou esa dq'ky f'k{kd] nk'kZfud] oSKkfud] dkuwufo'ks"kK] lekt'kkL=h] vFkZ'kkL=h] jktuhfrK] yksdiz'kkld] ,ao izcU/kd cudj ifjokj] lekt ,ao jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa viuk vewY; ;ksxnku iznku dj ldsaA izLrqr iqLrd U.G.C., N.C.T.E., & N.C.E.R.T. ubZ fnYyh }kjk fu/kkZfjr ch-,M-] ,e-,M-] Mh-,M-] ,l-Vh-lh-] ,ao fofHkUu izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds fu/kkZfjr bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds uohure ikB~;Øekuqlkj fyf[kr gSaA bl dfr esa eq[; :i ls bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk vFkZ] izdfr] {ks=] mís';] lg&lEcU/k] ikB~;Øe] fu;kstu] bdkbZ ;kstuk] nSfud ikB ;kstuk] okf"kZd ;kstuk] bfrgkl f'k{kd ds xq.k] Hkwfedk] f'k{k.k fof/k;¡W ,ao f'k{k.k izfof/k;k¡] nf"Vdks.k] JO;] n';] JO;&n'; lgk;d lkexzh]

dkyØe] bfrgkl&d{k] lkeqnkf;d lalk/ku & dEI;wVj] Vsyhfotu] ewY;kadu dk vFkZ] mís'; rduhfd;k¡] fucU/kkRed ijh{k.k] oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k] Cyw fizaV ;k uhy&i= ij foLrkj ls izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSaA iqLrd dks lqUnj ,ao O;ofLFkr cukdj orZeku Lo:i esa izLrqr djusa esa vuasd fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa] fo}kuksa] ys[kdks] iqLrdky;ksa] laLFkkvksa] ,ao vfHkdj.kksa dk vkHkkjh gS ftuds iz;kl ,ao izsj.kk ls bl iqLrd dk izdk'ku laHko gks ldkA eSa bu lcds izfr drKrk Kkfir djrs gq, rg fny ls vkHkkjh jgw¡xkA bl iqLrd dh fo"k;&oLrq dks ladfyr djus gsrq ftu xzaFkks] izfrosnuksa] lekpkji=ksa] if=dkvksa ,ao 'kks/k&i=ksa ls lgk;rk yh xbZ gS muds ys[kdksa] laxzg drkZvksa] laikndksa ,ao izLrqrdrkZvksa dk Hkh eSa _.kh ,ao vkHkkjh jgw¡xkA bl iqLrd ds izdk'ku ds fy, eSa Jh jfo 'kekZ ¼izks- ,slksfl,sV cqd dEiuh½ ds izfr esa vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gw¡ fd mUgksus eq>s bl gsrq u dsoy izsj.kk nh vfirq mUgh ds ekxZn'kZu ,ao funsZ'ku ds QyLo:i ;g iqLrd ikBdksa dks miyC/k gks ldhA eS mUgsa ,d ckj iqu% /kU;okn vfiZr djrk gwWA ;g vk'kk gh ugha iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd bl iqLrd dks ns'k ds Hkkoh HkkX;fuekZrk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,ao f'k{kdksa dk iw.kZ Lusg izkIr gksxkA 'kqHkdkeukvksa lfgr

yk[kkjke pkS/kjh

1

UNIT-I bdkbZ&1

izd`fr] {ks= vkSj mn~ns';

(NATURE, SCOPE & OBJECTIVES)

1 bfrgkl dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (MEANING & DEFINITIONS OF HISTORY)

1-1 bfrgkl dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ (WORDS MEANING OF HISTORY)

1-2 bfrgkl dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ (DEFINITIONS OF HISTROY)

1-3 bfrgkl dh izdfr ;k Lo:i (NATURE OF HISTORY )

1-3-1 bfrgkl ,d foKku gS (HISTORY IS A SCIENCE)

1-3-2 bfrgkl ,d foKku ugha gS (HISTORY IS NOT SCIENCE )

1-3-3 bfrgkl dyk ds :i esa 1-3-4 bfrgkl foKku vkSj dyk nksuksa gS 1-4 bfrgkl dk {ks= 1-5 bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk egRo 1-6 bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds fofHkUu Lrj 1-6-1 LFkkuh; bfrgkl 1-6-2 LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds v/;;u dh izfof/k 1-6-3 izkUrh; bfrgkl 1-6-4 jk"Vªh; bfrgkl 1-6-5 fo'o bfrgkl 1-7 jk"Vªh; ,drk esa bfrgkl dk egRo ;k ;ksxnkj 1-8 jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa HkkokRed ,drk esa bfrgkl fo"k;

dk v/;;u

1-8-1 izkFkfed Lrj ij v/;;u

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1-8-2 ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;u 1-8-3 fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ij v/;;u 1-9 vUrjkZ"Vªh;rk dh nf"V ls bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk egRo 1-9-1 vUrjkZ"Vªh; ln~Hkkouk dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ 1-9-2 izkFkfed Lrj ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; ln~Hkkouk dk fodkl 1-9-3 ek/;fed Lrj ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; ln~Hkkouk dk fodkl 1-9-4 fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; ln~Hkkouk dk

fodkl

1-10 bfrgkl dk vU; Ldwy fo"k;ksa ds lkFk lg&lEcU/k 1-10-1 bfrgkl ,oa Hkwxksy 1-10-2 bfrgkl ,oa ukxfjd'kkL= 1-10-3 bfrgkl ,oa vFkZ'kkL= 1-10-4 bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR; 1-10-5 bfrgkl ,oa lekt'kkL= 1-10-6 bfrgkl ,oa lkekU; foKku 1-10-7 bfrgkl ,oa uhfr'kkL= 1-11 bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; ,oa y{; 1-11-1 bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds lkekU; mn~ns'; 1-11-2 bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds fof'k"V mn~ns'; 1-11-3 O;ogkjxr mn~ns';ksa dk oxhZdj.k 1-11-4 bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds ek/;fed Lrj ij mn~ns'; 1-11-5 bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds mPp ek/;fed Lrj ij mn~ns'; 1-11-6 bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds izkI; mn~ns'; 1-11-7 mn~ns'; rFkk izkIr mn~ns'; esa vUrj

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1- bfrgkl dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (MEANING & DEFINITION OF HISTORY) 1-1 bfrgkl dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ (Meaning of history) 'kkfCnd :i esa bfrgkl dks vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa "HISTORY" ÞfgLVªhß dgrs gSaA Þ fgLVªhÞ 'kCn dh mRifÙk ;wukuh Hkk"kk ds "HISTORIA" ßfgLVksfj;kÞ 'kCn ls ekuh tkrh gS] ftldk vFkZ gS tkuukA ;wukuh Hkk"kk esa bfrgkl dk vFkZ tkuuk lR; dh [kkst djuk vFkok Kkr djuk gS vFkkZr~ fdlh Hkh vrhr dh ?kVuk dks lR;rk ds vk/kkj ij lgh <ax ls tkuuk gh bfrgkl gSA Hkkjrh; ijEijk ds vuqlkj bfrgkl dk vFkZ gS Þ,slk gh gqvkßA lkekU;r% ekuo ds bfrgkl (HISTORY OF MAN) ds fy, HISTORY ÞfgLVªhÞ 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ekuo ds dk;ksZa vkSj fopkjksa dks gsjksMksV~l (HERODOTUS) us 500 bZ-iw- esa Øec) :i fn;k gSA blhfy, mudks bfrgkl dk firk ;k tud ekuk tkrk gSA vr% bfrgkl dsoy frfFk;ksa ;k rkjh[kksa dk gh laxzg ek= ugha gS oju~ buls vf/kd gSA fgUnh Hkk"kk esa bfrgkl 'kCn bfr$g$vkl dks le>rs gSa ftldk vFkZ gS ,slk igys fuf'pr :i ls ?kfVr gqvk gSA mnwZ Hkk"kk esa bfrgkl ds lekUrj Þrokjh[kß 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Þrokjh[kß 'kCn "DATE" dk |ksrd gSA ftldk vFkZ gS ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dh rkjh[kksa dk v/;;u gSA History is just "Man- his story" The term history is derived from the greek word." Which means information" or "an enquiry desinged of elicit truth." story is just a shortened form of the same word. bfrgkl 'kCn dk nks vFkksaZ esa iz;ksx& bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx ?kVukvksa dk ladyu rFkk Lo;a ,d ?kVuk ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bfrgkl ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ?kVuk dk gksuk vko';d gSA f}rh; vFkZ esa Hkwrdkyhu ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k gh bfrgkl gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd mlesa izkphudky ls ysdj ,d {k.k igys lekIr gq, le; rd gh ?kVkukvksa dk o.kZu vk tkuk pkfg,A vr% ekuo thou ls lEcfU/kr ?kVukvksa dk Øec) ,oa O;ofLFkr v/;;u gh bfrgkl gSA

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1-2 bfrgkl dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ (DEFINITION OF HISTORY) bfrgkl dh fofHkUu ifjHkk"kk,¡ mudh O;k[;kvksa lfgr uhps nh tk jgh gS %& esVys.M ds vuqlkj Þekuo us tks dqN fd;k vkSj dgk gS ;gk¡ rd fd tks dqN mlus lkspk gS] og bfrgkl gSAß MkW- jk/kkd".ku~ us Þbfrgkl dks jk"Vª dh Lej.k 'kfDr dgk gSAß lh-,p- fQfyIl ds vuqlkj Þbfrgkl dk vFkZ gS& vrhr dh ?kVuk,¡ ftUgsa dgkfu;k¡ ds :i esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gS vkSj ftldk mÌs'; gS& /keZ] vFkZ dke vkSj eks{k dh f'k{kk nsukAß Vªsosfy;u us fy[kk gS] Þbfrgkl vius vifjorZuh; va'k esa ,d dgkuh gSAß jSilu ds 'kCnksa esa Þbfrgkl fopkjksa dh izxfr vFkok ?kVukvksa dk lEcfU/kr fooj.k gSAß bZ-,p- dkj ds vuqlkj Þbfrgkl bfrgkldkj rFkk mlds rF;ksa ds chp vur% fØ;k dh vfofPNUu izfØ;k rFkk orZeku vkSj vrhr ds chp vuojr~ ifjokn gSAÞ

E.H. CARR- "History is a continuous process of interaction between the historian and his facts, and unendiny dialogue between the present and the past."

FREEMAN- "History is a past politics." According to NCERT- "History is the scientific study of

past happenings in all their aspects, in to life of a social group, in the light of present happenings."

According to MARC BLOCH- "History is the science of en in time."

Acording to JOHNSON "History in its broadcast sense, is everything that every happoened."

According to MAITLAND "What men have done and said and above all, What they have thought that is history."

izks- oh-Mh- ?kkVs ds vuqlkj Þbfrgkl i`Foh ij ekuo ds Øfed fodkl dk v/;;u gSAß

According to HENRY C.LEA- "History is a serious attept to ascertain the severest turth as to the past and set it forth without fear or favour."

According to ARIEL & WILL DURANT- "History is the aesthetic heritage as fully as possible, to many as possible, for the

5

enlargeent of man's understanding, control, embellishment and enjoyment of life."

CARR'S- "History is a continuous [rocess of interaction between the historian and his facts. It is an uneding dialogue between the present and the past."

According to BURCKHARDT- "History is the record of what one age finds worthy to note in another."

jsilu egksn; ds vuqlkj Þbfrgkl ?kVukvksa ;k fopkjksa dh mUufr dk ,d lqlEc) fooj.k gSAß

izks- ?kkVs ds vuqlkj Þbfrgkl gekjs lEiw.kZ Hkwrdky dk oSKkfud v/;;u rFkk ys[kk&tks[kk gSAß

uSiksfy;u cksukikVZ us Þbfrgkl dksk loZlEer dkYifud dgkfu;k¡ dgk gSAß

f'k{kk 'kCn dks'k esa bfrgkl dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, fy[kk gS bfrgkl vrhr dh ?kvukvksa dk lekykspukRed fooj.k vkSj vfHkys[ku ls lEcfU/kr {ks= dk v/;;u vFkok foKku gSAÞ 1-3 bfrgkl dh izd`frd ;k Lo:i&(NATURE OF HISTORY)

(NATURE OF HISTORY)- fdlh Hkh fo"k; dh ,d loZekU; ifjHkk"kk ds vHkko esa mldh izdfr dk fu/kkZj.k djuk dfBu gSA lkFk gh ekuoh; fo"k;ksa dks fu'pr djuk dfBu dk;Z gSA mlh izdkj bfrgkl izdfr ds lEcU/k esa nks er mHkj dj lkeus vkrs gSa %&

izFke er bfrgkl dks dSlk ekurk gS rFkk nwljk i{k bfrgkl dks foKku ds :i esa fo'ysf"kr djrk gSA

GALBRAITH WRITES " By science we mean a body of knowledge that seeks to tell the gruth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth."

According to HUXLEY- "By science, I understand all knowledge that rests upon evidence and resoning."

,e- ikbuds;j ds vuqlkj ÞfoKku rF;ksa ls bl izdkj cuk gS ftl izdkj iRFkjksa ls ,d edku cuk gksrk gS] ijUrq dsoy rF;ksa ds laxzg dks mlh Hkkafr foKku ugha dgk tk ldrk gS] ftl izdkj iRFkjksa ds <sj dks edku ugha dgk tk ldrkAß

gDlys ds vuqlkj ÞeSa ml Kku dks foKku ekurk gw¡ tks rdZ rFkk izek.kksa ij vk/kkfjr gSAß

6

izks- xwp (GOOCH) us foKku dks ?kVukvksa dk Øekuqlkj dkj.k lwfpr djus okyk dgk gSAÞ fo}kuksa dk izFke er & 1-3-1 ¼v½ bfrgkl ,d foKku gS (HISTORY is a science)- bfrgkl dks foKku ekuus okys fo}ku bfrgkl dh oSKkfudrk ds fo:) tks Hkh /kkj.kk,¡ gS mUgsa O;FkZ ,oa fujk/kkj ekudj bfrgkl ds Kku dks rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr ekurs gSa vr% og foKku gSA ;g iw.kZr;k lR; gS fd bfrgkl HkkSfrd foKku dh Hkkafr ,d 'kq) foKku ugha gS vkSj u blesa iz;ksx fd, tk ldrs gSA ijUrq bfrgkl vusd ?kVukvksa dk fooj.k gS] tks fdl izdkj ] dc] D;ksa rFkk dgk¡ ?kfVr gqbZ] mu lcdk oSKkfud nf"Vdks.k ls fu"i{k foospu djrk gSA bl dkj.k ge mls foKku dg ldrs gSaA

bfrgkl dks foKku ekuus okys fo}kuksa us fuEukafdr i{k esa rdZ fn, gS %& 1. bfrgkl esa rF;ksa dk ladyu gksrk gSa 2. bfrgkl ,d lkekftd foKku gSA 3. bfrgkl dh ?kVukvksa esa Øec)rk jgrh gSA 4. bfrgkl esa vUos"k.k dh fof/k;k¡ Hkh oSKkfud gksrh gSA 5. bfrgkl dk nf"Vdks.k lnSo oSKkfud gksrk gSa 6. bfrgkl esa ge rqyukRed fujh{k.k ds }kjk lR; rd igqaprs gSaA 7. bfrgkl esa rF;ksa dk lrdZ] fu"i{k rFkk rdZ iw.kZ fo'ys"k.k gksrk

gSA 8. HkkSfrd foKku dh iz;ksx'kkyk ds leku bfrgkl esa Hkh ,d

iz;ksx'kkyk gS vkSj lEiw.kZ fo'o gh bldh iz;ksx'kkyk gSA 9. bfrgkl v/;;u Hkfo";ok.kh ds fy, Bksl i`"BHkwfe rS;kj djrk

gS vkSj Hkkoh ?kVukvksa dks fu;af=r djus dh lkeF;Z nsrk gSa 10. foKku dh rjg bfrgkl dk oLrqfu"B v/;;u /keZ rFkk

uSfrdrk ls izHkkfor ugha gSA vfirq lR; rF;ksa ds v/;;u ij vk/kkfjr gSA

1-3-2 ¼c½ bfrgkl ,d foKku ugha gS %&(HISTORY IS NOT A SCIENCE ) bfrgkl dks foKku u ekuus okys fo}kuksa us fuEukafdr rdZ fn;s gSa %&

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1- bfrgkl esa ?kVukvksa] rF;ksa fopkjksa dk la'ys"k.k mruh lw{erk ds lkFk ugha fd;k tk ftruk fd oSKkfud lays"k.k esa ugha gksrk gSA 2- izkdfrd foKkuksa esa rF;ksa dk Li"V rFkk oLrqfu"B voyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gS fdUrq bfrgkl esa ,slk laHko ugha gSA 3- bfrgkl dh oLrqfu"Brk Hkh lafnX/k gS] D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh nks bfrgkldkj ,d ?kVuk ij leku er ugha nsrs gSa fdUrq foKku esa ;g lc leku gSa tSls H2 ds nks v.kq ,oa O2 ds ,d v.kq ls ty curk gSA ;g loZekU; rF; gSA 4- bfrgkl esa fuf'pr ,oa loZekU; fl)kUrksa dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA 5- bfrgkl esa Hkfo";ok.kh laHko ugha gSA 6- bfrgkl esa foKku dh rjg iz;ksx'kkyk dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA 1-3-3 ¼l½ bfrgkl dyk ds :i esa (HISTORY AS AN ART)-

bfrgkl ,d dyk gS] bfrgkl dh izdfr ls tqM+s vf/kdka'k fo}kutuksa dk rdZ gS fd bfrgkl ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa ls tqM+k gqvk fo"k; gS ftlesa ekuoh; ?kVukvksa dk Øec) fdUrq lkef;d fooj.k izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA bldh fo"k;&oLrq bruh O;kid gS fd bls dyk ds vk/kkj ij le>k ,oa le>k;k tk ldrk gSA bfrgkl dks dyk ekuus ij blesa lR;rk rFkk ;FkkFkZrk dk izfr"Bkiu dfBu gksxk vkSj lkfgR; ls tks+dj i<kuk U;k;laxr ugha gksxkA

tc bfrgkl ,d foKku gS rks dyk ugha gks ldrk gSA ;fn dyk gS rks foKku ugha gks ldrk gSA bl izdkj og nks ukoksa ij dSls lokjh dj ldrk gSA dqN fo)kuksa dk er gS fd foKku rks lR; rF;ksa dk vfLFkiatu gh iznku djrk gS ijUrq dfo dh dYiuk bl vfLFk [k.Mksa dks jDr&ekal nsdj thou iznku djrh gS dfo dh Hkkoqdrk ls ;s lR; rF; ltho gks mBrs gSA nwljksa 'kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd vuqla/kku ds i'pkr~ mldks lqUnj rFkk ljy Hkk"kk esa O;Dr djuk dyk dk dk;Z gSA :id] miek vyadkj rFkk lqanj dkO; jpuk lEiUu Hkk"kk&'kSyh dh vko';drk bfrgkl fy[kus esa gksrh gSA ?kVuk lEcU/kh ckrksa dk ladyu ÞfoKkuß gS vkSj mudh jpuk ,oa o.kZu Þdykß gSA ;s nksuksa bfrgkl ds vax gSA bl izdkj bfrgkl ds ikl cgqr lh lkexzh gS ftldks dyk dh lgk;drk ds fcuk izLrqr ugha fd;k tk ldrk] bl dkj.k og dyk gSA

8

vr% bfrgkl dyk gS rks fo"k;&oLrq] rF; ?kVukvksa vkfn dk o.kZu nk'kZfud rFkk vn'kkZRed :i esa djsxkA mudks ljy rFkk lqanj :i esa izLrqr djsxk] ;g nksuksa phts ,d lkFk laHko ugha gS ysfdu dykdkj viuh dyk ds }kjk Hk;kog rF;ksa dk o.kZu vR;Ur ljy vkSj lqanj :i esa dj ldrk gS bfrgkl dh ?kVukvksa ds vk/kkj ij ugha ge vkn'kZ izLrqr djus eas l{ke gksrs gSaA 1-3-4 ¼n½ bfrgkl foKku vkSj dyk nksuksa gS& (HISTORY IS BOTH a SCIENCE AND ART)

mi;qZDr o.kZu ls ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd bfrgkl foKku vkSj dyk nksuksa gS tc og lR; dh [kkst djrk gS rc og foKku gS vkSj tc mu lR;ksa ds izfriknu rFkk o.kZu dk fo"k; gS rc og dyk gS bl izdkj bfrgkl dh izdfr foKku vkSj dyk ds lefUor :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA vkt ds oSKkfud bfrgkl dks foKku ds utnhd ekurs gSaA

izks- ts-oh- D;wjh us dgk gS Þbfrgkl foKku vkSj dyk dk lqUnj feJ.k gSAß

bfrgkl foKku Hkh gS vkSj dyk HkhA ;g rF;ksa dk lR;kUos"k.k djrk gS rks mudk lkFk gh lkFk rdZ&iw.kZ o fu"i{k foospu Hkh djrk gSA mudk deZ;q) ladyu Hkh djrk gS&;g bfrgkl dk foKku i{k gS] fdUrq gesa ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd bfrgkl dsoy rF;ksa dk ladyu ek= ugha gS] mudk izLrqrhdj.k Hkh bfrgkl dk ,d vax gSA ;g izLrqrhdj.k ljy] lqUnj rFkk Hkkouk iz/kku gksuk pkfg,&;g bfrgkl dk dyk i{k gSA vokZphu ;qx ds bfrgkldkjksa us fouk;d nkeksnj lkojdj dfr;ksa esa bfrgkl ds nksuksa i{kksa dk cM+k lqUnj leU; ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl izdkj ls ge dg ldrs gSa fd bfrgkl ,d dyk vkSj foKku nksuksa gh gSA

ykWMZ ,DVu (LORD ACTON) ds vuqlkj Þbfrgkl dk v/;;u i{kikrjfgr] vkykspukRed rFkk uohu gS bl izdkj mUgksausa bfrgkl dks oSKkfud rFkk dykRed nksuksa gh :i iznku fd, gSA^^ 1-4 bfrgkl dk {ks= (SCOPE OF HISTORY)

bfrgkl viuh izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa vR;f/kd ladh.kZ ,oa ladqfpr Fkk og dsoy ohj xkFkkvksa rFkk dFkkvksa rd lhfer Fkk vkSj mldk dk;Z dsoy ek= izcks/ku djuk Fkk] fdUrq le; esa ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk

9

bfrgkl dk {ks= Hkh c<rk x;k dkykUrj esa bldk dysoj bruk c<+ x;k fd bls ,d lhek esa cka/kuk dfBu gks x;k] Qyr% bldh 'kk[kk,¡ tSls& Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl] laLdfr rFkk lH;rk dk bfrgkl] foKku dk bfrgkl] jktuhfr dk bfrgkl] ;gk¡ rd fd bfrgkl dk Hkh bfrgkl cuk;k x;kA ekuo thou ds gj igyw ls lEcfU/kr ?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k] foospuk rFkk lR;kiu gh bfrgkl gSA vr% ;g ekuo thou ds fodkl dh lR;kUosf"kr dgkuh gS vkSj ekuo thou ls lEcfU/kr leLr ?kVukvksa ds izR;sd i{k dk lR;kUos"k.k dh bfrgkl dk {ks= gSA

By the ter scope, we mean the breadth, comprehensiveness. varoetu and entent of learning experiences, provided by the study of a particular subject. A brief account of the developent of history as a branch of knowledge, reveals the imensity of its growth in depth and extent. There was a time when history was considered a mere collectin of legendary stories, heroic ballads and folk talk, memant to be recited for their moral value and at the same time, to delight the audience. Today we hear of "History of Art". "History of culture", "History of civilization", "History of Religions", "History of music", "History of Geography", "History of physics", "Hostory of philosophy", "History of education", "History of Biology",

HISTORY THE STORY OF MAN'S

CULTURA

POLITICA

PHYSICA

SCIENTIFI

TECHNOLOGIC

ARTSTI

LITERAT

ECONOMI

SOCIA

RELIGIOU

10

"History of the Atom", "History of literature", "History of amtheamtics", and "History of what not. A learned speaker on a poolitical relikgious, literary or any other platfor corrected with any field of human activity, will place before his audience pure simple history, connected with the life and achieveent of some past or great human beings and nothing else. Thus the scope of history is almost limit less. It knows no ends. 1-5 bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk egRo (IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING HISTORY) bfrgkl gesa thou thus dh dyk fl[kkrh gSA ;g gesa gekjh Hkwyksa rFkk vlQyrkvksa dk Kku djk dj thou dks mUur cukus esa gekjh lgk;rk djrk gSA bfrgkl gesa u;s&u;s vuqHko iznku djrk gS mu vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij ge thou esa uohurk ykdj u;s mRlkg ls thou ds uohu ekxZ ij vxzflr gksrs gSaA bfrgkl gesa gekjh vewY; /kjksgjksa dk u dsoy Kku gh djkrk gS vfirq mudk izR;{k izek.k Hkh nsrk gSA blls ge vius dks xkSjokfUor djrs gSaA ;g gekjh laLdfr dk ltudrkZ gS rFkk gekjh laLdfr dk fu.kkZ;d Hkh gSA

ds-ih- pkS/kjh ds vuqlkj Þbfrgkl dks lkoZHkkSfrd :i ls fo|ky; ikB;Øe dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fo"k; ekuk x;k gSA ;g lekt esa euq"; ds fodkl dk v/;;u gSA ;|fi bfrgkl vf/kdka'kr% vrhr ls lEcfU/kr gS] ijUrq ;g orZeku ij Hkh cy nsrk gS] ftlls vkt ds lekt dk vrhr ds izdk'k esa v/;;u fd;k tk ldsA bl izdkj bfrgkl ml lkekftd okrkoj.k ij izdk'k Mkyrk gS ftlesa ckyd jgrk gS vkSj thou ;kiu djrk gSA bfrgkl ds v/;;u ds vHkko esa u rks ge vius orZeku dks le> ldrs gSa vkSj u Hkfo"; dk vkadyu dj ldrs gSaA blh dkj.k ikB;Øe esa bfrgkl dks LFkku iznku fd;k x;k gSAß

ds-Mh- ?kks"k dk er Þbfrgkl ds }kjk ckydksa dks ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh ekufld f'k{kk iznku dh tk ldrh gS tks fd fo|ky; ds fdlh vU; fo"k; ds }kjk iznku ugha dh tk ldrh gSaAß

xzk.V jkWcVZ~lu ds vuqlkj Þbfrgkl ds }kjk Nk=ksa dks Kku dk Hk.Mkj iznku fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ bfrgkl Lo;a Kku dk Hk.Mkj gS] ftlesa ckyd LosPNkuqlkj vUos"k.k dj ldrs gSaAß

11

gSiksYM ds 'kCnksa esa Þckyd bfrgkl ds v/;;u ls cgqr ls /kkfeZd] jktuhfrd ;k lkekftd fooknkLin iz'uksa rFkk leL;kvksa ds fo"k; esa viuk efLr"d fLFkj djuk lh[k tkrk gS] vFkkZr~ mudks lqy>kus dh mlesa {kerk fodflr gks tkrh gSAß

bfrgkl dk egRo 'kSf{kd] uSfrd] O;kolkf;d] lkaLdfrd] lwpukRed nf"V ls ns[kus dks feyrk gSA vrhr dh vk/kkjf'kyk ij orZeku dks vkSj orZeku ds vk/kkj ij Hkfo"; dks lqn<+ djus ds fy, bfrgkl fo"k; ds egRo dks le>uk vko';d gSa bfrgkl ds egRo dks fuEu fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij le>k tk ldrk gS %&

1- fodkl Øe dk Kku %& bfrgkl ds fodkl Øe esa ekuo dh fofHkUu dfr;ksa] lH;rkvksa ds fodkl Øe dk Kku ,oa Hkkoh laHkkoukvksa dk vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gSA

2- ekufld 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl %& bfrgkl esa of.kZr fofHkUu izdkj dh ?kVukvksa uhfr;ksa] jhfr] dky] fn'kk] ns'k vkfn dh tkudkjh izkIr dj mUgsa ;kn djus ds iz;kl djrs gSa blls Lej.k 'kfDr gh ugha cfYd ekufld vuq'kklu esa of) gksrh gSA

3- vrhr ds fy, izse mRiUu djus ds fy, lgk;d %& vius ns'k esa uo;qodksa esa bfrgkl ds izfr :fp iSnk djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds v/;;u ls mUgsa muds vrhr ls voxxr djk;k tkuk pkfg,A blls muds ân; esa vius vrhr ds fy, izse ,oa xkSjo dh Hkkouk mRiUu gks ldsA vr% ns'k ds izfr izse tkxzr djus gsrq bfrgkl dks ikB~;Øe esa LFkku nsuk vko';d gSA

4- /kjksgjksa dk Kku %& bfrgkl ds }kjk ge fo'o Hkj ds ,sfrgkfld] lkfgfR;d ,oa vkfFkZd /kjksgjksa dk Kku djkus dk ,d vk/kkj LrEHk gSA buls ge vius iwoZtksa ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

5- ,drk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl %& bfrgkl ds }kjk lEiw.kZ fo'o dh iztkfr] tkfr rFkk jk"Vª ds fu;eksa dks ,drk ds lw= esa ck¡/kus esa Hkh gekjh lgk;rk djrk gSA

6- lkekftd fo"kerkvksa dks nwj djus esa lgk;d %& bfrgkl dk oSKkfud v/;;u lekt dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq uho dk iRFkj lkfcr gqbZ gSA blls Hkk"kk ,oa lkEiznkf;d lEcU/kksa dks lqn<+ ,oa e/kqj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

12

7- Hkkjrh; thou ds <ax ls voxr djkus ds fy, vko';d %& bfrgkl dk v/;;u Hkkjr esa ckydksa dks djkus ls ÞHkkjrh; thou ds <axß ds fodkl dks le>us esa leFkZ gks ldsaxsA blds Kku ls tkfr] /keZ] Hkk"kk vkfn ds cU/kuksa dks lekIr dj HkkokRed ,drk dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA thou ds <ax dks le>dj lkekftd ,drk dks LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA

8- uSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed n`f"V ls mi;ksxh %& bfrgkl dks uSfrd xq.kksa dh [kku ekuk tkrk gS lalkj ds egkiq:"k bl lf"V esa uSfrdrk dk lapkj fd;k vkSj vkt rd uSfrdrk ds vk/kkj ij lH;rk laLdfr dk ifjektZu gqvk gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn ] n;kuUn ljLorh] jktk jkeeksgu jk;] egkRek xka/kh] egkohj Lokeh] egkRek cq)] dU¶;wf'k;l] thll ØkbLV] eksgEen lkgc dh f'k{kkvksa vkSj mins'kksa dh izklafxdrk vkt Hkh gS vkSj Hkfo"; esa Hkh jgsxhA bfrgkl fo"k; esa gh egku~ iq:"kksa ds pfj= dk lqUnj fp=.k fd;k tkrk gSA uSfrdrk dh ijkdk"Bk vk/;kfRedrk dgykrh gSA bfrgkl ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks osn] lkfgR;] iqjk.k] mifu"kn~ ,oa jkek;.k] egkHkkjr tSls 'kkL=ksa ,oa dkO;ksa dk v/;;u djk;k tk ldrk gS ftlds }kjk vk/;kfRed xq.k fodflr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

9- vuq'kklukRed egRo %& bfrgkl ls ge vrhr dh lH;rkvksa ds jhfr&fjokt] izFkkvksa] fopkjksa] ijEijkvksa dk v/;;u djrs gSA bfrgkl ds }kjk ih<+h gLrkUrfjr laLdfr dks vaxhdr fd;k tkrk gSA

10- jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; n`f"V ls mi;ksxh %& bfrgkl Lons'k izse dh Hkkouk dks tkxzr djus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA ;g jk"Vªh; xkSjo dks izku dj vPNs ukxfjd cukus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA bfrgkl ds }kjk ge vrhr ds egkiq:"kksa tSls v'kksd] pUnzxqIr foØekfnR;] i`Fohjkt] f'kokth] jk.kk izrki] jkuh y{eh ckbZ] Hkxrflag] pUnz'ks[kj vktkn vkfn ds 'kkS;Z] ijkØe] cfynku] R;kx vkfn ls voxr gks ldrs gSaA

11- nks ns'kksa dh ijLij vUrfuZHkZjrk ,oa ln~Hkko vkt ekuo lH;rk dks dk;e j[kus ds fy, vko';d gS fd bfrgkl ds vrhr dh rjQ ns[ksa rFkk fo'o cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk ij dks cy iznku djsaA blls Nk=ksa dks ekuoh; lEcU/kksa dk Kku djkdj fo'o iznku djkdj fo'o dh leLr ekuo tkfr;ksa ds izfr izse ,oa lgkuqHkwfr mRiUu dh tk ldrh gSA

13

12- euksoSKkfud ,oa n`f"V ls mi;ksxh %& bfrgkl ds }kjk fo|kFkhZ vius iwoZtksa ds dk;ksaZ dks ns[kdj vius dks xkSjokfUor dj ldrs gSaA ;g gekjs ÞiwoZtksa dh dfrß gS bl izdkj bfrgkl fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks euksoSKkfud larqf"V iznku djrk gSA

1-6 bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds fofHkUu Lrj

(HISTORY TEACHING AT DEFFERENT STAGES) OR

KINDS OF HISTORY

bfrgkl dk oxhZdj.k (CLASSIFICATION OF HISTORY)

1-6-1 ¼1½ LFkkuh; bfrgkl (LOCAL HISTORY) %&

LFkkuh; bfrgkl dks bfrgkl ds ikB~;Øe esa LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A LFkkuh; bfrgkl ls gekjk rkRi;Z ckyd ds vkl ikl ds {ks= esa vrhr esa ?kfVr ?kVukvksa ls gSA Jh gjyd (HASLUCK) %& ÞLFkkuh; bfrgkl ds v/;;u dk

viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gS vkSj fo|ky; ds bfrgkl ikB~;Øe esa bls vo';d gh LFkku feyuk pkfg,A

(The study of local History is of real imoportance and should most certainly find some space however small, in the school history syllabus)

ds-Mh- ?kks"k (K.D. GHOSH) ds vuqlkj Þjk"Vªh; bfrgkl ds fy, LFkkuh; bfrgkl dh tks nsu gS] mudk lekos'k djuk vko';d gSAß

bfrgkl dk oxhZdj.k CLASSIFICATION OF

HISTORY

fo'o bfrgkl (WORLD HISTORY

LFkkuh; bfrgkl LOCAL

jk"Vªh; bfrgkl

NATIONAL HISTORY

izkUrh; bfrgkl PROVINCIAL

HISTORY

14

izks- ?kkVs dk fopkj ÞLFkkuh; bfrgkl dk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd ftl dLcs vFkok ftys esa ckyd jgrk gS] mldk bfrgkl gh LFkkuh; bfrgkl gSA ftl iM+kSl esa vFkok ftl LFkku ij euq"; jgrk gS] ml LFkku ds okrkoj.k dh Hkh fo'ks"krk gksrh gSA Nk=ksa dks bu fo'ks"krkvksa dk Kku gksuk pkfg, ;k muls mudks ifjfpr djk;k tk;A

PROF. E.L. HUSLUCK has rightly said,"The study of local

history is of real importance and should ost certainly find s omem space, however small, in the school history syllabus. It helps to bring homem to pupil by everyday contact with historycal scenes, namems and buildings, the sense of the development which his country has undergone, and removes his thoughts fro time to tie away from the present to the contemplation of the ages that are poassed."

LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds v/;;u ds mn~ns'; %& (OBJECTIVES OF LOCAL HISTORY) LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds v/;;u ds izeq[k mn~ns'; fuEukafdr gS %&

1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks LFkkuh; LFkku dk v/;;u djkdj fo'o bfrgkl ds v/;;u ds fy, izsfjr djukA

2- fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsukA

3- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks muds vkl&iMksl dk Kku djkukA 4- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izR;{k fujh{k.k }kjk ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dh

tkudkjh djkukA 5- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fujh{k.k 'kfDr dk fodkl djukA

LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds v/;;u dk {ks= ;k fo"k;&oLrq %& (SCOPE OF LOCAL HISTORY )

1- ?kj vFkok Ldwy vkSj mlds vkl&iM+ksl dk ,sfrgkfld fodklA

2- xk¡o vFkok uxj vkSj mlds ,sfrgkfld vo'ks"k ,oa vU; LFkyA

15

3- LFkkuh; ijEijkvks] jhfr&fjoktksa rFkk yksd&dykvksa dk bfrgklA

4- LFkkuh; bfrgkl dh jk"Vªh; bfrgkl dks nsuA 5- LFkkuh; egkiq:"k] ohj&iq:"k] lk/kq&lUrksa dh tofu;k¡A

LFkkuh; bfrgkl dk egRo (IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL

HISTORY) ckydksa ds fy, LFkkuh; bfrgkl dk cMk gh egRo gSA ;g egRo fuEukafdr fcUnqvksa ls Li"V gS %&

1- LFkkuh; bfrgkl ckydksa esa oSKkfud nf"Vdks.k fodflr djrk gSA bl nf"Vdks.k dh lgk;rk ls os rdZiw.kZ rFkk fujh{k.kkRed nf"Vdks.k viuk ldrs gSaA

2- LFkkuh; bfrgkl ckydksa ds ds nf"Vdks.k esa mnkjrk ykrk gSA

3- LFkkuh; bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds izeq[k lw= fudV ls nwj dh vksj dk ikyu djrk gSA ckyd igys vius fudV vMkS+l&iMkS+l dh ?kVukvksa dks tkuuk pkgrk gSA

4- LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds }kjk ckydksa esa LFkkuh; ijEijkvksa] izFkkvksa] jhfr&fjoktksa vkfn ds izfr vknj Hkko tkxzg fd;k tk ldrk gSa

5- LFkkuh; bfrgkl ls ckyd vius iwoZtksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrk gSA blls mlesa vkRe xkSjo rFkk ns'k izse dh Hkkouk fodflr gksrh gSA

6- LFkkuh; bfrgkl dh tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij ckyd dks LFkkuh; lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dks nwj djus dh izsj.kk feyrh gSA

7- LFkkuh; bfrgkl ls ckydksa esa ;FkkFkZ ds izfr :fp c<+rh gSA ;FkkFkZ ds izfr :fp c<us ls muesa thou ds izfr lfØ;rk o jpukREd nf"Vdks.k curk gSA

8- LFkkuh; bfrgkl dk Kku ckyd esa lg;ksx] lgkuqHkwfr rFkk lfg".kqrk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djrk gSA

1-6-2 LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds v/;;u dh izfof/k (METHODS OF LOCAL HISTORY )

16

1-6-3 izkUrh; bfrgkl (PROVINCIAL OR REGIONAL HISTORY) %&

Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds izkUr] vkdkj rFkk tula[;k esa ;ksjksih; ns'kksa ls Hkh cM+s gSA lkFk gh muesa ls cgqr ls izkUrksa dk viuk ,d fof'k"V bfrgkl gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ %& jktLFkku] e/;izns'k] caxky] iatkc vkfnA vdcj egku~ jktLFkku ds jktiwr jktkvksa ds lg;ksx ls gh eqxy lkezkT; dh uhao etcwr dj ldk FkkA iatkc ds cy ij vaxszt yksx viuh 'kfDr dks dk;e j[kus esa leFkZ gks ldsA

bls ge {ks=h; bfrgkl (REGIONAL HISTORY) Hkh dgrs gSaA bl bfrgkl ds vUrxZr ge fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k ;k izkUr ¼jkT;½ lEcfU/kr ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa rFkk rF;ksa dk v/;;u djrs gSaA izR;sd {ks= ;k jkT; dh viuh vrhr dh ?kVuk,¡ rFkk rF; gksrs gSaA izR;sd jkT; esa ijEijk,a] fjfr;ka] izFkk,a rFkk lkaLdfrd /kjksgjsa Hkh iFkd gksrh gSaA izR;sd izkUr dh HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk,a dk ogka ds bfrgkl ij fo'ks"k izHkko iMrk gSA HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk,a ds lUnHkZ esa ogka ds lUnHkZ esa ogka ds bfrgkl dk v/;;u vko';d gSA

fo|kkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph lcls igys LFkkuh; ?kVukvksa esa gksrh gS fQj izkUrh; ?kVukvksa esaA ckyd Hkh tSls&tSls cMk gksrk tkrk gS rks

LFkkuh; bfrgkl dh f'k{k.k& fof/k;k¡ METHODS OF

TEACHING LOCAL

izR;{k fujh{k.k

;k=k,¡ rFkk Hkze.k

LFkkuh; losZ{k.k

vizR;{k fujh{k.k

;kstuk i)fr

ifjorZuksa dk v/;;u

LFkkuh; laxBu dk fuekZ.k

17

mldh :fp LFkkuh; bfrgkl ls c<dj izkUrh; bfrgkl dh rjQ cgus yxrh gSA ckyd Hkh vius izkUr dks HkkokRed :i esa vf/kd I;kj djrs gSaA Qyr% mudh :fp Hkh izkUrh; bfrgkl esa vf/kd gksrh gSA vr% fofo/k fof/k;ksa ls mUgsa izkUrh; bfrgkl dk v/;;u djkuk pkfg;s] fdUrq f'k{kd dks ;g lnSo /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg;s fd izkUr ds izfr Nk=ksa dk izse jk"Vªh; izse esa ck/kd u cudj lgk;d gh cus] rHkh izkUrh; bfrgkl i<kuk lkFkZd gks ldrk gSA

Every country is divided into states ro regions which form theh units of thath country. This regional division is very important in the case of india which stretched from the tropics to the temperate regions and in which one finds extrees of temperature and rainfall as well as altitudes, ranging fromm the plains to the highest peak in the world. Some of indian states are even bigger than amny european countries. Due to different geogra phical situations, these states have developed their own land uages their own ways of life and own regional history. 1-6-4 jk"Vªh; bfrgkl (NATIONAL HISTORY) %&

jk"Vªh; bfrgkl fdlh Hkh ns'k dh igpku gSA jk"Vªh; bfrgkl ls ns'k dh igpku izfrfcfEcr gksrh gSA blls vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEeku izkIr gksrk gSA fofHkUu izdkj dh LFkkuh; ?kVukvksa dks feykdj jk"Vªh; bfrgkl dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dk Kku osnksa] oSfnd lafgrkvksa] czkã.k] xzUFkksa] vkj.;kd] mifu"kn~] ckS)dkyhu xzUFk /kEein] f=fiVd lkfgR; vkfn ls gksrk gSA vYrfejk (ALTAMIRA) rFkk ,p-,-,y- fQ'kj (H.A.L. FISHER)

ds fopkjß jk"Vªh; bfrgkl dk f'k{k.k nsus ls iwoZ Nk=ksa dks xqQkvksa ds euq";ksa] cschyksfu;u] vjcokfl;ksa] xzhlokfl;ksa rFkk jkseokfl;ksa ds fo"k; esa Kku nsuk pkfg, vkSj blds i'pkr~ ek/;fed Lrj ij jk"Vªh; bfrgkl ds lkFk&lkFk fo'o bfrgkl dk izkjfEHkd ikB~;Øe fu/kkZfjr djuk pkfg,A nwljh leL;k jk"Vªh; bfrgkl ds f'k{k.k esa ;g mRiUu gksrh gS fd jk"Vª esa cgqr ls ,sls izkUr gS tks fd viuk Lo;a ,d bfrgkl j[krs gSaA Hkkjr ds cgqr ls izkUr rks ;wjksi ds cgqr ls ns'kksa ls cM+s gS rc ;g iz'u mBrk gS ml izkUrh; bfrgkl dk f'k{k.k fd;k tk;s] ftlesa ckyd jgrk gS ;k Hkkjr ds lEiw.kZ bfrgkl dk f'k{k.k fd;k tk;s\ bl iz'u dks ge fofHkUu Lrjksa ij bfrgkl dks Js.khc) djrs le; gy dj ldrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr

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izkUrh; bfrgkl jk"Vª ds lEiw.kZ bfrgkl dks tks nsu iznku djrk gS] gesa mudk f'k{k.k jk"Vªh; bfrgkl ds lkFk djuk pkfg,Aß vr% jk"Vªh; bfrgkl ds laf{kIr vFkZ dks tku ysus ds ckn vko';d gS fd jk"Vªh; ,drk ds vFkZ dks le>k tk, vfr la{ksi esa jk"Vªh; ,drk dk vFkZ jk"Vªh; HkkokRed ,drk ls fy;k tkrk gSA izR;sd O;fDr dks jk"Vªh; ,drk cuk;s j[pkus ds fy, HkkokRed :i ls ,dhdr gksuk vko;d gSA bl gsrq og ladqfpr Hkkoukvksa] i{kikrksa] Hkk"kk;h rFkk lkaLdfrd fofHkUurkvksa] vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk ,oa fo"kerkvksa dks nwj djds O;kid ,oa mnkj nf"Vdks.k dk fuekZ.k djsa] ftlls O;fDr nwljs lkaLdfrd ,oa tkrh; lewgksa dks lEeku dh nf"V ls ns[k lds vkSj muds lkFk lfg".kqrk dh uhfr dks iz;ksx esa yk ldsA The famous british historian, V.A. SMITH has described india as" an ethnological museum in which numberless races of mankind may be studied." In the words of Dr. A.C. AJUDAR" Indian history and instirutions form an unbroken chain by which the past is indissoly by linked with the present."

jk"Vªh; bfrgkl ds f'k{k.k ds le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk vfr vko';d gS %& 1- jk"Vªh; bfrgkl ds f'k{k.k ds le; jk"Vª ds bfrgkl dh fof'k"V

fo'ks"krk dks vf/kd egRo fn;k tk;A 2- jk"Vªh; bfrgkl }kjk ladh.kZ rFkk LokFkZijd jk"Vªh;rk dk

fodkl u gks blds fy, mnkjoknh nf"Vdks.k dk fodkl djuk furkUr vko';d gSA

3- jk"Vªh; bfrgkl ds le; jk"Vª ds bfrgkl esa izkUrksa ds ;ksxnku dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k tk;sA

bfrgkl fo"k; dks fo|ky;ksa esa jk"Vªh; nf"Vdks.k ls i<k;k tkuk

pkfg,A blesa lEiw.kZ jk"Vªh; thou dh ckrksa ds lkFk&lkFk izkUrksa }kjk iznku dh xbZ nsuksa dks LFkku iznku fd;k tk;A blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ns'k&HkfDr] izse ,oa vrhr ds fy, xkSjo dh Hkkoukvksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldsxk ,oa ns'k ds lEeq[k vkus okyh fo?kVudkjh izofr;ksa ls cpk tk ldrk gSA

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1-6-5 fo'o bfrgkl (WORLD HISTORY) %& oSKkfud izxfr us fo'o ds lHkh jk"Vªksa dks ,d&nwljs ds lehi yk fn;kA vkt ,d jk"Vª dk dksbZ iz'u ml jk"Vª dk gh ugha oju~ leLr fo'o dk iz'u cu tkrk gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ %& Lost ugj dk iz'u feJ jk"Vª dk ugha Fkk] oju~ fo'o dh jktuhfr dk iz'u FkkA vkt dqoSr dk iz'u lEiw.kZ fo'o dks viuh vksj vkd"V dj jgk gSA bfrgkldkj dks mu laLFkkvksa rFkk laxBuksa ij /;ku nsuk pkfg,] ftUgksaus vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/kksa dks lq/kkjus dk iz;Ru fd;k gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ& yhx vkWQ us'kUl] la;qDr jk"Vª la?k] vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu] lkdZ vfHk;ku] vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; vkfnA fo'o bfrgkl izkjfEHkd Lrj ij ugha j[kk tk; D;ksafd bfrgkl dkj.k rFkk izHkko dk foKku gSA blds fy, rdZ 'kfDr dh vko';drk gSA :lks (ROUSSEAU) us tks f'k{kk {ks= esa izxfr'khy f'k{kk dk tud dgk tkrk gS izkjafHkd Lrj dks ÞrdZ dh lqIrkoLFkkß (SLEEP OF REASON) dgk gSA fo'o bfrgkl dks mPprj ek/;fed d{kkvksa ds fy, j[kk tkuk pkfg,A fo'o bfrgkl ds f'k{k.k dh vko';drk (NEED OF TEACHING WORLD HISTORY)

fo'o bfrgkl ds f'k{k.k dh vko;drk fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls gSa %&

1- fo'o bfrgkl }kjk fo'o eS=h ,oa olq/kSodqVqEcde~ dh Hkkouk dks fodfld dj ldrs gSA

2- bfrgkl ekuo&fodkl dh xkFkk gS tc ls ekuo bl iFoh vorfjr gqvk] mlh le; bfrgkl dk tUe gqvk gSA ;g lEiw.kZ ekuork ds fodkl dh dgkuh gSA

3- dksbZ Hkh jk"Vª vdsyk dHkh ugha jgk gS] u vU; jk"Vªksa ls iFkd gksdj thfor gh jg ldrk gS fdlh fodfld jk"Vª dh dgkuh dks vk/kkj ekudj fiNM+s jk"Vª Hkh viuk fodkl dj ldrs gSaA vr% ,d jk"Vª ds bfrgkl dk f'k{k.k nwljs jk"Vª ds bfrgkl ls lEcU/k crk;s fcuk ugha dj ldrsA

4- fo'o bfrgkl ds v/;;u ls gesa fo'o ds egku~ nk'kZfudksa] egkiq:"kksa] larksa vkfn dh fopkj/kkjkvksa ls voxr gksu ds volj feyrk gSA

Human life is under stood in terms of relation ships and connecting links. No community and not country lives is strict isolation. Indians wee never completely cut off fro mthe rost of the

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world in spite of all the natural barriers of mountains and seas. They have been crossing seas and mountains in countries. similarly people fro different countries of the worls have been coming to indiai through mountain passes and through theh vast indian ocean. ,l-,y- fQ'kj ds vuqlkj& fo'o bfrgkl dks izkFkfed Lrj ls gh

i<uk 'kq: dj nsuk pkfg,A thu tSDl :lks dk er gS fd izkFkfed Lrj ckyd ds rdZ dh lqIrkoLFkk gSa Qyr% ogk¡ fo'o bfrgkl dk f'k{k.k mi;qDr ugha gSA ckyd dh ekufld 'kfDr;ksa bruh fodflr ugha gS fd dky rFkk LFkku ds lanHkZ esa fo'o bfrgkl dks le> ldsA ckyd esa rdZ 'kfDr dk vHkh vHkko gksrk gSA blfy, fo'o bfrgkl dks le> ikus esa l{ke ugha gksa sxsaA 1-7 jk"Vªh; ,drk esa bfrgkl dk egkRo ;k ;ksxnku (IMPORTENCE OF HISTORY IN NATIONAL UNITY) bfrgkl ds }kjk jk"Vªh; xkSjo ,oa Lons'k izse dh Hkkouk dks tkxzr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ;g vPNs ukxfjd cukus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA jk"Vªh; ,drk dks dk;e djus esa bfrgkl dk ;ksxnku mYys[kuh; gS blls ns'kokfl;ksa esa fo'ks"kdj ns'k ds ;qok d.kZ/kkjksa us Lohdkj fd;k gS fd jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk fodflr djuk izR;sd f'k{kd dk dÙkZO; gSA bfrgkl fo"k; ls Nk=ksa esa ns'k izse] R;kx] cfynku] mPp pfj= vkfn dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gSa izfl) ys[kd izks- gqek;q¡ dchj us fy[kk gS fd Hkkjr esa HkkokRed ,drk dqN uk dqN ek=k esa lnSo jgh gSA 1961 esa MkW- lEiw.kkZuUn dh v/;{krk esa fu;qDr HkkoukRed ,drk lfefr esa 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa dh ,d :ijs[kk rS;kj dh xbZ ftlds vk/kkj ij HkkoukREd ,drk dks izkIr djus gsrq fuEu iz;klksa ij /;ku fn;k x;k %&

1- lsehukj] vUrfoZ|ky; xksf"B;ksa dk vk;kstu djukA 2- vfHku;] ukVd] [ksy ds }kjk ,sfrgkfld iq:"kksa ds R;kx]

cfynku] 'kkS;Z vkfn dh xkFkkvksa dk eapu gSA 3- ikB; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ¼[ksydwn] ukVd] fucU/k] okn fookn

vU;) dks ikB~;Øe esa LFkku fn;k tk;sA 4- izR;sd fo|ky; esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ;wfuQkeZ fuf'pr dh

tk;sA 5- fo|ky;ksa esa jk"Vªh; >.Ms dk lEeku djuk fl[kk;k tk;sA

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6- izkFkfed ek/;fed ,oa mPp ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|ky;ksa ds v/;kidksa ds fy, dqN dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,¡ gks tSls & vkokl] _.k] Hkze.k] f'k{k _.k dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A

7- ns'k ds izR;sd fo|ky; esa ,sfrgkfld fnolksa dk vk;kstu djuk pkfg,A tSls& egkiq:"kksa] lekt lq/kkjdksa] dh thofu;ksa ,oa iq.; frfFk;ksa dk vk;kstu gksA

8- ,d jkT; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks [ksydwn ,oa v/;;u ds fy, nwljs jkT; esa Hkstuk vklku fd;k tk;sA

9- izR;sd fnu jk"Vªh; xku] jk"Vªh; xhr] ns'k lsok ,oa cfynku lEcU/kh xhr dk vk;kstu gksA

10- 15 vxLr] 26 tuojh] 2 vDVwcj vkfn jk"Vªh; fnolksa dks vfuok;Z :i ls euk;k tk;sA

11- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa nwljs yksxks] muds fo'oklksa] ijEijkvksa vkfn ds fy, vknj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA

12- ns'k dh laLdfr ds fy, izse mRiUu fd;k tk;sA 13- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ;g Hkkouk fodflr dh tk;s fd Hkkjr dh

fofo/krk esa ,drk fufgr gSA 14- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ;g Hkkouk fodflr dh tk;s fd Hkkjr ,d jk"Vª

gSA 15- jk"Vªh; fgr ds le{k O;fDrxr ;k LFkkuh; ;k {ks=h; fgr dks

R;kxus dh rRijrkA 1-8 jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa HkkoukRed ,drk esa bfrgkl fo"k; dk v/;;u (Study of history in National & Emotional unity ) jk"Vªfirk egkRek xk¡/kh us bf.M;u ,t ekbZ Mªhe esa fy[kk gS fd eSa ,sls Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k djuk pkgrk gw¡ ftlesa lc tu leqnk; iw.kZ lkSgknZiwoZd jg ldsaA According to NCERT- "National integration aims at unifying the people and not necessarily among them conform to one pattern." E.H. CARR Writes, "is neither to love the post nor to emanicipate himself from the post but to master and understand it as the key to the understanding of the present. This function can be fulfilled only if the study of the past is treated as a science." In the words of Dr.R. VAJRESWARI,"The latent strength of india lies in the great reverence for othe ideas and ideals of

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indian ulture, the underlying unity that runs through the varriety of beliefs, languages, customs and habits, the deep and unshakable emotional resources from which the people derive inspriation and single mindednes in the pursuit of liberty and humanity." ds-lh- lS;nuh us viuh iqLrd ^^,twds'ku dYpj bu lks'ky vkWMZj^^ esa HkkoukRed ,drk dks fodflr djus ds fy, vusd lq>ko fn;s FksA bl izdkj jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa HkkokRed ,drk esa bfrgkl fo"k; ds v/;;u dks fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls egRoiw.kZ cuk;k tk ldrk gS %& 1-8-1 izFkfed Lrj ij (primary stage)

1- bfrgkl fo"k; esa lkekftd thou dh fLFkfr;ksa dk ljyre Kku djk;k tk;sA

2- dgkfu;k¡] yksdxhrksa ,oa jk"VªHkDrksa dh thofu;ka fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa dh gks rFkk ,sfrgkfld dkyØe ds vuqlkj gksA

3- LFkkuh; ,sfrgkfld lkexzh ds v/;;u ij cy fn;k tk;sA 4- 4- le;&le; ij {ks= i;ZVu ,oa Hkze.k dk vk;kstu gks rkfd

fo|kFkhZ izR;{k Kku ls voxr gks ldsA 5- bfrgkl fo"k; esa ,sls v/;k;ksa dks gVk;k tk;s tks fooknLin

gksA 1-8-2 ek/;fed Lrj ij (SECONDARY STAGE)

1- fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh laLdfr;ksa ,oa lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk KkuA 2- Hkkjr ds lkekftd ,oa lkaLdfrd bfrgkl ij cy fn;k tk;sA

lkFk gh Hkkjrh; laLdfr dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa vU; laLdfr;ksa ds fy, nh xbZ nsuksa dk foospuA

3- izsj.kkLin fo"k;ksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd i<kus ds iz;kl gksA 4- bfrgkl fo"k; ds f'k{k.k dk;Z esa uohurk ykbZ tk, blds fy,

Nk=ksa esa ,dkfHku;] ukVd] [ksy] Hkwfedk vkfn ds }kjk fo"k; dks le>us dh izofr dk fodkl gks ldsA

1-8-3 fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ij (university stage)

1- Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh Hkk"kkvksa] lkfgR;] laLdfr;ksa vkfn dk rqyukRed v/;;uA

2- fofHkUu lkekftd] /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd ,oa 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dk O;kogkfjd KkuA

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3- uohu f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx gks rkfd fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa jkspdrk dh Hkkouk fodflr gksA

4- bfrgkl fo"k; ds rF;ksa dk o.kZu ,oa izLrqrhdj.k okLrfod <ax ls gksA

1-9 vUrjkZ"Vªh;rk dh n`f"V ls bfrgkl 'kf{k.k dk egRo (INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH HISTORY TEACHING) vUrjkZ"Vªh; ln~Hkkouk ds fodkl esa bfrgkl cgqr ykHknk;d fl) gqvk gSA blds v/;;u ls Nk=ksa esa mu vfHk:fp;ksa] euksofÙk;ksa rFkk fu"i{krk vkfn nf"Vdks.k dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gS tks vUrjkZ"Vªh; dh Hkkouk ds fodkl esa vk/kkj dk dk;Z djsaxsA vkt fo'o ds lHkh ns'k ds d.kZ/kkj usrk bl ckr dk vuqHko djrs gS fd ekuo tkfr dks fouk'k ls cpkuk gS rks vUrjk"ZVªh; ln~Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk gksxk ;g Hkkouk fo'o eS=h ,oa fo'o cU/kqRo dh Hkkoukvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA vkt fo'o esa 'kkfUr dh vko';drk vuqHko dh tk jgh gS tks f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gh iwjh gks ldrh gSA 1-9-1 ifjHkk"kk,¡ (DEFINITIONS OF INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING) MkW- okYVj ,-lh- ysol (Dr. WALTER A.C. LAVES) dk dFku ÞvUrjkZ"Vªh; ln~Hkkouk bl vksj /;ku fn, fcuk fd O;fDr fdl jk"Vªh;rk ;k laLdfr ls gS] ,d&nwljs ds izfr lc txg muds O;ogkj dk vkykspukRed ,oa fu"i{k :ils fujh{k.k djus vkSj vkadyu djus dh ;ksX;rk gSA ,slk djus ds fy, O;fDr dks bl ;ksX; gksuk pkfg, fd lc jk"Vªh;rkvksa] laLdfr;ksa vkSj iztkfr;ksa dk bl lalkj esa jgus okys yksxksa dh leku :i ls egRoiw.kZ fofHkUurkvksa ds :i esa fujh{k.k dj ldsAß jksek jksyk dk dFku ÞHk;adj fouk'kdkjh ifj.kke okys nks fo'o;q)ksa us de ls de ;g fl) dj fn;k gS fd {kqnz vkSj vkØe.kdkjh jk"Vªh;rk ds ladh.kZ cU/kuksa dks rksM+ Mkyuk pkfg;s vkSj izse] n;k rFkk lgkuqHkwfr ij vk/kkfjr ekuo lEcU/kksa dk fodkl djus ds fy, ekuo&tkfr ds Lora= la?k dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,Aß ;wusLdks }kjk izdkf'kr ÞVqoM~Zl oYMZ v.MjLVsafMaxÞ uked if=dk esa fy[kk gS fd& Þfo|ky; vkl&ikl dh laLdfr esa fufgr loksZÙke rRoksa dks O;fDr dj ldrs gSa vkSj lk/kkj.kr% djrs Hkh gSA os lR;]

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bZekunkjh vkSj fu"i{krk ds lkekU; Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus dk iz;kl djrs gSaAß K.G. SAIYIDAIN WRITES "There an neither be health, not econommic prosperity, nor the leisured pursuit of art and literature and culture in a world, that is either plunged in or overshadowed by war." S.V.C. AIYAR- "Understanding to the ways of life and cultures of other people, their contribution to huamn civilization through the ages and their present day inter dependence is the beginning of the process of developing world minded ness." vUrjkZ"Vªh; ln~Hkko dks bfrgkl ds }kjk vk/kksfyf[kr fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gS %& 1-9-2 ¼v½ izkFkfed Lrj ij (Primary stage)

1- izkFkfed Lrj ij fo'o dh egRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa dk ifjp; djk;k tk;s ;Fkk fofHkUu ns'kksa dh lH;rkvksa dk fodkl] ekuo fodkl dk Øfed fodklA

2- f'kdkjh ekuo ls lacaf/kr dgkfu;kaA 3- HksM+ksa dks ikyus okyk ekuoA 4- izkFkfed Lrj ij Nk=ksa dks dgkfu;ksa ,oa [ksy fof/k }kjk

vUrjkZ"Vªh; dk cks/k djk;k tk;sA 5- fo'o ds egku~ lUrksa dk thou ifjp; dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e lsl

djk;k tk;s tSls& dU¶;wf'k;l] thll] egkRek cq)] IysVks] vjLrq vkfnA

6- izkphu dky esa gh fofHkUu lH;rkvksa dk O;kikfjd] lkaLdfrd vknku&iznku dh Bksl fo"k;&oLrq Nk=ksa rd izsf"kr gks rkfd os tku ldsa fd vkt ls gtkjksa o"kZ ds iwoZ Hkh ge vUrfuHkZj FksA

1-9-3 ¼c½ ek/;fed Lrj (Secondary stage)

1- vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dk ifjp;A 2- fofHkUu Lrjksa dh lkaLdfr;ksa dk KkuA 3- fofHkUu ns'kksa dh lkekftd] jktuhfr] vkfFkZd ,oa /kkfeZd

ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls ifjfpr djkukA 4- fofHkUu jk"Vªksa us ekuo&tkfr ds dY;k.k gsrq tks ;ksxnku fn;k

gS] mlls ifjfpr djkukA

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5- ek/;fedLrj ij fofHkUu ns'kksa ds fodklØe dks ikB~;Øe dk vax cuk;k tk;sA tSls& vesfjdk dk Lora=rk laxzke] Ýkal dh jkT; ØkfUr] baXyS.M esa yksdra= dk fodkl vkfnA

6- vUrjkZ"Vªh; xks"Bh] lsehukj] dk;Z'kkyk ij le;&le; ij d{kk esa v/;kid ppkZ djsa] ftlls vUrjkZ"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dks vius O;ogkj esa yk;sA

7- Nk=ksa esa uSfrdrk] lkekftdrk] lkaLdfrd xq.kksa dk fodkl fd;k tk;sA

1-9-4 ¼l½ fo'ofo|ky; (University stage)

1- fo'o dh fofHkUu laLdfr;ksa dk rqyukRed v/;;uA 2- fo'o vkUnksyu] ftUgksaus fo'o&cU/kqRo dks c<kus esa lg;ksx

fn;kA 3- fo'o ds /keksaZ] lkfgR;ksa] ,oa dykvksa vkfn dk rqyukREd

v/;;uA 4- vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Nk=ksa ds v/;;u dh O;oLFkk dks ljdkjh

Lrj ij O;kid cuk;k tk;s] [ksydwn ,oa vU; xfrfof/k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij iM+kslh ns'kksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ny dks cqykuk ,oa vius ns'k ds ny dks ckgj Hkstus dh O;oLFkk gksA

1-10 bfrgkl dk vU; Ldwy fo"k;ksa ls lglEcU/k (CORRELATION OF HISTORY WITH OTHER SCHOOL SUBJECTS) lglEcU/k dk vFkZ(Meaning of co-relation %& lg laca/k dk vFkZ nks ;k nks ls vf/kd rF;ksa ds e/; lEcU/kc)rk dh fn'kk rFkk ek=kA tgka rd f'k{k.k fo"k;ksa ds e/; lg laca/k dk iz'u gS] bldk vFkZ gS nks ;k nks vf/kd fo"k;ksa ds e/; ds Kku dks ijLij lacaf/kr djukA fdlh ,d fo"k; dks i<krs le; mlds rF;ksa dks nwljksa fo"k;ksa ds lkFk lEcfU/kr djrs gq, i<k;k tk;s rks og nks fo"k;ksa ds e/; f'k{k.k lg laca/kr gksrk gSa Mekfoy ds vuqlkj Þ,d fo"k; dks nwljs fo"k; ds v/khu djus ls fl)kUr ;k lk/kkj.kr;k lg&lEcU/k ds uke ls mYys[k fd;k tkrk gSAß cjukMZ ds vuqlkj Þlg&lEcU/k fo|ky; ds fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dks ;Fkk lEHko ,d&nwljs ls lacaf/kr djus dk iz;kl djrk gSAß bfrgkl dk lg&lEcU/k (CORRELATION OF HISTORY)

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bfrgkl esa foLrr :i ls fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSA fofHkUu dkyksa dh 'kklu iz.kkfy;ksa vkSj ukxfjd thou ds v/;;u }kjk ukxfjd 'kkL= dk vkSj fofHkUu dkyksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd fLFkfr dk v/;;u djus ds dkj.k lekt'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL= o uhfr'kkL= dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA bfrgkl ekuo tkfr ds fodkl rFkk mldh fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa gksus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa dk v/;;u gSA ekuo dk fodkl ,oa xfrfof/k;k¡ vusdkusd {ks=ksa ls lacaf/kr gksrh gS tSls& vFkZ'kkL=] jktuhfr'kkL=] foKku vkfnA vr% bfrgkl dks izk;% lHkh lkekftd fo"k;ksa dh i"BHkwfe dg ldrs gSaA blls Li"V gS fd bfrgkl dk izk;% lHkh lkekftd fo"k;ksa ls fdlh u fdlh izdkj dk lEcU/k gSA According to K.D. GHOSE "History has not only a fundamental place in the curriculum today but has her needs ministered to be such subjects as geography, literature, handwork, art and music. In fact it is no exaggeration to say that from long being the cinderlla of the curriculum. She bids fair to be its Queen." TREVELYAN has aptly remarked,"History is not a subject at all but a house in which all subjects dwell." bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd bfrgkl dk vU; vf/kdka'k fo"k;ksa ls cgqr ?kfu"Brk dk laca/k gSA bu lEcU/kksa dks ge izeq[k :i ls bl izdkj ls ns[k ldrs gSa%& 1-10-1 bfrgkl ,oa Hkwxksy (HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY)- bfrgkl ,oa Hkwxksy eas ?kfu"B lEcU/k ik;k tkrk gS tSlk fd ge iwoZ esa tkurs gSa fd ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ij HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Li"V izHkko iM+k gSA unh] ukys] lkxj] igkM+] jsfxLrku] mitsa] tyok;q vkfn vusd HkkSxksfyd n'kk,¡ rFkk rRo fdlh ns'k ds bfrgkl dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA bfrgkl dk v/;;u djkrs le; ekufp=] Xyksc] fp=] js[kkfp= vkfn dh lgk;rk ysus ls ikB dks jkspd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA fp=] ekufp= vkfn gkFk ls rS;kj fd, tk,a rks vf/kd ykHkizn fl) gks ldrs gSaA bfrgkl vrhr ls lEcU/k j[krk gS vkSj Hkwxksy orZeku ls lEcU/k j[krk gS] vrhr vkSj orZeku fojks/kh gksrs gq, Hkh nksuksa fo"k; vU;ksU;kfJr gSA izkphu dky esa jktk&egkjktkvksa us vius fdys lqj{kk dh nf"V ls Å¡ph igkfM+;ksa ij cuok;s vkSj tgk¡ igkfM+;ka ugha Fkh ogka eSnkuh fdys cus] fdUrq mudh lqj{kk gsrq [kkbZ vkfn cukbZ xbZA fldUnj egku~ o jktk iq: ds chp ;q) esa lrty unh rFkk o"kkZ us

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egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] fgeky; ioZr ds dkj.k Hkkjr dh mrjh fn'kk ls rFkk leqUnz ds dkj.k nf{k.k fn'kk ls vkØe.k ugha gq,A usiksfy;u cksukikVZ ds 'kCnksa esa Þfdlh Hkh ns'k dks bfrgkl dk fu/kkZjd rRo ml ns'k ds HkkSxksfyd rRo gSAß mnkgj.k ds fy, fgVyj dh :l esa gkj dk dkj.k ogk¡ pyus okyh cQhZyh gok,¡ ,oa rwQku FksA HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa vizR;{k :i ls Hkh bfrgkl dks izHkkfor djrh gSa fdlh ns'k ds fuoklh vPNs] ohj rFkk lkglh lSfud gksrs gSaA bl ij vU; rRoksa ds vykok HkkSxksfyd rRoksa dk Hkh izHkko iM+rk gS] tSls& mudk [kku&iku] thou&;kiu mitsa vkfnA izR;sd ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk ij Hkwxksy dh Nki fuf'pr gh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, usiksfy;u ds le; fczVsu ds Åij vkØe.k] f'kokth ds nqxZe igkM+h fdys] mudh ÅcM+&[kkcM+ Hkwfe rFkk taxy;qDr igkfM+;ksa dh yqdk&fNih ls yM+s x;sA Nkikekj ;q) vkfn lcdks Hkwxksy us izHkkfor fd;k gSA bfrgkl ,oa Hkwxksy ds ?kfu"B laca/k dks Li"V djrs gq, dk.V (KANT) us dgk fd ÞdkyØe ds lUnHkZ esa o.kZu djuk gh bfrgkl gS] rFkk {ks= ds lanHkZ esa o.kZu djuk Hkwxksy gSA bl izdkj ls bfrgkl] Hkwxksy esa dky ,oa {ks= dk gh vUrj gSA bfrgkl le; ds lUnHkZ esa mu ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu gS] tks ,d ds ckn ,d ?kfVr gksrh gS] tcfd Hkwxksy mu ?kVukvksa dk izfrosnu gS] tks fdlh {ks= esa gqbZA bl izdkj ls bfrgkl ,oa Hkwxksy lEiw.kZ ifjf/k dks ?ksjrs gSa %& Hkwxksy {ks= dh ifjf/k dks rFkk bfrgkl dky ;k le; dh ifjf/k dksAß PROF. KABIR WRITES," Vastness of indian lant, the great Variety in landscapt, climate and conditions of life prepored in the mind a readiness to accept difference." V.F. GHATE SAID," Wars are fought, won and lost, and the destinies nations and people are leterminel not by a chash of human wills and ambitions but by certain peculair physical factors." f'kokth dh j.kuhfr ÞNkikekj ;q) iz.kkyhß HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k gh lQy jghA 1971 esa Hkkjr ikfdLrku ;q) esa ikfdLrku dh ijkt; vkSj ckaXykns'k dk u;s jk"Vª ds :i esa mn; ds fy, ogk¡ dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa izeq[k :i ls mRrjnk;h FkhA vr% mi;qZDr foospu ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V gks x;k fd bfrgkl vkSj Hkwxksy ds chp ?kfu"B laca/k ik;k tkrk gSA 1-10-2 ¼2½ bfrgkl ,oa ukxfjd 'kkL= (History & Civics)

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bfrgkl ,oa ukxfjd 'kkL= esa ?kfu"B lg&lEcU/k gSA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd bfrgkl ;fn cht gS rks ukxfjd 'kkL= mldk Qy gSA bfrgkl vkSj ukxfjd 'kkL= nksuksa ,d&nwljs ds lgk;d vkSj iwjd gSA bfrgkl izkphu dky esa gqbZ ?kVukvksa dk ladyu] O;oLFkk] laxBu rFkk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS vkSj Hkwrdky esa fdlh lekt }kjk mRFkku rFkk iru dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk dkj.kksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA bfrgkl gesa crkrk gS fd dksbZ lekt vius vrhr esa fdu&fdu vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuSFrd rFkk lkaLdfrd voLFkkvksa ls xqtjk gSA bfrgkl gesa Hkwrdky esa dh xbZ =qfV;ksa rFkk muds nq"ifj.kkeksa ds e/; lEcU/k dks Li"V djrk gS rFkk lekt ds jhfr&fjoktksa] ijEijkvksa] dyk] vPNkb;ksa] cqjkb;ksa] laLFkkvksa vkfn ds mRFkku&iru dh dgkuh gSA ukxfjd 'kkL= lekt dh mu cqjkb;ksa rFkk dqjhfr;ksa ls voxr djkrk gS] ftuds dkj.k vrhr esa Hk;adj ;q) gks pqds gSaA ukxfjd 'kkL= NqvkNqr] tkfr&izFkk] ngst izFkk] Hkk"kkokn] izkUrh;rk rFkk lkEiznkf;drk tSlh leL;kvksa ds mn; ds dkj.kksa rFkk buds funku ds mik;ksa dh foospuk ukxfjd 'kkL= esa dh xbZ gSA vr% ukxfjd 'kkL= Hkwrdky dh lQyrkvksa rFkk vlQyrkvksa dks ifjizs{; esa j[kdj gh orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; ds fy, dk;Z ;kstuk,¡ cukbZ tkrh gSA izks- Ýhesu ds 'kCnksa esa Þbfrgkl vrhr dh jktuhfrd gSAß izks- tkWulu ds 'kCnksa esa Þf'k{kky;ksa esa bfrgkl dh f'k{kk ljdkj ds Lo:iksa] ifjorZuksa rFkk dk;ksaZ ds laca/k esa jgh gSAß vr% bfrgkl vkSj ukxfjd 'kkL= nksuksa ,d&nwljs ds lgk;d vkSj iwjd jg gSA nksuksa ds lEcU/kksa dh ?kfu"Brk bl izdkj gS&

1- ukxfjd 'kkL= dk v/;;u mre bfrgkl ds fuekZ.k dk vk/kkj gSA ukxfjd 'kkL= dk y{; vkn'kZ ukxfjd dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA vkn'kZ ukxfjd gh mTtoy bfrgkl dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA

2- bfrgkl Hkwrdkyhu lkekftd ?kVukvksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dk dks"k gSA ukxfjd 'kkL= bu vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij lekt dks lq[kh cukus okys fu;eksa dks [kkstrk gSA bfrgkl ukxfjd 'kkL= ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks orZeku leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa lgk;drk nsrk gSA

3- bfrgkl ukxfjdksa esa ns'k HkfDr dk lapkj djrk gS bl izdkj bfrgkl vkn'kZ ukxfjdksa ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA tks ukxfjd 'kkL= dk ,d ije y{; gSA

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bfrgkl vksj ukxfjd'kkL= esa vUrj%& bfrgkl vkSj ukxfjd 'kkL= esa cgqr vf/kd ?kfu"Brk ds ckotwn Hkh vk/kkjHkwr vUrj gS bu nksuksa fo"k;ksa esa vk/kkjHkwr vUrj fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- bfrgkl ekuo ds vrhr dh O;k[;k djrk gS tcfd ukxfjd 'kkL= orZeku rFkk Hkwr nksuksa dh xaos"k.k djrk gSA

2- bfrgkl rF;kRed rFkk funsZ'kkRed gS tcfd ukxfjd 'kkL= fooj.kkRed gSA \

3- bfrgkl dk {ks= O;kid gSA og ekuo dh izR;sd fØ;k ls lEcfU/kr gS tcfd ukxfjd 'kkL= dk {ks= bfrgkl dh vis{kk lhfer gSA

4- ukxfjd 'kkL= esa fl)kUrksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS tcfd bfrgkl esa fdlh izdkj ds fl)kUr ugha cuk, tkrsA

1-10-3 ¼3½ bfrgkl ,oa vFkZ'kkL= (HISTORY & ECONOMICS) bfrgkl vrhr dk fo'ys"k.k djds orZeku Li"V djrk gS rFkk lkFk gh Hkfo"; ds fy, ekxZ iznf'kZr djrk gSA bfrgkl dks ekuo lH;rk dks"k dgk tkrk gSA ftlesa lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] /kkfeZd rFkk lkaLdfrd mUufr dk fo'ys"k.k izkIr gksrk gSA vFkZ'kkL= ekuo dh vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa ij cy nsrk gSA vr% vFkZ'kkL= lkekftd lnL; ds :i esa vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa dk v/;;u djrk gSA ek'kZy ds vuqlkj Þthou dh lkekU; n'kkvksa ds chp ekuo dk v/;;u djuk gh vFkZ'kkL= gSA ;g mu O;fDrxr vkSj lkekftd dk;ksaZ dh Nkuchu djrk gS] ftldk HkkSfrd lq[kksa ds lk/ku dh izkfIr vkSj mi;ksx ls vR;Ur fudV lEcU/k gSAß bl izdkj nksuksa gh 'kkL= ekuo dk v/;;u djrs gSa vkSj nksuksa esa ?kfu"B laca/k ik;k tkrk gSA lekt dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr gh ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dk fuekZ.k rFkk fu/kkZj.k djrh gSA vkfFkZd voLFkk esa ifjorZu Lor% gh bfrgkl esa ifjorZu yk nsrs gSA lekt dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds dkj.k gh izkphu fdys] izklkn] dyk rFkk lkfgR; dh izxfr vrhr esa ns[kh tkrh gSA vkfFkZd O;oLFkk bfrgkl dk ,d egRoiw.kZ i{k gS] tks ;g crkrk gS fd vkfFkZd O;oLFkk lekt ds bfrgkl dks izHkkfor djrh gS vkSj bfrgkl lekt dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dksA

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tksUl ds 'kCnksa esa Þbfrgkl thou ds okLrfod vuqHkoksa dk Hk.Mkj gS vkSj vkt dk ;qod bfrgkl dk v/;;u blfy, djrk gS] ftlls og ekuo&tkfr ds vuqHkoksa ls ykHk izkIr dj ldsAß tkWu lhys us dgk fd Þfcuk bfrgkl ds vFkZ'kkL= uhao jfgr gS vkSj fcuk vFkZ'kkL= ds bfrgkl Qyghu gSAß Every present econommic problem can be understood and solved in the light of historical background. The history of past econimic event throws an important light on the present economics policies. It guides us in the formulation of various economic laws and theories. History describes the social nature of all economic activities of man. Economic revolution in many lands have changed the course of history. bfrgkl ,oa vFkZ'kkL= esa vUrj %&

1- bfrgkl esa jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLdfrd vkfn lHkh Hkwrdkyhu ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu vFkZ'kkL= dk v/;;u dsUnz vkfFkZd gh gSA

2- bfrgkl o.kZukRed gS tcfd vFkZ'kkL= fopkjkRed gSA 3- bfrgkl ?kVukvksa dk ;Fkkor o.kZu djrk gS tcfd vFkZ'kkL= esa

lq>kokRed o fopkjkRed v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA 4- bfrgkl ds v/;;u dk laca/k dsoy Hkwrdky ls gS tcfd

vFkZ'kkL= Hkwr] orZeku o Hkfo"; rhuksa dkyksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk v/;;u djrk gSA

5- bfrgkl esa ,sfrgkfld i)fr dk iz;ksx gksrk gS tcfd vFkZ'kkL= esa oSKkfud i)fr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

1-10-4 bfrgkl rFkk lkfgR; (HISTORY & LITERATURE) :- izkphu dky esa bfrgkl dks lkfgR; dk vax ekudj gh i<k tkrk FkkA lkfgfR;d jkspdrk ds iz;ksx ds vHkko esa bfrgkl dh mi;ksfxrk u"V gks tkrh gSA lkfgR; ds mi;ksx ls Nk=ksa esa dYiuk dk fodkl gksrk gSA ysMh Dysfj.Mk ds vuqlkj Þbfrgkl Lo;a ,d my>u mRiUu djus okyk gS] ysfdu tc mldks dYiuk iznku dj nh tkrh gS rks og ljy o ekuoh; gks tkrk gSAß izks- ?kkVs ds 'kCnksa esa Þbfrgkl ds f'k{kd dks lkfgR; dk mi;ksx ,sfrgkfld okrkoj.k mRiUu djus rFkk fofHkUu dkyksa dh lkekftd n'kk dk Kku iznku djus gsrq djuk pkfg,A ;fn bfrgkl dk lEcU/k

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lkfgR; ls LFkkfir ugha fd;k tk,xk rks og vR;Ur lw{e vkSj voS;fDrd gks tk,xkAß lkfgR; ekuo ds fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa] laosxksa] dYiukvksa vkfn ls lEcU/k j[krk gS rks bfrgkl ekuo ds dk;ksaZ o fopkjksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA bfrgkl dks lkfgR; ds leku gh i<uk pkfg;sA lkfgR; ltu ,d dyk gS vkSj bfrgkl Hkh ,d dyk gSA blfy, bfrgkl dks lkfgR; ls iFkd ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd nksuksa gh dyk gSA lkfgR; esa gh bfrgkl ds Hk.Mkj gksrs gSaA bl nf"V ls vaxzsth lkfgR; cM+k gh lEiUu gSA pSFke ds 'kCnksa esa ÞeSaus bfrgkl dk lEiw.kZ Kku 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa ls izkIr fd;k gSAß lkfgR; bfrgkl dks oS;fDrdrk] LFkwy ifjfLFkfr] lkekftd n'kkvksa dk foLrr o.kZu] jhfr&fjokt laLFkk,¡ rFkk jgu&lgu ds <ax dh lkexzh iznku djrk gSA bfrgkl dk f'k{kd i<krs le; lkfgR; dh lgk;rk ys ldrk gSA lkfgR; ,sfrgkfld ckrksa dks ltho :i iznku djrk gSA tsdc xzhe (JACOB GRIMM) dk fopkj ÞKku dh bu nksuksa 'kk[kkvksa ds iFkDdj.k us buesa vizkdfrd [kkbZ mRiUu dj nh gSA budk leUo; Kku ds izfr :fp mRiUu djus ds fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg,Aß lkfgR; ekuo ds fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa] laosxksa] dYiukvksa vkfn ls laca/k j[krk gS rks bfrgkl ekuo ds dk;ksaZ o fopkjksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA vr% ,d&nwljs ds v/;;u o lgk;rk ls gh nwljs fo"k; dks vPNh izdkj le> ldrs gSaA bfrgkl ds v/;;u dks ys[kdksa vkSj dfo;ksa dh jpukvksa dk lg;ksx ysdj jkspd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA blls bfrgkl jkspd] ;FkkFkZ o ljy gks tk,xkA ml lhek rd lkfgR; ds mi;ksx dks ck/kd ugha ekuk tk ldrk] tgk¡ rd fd bfrgkl dks ,sfrgkfld lkfgR; dks Li"V djuk vko';d gSA JOHNSON says,"Literature contributes to history. It furnishes indications of popular taste of moral and inllectual standares. It sheds light upon the prejudices, the ideal and nthe aspirations of a people. It is to be counted with forces that mould the life of the atmosphere of the age." 1-10-5 bfrgkl ,oa lekt'kkL= (HISTORY & SOCIOLOGY) bfrgkl vrhr dh ?kVukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk lekt dh /kkjk dk Hkh fp=.k djrk gSA orZeku ;qx ds bfrgkldkj lekt dk lexz :i esa

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v/;;u djrs gSa] blls vk/kqfud lekt ds O;ogkj dks le>us esa fo'ks"k lgk;rk feyrh gSA lekt'kkL= leLr lkekftd foKkuksa dh tuuh gS blfy, bfrgkl dh Hkh tuuh lekt'kkL= gS] bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd tks lEcU/k ekrk dk iq= ls gksrk gS ogh lEcU/k lekt'kkL= dk bfrgkl ls gSA lkekftd laLdfr] ijEijk,¡ rFkk nk'kZfud fpUru ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA lkekftd dkj.kksa ls gh vusd ;q) gkjs ;k thr x;s gSaA ubZ laLdfr;ka mHkjdj lkeus vkbZ rFkk iqjkuh laLdfr;ka foyqIr gks xbZ gSA bl izdkj lekt dh vkfFkZd o /kkfeZd fLFkfr] 'kkjhfjd o ekfufld 'kfDr rFkk [kku&iku vkfn lc dqN bfrgkl dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA ikycFkZ ds vuqlkj ÞlaLdfr vkSj laLFkkvksa dk bfrgkl lekt'kkL= dks le>us vkSj mldh lkexzh tqVkus esa lgk;d gksrk gSAß bfrgkldkj lekt'kkL= }kjk fn, x, lkekftd laxBu ds fl)kUr ij viuh lkexzh ltkrs gSa vkSj mu fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij ,sfrgkfld dky dh foospuk djrs gSaA bfrgkl ,ao lekt 'kkL= esa vUrj %&

1- bfrgkl dh v/;;u bdkbZ O;fDr ds dk;ksaZ ij cy nsuk gS tcfd lekt'kkL= dh bdkbZ ekuo lewg gSA

2- lekt'kkL= esa oSKkfud i)fr dk iz;ksx gksrk gS tcfd bfrgkl esa ,sfrgkfld i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

3- lekt'kkL= fo'ks"kdj iz;ksxkRed gS tcfd bfrgkl fu'p;kRed gSA

4- lekt'kkL= fo'ys'"k.k ds lkFk&lkFk leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus dk lq>ko nsrk gS tcfd bfrgkl dsoy ;Fkk rF; o.kZu djrk gS] lq>ko ugha nsrkA

5- bfrgkl vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u djrk gS tcfd lekt'kkL= orZeku lekt ls lEcfU/kr gSA

6- bfrgkl ekuo vuqHko vkSj ekuo izdfr dk ewrZ foKku gS tcfd lekt'kkL= vewrZ foKku gSA

7- bfrgkl esa ?kVukvksa] laLdfr;ksa vkfn dk bfroÙkkRed o.kZu gksrk gS] tcfd lekt'kkL= muds dkj.kksa vkSj lkekU; fl)kurksa dh [kkst djrk gSA

8- bfrgkl vuks[kh ,oa vlk/kkj.k ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u djrk gS] tcfd lekt'kkL= iqujkofr;ksa vf/kd ckj gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u djrk gSA

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9- bfrgkl ns'kdky dh ?kVukvksa dk fp=.k djrk gS tcfd lekt'kkL= lkoZHkkSfed fu;eksa dh [kkst djrk gSA

1-10-6 bfrgkl ,oa lkekU; foKku (HISTORY & GENERAL SCIENCE) izR;sd ns'k dk jktuhfr] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd lkaLdfrd thou foKku ls izHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jgkA lHkh ns'kksa dk bfrgkl oSKkfud mUufr o vkfo"dkjksa ls izHkkfor gqvk gSA tho&tarq tks fdlh {ks= esa ik, tkrs gSa] ouLifr] mitsa] feV~Vh] [kfut] o"kkZ] leqnz rV] tehu dh Å¡pkbZ vkfn lc ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dks izHkkfod djrh gSA tho foKku] ouLifr foKku tSlh izkdfrd foKkuksa esa ge tho rFkk ouLifr txr dk v/;;u djrs gSaA vkt Hkh bfrgkl ;g tkuus dh ps"Vk dj jgk gS fd izkxSfrgkfld ;qx esa fdlh LFkku fo'ks"k ij fdl izdkj ds tho o ouLifr ikbZ tkrh gSA oSKkfud fodkl ds dkj.k gh baXyS.M o vU; ;wjksih; ns'kksa vkS|kSfxd Økafr gqbZ vkSj bl Økafr dk bfrgkl esa cgqr cM+k LFkku gSA bl izdkj bfrgkl ds v/;kid dks bfrgkl ds v/;;u ds lkFk&lkFk foKku ds izHkko dk mYys[k Hkh djuk pkfg,A bfrgkl dh izdfr esa Hkh bfrgkl dks ,d foKku ekuk x;k gSA vr% foKku Lohdkj djus ds dkj.k bfrgkl foKku dk Hkh ,d fo"k; Lohdr gks x;kA 1-10-7 ¼7½ bfrgkl vkSj uhfr'kkL= (HISTORY & ETHICS):- uhfr'kkL= esa ge jhfr&fjoktksa] ekU;rkvksa] fpUru izfØ;k] fu"k.kvksa rFkk uSfrd xq.kksa o fo'ks"krkvksa vkfn dk v/;;u djrs gSaA O;fDr;ksa dh pkfjf=d fo'ks"krkvks] uSfrd ewY;] ekU;rk,a vkfn bfrgkl dk v/;;u djrs gSa rks bfrgkl buls izHkkfor gksrk gS rFkk buds izHkkoksa dk v/;;u djrs gSaA vkt dksbZ jk"Vª fdlh jk"Vª dks xqyke cukus ds iz;kl djrk gS rks lEiw.kZ fo'o blesa n[ky nsrk gSA ;g u;k fpUru rFkk fo'o dh uhfr;ksa dk ifj.kke gSA ;g vfLrRo o ijLij lg;ksx dh Hkkouk vkt ds bfrgkl dh jpuk dj jgh gSA bfrgkl lk{kh gS fd vusd izkphu lekt o jktk viuh uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k gh lQy ;k cnuke gq;sA dkSu 'kkld Øwj rFkk vR;kpkjh] dkSu n;kyq rFkk iztkikyd] ;g bfrgkl o uhfr'kkL= nksuksa ds gh fo"k; gSA 1-11 bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; ,oa y{; (AIMS & OBJECTIVE OF TEACHING HISTORY)

34

f'k{k.k mn~ns; (TEACHING OBJECTIVE) %& mn~ns'k 'kCn dh mRifÙk mr~$fn'k$; 'kCnka'kksa ds ;ksx ls gqbZ gSA mr~ dk vFkZ gS Åij dh vksj rFkk fn'k dk vFkZ gS fn'kk fn[kkukA bl izdkj 'kkfCnd :i ls mn~ns'; dk vFkZ mPp fn'kk fn[kkuk gSA MkW- vkRekuUn feJ dfr 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj mn~ns'; 'kCn dh O;qRifr mnf"V 'kCn ls gS ftldk vFkZ gS fdlh dk;Z dks fn'kk nsukA ge tc fdlh dk;Z dks lEikfnr djrs gSa rks mlds ifj.kke ;k Qy dh bPNk j[krs gSaA iz/kkur% Qy izkfIr dh ;g bPNk] Hkkouk ;k fopkj mn~ns'; dgh tk ldrh gSA ch-Mh- HkkfV;k ds 'kCnksa esa Þmn~ns'; ds Kku ds vHkko esa f'k{kd ml ukfod ds leku gS tks vius y{; ;k eafty dks ugha tkurk gS vkSj ckyd ml irokj&foghu uksdk ds leku gS tks ygjksa ds FkisM+s [kkdj fdlh rV ij tk yxsxhAß bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; ,oa y{; (AIMS & OBJECTIVE OF TEACHING HISTORY) %& Hkkjr esa bfrgkl f'k{k.k mn~ns'; le;kuqlkj cnyrs jgs gSA D;ksafd bfrgkl fo"k; vius fodkl ds Øe esa /keZ vkSj n'kZu tSls fo"k;ksa dk vax cuk jgk gS blfy, izkphudky esa /keZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k tSls mn~ns';ksa dh f'k{kk nsuk bfrgkl dk izeq[k mn~ns'; jgk gSA tkWu Mh-oh- (JOHN DEWEY) dk er gS Þgekjh bfrgkl esa blfy, :fp ugha gS fd ;g vrhr ds xkSjo dks crkrk gS cfYd blesa blfy, :fp gS D;ksafd blds }kjk orZeku lkekftd thou ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa rFkk 'kfDr;ksa dk Li"Vhdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh f'k{k.k ds mn~ns';ksa dks eksVs rkSj ij nks Hkkxksa esa oxhZdr fd;k tkrk gSA

bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds mn~ns';

lkekU; mn~ns'; ;k y{; GENERAL OBJECTIVES

OR AIMS)

fof'k"V mn~ns'; SPECIFIC OBJECTVIES

35

1-11-1 lkekU; mn~ns'; ;k y{; (GENERAL OBJECTIVES OR AIMS) lkekU; mn~ns'; dks ge y{; dgrs gSaA ;s LoHkko ls vkn'kkZRed] nk'kZfud rFkk vlhfer gksrs gSaA ;s vizkI;uh; gksrs gSa] fdUrq fn[kus esa izkI;uh; yxrs gSaA tSls& pfj= dk fodkl djuk] jk"Vª HkfDr dk fodkl djuk ;k lqukxfjd cukuk vkfn lEiw.kZ lekt jk"Vª] fo|ky; vkfn lHkh bldh izkfIr ds O;kid iz;kl djrs gSaA 1-11-12 fof'k"V mn~ns'; (SPECIEIC OBJECTIVES OR AIMS) fof'k"V mn~ns'; fdlh fof'k"V fo"k; ;k mi&fo"k; ds fy, fuf'p fd, tkrs gSa tcfd lkekU; mn~ns'; lEiw.kZ f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds fy, fuf'pr fd, tkrs gSaA ,d izdkj ls ;s f'k{kk ds mn~ns'; u gksdj fo"k; f'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; gSA izks- ch-,l- Cywe ds 'kCnksa esa Þ'kSf{kd mn~ns'; og lkekU; y{; ek= ugha gS] ftuds lUnHkZ esa ikB~;Øe dk fodkl gqvk gS ;k ftuds lUnHkZ esa vuqns'ku ds fy, funsZ'ku fn;k tkrk gS] oju~ ;s ewY;kadu dh izfØ;k ds fof'k"Vhdj.k esa Hkh lgk;d gksrs gSaAß 1-11-3 O;ogkjxr mn~ns';ksa dk oxhZdj.k (TAXONOMY BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES)

O;ogkjxr mn~ns'; ds KkukRed i{k dk oxhZdj.k lu~ 1956 bZZZZZ- esa Cywe] dFkZcky rFkk elhgk usa izLrqr fd;kA bUgksaus ;g /kkj.kk j[kh fd KkukRed i{k ds vUrxZr os gh mn~ns'; vkus pkfg, ftudk lEcU/k Kku ds iquLeZj.k] iquiZgpku] ckSf)d {kerkvksa rFkk dkS'kyksa ds fodkl ls gksrk gSA

KkukRed i{k Cognative

HkkokRed i{k Affective Domain

euksxkRed i{k Conative Domain

izks- Cywe }kjk KkukRed i{k dk oxhZdj.k

Kku cks/k

iz;ksx

fo'ys"k.k

ewY;kadu

la'ys"k.k

36

According to view of NCERT (1975 - "History as a subject of study was not very much appreciated in anicient India as it was supposed to give rise to human vanity."

bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; le; dh vko';drk] dky] fopkj/kkvksa] leL;kvksa f'k{kk ds Lo:i vkfn ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr gksrs jgrs jgs gSaA vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds fy, orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq, bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds fuEukafdr mn~ns'; fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk ldrs gSa%&

1- ,sfrgkfld Kku esa o`f) djuk%& fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bfrgkl ds v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr ifjHkkf"kr 'kCnksa] rF;ksa] leL;kvksa] O;fDr;ksa] frfFkØe] fopkjksa] izofr;ksa] izrhdksa] ?kVukvksa ,oa lkekU;hdj.k vkfn dk Kku djkuk bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk mn~ns'; jgk gSA

2- jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk eq[; mn~ns'; fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa HkkokRed ,oa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk gSA bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds }kjk jk"Vªh; izse o jk"Vª HkfDr dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A bfrgkl ds }kjk lekt o jk"Vª ds xkSjo dk Kku djk;k tkrk gSA blls ckydksa esa vkRe&xkSjo ds lkFk gh jk"Vªh; izse] cfynku rFkk HkfDr dh Hkkouk dk fodkl laHko gksrk gSA

3- vkn'kZ pfj= dk fuekZ.k %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk ,d mn~ns'; Nk=ksa dks pfj=oku cukuk gSA bfrgkl fo"k; ds v/;;u ds }kjk Nk=ksa esa vkn'kZ uSfrd ewY;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA bfrgkl lekt esa jgus okys euq"; ds dk;ksa Z ,oa miyfC/k;ksa dk v/;;u gSA bfrgkl egkiq:"kksa] lk/kq&lUrksa] lekt lq/kkjdksa rFkk usrkvksa ds mins'kksa dks ladfyr dj ckydksa rd igqapkrk gS] ftlls os viuk vkpj.k lq/kkj ldrs gSaA

4- lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl djuk %& bfrgkl gekjs lkekftd nf"Vdks.k dks O;kid] mnkj rFkk leqfpr Lo:i iznku djrk gSA blls ckyd esa lkekftd&tkx:drk vkrh gS blh lkekftd tkx:drk ds QyLo:i og lekt dk ,d mi;ksxh rFkk dY;k.kdkjh lnL; cu ldrk gSA lkekftd dY;k.k ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl gksuk vfuok;Z gSa

5- lekthdj.k djuk %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lekthdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA bfrgkl ds v/;;u ls ge lkekftd fodkl dh izfØ;k dks le> ikrs gSa lekt dh laLdfr ds fodkl Øe dk Kku bfrgkl }kjk laHko gks ikrk gS blds Kku ls ckyd ds lekthdj.k dk ekxZ iz'kLr gksrk gSA

37

6- bfrgkl ds izfr :fp mRiUu djuk gSA bfrgkl ds f'k{kd dk ije drZO; gS fd og Nk=ksa esa bfrgkl ds izfr :fp tkxzr djsaA oLrqr% ;g orZeku gh gS tks gesa viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrk gS vkSj ge mls tkuus ds fy, rRij gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k ge vrhr dh [kkst djrs gSaA vrhr ds bfrgkl }kjk orZeku dks vf/kd lqLi"V ,oa ikjn'khZ :i esaa vfHkO;fDr djds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds izfr :fp c<kbZ tk ldrh gSA

7- vUrjkZ"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds }kjk Þolq/kSodqVqEcde~ß dh vo/kkj.kk dk fodkl djds fo'o ds rhljs fo'o ;q) dh fouk'kyhyk ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; ln~Hkkouk dk fodkl djus ds fy, Nk=ksa dks fu"i{k rFkk lPpkbZ ds lkFk izR;sd ns'k dh lH;rk ,oa laLdfr dk Kku djk;k tkuk vko';d gSA bl Hkkouk dk bfrgkl }kjk fodkl djds i`Foh dh lEiw.kZekuo lH;rk rFkk tkfr dk lagkj gks tk,xkA

8- oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k dks dbZ fo}ku ekurs gSa ftlds dkj.k bfrgkl f'k{k.k 'kfDr] rdZ 'kfDr rFkk lR; fu.kZ; djus dh 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl djuk vko';d gSA blds vfrfjDr Nk=ksa dks fu"i{krk ,oa ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj rF;ksa dks ladfyr] ijhf{kr] oxhZdfr] ,oa rqyuk djus ds ;ksX; cuk;k tk,A

9- yksdrkaf=d n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djuk %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds }kjk ckydksa esa yksdrakf=d thou ewY;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa dks thou esa mrkjuk ,d Je lk/; riL;k ls ugha gS cfYd bfrgkl f'k{k.k bl riL;k esa ,d l'kDr ek/;e dk dke djrk gSA

10- ekufld 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl %& bfrgkl ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh ekufld f'k{kk iznku dh tkrh gS blds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Lej.k] dYiuk] rdZ] fu.kZ; vkfn ekufld 'kfDr;ksa ds fodkl esa cgqr lgk;rk feyrh gSA vr% bfrgkl Nk=ksa ds ekufld fodkl ,oa izf'k{k.k dk vk/kkj LrEHk gSA

11- vodk'k ds le; ds lnqi;ksx gsrq izf'kf{kr djuk %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk izeq[k mn~ns'; vodk'k ds {k.kksa esa Nk=ksa dks ,sfrgkfld i;ZVuksa ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls os ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa] LFkyksa ,oa ?kVukvksa dk ;FkkFkZ Kku izkIr dj ldrs gSaA lkFk gh Nk=ksa esa lekpkjksa dh dfVax djds ,yce cukus] ekWMy] le; js[kk] le; pkVZ cukus] fofo/k izdkj izdkj ds fp=] ekufp=]

38

flDds ,oa LVsEi vkfn dk ladyu djus ds fy, Hkh izksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

12- oS'ohdj.k dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk %& izkS|ksfxdhdj.k nwj lapkj ek/;eksa us iwjs fo'o dks ,d NksVh lh nqfu;k esa lesV fn;k gS vFkkZr~ Þolq/kZodqVqEcde~ß dh vo/kkj.kk dks cy feyk gS izR;sd ns'k dks uSfrdrk ds vk/kkj ij izR;sd t:jrean ns'k dh lgk;rk djuk rFkk vk;kr&fu;kZr ,oa vkokxeu ds fu;eksa dks ljy cukdj blds fy, izsfjr djus ds mik; fd, tkrs gSaA 1-11-4 bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds ek/;fed Lrj ij mn~ns; (OBJECTIVE OF TEACHING HISTORY AT SECONDARY STAGE)

1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa pkfjf=d xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA 2- O;fDrRo dk iw.kZ fodkl djukA 3- usrRo ds xq.kksa dk iw.kZ fodkl djukA 4- yksdrkaf=d ukxfjdrk ds fodkl ij cy nsukA 5- O;kolkf;d dq'kyrkvksa dk fodkl djukA 6- Nk=ksa esa le;&js[kk] ?kVuk&js[kk] pkVZ] ekWMy vkfn cukus dh

;ksX;rk dk fodkl djukA 7- vrhr ls lacaf/kr ?kVukvksa] rF;ksa] fopkjksa] leL;kvksa] O;fDr;ksa

vkfn dk Kku djukA 8- Nk=ksa dks bfrgkl ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa] ?kVukvksa] fopkjksa vkfn dk

bl izdkj cks/k djuk fd os buesa vUrj dj ldsa rqyuk dj ldsa] izofr;ksa dks Li"V dj lds ;k dkj.k ifj.kke es laca/k LFkkfir dj ldsA

9- jk"Vª dh lkekftd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd rFkk vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ls voxr djkukA

10- fo'o dh fofo/k lH;rkvksa o laLdfr dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk muds ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa v/;;u djkukA

11- vrhr ds vk/kkj ij orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; dk cks/k dj ldus dh ;ksX;rk dk fodkl djukA

12- Nk=ksa ds nf"Vdks.k esa mnkjrk o O;kidrk dk fodkl djukA 13- lkekftd jk"Vªh; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; ?kVukØeksa ds laca/k esa LoLFk

nf"Vdks.k dk fodkl djukA

39

1-11-5 bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds mPp ek/;fed Lrj ij mn~ns'; (OBJECTIVE OF TEACHING HISTORY AT SENIOR SECONDARY) ubZ fn'kk uhfr 1986 ds ckn Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dks 10$2$3 esa fuf'pr fd;k x;kA ,slh fLFkfr esa ek/;fed f'k{kk izkIr djus ds ckn Nk= fo'ks"k iz'u i= ,SfPNd fo"k; dk pquko dj ldrs gSaA bfrgkl fo"k; ds bl Lrj ij fuEu mn~ns'; fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk ldrs gSa%&

1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fu"i{k nf"Vdks.k ,oa lR; ds lkFk ?kVukvksa dks Øec) :i esa fy[kus dh izsj.kk djukA

2- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa oSKkfud nf"Vdks.k fodflr djukA 3- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa jk"Vªh;rk ,drk ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA 4- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; ln~Hkkouk fodflr djukA 5- ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls voxr djkukA 6- jk"Vª dh lkekftd] jktuhfrd rFkk /kkfeZd leL;kvksa ls

voxr djkdj mudks Lo;a leL;k gy djus ds ;ksX; cukukA

7- le; Kku ds fodkl dks n<+ djukA 8- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fodkl ds fl)kUr ls voxr djkukA 9- bl ij Nk=ksa esa bfrgkl ds fy, okLrfod :fp dks n<+

cukukA 10- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ekufld izf'k{k.k iznku djukA 11- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vrhr ds vk/kkj ij orZeku dks le>us dh

{kerk mRiUu djukA 12- oS'ohdj.k dh /kkj.kk dks O;kid cukuk rkfd vk/kqfud

ifjos'k ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fopkjksa esa uohurk dk lapkj gksA 13- v/kqfudhdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk bfrgkl fo"k; dks ifjekftZr

djuk] uohu [kkstksa] mR[kuu ls izkIr tkudkjh dks bfrgkl ds lkFk tksM+us dh izofr fodflr djukA

1-11-6 bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds izkI; mn~ns'; (OBJECTIVE OF HISTORY TEACHING) bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds izkI; mn~ns';ksa dks tkuus ls iwoZ mn~ns'; rFkk izkI; mn~ns';ksa dk vFkZ ,oa vUrj ns[kuk vfuok;Z gS] ijUrq ,slk ugha gSA

40

dkVZj oh-Mh-& Þy{; ;k mn~ns'; iwoZ fu/kkZfjr lk/; gksrk gS] tks fdlh dk;Z ;k fØ;k dk ekxZ n'kZu djrk gSAß mn~ns'; esa nwjnf'kZrk gS] lkFk gh mlesa vkn'kZokfnrk gksrh gSA izkIr mn~ns'; dk vFkZ (MEANING OF OBJECTIVE) tc ge fdlh mn~ns'; dh izkfIr ds fy, dk;Z djrs gs rks mlds fy, gesa ftu nksvh&nksvh ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk iM+rk gSaA mUgsa mn~ns'; ds izkI; mn~ns'; dgrs gsaa izk; mn~ns'; ds vFkZ dks Li"V djrs gqq,& dkVZj oh- xqM ds vuqlkj Þ izkIr mn~ns'; og ekun.M ;k y{; gS ftldks Nk= }kjk fo|ky; fØ;k dks iw.kZ djds izkIr fd;k tkrk gSß xqM ds 'kCnksa esa ßizkI; mn~ns'; Nk= ds O;ogkj esa og bfPNr ifjorZu gS] tks fo|ky; }kjk iFk&iznf'kZr vuqHko dk ifj.kke gksrk gSAß bl izdkj izkIr mn~ns'; esa O;kogkfjdrk vf/kd gksrh gSA nwljs] bldks izkIr djkus dk nkf;Ro f'k{kd ds dU/kksa ij gksrk gSA 1-11-7 mn~ns'; rFkk izkIr mn~ns'; esa vUrj (DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AIM AND OBJECTIVE)

mn~ns';@y{; izkI; mn~ns'; 1- mn~ns'; vfufnZ"V (vague)

gksrk gSA 1- izkI; mn~ns'; fof'k"V (Specific)

gksrk gSA 2- ;g d{kk&d{k dh f'k{k.k

j.kuhfr dks fu/kkZj.k djus esa lgk;d ugha gSA

2- ;g d{kk d{k dh f'k{k.k j.kuhfr dks fuf.kZr djus esa lgk;drk iznku djrk gSA

3- ;g lh[kus okyks dks Li"V f'k{kk &funsZ'k iznku ugha djrk gSA

3- ;g lh[kus okyks ;k Nk=ksa dks fuf'pr ,oa Li"V funsZ'k iznku djrk gSA

4- mn~ns'; dk {ks= O;kid gksrk gSA 4- izkI; mn~ns'; dk {ks= lhfer gksrk gSA

5- mn~ns'; ,d lkekU; dFku gSA 5- izkI; mn~ns'; ,d fuf'pr dFku gSA

6- mn~ns'; dh izkfIr ds fy, lEiw.kZ fo|ky; dk;ZØe lekt rFkk jk"Vª mRrjnk;h gksrk gSA

6- izkI; mn~ns'; y{; ;k mn~ns'; dh NksVh&NksVh 'kk[kk,a gksrh gSA budh izkfIr dk nkf;Ro f'k{kd ,oa fo"k; oLrq ij gksrk gSA

7- blesa vkn'kZokfnrk gksrh gSA 7- blesa O;kogkfjdrk gksrh gSA

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UNIT-2 bdkbZ&2

ikB~;Øe ,oa fu;kstu (CURRICULUM & PLANNING) 2- bfrgkl dk ikB~;Øe (Curriculum of history)

2-1 ikB~;Øe dk vFkZ (Meaning of curriculum)

2-1-1 ikB~;Øe dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Definitions of curriculum)

2-1-2 ikB~;Øe ,oa ikB~;p;kZ esa vUrj (Differnece between curriculum & syllabus)

2-1-3 ikB~;Øe ds ewy rRo (Basic elements of curriculum)

2-1-4 bfrgkl dk ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k djus ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr (Principle of curriculum construction in history)

2-1-5 bfrgkl ds orZeku ikB~;Øe dh vkykspuk (Critical appraisal of recent curriculum history)

2-1-5-1 fuEu ek/;fed Lrj ij ikB~;Øe (Low secondary stage)

2-1-5-2 ek/;fed Lrj ij ikB~;Øe (Secondary stage)

2-1-6 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ikB~;Øe lq/kkj gsrq fofHkUu lq>ko (Suggestion of curriculum improve)

2-1-7 ds-ih- pkS/kjh ds ikB~;Øe fu/kkZj.k ds lq>ko (Suggestions of curriculum decide)

2-1-8 izks- oh-Mh- ?kkVs ikB~;Øe fu/kkZj.k ds lq>ko (Suggestions of curriculum decide)

2-1-9 izks- lh-ih- fgy ikB~;Øe fu/kkZj.k ds lq>ko (Suggestions of curriculum decide)

2-2 bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk fu;kstu (Planning of history teaching)

2-2-1 fu;kstu dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Meaning & definitions of planning)

2-2-2 okf"kZd ;kstuk (Yearly plan)

2-2-2-1 okf"kZd ;kstuk fuekZ.k ds pj.k (Steps of construction yearly plan)

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2-2-2-2 okf"kZd ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k esa lko/kkfu;k¡ (Care construction of yearly plan)

2-2-2-3 okf"kZd ;kstuk ds ykHk (Profit of yearly plan)

2-3 bdkbZ ;kstuk (Unit plan)

2-3-1 bdkbZ dk vFkZ (Meaning of unit)

2-3-2 bdkbZ dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Definitions of unit)

2-3-3 bdkbZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of unit)

2-3-4 bdkbZ ds izdkj (Types of unit)

2-3-5 bdkbZ ;kstuk (Unit plan)

2-3-6 bdkbZ ;kstuk ds izdkj (Types of unit plan)

2-3-7 bdkbZ ;kstuk ds lksiku (Stpes of unit plan)

2-3-7-1 xzkEBl ds lksiku (Steps of GRAMTHS)

2-3-7-2 fjLd ds lksiku (Steps of Risk)

2-3-7-3 ekWjhlu ds lksiku (Steps of MORRISON)

2-3-8 bdkbZ ;kstuk ds ykHk (Profit of unit plan)

2-3-9 bdkbZ ;kstuk ds nks"k (Demerits of unit plan)

2-3-10 bdkbZ ;kstuk dk izk:i (Form of unit plan)

2-3-11 bdkbZ ;kstuk dh :ijs[kk

2-4 ikB&;kstuk (Lesson plan)

2-4-1 ikB ;kstuk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Lesson plan)

2-4-2 ikB ;kstuk dh ifjHkk"kk,a (Definitions of Lesson plan)

2-4-3 ikB ;kstuk dh vko';drk ;k ykHk (Neet & improvement of Lesson plan)

2-4-4 ikB ;kstuk ds vko';d rRo (Necessary elements of Lesson plan)

2-4-5 ikB ;kstuk ds fofo/k mikxe (Differnece approach

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of Lesson plan)

2-4-5-1 gjckVZ mikxe (HARBARIAL approach)

2-4-5-2 ekSjhlu mikxe (MORRISON approach)

2-4-5-3 M~;woh rFkk fdyisfVªd mikxe (DEWAY & KILPATRIC approach)

2-4-5-4 vesfjdu mikxe (AMERICAN approach)

2-4-5-5 fczfV'k mikxe (BRITISH approach)

2-4-5-6 Hkkjrh; mikxe (INDIAN approach)

2-4-6 nSfud ikB ;kstuk dk izk:i (Form of daily lesson plan)

2-4-7 ,d nSfud ikB ;kstuk dk uewuk ;k mnkgj.k (Example of one daily lesson plan)

2-5 bfrgkl f'k{kd ds xq.k] Hkwfedk ,oa O;kolkf;d mUufr (Qualities, role & professional growth of history teacher)

2-5-1 bfrgkl f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk ,oa O;kolkf;d mUufr (Roles & professional growth of history)

2-5-2 bfrgkl f'k{kd ds xq.k (Qualities of history teacher)

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ikB~;Øe dk vFkZ ,oa vo/kkj.kk (MEANING & CONCEPT OF CURRICULUM)

2- bfrgkl dk ikB~;Øe (CURRICULUM OF HISTORY) 2-1 ikB~;Øe dk vFkZ (MEANING OF CURRICULUM)-

f'k{kk ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlesa ckyd dk lokZaxh.k fodkl djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA fo|ky; dh leLr f'k{k.k fØ;kvksa dk vk/kkj fcUnq ikB~;&oLrq ;k fo"k;&oLrq gksrh gS vkSj fo"k;&oLrq ds izk:i dks gh ikB~;Øe dgrs gSaA fdlh Hkh f'k{kk laxBu esa fdlh Lrj ij fo"k;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k lHkh Lrj ds fy, fu/kkZfjr fd, x, f'k{kk mn~ns;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS vkSj f'k{kk dh bu miyfC/k;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq ikB~;Øe dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA Þdqjhdqyeß (CURRICULU) 'kCn dh mRifr ySfVu Hkk"kk ds ,d 'kCn ¼D;wjjs½ "CURRERE" ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ gS& "RACE-COURSE" ¼nkSM+ dk eSnku½A bl izdkj ikB~;Øe og nkSM+ dk eSnku gS] ftl ij ckyd y{; dks izkIr djus ds fy, nkSM+rk gSAÞ blls f'k{kk esa ikB~;Øe dk vFkZ gqvk Þ'kSf{kd mn~ns'; dks izkIr djus dk ,d lk/ku] ,oa ekxZAß 2-1-1 ikB~;Øe dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ (DEFINITION OF CURRICULUM)

1- dfua?ke ds 'kCnksa esa Þ ikB~;Øe dykdkj ¼f'k{kd½ ds gkFk esa ,d ;a= gS ftlls og viuh lkexzh ¼fo|kFkhZ½ dks vius vkn'kZ ¼y{;½ ds vuqlkj vius dykx`g ¼fo|ky;½ esa eksM+rk gSA

2- gkuhZ egksn; ds vuqlkj Þ;fn ikB~;Øe dks 'kSf{kd nkSM+ ds eSnku ds :i esa ys rks dgk tk ldrk gS fd f'k{kkFkhZ nkSM+us okyk O;fDr gS] ikB~;Øe og ekxZ gS] ftlds vuqlkj mls nkSM+uk gS] 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k ekxZ esa [kM+s n'kZd gS tks ckyd dks izksRlkfgr djrs gSa rFkk f'k{kd iFk izn'kZd gSA vr% ikB~;Øe ,d fn'kk ,oa lk/ku gS] ftldk vuqlj.k djds ckyd f'k{kk ds y{;ksa dks izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA ikB~; oLrq ds O;ofLFkr :i dks gh ikB~;Øe dh laKk nh tkrh gS] tks Nk=ksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSAß

3- Øks ,.M Øks ds vuqlkj Þ ikB~;Øe f'k{kkFkhZ ds leLr vuqHkoksa dks tks mls fo|ky; esa ;k fo|ky; ds ckgj izkIr gksrs gSa vkSj

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tks ,d ,sls izksxzke esa gksrs gSa] ftudk fuekZ.k mlds ekufld] 'kkjhfjd] laosxkRed] lkekftd] vk/;kfed rFkk uSfrd fodkl esa lgk;drk nsus gsrq gksrk gSAß

4- equjks ds 'kCnksa esa Þ ikB~;Øe esa os leLr vuqHko fufgr gS] ftudks fo|ky; }kjk f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSAß (Curriculum embodies all the experiennce which are utilized by the school to attainn the aims of educations,")

5- ek/;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx ¼1952½ ds vuqlkj Þ ikB~;Øe dk vFkZ :f<+oknh <+ax ls i<+k;s tkus okys ckSf)d fo"k;ksa ls ugha gS ijUrq mlds vUnj os lHkh fØ;k&dyki vk tkrs gSa] tks ckydksa dks d{kk ds ckgj rFkk Hkhrj izkIr gksrs gSaAß

("Curriculum does not mean the academic subject tought in the school but it includes total experiences that a child receives at a school".)

6- Ýkscsy ds vuqlkj Þ ikB~;Øe dks ekuo tkfr ds lEiw.kZ Kku rFkk vuqHkoksa dk lkj le>uk pkfg,Aß

(Curriculum should be conceived as on epitance of the rounded whole of the knowledge and experience of the human race.")

7- tkWu ,Q- dhj ds vuqlkj Þfo|ky; }kjk lHkh izdkj ds vf/kxe rFkk funsZ'ku dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS pkgs og O;fDrxr :i ls ;k lkewfgd :i esa fo|ky; ds vUnj ;k ckgj O;ofLFkr dh tk;s] os lHkh ikB~;Øe izk:i gksrh gSAß

(All the learning which is planned as guided by the school wheather it is carried win groups or individually, inside or outside the school, is in own as curriculum.") Curriculum is the pivot around which revolve all activities in the school. The child receives some- total of experiences and outside the classroom through the study of differentsubjects, community relationships, library,, work shops, sports and games, etc. It enables the child to adjust himself to his enviroment. It is the Warp and Woof." of deucation. 2-1-2 ikB~;Øe ,oa ikB~;p;kZ esa vUrj (DEFFERENCE BETWEEN CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS)

ikB~;Øe (CURRICULUM) ikB~;p;kZ (SYLLABUS)

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1- ikB~;Øe dk Lo:i O;kid gksrk gSA

1- ikB~;p;kZ esa ikB~;&oLrq dk Lo:i lqfuf'pr gksrk gSA

2- ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k dsUnzh; Lrj ij gksrk gSA

2- ikB~;p;kZ dk fo|ky;h Lrj ij fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

3- ikB~;Øe ckyd ds lEiw.kZ fodkl ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA

3- ikB~;p;kZ f'k{k.k fodkl dh :ijs[kk esa lEcfU/kr gSA

4- ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k mn~ns';ksa ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA

4- ikB~;Øe esa ikB~;p;kZ lfEefyr gksrh gSA

2-1-3 ikB~;Øe ds ewy rRo (BASIC ELEMINTS OF CURRICULUM) 2-1-4 bfrgkl dk ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k djus ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF CURRICULUMM CONSTRUCTION IN HISTORY) ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k djrs le; izeq[k fuEufyf[kr fl)kUr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,%&

1- leUo; rFkk dsUnzhdj.k dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF CONCENTRATIONN AND CORRELATION) & gjckVZ us loZizFke ;g crk;k Fkkk fd gekjk ikB~;Øe fofHkUu d.kksa esa laxfBr gSA ikB~;Øe ds rF; ,sls gksus pkfg, ftuds }kjk leUo; LFkkfir fd;k tk ldsA gjckVZ ds f'k"; ftyj (ZILLER) us bl fl)kUr dks dsUnzhdj.k dk :i fn;kA mldk fopkj Fkk fd ,d fo"k; dks dsUnz cukdj vU; fo"k;ksa dk f'k{k.k iznku fd;k tk;sA blds fy, mlus bfrgkl dks dsUnz cuk;k] ftl izdkj Øk¶V dks csfld f'k{kk esa dsUnzh; fo"k; cuk;k x;k bl fl)kUr dks iz;ksx esa rHkh yk;k tk ldrk gS] tc mlds rF; blds fy, pqus tk;sA mUgha rF;ksa dk fu.kZ; fd;k tk;] tks leUo; rFkk dsUnzh;dj.k LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk iznku dj ldsA

mn~ns'; (Objectives)

ikB~;&oLrq (Content)

ewY;kadu (Evaluation)

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2- izsj.kk dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF MOTIVATION) %& ikB~;Øe fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Lo;a dqN lh[kkus ds fy, izsj.kknk;d gksuk pkfg,A ikB~;Øe dks izsj.kknk;d cukus ds fy, mls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh :fp] bPNk] ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa {kerkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk ugha gksus ij fo|kFkhZ f'k{k.k esa dHkh Hkh :fp ugha ys ldrk gS og d{kk esa ek= ,d Jksrk cudj jg tkrk gSA d{kk dk fujl okrkoj.k gksus ds dkj.k og Åc dk vuqHko djrk gSA

3- vfHk:fp dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF INTERST) %& bfrgkl dh fo"k;&oLrq dk p;u djrs le; ckydksa dh :fp ds vuqlkj rF;ksa dk laxzgj.k djuk pkfg, ftlls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa bfrgkl dh lR;rk tkapus dh izofr mRiUu gks ldsaA

4- 'kSf{kd fl)kUr (PRINCIPLEOF EDUCATION) %& bfrgkl ds ikB~;Øe dk mn~ns'; ckydksa ds pfj= fuekZ.k esa lgk;drk iznku gksuk pkfg,A blls ckydksa esa rdZ 'kfDr] fopkj 'kfDr] Lej.k 'kfDr] rFkk fu.kZ; 'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gSA blds }kjk orZeku le; dh leL;kvksa dk gy izkIr gksrk gS rFkk ckydksa dks mlds okrkoj.k ds vuqdwy f'k{kk iznku djds lkekftd psruk dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ckydksa dks ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk iznku djus ds fy, ikB~;Øe esa lkekftd o 'kSf{kd ewY;ksa dks Hkh lfEefyr djuk pkfg, ftlls ckydksa dks lS)kfUrd ,oa O;kogkfjd Kku izkIr gks ldsA

5- fofo/krk ,oa yphysiu dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF VIVIDNESS & FLEXIBILITY) %& bfrgkl esa ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k djrs le; fofo/krk ,oa yphysiu ds vuqlkj fo"k; oLrq dk lek;kstu bfrgkl esa fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk le;kuqlkj mlesa uohu rF;ksa o ?kVukvksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tk lds rFkk vko';drkuqlkj vuko';d rF;ksa dks gVk;k Hkh tk ldsA ek/;fed f'k{kk vk;ks ;k eqnkfy;j vk;ksx ¼1952½ ds vuqlkj ÞoS;fDrd fofHkUurkvksa dks Lohdkj djus vkSj oS;fDrd vko';drkvksa ,oa :fpk;sa dk vuqdwyu djus ds fy, ikB~;Øe esa i;kZIr fofHkUurk ,oa yphykiu gksuk pkfg,A^^

6- lkekftd vuq:irk dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL RELEVANCE) %& bfrgkl ds ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k djrs le; ml fo"k;&oLrq dks ikB~;Øe esa LFkku nsuk pkfg, ftlds }kjk lekt dh vko';drk,sa iwjh gks lds vkSj mlds v/;;u ls fo|kFkhZ Hkkoh thou esa vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk vklkuh ls dj ldsA

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7- ,drk dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF UNITY) %& bfrgkl dk ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k djrs le; ,drk dks /;ku esa j[kdj bfrgkl ds rF;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, rFkk blesa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dh izeq[k nsuksa dks LFkku nsuk pkfg,A blh ,drk dks vkxs ds fy, cuk, j[kus ds fy, gesa bfrgkl dh lkexzh dks viuh lEiw.kZrk ds lkFk bfrgkl f'k{k.k izkjEHk djus ls iwoZ fuf'pr dj ysuk pkfg,A ikB~;Øe dks ,drk vk/kkfjr cukdj vU; fo"k;ksa ds lkFk leUo; LFkkfir djds bfrgkl f'k{k.k dks izHkko'kkyh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

8- le; dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF AVAILABILITY OF TIME) %& bfrgkl esa ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k djrs oDr le; dk iw.kZ /;ku j[kdj ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk, rkfd fu/kkZfjr le; iwoZ fuf'or ikB~;Øe dks fcuk fdlh fnDdr ds miyC/k lalk/ku ds iz;ksx ls iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA

9- laj{k.krk o gLrkUrj.k dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF PRESERVATION AND TRANSMISSION) %& izR;sd lekt dh viuh Lo;a dh ,d laLdfr vkSj viuh&viuh ijEijk,¡] jhfr&fjokt] pky&pyu] ,oa ekU;rk,¡ gksrh gSA lekt ds vfLrRo dks cukdj j[kus ds fy, viuh lkaLdfrd ijEijkvksaa rFkk ekU;rkvksa dks cukdj j[kuk iM+sxkA f'k{kk Lo;a viuk vfLrRo dks cukdj j[kus ds fy, izkphu lH;rk o laLdfr vkSj xkSjo dk ikB i<k,A vr% ikB~;Øe dks fuekZ.k djrs le; mlesa vko';drk ,oa le;kuqlkj Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLdfr ls lEcfU/kr fo"k;&oLrq dk lekos'k fd;k tk;sA

10- mi;ksfxrk dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY) %& bfrgkl ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k djrs le; mles ,slh fo"k;&oLrq dks 'kkfey fd;k tk;s tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa :fp ,oa izsj.kk tkxzr djus esa l{ke gks vFkkZr~ ikB~;Øe thouksi;ksxh gksuk pkfg, ftlls O;kogkfjd Kku fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks iznku fd;k tk ldsA

11- fØ;k'khyrk dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF ACTIVITY) %& bfrgkl fo"k; ds ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k djrs le; fØ;k'khyrk dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ ftl Kku dks fo|kFkhZ Lo;a djds lh[krk gS og Kku vf/kd LFkk;h ,oa izHkkoh gksrk gSA ckyd dh izkjafHkd izofr fØ;k'khyrk ikB~;Øe esa ,slh fo"k;&oLrq dks 'kkfey fd;k tk;s tks ckyd dks vf/kdkf/kd Lo;a ds volj iznku djrh gSA blds fy, bfrgkl esa jpukRed dk;ksaZ tSls& ekWMy] fp=] js[kkfp=] ekufp=] le; js[kk vkfn dks LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

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2-1-5 bfrgkl ds orZeku ikB~;Øe dh vkykspuk %& (A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RECENT CURRICULUM OF HISTORY) 2-1-5-2 ¼v½ fuEu ek/;fed Lrj (LOW SECONDARY LEVEL) %& fuEu ek/;fed Lrj ij ikB~;Øe dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ nf"Vxkspj gksrh gS%&

1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk vodk'k dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, i;kZIr fo"k; lkexzh dk lekos'k gSA

2- euksfoKku dk lgkjk ysdj fo'ks"kKksa }kjk ikB~;Øe rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA

3- bl Lrj ij bfrgkl ds rhu dkyks 1- izkphudkyhu bfrgkl 2- e/;dkyhu bfrgkl 3- vk/kqfud bfrgkl vkfn dk Kku fn;k x;k gSA

4- bfrgkl ds mDr rhuksa dkyksa ds lkekftd] lkaLdfrd ,oa vkfFkZd n'kk dk Kku fd;k x;k gSA

5- dkyØe ds vuqlkj fof/kor~ fo"k;&oLrq dk izLrqrhdj.k fd;k x;k gS] tks le; Kku dk Hkko nsus ds fy, i;kZIr gSA

6- ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls voxr djk;k x;k gSA

7- le; Kku ds fodkl dks n<+ fd;k x;kA 8- bfrgkl ds izfr :fp tkxzr djus ds fy, dgkuh vk/kkfjr

f'k{k.k dk;Z ij cy fn;k x;kA 9- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ns'k izse ,oa fo'ocU/kqRo dh Hkkouk ij vk/kkfjr

ikB~;ØeA fuEu ek/;fed Lrj ij ikB~;Øe esa nks"k (DEMERITS OF LOW SECONDARY LEVEL CURRICULUM)%&

1- fuEu ek/;fed Lrj ij fu/kkZfjr ikB~;Øe fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lokZaxh.k fodkl djus esa l{ke ugha gSA

2- bl Lrj ds ckydksa esa jk"Vªh;rk o ns'k HkfDr dh Hkkouk dk fodkl ugha dj ldrkA

3- ;g ikB~;Øe Nk=ksa dh :fp ,oa ;ksX;rkuqlkj ughaA 4- bl Lrj ij fo'o bfrgkl dh rjQ /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA 5- bl Lrj ij ikB~;Øe esa 'kkfey fo"k;&oLrq dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx

fu:i;ksxh gSA

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6- bldk fuekZ.k O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa ds fu;e ij vk/kkfjr ugha gSA

7- bl Lrj ij fufeZr ikB~;Øe vR;Ur lS)kfUr rFkk iqLrdh gSA 8- bl Lrj ij fufeZr ikB~;Øe ladqfpr fopkj/kkjkvksa ij vk/kkfjr

gSA fuEu ek/;fed Lrj ij ikB~;Øe esa lq/kkj gsrq lq>ko (SUGGESTIONS OF LOW SECONDARY LEVEL CURRICULUM)%&

1- oS;fDrd fofHkUurkvksa ds fl)kUr dks vk/kkj LrEHk ekudj ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk;sA

2- fØ;kRed dk;ksa Z ij vf/kdkf/kd cy nsuk pkfg,A 3- fo"k;&oLrq dk p;u ckydksa dh :fp o ;ksX;rkuqlkj djuk

pkfg,A 4- f'k{k.k lw= Kkr ls vKkr] ljy ls dfBu vkfn dk /;ku j[krs

gq, fo"k;&oLrq dk p;u djuk pkfg,A 5- jk"Vªh; ,drk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx] fo'o cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk dks

fodflr djus okys rF;ksa dk lekos'k gksuk pkfg,A 6- ikB~;Øe esa leUo; dh laHkkoukvksa ij /;ku fn;k tk;sA 7- ikB~;Øe ckydksa dh izkdfrd ;ksX;rkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj

cuk;k tk;s vFkkZr~ ikB~;Øe esa ckydksa dh vko';drkvksa] :fp;ksa] vfHk:fp;ksa rFkk iwokZuqHkoksa dk iwjk&iwjk /;ku j[kk tk;sA

8- ikB~;Øe esa thou ewY;ksa rFkk vkn'kksaZ dk iwjk&iwjk /;ku j[kk tk;sA

9- ikB~;Øe esa fo|ky; esa ?kfVr gksus okyh lEiw.kZ 'kS{kf.kd fØ;kvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

2-1-5-2 ¼c½ ek/;fed Lrj ij ikB~;Øe (SECONDARY LEVEL) %& ek/;fed Lrj ij ikB~;Øe dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ nf"Vxkspj gksrh gS%&

1- ek/;fed Lrj ij ikB~;Øe esa leUo; dh laHkkoukvksa ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA

2- ikB~;Øe esa 'kkfey fo"k;&oLrq dk laxBu euksoSKkfud fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjrA

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3- ckydksa dh oS;fDrd fofHkUurkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj ikB~;Øe rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA

4- fo"k;&oLrq dh iqujkofr dh O;oLFkk bl ikB~;Øe esa gS rkfd iw.kZ esa izkIr Kku LFkk;h :i ys ldsA

5- ikB~;Øe esa thou ewY;ksa ,oa vkn'kksa Z ij vk/kkfjrA 6- ikB~;Øe esa fo|ky; esa ?kfVr lEiw.kZ 'kS{kf.kd fØ;kvksa dks

'kkfey fd;k x;kA 7- ek/;fed Lrj ds ikB~;Øe ls ckydksa dks ladh.kZ Hkkoukvksa ls

ckgj fudkydj lHkh /keksa Z ds izfr loZ/keZ leHkko rFkk jk"Vªh;rk ,drk dks cy fn;k tk jgk gSa

8- ek/;fed Lrj ij ikB~;Øe esa mfpr f'k{k.k i)fr;ksa ,oa fof/k;ksa ds iz;ksx ij cy fn;k tk jgk gSA

ek/;fed Lrj ds ikB~;Øe esa nks"k (DEMERITS CURRICULUM OF SECONDARY LEVEL)%& ek/;fed Lrj ds ikB~;Øe esa izeq[k nks"k fuEufyf[kr gSA

1- ek/;fed Lrj dk ikB~;Øe vR;Ur lS)kfUrd rFkk iqLrdh; gSA

2- ikB~;Øe foLrr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk Lrjkuqdwy ugha gSA 3- ikB~;Øe foLrqr gksus ds dkj.k ÅckÅ o cksf>y gks x;kA 4- ikB~;Øe esa ewY;ksa dh vogsyuk dh xbZ gSA 5- ikB~;Øe ckydksa esa vkn'kZ&pfj= dk fuekZ.k djus esa Hkh lQy

ugha gks ik;k gSA 6- ek/;fed Lrj ds ikB~;Øe esa ,frgkfld Kku nsus ds fy,

vuko';d fo"k;&oLrq dk lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA 7- ek/;fed Lrj ds ikB~;Øe esa dksbZ iwoZ fu/kkZfjr mn~ns';ksa dk u

gksukA 8- ek/;fed Lrj ds ikB~;Øe esa O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa ds fu;eksa

dh vogsyuk dh xbZ gSA 9- ek/;fed Lrj ds ikB~;Øe esa vko';drk ls vf/kd ijh{kkvksa

ij cy fn;k x;kA ek/;fed Lrj ij ikB~;Øe esa lq/kkj gsrq lq>ko (SUGGESTION OF SECONDARY LEVEL CURRICULUM) %&

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1- ek/;fed Lrj ij ikB~;Øe esa ckydksa ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ls lEcfU/kr fo"k;&oLrq dks 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A

2- ikB~;Øe fu/kkZfjr mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ esa lgk;d gksuk pkfg,A 3- bl Lrj ij ikB~;Øe dks cukrs le; Nk=ksa dh ;ksX;rkvksa

rFkk iwokZuqHkoksa dk /;ku j[kk tk;sA 4- ikB~;Øe esa ijh{kk dks bruk vf/kd egRo ugha nsuk pkfg,A

lkFk gh lkFk ijh{kkvksa ds orZeku :i dks Hkh cnyk tk;sA 5- ikB~;Øe esa 'kkfey dh tkus okyh fo"k;&oLrq dk laxBu

euksoSKkfud fof/k ls djuk pkfg,A 6- ikB~;Øe Þdjds lh[kusß ds fl)kUr ds Åij vk/kkfjr gksuk

pkfg,A 7- ikB~;Øe esa fo|ky; esa ?kfVr gksusokyh lEiw.kZ 'kS{kf.kd fØ;kvksa

dks lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA 8- fo|ky; ds vU; fo"k;ksa ds lkFk lglEcU/k LFkkfir djrs gq,

ikB~;oLrq izLrqr dh tkuh pkfg,A 9- vko';d rFkk mi;ksxh lkexzh gh ikB~;Øe esa 'kkfey djuh

pkfg,A 10- ikB~;Øe esa Hkkjr ds vfrfjDr fo'o dh vU; lH;rkvksa dh

tkudkjh Hkh lfEefyr djuh pkfg, rkfd ckydksa esa fo'o cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gks ldsA

2-1-6 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ikB~;Øe lq/kkj gsrq fofHkUu lq>kko (SUGGESTION OF IMPROVE HISTORY TEACHING CURRICULUM)%&

1- uohu ikB~;Øe vR;Ur yphyk gksuk pkfg, ftlls le;kuqlkj vko';d ifjorZu djrs gq, mls nks"keqDr cuk;k tk ldsA

2- ikB~;Øe esa lfEefyr fo"k; oLrq dk dsUnz fcUnq Þckyd dk lokZaxh.k fodklß gksuk pkfg,A

3- ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k vU; fo"k;ksa ds lg lEcU/k ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A

4- bfrgkl dk ikB~;Øe lnSo lkekftd iquthZou ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ,d lk/ku ds :i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg,A

5- ckydksa dh :fp vkSj ;ksX;rkuqlkj fofHkUu Lrjksa dk ikB~;Øe fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk;sA

6- ikB~;Øe esa mi;qDr rFkk mfpr f'k{k.k i)fr;ksa ,oa fof/k;ksa dk lekos'k djuk pkfg,A

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7- ikB~;Øe fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvks vkfn rFkk LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk lkekftd vko';drkvksa] ijEijkvksa rFkk mu vk/kkjksa ds Åij ikB~;Øe fufeZr djsA

2-1-7 ds-ih- pkS/kjh us ikB~;Øe fu/kkZj.k ds fy, fuEufyf[kr lq>ko fn;s gSa%&

1- ikB~;Øe fu/kkZj.k esa ckyd rFkk mlds okrkoj.k dks dsUnz cuk;k tk;sA

2- ikB~;Øe esa mu rF;ksa dks pquk tk;s tks Hkkjrh; lekt dks le>us esa lgk;rk iznku djsA

3- mu rF;ksa dk p;u fd;k tk;s tks orZeku thou dh O;k[;k djus esa lgk;rk iznku djsaA

4- bfrgkl rF;ksa dk p;u djrs le; blds mn~ns';ksa dks /;ku esa vo'; j[kuk pkfg,A

2-1-8 izks- oh-Mh- ?kkVs us ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k gsrq fuEu lq>ko izLrqr fd, gS%&

1- ikB~;Øe esa mu rF;ksa dks pquk tk, tks orZeku fo'o dks fdlh u fdlh :i esa izLrqr dj Kku dks egRoiw.kZ ,oa vFkZiw.kZ cuk ldsA

2- mu rF;ksa dk p;u fd;k tk;s ftudk fo'ys"k.k gks rFkk ekuoh; fodkl ;k mUufr dh ;kstuk esa mi;qDr gksA

3- mu rF;ksa dk p;u fd;k tk;s rks Øe mRiUu djs vkSj bfrgkl ds izLrqrhdj.k esa ,drk cuk;s j[ksA

4- izkFkfed Lrj ij ,d dsUnzh; fopkj fcUnq dk p;u dj blds pkjksa vksj dh :ijs[kk dk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg, vkSj ikB~;Øe mlh dsUnz ds fodkl dks ,sfrgkfld Øe izLrqr djsA

2-1-8 izks- lh-ih- fgy us ikB~;Øe ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, fuEufyf[kr lq>ko fn;s gSa %&

1- ikB~;Øe bl izdkj fu;ksftr fd;k tk;s fd og fo|ky;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ djsA

2- ikB~;Øe bl izdkj jpk tk;s ftlls bfrgkl dk vU; fo"k;ksa ls lEcU/k LFkkfir fd;k tk ldsA

3- ckydksa dh :fp] voLFkk vkfn dk /;ku j[kdj fofHkUu Lrjksa ds vuqdwy fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk;sA

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4- ikB~;Øe esa yksp'khyrk (FLEXIBILITY) gksuh pkfg, ftlls mlesa uohu vuqHkoksa dks LFkku fn;k tk ldsA

5- mPp d{kkvksa ds fy, fo'ks"k dky fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk;sA 6- bfrgkl dk ikB~;Øe lnSo lkekftd iquthZou ds fuekZ.k ds

fy, ,d lk/ku dk dk;Z djsA 2-2 bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk fu;kstu %& (PLANNING THE TEACHING OF HISTORY)

2-2-1 fu;kstu dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk,¡ (MEANING & DEFINITIONS OF PLANNING)%&

fdlh Hkh dk;Z dh lQyrk ml dk;Z dks ;kstukc) <ax ls djus esa gSA ;fn mldk iwoZ fu;kstu dj fy;k tk,xk rks dk;Z dh lQyrk esa dksbZ lUnsg ugha gSA blds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ;kstuk lqO;ofLFkr] mn~ns';iw.kZ rFkk lalk/kuksa dks nf"Vxr j[krs gq, cukbZ tk,A O;kolkf;d dk;ksaZ esa rks ;kstuk dh vfuok;Zrk gksrh gS ijUrq f'k{k.k ds {ks= esa Hkh ;g ,d vko';drk cu xbZ gSA ;fn f'k{kd f'k{k.k ls iwoZ ,d O;ofLFkr ;kstuk cuk ysrk gS rks og f'k{k.k dk;Z esa vo'; lQy gksrk gSA ,d lQy v/;kid ;fn vius fo"k; dh okf"kZd ;kstuk cukdj mls bdkbZ ;kstukvksa esa foHkDr dj mls ,d rkfdZd Øe esa O;ofLFkr djrk gS rFkk fu;ksftr :i ls lc dqN fy[k ysrk gS rks ;g f'k{k.k ;kstuk dgykrh gSA vkbZ-ds- Msoht (I-K- DAVIES) %& Þfu;kstu ds vUrxZr os lHkh fØ;k,a lfEefyr dh tkrh gS] ftUgsa f'k{kd lh[kus ds mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, lEiUu djrk gSAß 2-2-2 ¼1½ okf"kZd ;kstuk (ANNUAL PLANNING) %& fdlh Hkh f'k{k.k laLFkk esa f'k{k.k ;kstuk ds vUrxZr nks izdkj dh ;kstuk,¡ cukbZ tkrh

bfrgkl f'k{k.k fu;kstu dh ;kstukvksa ds izdkj

(Type of Planning History Teaching)

okf"kZd ;kstuk ANNUAL PLAN

bdkbZ ;kstuk UNIT PLAN

nSfud ikB ;kstuk DAILY LESSION PLAN

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gS] igyh nh?kZdkyhu ;kstuk] nwljh vYidkfyd ;kstukA f'k{k.k dk;Z iwjs lky ds fy, ;k l= i;ZUr pyus okyh izfØ;k gSA vr% lEiw.kZ l= ds fy, fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, iwoZ fu/kkZfjr lk/kuksa dk vf/kdkf/kd O;ofLFkr mi;ksx djds f'k{k.k dk;Z dk lQy lapkyu fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ og ;kstuk ftlds }kjk f'k{kdksa dks o"kZHkj ds ikB~;Øe dks iw.kZ djus dh lEiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA f'k{k.k dk;Z 1 tqykbZ ls 'kq: bl f'k{k.k o"kZ esa lqpk: :i ls dk;Z djus ds fy, tks ;kstuk cukbZ tkrh gS og okf"kZd ;kstuk dgykrh gSA fofHkUu izdkj dh d{kkvksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k; i<k;s tkrs gSaA vr% lHkh d{kkvksa ds fy, ,d okf"kZd ;kstuk ugha cukbZ tk ldrh D;ksafd d{kk ds Lrj ds lkFk&lkFk mldh ikB~;oLrq esa Hkh foHkUurk gksrh gSA bl izdkj vyx&vyx rjg dh okf"kZd ;kstuk cukbZ tkrh gS ;g ;kstuk o"kZHkj ds lEiw.kZ 'kSf{kd dk;ksaZ dk izfrfcEc gksrk gSA 2-2-2-1 okf"kZd ;kstuk fuekZ.k ds pj.k (STEPS OF FORMATION YEARLY PLAN)%& okf"kZd ;kstuk ds vk/kkj ij gh f'k{k.k dk;Z dh lQyrk fuHkZj djrh gS vr% okf"kZd ;kstuk o"kZHkj ds 'kSf{kd dk;ksa Z dk vk/kkj LrEHk] izfrfcEc ,oa ekxZn'kZd gksrh gSA bl izdkj okf"kZd ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa dks nf"Vxr j[kdj djuk pkfg, %&

1- okf"kZd ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djrs le; loZizFke ikB~;Øe dk fo'ys"k.k dj i<kbZ tkus okyh ikB~;oLrq dk vyx&vyx bdkb;ksa esa foHkktu dj ysuk pkfg,A

2- ;kstuk fuekZ.k ds le; v/;kid dks f'k{k.k mn~ns'; miyC/k lk/ku&lqfo/kk,¡ vkfn dk /;ku j[kdj lko/kkuhiwoZd bldk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg,A

3- okf"kZd ;kstuk cukrs le; bdkbZ dh izdfr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A ;fn bdkbZ dfBu Lrj dh gS rks mls vf/kd egRo rFkk ljy Lrj dks de egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

4- okf"kZd ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k lkekU;r% ,d f'k{k.k o"kZ ds rhuksa l=ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj djuk pkfg, ftlls ;kstuk vf/kd izHkko'kkyh curh gSA

5- ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djrs le; fo"k;k/;kidksa dks vius fo"k; esa izkIr dkyka'kksa dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ysuh pkfg,A f'k{k.k l= ds dqy dkyka'kksa esa vodk'k fnol o ijh{kk fnol ?kVkus ds ckn dk;Z fnol izkIr gks tkrs gSaA

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6- ;kstuk fuekZ.k djrs oDr lHkh v/;kidksa dks cSBd esa fopkj&foe'kZ dj ;g r; dj ysuk pkfg, fd izR;sd bdkbZ gsrq fdrus dkyka'kksa dh vko'drk gSA

7- vkofr] ewY;kadu rFkk lq/kkjkRed v/;kiu ds dkyka'k dh O;oLFkk izR;sd bdkbZ gsrq dh tkuh pkfg,A

8- okf"kZd ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djrs le; izR;sd bdkbZ ds egRiw.kZ 'kSf{kd mn~ns';ksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A

9- okf"kZd ;kstuk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa ;kstuk ds lQy fØ;kUo;u ds fy, vko';d f'k{k.k lkexzh dk mYys[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

10- okf"kZd ;kstuk cukrs le; mn~ns';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrs le; lhekvksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A tSls& KkukRed mn~ns'; izkIr djus esa le; de yxrk gS tcfd dkS'ky] vocks/k o Kkuksi;ksx dk fodkl djuk gks rks ;kstuk esa vf/kd le; nsuk gksxkA

2-2-2-2 okf"kZd ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k esa lko/kfu;k¡ %&

1- ;kstuk dk Lo:i yphyk gksuk pkfg, rkfd vko';drk ,oa le;kuqlkj mlesa la'kks/ku fd;k tk ldsA

2- okf"kZd ;kstuk esa lfEefyr fØ;kRed fo"k; oLrq dh izdfr O;ogkfjd vf/kd gksuh pkfg,A

3- ;kstuk cukrs le; ,d gh d{kk ds ,d gh fo"k; ds ,d ls vf/kd v/;kid gks rks muds chp esa lek;kstu ,oa leUo; dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

4- ;kstuk fuekZ.k ls iwoZ lEcfU/kr v/;kidksa dks fiNys o"kksaZ dh ;kstuk dks vPNh rjg le> ysuk pkfg,A

5- ;kstuk fuekZ.k djrs le; v/;kid dks vius ofj"B v/;kidksa ,oa vU; lacaf/kr fo'ks"kKksa dh lykg ysuh pkfg,A

6- ;kstuk fuekZ.k ls iwoZ v/;kid dks iwjs l= ds dqy dk;Z fnolksa dh la[;k Kkr dj ysuh pkfg,A

7- ;kstuk fuekZ.k ds le; v/;kid dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Lrj ,oa Lo;a dh dk;Z{kerk rFkk n{krk dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

2-2-2-3 okf"kZd ;kstuk ds ykHk (ADVANTAGES OF YEARLY PLAN)%&

1- f'k{k.k dk;Z dk lqpk: ,oa O;ofLFkr <ax ls lapkyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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2- ;kstuk ds }kjk lEcfU/kr v/;kidksa dks v/;kiu esa ekxZn'kZu feyrk gSA

3- ;kstuk ds }kjk iwoZ fu/kkZfjr mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr dk Kku v/;kid dks jgrk gSA

4- lEiw.kZ l= ds dk;Z dks ;kstukc) <ax ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA 5- ;kstuk fuekZ.k ls v/;kidksa dk Lo&ewY;kadu laHko gks ikrk gSA 6- okf"kZd ;kstuk fuekZ.k ls mipkjkRed f'k{k.k esa lgk;rk iznku

gksrh gSA 7- ;kstuk ds }kjk izR;sd bdkbZ iw.kZ gksus ij bdkbZ ewY;kadu

ljyrk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA 8- ;kstuk fuekZ.k ls lq/kkjkRed v/;kiu dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh tk

ldrh gSA 9- okf"kZd ;kstuk esa izR;sd ijh{kk ls lEcfU/kr ikB~;Øe dk

mYys[k jgrk gSA vr% ewY;kadu dh nf"V ls mi;ksxh gSA 10- l=Hkj pyus okys f'k{k.k dk;Z ds fy, iFk&izn'kZd ,oa

ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa mi;ksxh gSA 2-3 bdkbZ ;kstuk (UNIT PLAN)-

tc dksbZ dk;Z fcuk ;kstuk ds fd;k tkrk gS] rks lQyrk ,oa iwoZ fu/kkZfjr mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr laHko ugha gSA f'k{k.k ds {ks= esa Hkh ;g fl)kUr ykxw gksrk gSa ;fn f'k{kd vius f'k{k.k dks lQyrk iznku djuk pkgrk gS rFkk f'k{k.k ds mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djuk pkgrk gS] rks mls fu;ksftr f'k{k.k djuk pkfg;s vFkkZr~ ;kstuk cukdj f'k{k.k djuk pkfg;sA ;kstuk cukdj f'k{k.k djuk gh izHkkoh f'k{k.k dk jkt gSA lHkh lQy f'k{kd ;kstuk cukdj gh f'k{k.k dk;Z djrs gSaA ;sktuk foLrr gks ;k laf{kIr Hkh gks ldrh gSA f'k{k.k dh ;kstuk nks Lrjksa ij cukbZ tkrh gS] 1- bdkbZ Lrj ij] 2- nSfud ikB izdj.k Lrj ijA 2-3-1 bdkbZ dk vFkZ (MEANING OF UNIT)- KkrO; gS fd f'k{kk 'kCn dks"k ls] dksbZ 'kCn dk vFkZ ikBksa dk leqPp; gksrk gSA bdkbZ dk rkRi;Z KkukuqHkoksa ds ,dhdr :i ls gS] ,sls vuqHko tks fd vkil esa lEcfU/kr gks rFkk ftUgsa ,d lkFk i<k;k tk lds] f'k{k.k bdkbZ ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA f'k{k.k esa bdkbZ dk loZizFke mi;ksx ekWjhlu us fd;kA ekWjhlu us ;g ekuk fd bdkbZ f'k{k.k dk ,d vko';d vax gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh Nk= fo"k;&oLrq dks iw.kZ :i ls rHkh

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vkRelkr~ dj ldrk gS] tc mls ;kstukc) <ax ls izLrqr dj fn;k tk,A vr% bdkbZ ikB~;Øe dk og laxfBr :i gS] tks Kku ds fdlh egRoiw.kZ {ks= ij dsfUnzr jgrk gS rFkk ftldk Kku gksus ds fdlh egRoiw.kZ {ks= ij dsfUnzr jgrk gS rFkk ftldk Kku gksus ij mlesa fufgr lHkh izdj.kksa dk vkil esa lEcU/k Li"V gks tkrk gSA 2-3-2 ifjHkk"kk,¡ (DEFINITIONS)-

1- osLys rFkk jkWULdh ds 'kCnksa esa ÞbdkbZ lh[kus okys ds fy, egRoiw.kZ vuq'khyuksa dks izHkkfor djus gsrq cukbZ xbZ lwpukvksa rFkk vuqHkoksa dh ,d laxfBr O;oLFkk gksAß ("The unit is an organised body of informations and experience designed to significant outcomes for the learner.")

2- leQksMZ (SAMFORD) ds 'kCnksa esa] ÞbdkbZ ,slh fo"k; oLrq dh :i js[kk gS tks f'k{kkFkhZ dh vko'drkvksa vkSj :fp;ksa ls lEcfU/kr gksus ls vius vki esa vyx lh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAß (Unit is an outline of carefully selected subject matter which has been isolated because of its relationship to pupils needs and interest .") SAMFORD

3- lh- ekWjhlu (C. MORRISON) ds vuqlkj ÞbdkbZ laxfBr foKku rFkk dyk ds okrkoj.k dk foLrr o egRoiw.kZ igyw gS] ftlds lh[k ysus ls O;fDrRo esa vuqdwyrk vkrh gSAß

4- izsLVku (PRESTON) ds 'kCnksa esa Þ,d tSlh oLrqvksa dk lewg tks fd vf/kxark }kjk cks/kxE; gks] bdkbZ dgykrh gSAß (A init is as large a block of delated subject matter as can be overviewed by the learner.")- PRESTON

5- gUuk] gsteSu rFkk iksVj (HANNA, HAGEMEN & POTTER) ds 'kCnksa esa ÞbdkbZ lksn~ns'; :i ls lh[kus ls lEcfU/kr vuqHko gS] ftldk dsUnz fcUnq lkekftd :i ls egRoiw.kZ ,slk Kku gS] tks lh[kus okys ds O;ogkj dks lq/kkjrk gS rFkk mls thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk vf/kd izHkkod :i ls lek;kstu djus ;ksX; cukrk gSAß ("A unit can be defined a purposeful learning experience for used upot some socialy significant under. Standing which will modify the behiour or the learner and to enable to adjust to a life situation more effectively.")

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2-3-3 bdkbZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (CHARACTERISTICS OF UNIT) 1- ckydksa ds fy, cks/kxE; rFkk :fp tkxzr djus okyhA 2- lEiw.kZ ikB~;Øe mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr laHkoA 3- f'k{k.k ds lHkh mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr laHkoA 4- ckydksa dks uohu vuqHkoksa dk Kku vftZr djkus esa lgk;dA 5- nSfud f'k{k.k ds fy, vk/kkj iznku djus okyhA 6- lEiw.kZ ls va'k dh vksj] fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjrA 7- lEiw.kZ vuqHko ij vk/kkfjrA 8- vU; bdkbZ;ksa ls lEcU/k tksM+us esa lgk;dA 9- f'k{k.k esa fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx laHko vkfnA 2-3-4 bdkbZ ds izdkj (TYPE OF UNIT)

vr% ge ;g eku ldrs gSa fd izR;sd Lrj ij bdkbZ ds vkdkj dk fu.kZ; mlesa lfEefyr fo"k; oLrq dh ek=k ij fuHkZj djrk gS] bl vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd bdkbZ f'k{k.k vf/kxe ifjfLFkfr dk og lewg gS] tks de ls de nks rFkk vf/kd ls vf/kd vkB ls nl ikBksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldsA

2-3-5 bdkbZ ;kstuk (UNIT PLAN)

fdlh Hkh dk;Z dh lQyrk mlds iwoZ fu;kstu ij fuHkZj djrh gSA blh izdkj f'k{k.k ds {ks= esa Hkh izR;sd dk;Z dk O;ofLFkr fØ;koU;u djus ds fy, ;kstuk cuk ysuk vfr vko';d gSA blds

izfØ;kRed bdkbZ

lkSUn;kZred bdkbZ

v/;kiukRed bdkbZ

lk/kkukRed bdkbZ

KkukRed bdkbZ

vuqHkokRed bdkbZ

bdkbZ ds izdkj

Type of unit

60

vUrxZr v/;kid dks vius v/;kiu dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr ;kstuk cukdj gh f'k{k.k dk;Z djuk pkfg,A vr% blds fy, mls vius fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr ikBksa dh bdkbZ;ksa cuk ysuh pkfg, vkSj bUgha bdkb;ksa dks f'k{k.k esa bdkbZ ;kstuk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

bdkbZ (UNIT) 'kCn dks f'k{kk txr esa ykus dk Js; Hkh gjcVZ dks tkrk gS] fdUrq bldk O;kid iz;ksx lu~ 1929 ds ckn gh gqvkA

okYVj fi;lZ rFkk ekbdy ykscZj (WALTER D- PIERCE & MICHAEL A- LORBER) ds 'kCnksa esa] ÞbdkbZ ;kstuk v/;kid }kjk iwoZ fpUru dh f'k{kkFkhZ f'k{k.k ds ,d vUrjky esa ¼lkekU;r% 3 ls 6 lIrkg½ D;k izkIr djsaxs rFkk dSls lQyrk iwoZd izkIr djsaxs] dks iznf'kZr djrh gSAß

2-3-6 nks izdkj

rhu izdkj rhu izdkj

bdkbZ&;kstuk ds izdkj (Types of Unit Plan)

fo"k;&oLrq dh bdkbZ ;kstuk vuqHko dh

bdkbZ&;kstuk

ikB ij vk/kkfjr bdkbZ ;kstuk

lw= ;k fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr bdkbZ ;kstuk

ekWjhlu bdkbZ&;kstuk

mn~ns'; ij vk/kkfjr

:fp ij vk/kkfjr

vko';drk ij vk/kkfjr

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2-3-7 bdkbZ ;kstuk ds lksiku STEPS FOR UNIT PLAN) bdkbZ ;kstuk esa dkSu&dkSu ls in ;k lksiku j[ks tk;s] bl lEcU/k esa vyx&vyx er gSA 2-3-7-1 xzkEBl ds lksiku (STEPS OF GRAMTHS)%& xzkEBl rFkk vkbZooZlu us bdkbZ ;kstuk ds fuEu lksiku crk, gS %& 1- izLrkouk 2- fu;kstu 3- vuqla/kku 4- vocks/k 2-3-7-2 fjLd ds lksiku (STEPS OF RISK)%& fjLd us fuEukafdr lksiku crk, gS %&

1- mn~ns';ksa dk p;u 2- bdkbZ [k.Mksa dk foHkktu 3- bdkbZ [k.Mks dk fodkl 4- izLrkouk 5- O;fDrxr vko'drkvks dh O;oLFkk 6- lEcfU/kr iqLrdksa dh lwphA

2-3-7-3 ekWjhlu ds lksiku (STEPS OF MORRISON)& fuEu ik¡p lksiku crk, gS%&

1- [kkst&EXPLORATION 2- izLrqrhdj.k& PRESENATION 3- lekaxhdj.k vo'kks"k.k& ASSIMILATION 4- laxBu& ORGANISATION 5- vkofŸk& RECITATION

2-3-8 bdkbZ&;kstuk ds ykHk (ADVANTAGES OF UNIT PLAN)%&

1- bdkbZ&;kstuk ds }kjk fo"k;&oLrq dk laxBu vPNh izdkj gks tkrk gSA

2- bdkbZ&;kstuk ls ckyd okrkoj.k ds lkFk lek;kstu LFkkfir djus dh ;ksX;rk dk fodkl dj ysrs gSaA

3- bdkbZ&;kstuk }kjk v/;kid rFkk Nk=ksa dh fØ;k,¡ igys gh lqfuf'pr dj nh tkrh gSA

62

4- bdkbZ&;kstuk Kku dks iw.kZ bdkbZ ekudj pyrh gSA 5- bdkbZ&;kstuk cukus ls f'k{k.k dh :ijs[kk vPNh izdkj cu

tkrh gSA fu;ksftr f'k{k.k laHko gSA 6- bdkbZ&;kstuk ds }kjk vf/kd izHkko'kkyh <ax ls Kku izkIr gksrk

gS] D;ksafd ;g ckydksa dh :fp;ksa rFkk vfHkofÙk dks izHkkfor djrh gSA

7- bdkbZ&;kstuk ckydksa ds Kkudks'k esa of) dj mudh ;ksX;rk,¡ fodflr djrh gSA

8- bdkbZ&;kstuk esa O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj f'k{kk nh tk ldrh gSA

9- bdkbZ&;kstuk euksoSKkfud gSA vr% ckydksa dh :fp;ksa o vko';drkvksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSA

10- bdkbZ&;kstuk iztkra= ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA 2-3-9 bdkbZ&;kstuk ds nks"k (DEMERITS OF UNIT PLAN)%&

1- bdkbZ&;kstuk ds vuqlkj i<+kus ls f'k{k.k ;U=or~ gks tkrk gS] ftlls ckyd :fp ugha ysrs gSaA

2- bdkbZ&;kstuk dk fuekZ.k dfBu o Jeiw.kZ gSA 3- bdkbZ&;kstuk ds vuqlkj i<+kus ds fy, iw.kZ izf'k{kr v/;kidksa

dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA 4- bdkbZ&;kstuk esa lgk;d lkexzh rFkk vU; midj.kksa ds iz;ksx

ij egRo nsus ds dkj.k le; o /ku nksuksa dk viO;; gksrk gSA 2-3-10 bdkbZ&;kstuk dk izk:i (FORM OF UNIT PLAN)%& bdkbZ&;kstuk esa fuEufyf[kr rF; fn, tkrs gSa %&

1- bdkbZ dk uke] 2- mi&bdkbZ;k¡] 3- izR;sd mi&bdkbZ ds mn~ns';] 4- izR;sd mi&bdkbZ ds eq[; fo"k;&fcUnq] 5- v/;kid fØ;k,¡] 6- Nk=&fØ;k,¡] 7- lgk;d lkexzh] 8- ewY;kadu izfof/k;k¡A

63

2-3-11 bdkbZ&;kstuk dh :ijs[kk bdkbZ&;kstuk (UNIT PLAN)

1- bdkbZ dk uke --------------------------------------------------- d{kk ------------- foHkkx ----------

2- mi&bdkbZ;k¡

1- ----------------------------- fnukad ------------------------ ls ----------------------------------- rd

2- ---------------------------- fo|ky; --------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- -------------------------------

4- ------------------------------

mi& bdkbZ

'kSf{kd mn~ns';

eq[; fcUnq

v/;kid fØ;k,¡

Nk= fØ;k,¡

lgk;d lkexzh

fu;r dk;Z ewY;kadu

2-4 ikB&;kstuk (LESSO PLA) 2-4-1 ikB&;kstuk dk vFkZ (MEANING OF LESSON PLAN) %&

f'k{kd ftl ikB~;oLrq dks i<+kuk pkgrk gS mls og bdkb;ksa esa fofHkftr dj ysrk gS vkSj ml bdkbZ dh fo"k;&oLrq dks og izfrfnu i<+krk gSA ijUrq izfrfnu ds f'k{k.k ls iwoZ Hkh og fpUru djrk gS vkSj lksprk gS fd ckydksa dh fo"k;&oLrq ls mRlqdrk dSls c<kbZ tk,] dkSulh lgk;d lkexzh iz;ksx esa yh tk,] ckydksa esa dkSulh ls O;ogkjxr ifjorZu gks ldsaxs\ bu iz'uksa ij fopkj dj f'k{kd ,d dkyka'k gsrq ,d fyf[kr ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] ftls nSfud ikB&;kstuk ds fuekZ.k ls rkRi;Z d{kk esa tkus ls iwoZ v/;kid ikB lEcU/kh egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dk C;kSjk cuk ys D;ksafd ekSf[kd :i ls C;kSjk cukus esa cgqr dqN Hkwy ldrk gS ij fyf[kr :i nsuk fd Bhd jgrk gSA ekjlksy f'k{kd dks ,d dykdkj dh Hkk¡fr ekurs gSaA mldh dfr Js"B rHkh gksxh tcfd og lQy dykdkj dh Hkk¡fr vius f'k{k.k dk;Z dh ;kstuk lkekU; f'k{k.k fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij fufeZr dj ysaA LVªd us f'k{kd vkSj bathfu;j dh rqyuk djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ftl izdkj ,d dy&vfHk;Urk iwoZ esa gh dk;Z rFkk lkexzh ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ys ysrk gS rkfd nwljs fnu dk;Z fcuk :dkoV o dq'kyrk iwoZd

64

pyrk jgs] v/;kid dks gh v/;kiu ls iwoZ ,slh gh v/;kiu dh :ijs[kk cuk ysuh pkfg,A 2-4-2 ifjHkk"kk,¡ (DEFINITIONS OF LESSON PLAN) 1- fcfuax rFkk fcfuax rFkk fcfuax ds 'kCnksa esa ÞnSfud ikB ;kstuk ds

fuekZ.k esa mn~ns'; dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk] ikB~;oLrq dk p;u djuk vkSj Øec) djuk rFkk izLrqrhdj.k dh fof/k;ksa dk fu.kZ; djuk izeq[k gSAß (Daliy lesson planning involves defining the objective, selecting and wording the subject matter and deterning the method of procedure,") BENING & BENDING

2- Msoht ¼DEVIS) ds 'kCnksa esa Þf'k{k.k O;oLFkk ds lHkh i{kksa ds O;kogkfjd :i dk vkys[k gh ikB ;kstuk gSAß

3- ckflax ds 'kCnksa esa ÞikB ;kstuk ls vfHkizk; miyfC/k;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, mu fof'k"V lk/kuksa dk o.kZu gS ftuds }kjk os miyfC/k;ka ,d fuf'pr le; esa dh xbZ fØ;kvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i izkIr dh tkrh gSAß

("Lesson plan is the title given to a statement of the achievements to be realized and the specific means by which these are attained as a result of activities ergaged during the period.")

-BOSSING The lesson plan is the small unit or units of the subject matter which a teacher in a difinite period. The teachers, especialy pupil-teacher's prepare a written outline of the unit or units of the contents termed as a lesson planning. Thus the lesson planning means that detailed description which a teacher comletes in a definite duration which various from school to school and college to college. The Teacher of every school has to prepare a lesson plan for 30 or 35 to 50 minutes. In all the lesson plans, the teachers have to give similar desorption of these items. General aims, specific aims, previous knowledge of students, Appropriate stages of teaching, Teachques of teaching, teachques of Teaching, Teaching aids correlation betweel the new know. ledge of the pupols and other subjects.

65

2-4-3 ikB ;kstuk dh vko';drk ;k ykHk (NEED OR ADVANTAGES OF LESSON PLAN)%&

1- ikB ;kstuk ls f'k{k.k dh lQyrk dk ewY;kadu laHko gSa 2- ikB ;kstuk ls f'k{kd dk O;FkZ le; u"V gksus ls cprk gSA 3- f'k{kd ds dk;Z dks ikB ;kstuk fu;fer rFkk lqlaxfBr cukrh

gSA 4- ikB ;kstuk }kjk ckydksa dh O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa dks /;ku esa

j[kdj f'k{k.k dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA 5- f'k{kd dks Øec) ,oa fu;ec) dk;Z djus dh izsj.kk feyrh

gSA 6- ikB ;kstuk mi;qDr lgk;d lkexzh dk vk;kstu djus esa

lgk;d gSA 7- ikB ;kstuk f'k{kd dks mÙke f'k{k.k fof/k pquus esa lgk;rk

iznku djrh gSA 8- ikB ;kstuk }kjk u;s ikB dk iwoZ ikB ds lkFk lEcU/k LFkkfir

djus esa lgk;d gSA 9- ikB ds mn~ns'; fuf'pr djus esa lgk;d gSA 10- ikB ;kstuk }kjk fopkj jfgr f'k{k.k ds nks"kksa dks nwj djus esa

lgk;d gSA 2-4-4 ikB ;kstuk ds vko';d rRo (ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF LESSON PLAN)

1- ikB ;kstuk esa f'k{k.k fcUnqvksa dk Li"V mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A 2- ikB ;kstuk esa ikB ds izR;sd in ds fy, dqN le; fu/kkZfjr

gksA 3- ikB ;kstuk iqufuZjh{k.k dks ikB f'k{k.k esa LFkku nsA 4- ikB ;kstuk fyf[kr :i ls rS;kj dh tkuh pkfg,A 5- ikB ;kstuk esa ikB ds izR;sd in ds fy, dqN le; fu/kkZfjr

gksA 6- ikB ;kstuk ds mn~ns'; fu/kkZfjr gksuk pfkg, ftUgsa ikB }kjk

izkIr djuk gSA 7- ikB ;kstuk ckyd ds iwoZ Kku ij vk/kkfjr gks vFkkZr~ iwoZ ikB

dks uohu ikB ls lEc) djsaA 8- f'k{k.k mn~ns';ksa ds lkFk visf{kr O;ogkjxr ifjorZu Hkh fy[ks

tkus pkfg,A

66

9- ikB ;kstuk }kjk jkspd o izsj.kknk;d f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds iz;ksx dh vksj ladsr feyuk pkfg,A

10- ikB ;kstuk esa iz'u rFkk lEHkkfor mÙkjksa dks Li"V Hkk"kk esa tkuk pkfg,A

11- ikB ;kstuk esa egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.kksa dk lekos'k gksA 2-4-5 ikB ;kstuk ds fofo/k mikxe (VARIOUS APPROACHES TO LESSON PLANNING) ikB ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k esa vusd mikxeksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa ls izeq[k mikxe fuEufyf[kr gS%& 2-4-5-1 ¼1½ gjckVZ mikxe (THE HARBARIAL APPROACH) %& Þiapinh iz.kkyh ds uke ls fo[;kr bl mikxe dk izfriknu QsfMªd gjckVZ us fd;k FkkA gjckVZ dh /kkj.kk Fkh fd ckyd vuqHko }kjk Kku izkIr djrk gSA ;s vuqHko cká txr ds lEidZ ls izkIr djrk gS vkSj ;g Kku /khjs&/khjs lafpr gksrk jgrk gSA f'k{k.k ds lEcU/k esa gjckVZ dk fopkj gS fd ckyd dks Kku izLrqr djrs le; uohu Kku dks iwoZ Kku ls ;fn lEcfU/kr dj fn;k tk, rks og bls lqxerk o ljyrk ls lh[k ldsxkA gjckVZ mikxe ds ikap lksiku ;k iapinh f'k{kkØe

1- mn~ns'; dFku (statement of objectives) 2- izLrqrhdj.k (presenation) 3- Li"Vhdj.k (explanation) 4- lkekU;hdj.k (generalization) 5- iz;ksx (application)

2-4-5-2 ¼2½ ekWjhlu mikxe (MORRISON APPROACH) %& bl mikxe dks gsujh lh- ekWjhlu us 1926 esa izLrqr fd;kA bl mikxe dks ekSfjlu mikxe vFkok bdkbZ iz.kkyh dgrs gSaA bl mikxe dk ewyHkwr fl)kUr gS fd Kku izkIr djus dh izfØ;k esa Kku dh ,drk egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd gekjk /;ku Þiw.kZß dh vksj 'kh?kz vkdf"kZr gksrk gS vkSj ckn esa lHkh vaxksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS bls ÞNk= dsfUnzrß mikxe dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd blds fuekZ.k esa Nk= dh :fp rFkk vko';drkvksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSA

67

ekWjhlu ds vuqlkj f'k{k.k esa iwoZ ijh{kk&v/;kiu&ewY;kadu lq/kkjkRe f'k{k.k&v/;kiu ewY;kadu Ja[kyk dk mi;ksx rc rd fd;k tkuk pkfg, tc rd fd ckyd bdkbZ dks iw.kZ :i ls lh[k u ysaA gjckVZ dh iapinh ds leku ekSfjlu dh bdkbZ iz.kkyh esa Hkh fuEufyf[kr ikap inksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;k %&

1- vUos"k.k (exploration) 2- izLrqrhdj.k (presentation) 3- vkRehdj.k (assimmilation) 4- laxBu (organisation) 5- vfHkO;fDrdj.k (recitation)

2-4-5-4 ¼3½ M~;woh rFkk fdyisfVªd mikxe (DEWAY & KILPATRIC APPROACH) bl mikxe dks tkWu M~;woh rFkk muds f'k"; fdyisfVªd }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;kA bl mikxe esa vf/kxr vuqHkoksa dks fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gSA blesa ckyd vius nSfud thou esa vkbZ leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa dqN vuqHko djrk gS vkSj bu vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij ckyd dks Kku fn;k tk, rks og bls 'kh?kzrk ls vftZr dj ysxkA ¼M~;woh o fdyisfVªd mikxe esa ikB ;kstuk esa vf/kxe dk vk/kkj ;kstuk (PROJECT) ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA blesa ckyd dh LofØ;k djds lh[kus ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA tkWu M~;woh rFkk fdyisfVªd us bl mikxe esa fuEufyf[kr lkr in ;k lksiku crk, gS %&

1- ifjfLFkfr mRiUu djuk (Creating the Situation) 2- ;kstuk dk p;u (Selection of Project) 3- ;kstuk dk mn~ns'; (Objective of Project) 4- ;kstuk ds dk;ZØe dh O;oLFkk (Planning) 5- ;kstuk dk fØ;kUo;u (Execution) 6- dk;ksaZ dk ewY;kadu (Evaluation) 7- ;kstuk dh fjiksVZ cukuk (Reporting)

2-4-5-4 ¼4½ vesfjdu mikxe (AMERICAN APPROACH) bldks ÞNk= dsfUnzrß mikxe dgk tkrk gSA blesa f'k{kd }kjk ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu dh tkrh gS ftlls vf/kdkf/kd Nk= lh[k ldsaA bl mikxe esa mn~ns';] O;ogkj rFkk ewY;kadu dks izeq[k LFkku fn;k x;k gSA

68

2-4-5-5 ¼5½ fczfV'k mikxe (BRITISH APPROACH) bls Þf'k{kd dsfUnzrß mikxe dgk tkrk gS blesa ijEijkvksa dk izHkko gksus ds dkj.k f'k{kd dh fØ;kvksa rFkk Nk=ksa ds ewY;kadu ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gSA blds vuqlkj ftruh vf/kd f'k{kd dh fØ;k,¡ gksrh gS] ckyd dks mruk gh lh[kus ds volj izkIr gksrs gSaA 2-4-5-6 ¼6½ Hkkjrh; mikxe (INDIAN APPROACH) Hkkjrh; mikxe ij fczfV'k ,oa vesfjdu mikxe dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA izkjEHk esa Hkkjr esa ÞgjckVZ dh iapinhß dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, ikB ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA ijUrq lu~ 1960 ds i'pkr~ N.C.E.R.T. fnYyh] C.A.S.E. cM+kSnk] {ks=h; f'k{kk egkfo|ky;ksa ds iz;klksa ds QyLo:i ikB ;kstukvksa esa ifjorZu vkus izkjEHk gks x, ftlesa ikB ;kstuk dk ,d uohu :i izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA 2-4-6 nSfud ikB ;kstuk dk izk:i (FORM OF DAILY LESSON PLAN)

ikB&;kstuk Øe la[;k (S.R. No. of LESSION PLAN)

fo"k; ------------------------------------------------------------- fnukad -------------------------------------------

bdkbZ --------------------------------------------------------------- le; -----------------------------------------------

ikB ------------------------------------------------------------------ dkyka'k -------------------------------------------

izdj.k ------------------------------------------------------------- d{kk -----------------------------------------------

laLFkk dk uke --------------------------------------------- oxZ --------------------------------------------------

1- lkekU; mn~ns'; (GENERAL AIMS)

.......................................................

2- fof'k"V mn~ns'; (SPECIFIC AIMS)

.........................................................

69

1- KkukRed 1- ---------------------------------- 2- -----------------------------------------------

2- vocks/kkRed 1- ---------------------------------- 2- -----------------------------------------------

3- Kkuksi;ksx 1- ---------------------------------- 2- -----------------------------------------------

4- dkS'kykRed 1- ---------------------------------- 2- -----------------------------------------------

5- vfHk:fp 1- ---------------------------------- 2- -----------------------------------------------

6- vfHkofr 1- ---------------------------------- 2- ----------------------------------------------- 3- f'k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh (TEACHING MATERIAL AID) -------

1- f'k{k.k lkekU; lkexzh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- f'k{k.k fof'k"V lkexzh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- f'k{k.k fof/k (TEACHING METHOD) ---------------------------------------------------

4- f'k{k.k izfof/k (TEACHING TECHNIQUES) ----------------------------------------

5- f'k{k.k fcUnq (TEACHING POINT) ----------------------------------------------------------

6- iwoZ Kku (PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE) -------------------------------------------------

7- izLrkouk iz'u (INTRODUCTION QUESTION) -------------------------------

8- mn~ns'; dFku (STATEMENT OF AIM) -----------------------------------------------

9- izLrqrhdj.k (PRESENTATION) ;k ikB dk fodkl

f'k{k.k fcUnq

(T.P.)

Nk=k/;kfidk fØ;k,¡ (P.T.A.)

Nk= fØ;k,¡ (S.A.)

';ke iV~V lkj (B.S.)

1- fodklkRed iz'u

Nk=k/;kfidk dFku /;kuiwoZd lqusaxs

cks/k iz'u

70

10- iqujkofr iz'u ------------------------------------------- 11- ewY;kadu iz'u -------------------------------------------

12- xg dk;Z ----------------------------------------------------

13- i;Zos{kd fVIi.kh --------------------------------------

71

bfrgkl f'k{k.k vk/kkfjr nSfud ikB ;kstuk,¡ ,d nSfud ikB ;kstuk dk uewuk ;k mnkgj.k

nSfud ikB ;kstuk 1

jksy ua-&100 Nk=k/;kfidk dk uke&dq- lkfo=h fo|ky; dk uke&jktdh; ckfydk m-ek- fo|ky;] yky eSnku] tks/kiqj d{kk&VIIth A fo"k;&bfrgkl dkyka'k&IVth fnukad&27-08-07 le;&35 feuV

^^e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk**

1- lkekU; mís';& 1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa bfrgkl ds izfr :fp mRiUu djukA 2- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa dkypØ ds Kku dks fodflr djukA 3- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vrhrdkyhu ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh nsukA 4- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA 5- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa varjkZ"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA 6- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa rdZ] fpUru] euu 'kfDr dk fodkl djukA 7- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ,sfrgkfld nf"Vdks.k dk fodkl djukA 8- rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij Nk=ksa dks u;s bfrgkl dk fuekZ.k djus

ds ;ksX; cukukA 2- fof'k"V mís'; visf{kr O;ogkjxr ifjorZu

1½ KkukRed& 1- fo|kFkhZ e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk dk izR;kLej.k djsaxsA

2- fo|kFkhZ e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk ds ckjs esa izR;kfHkKku dj ldsaxsA

2½ vocks/k& 1- fo|kFkhZ e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk ds ckjs esa Li"V O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA

2- fo|kFkhZ e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;k dh rqyuk dj ldsaxsA

3½ Kkuksi;ksx& 1- fo|kFkhZ e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk ls izkIr Kku dk mi;ksx vkxkeh d{kkvksa esa dj ldsasxsA

2- fo|kFkhZ e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk ls izkIr Kku dk mi;ksx izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa dj ldsasxsA

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4½ dkS'ky& 1- fo|kFkhZ e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk ds fp=ksa dks pkVZ }kjk iznf'kZr dj ldsaxsA

2- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa LFkkiR;dyk ds laj{k.k ds izfr :fp tkxr gks ldsxhA

5½ vfHk:fp& 1- fo|kFkhZ e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk ds ckjs esa tkuus esa :fp mRiUu djsaxsA

2- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa LFkkiR;dyk ds laj{k.k ds izfr :fp tkxr gks ldsxhA

6½ vfHkofr& 1- fo|kFkhZ e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk ds izfr ,sfrgkfld nf"Vdks.k dk fodkl djukA

2- fo|kFkhZ e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk ds izfr ldkjkRed ,oa oSKkfud nf"Vdks.k dk fodkl djukA

3- f'k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh& ¼1½ lkekU; lgk;d lkexzh& d{kki;ksxh lgk;d lkexzh tSls& ';keiV~V] pkWd] >kM+u] ladsru vkfn dk iz;ksx djsaxsA ¼2½ fof'k"V lgk;d lkexzh%&

1- pkVZ&dqrqcehukj ds fp= dks iznf'kZr djrk gqvk pkVZA 2- pkVZ&cqyan njokts ds fp= dks iznf'kZr djrk gqvk pkVZA 3- pkVZ&Hkkjr ds ekufp= dks iznf'kZr djrk gqvk pkVZA 4- pkVZ&rktegy ds fp= dks iznf'kZr djrk gqvk pkVZA 5- pkVZ&yky fdys ds fp= dks iznf'kZr djrk gqvk pkVZA

4- f'k{k.k fof/k& izn'kZu ;qDr dFku fof/k 5- f'k{k.k izfof/k& iz'uksÙkj izfof/k 6- f'k{k.k fcUnq&1- dqrqcehukj 2- cqyan njoktk 3- rktegy 4- yky fdyk 7- iwoZ Kku& fo|kFkhZ e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk ds ckjs esa lkekU; tkudkjh j[krs gSA 8- izLrkouk iz'u& iz 1- 15oha 'krkCnh esa fnYyh esa fdldk 'kklu Fkk\ m- 15oha 'krkCnh esa fnYyh esa vQxkuksa dk 'kklu FkkA iz 2- fnYyh esa vafre vQxku 'kkld dkSu Fkk\

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m- fnYyh esa vafre vQxku 'kkld bczkghe yksnh FkkA iz 3- bczkghe yksnh dks fdl 'kkld us ijkftr fd;k\ m- bczkghe yksnh dks ckcj us ijkftr fd;kA iz 4- ckcj us fdl dky esa 'kklu fd;k\ m- ckcj us e/;dky esa 'kklu fd;kA iz 5- e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk ds ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gks\ m- fu:ÙkjA 9- mís'; dFku& vkt ge e/;dkyhu LFkkiR;dyk ds ckjs esa v/;;u djsaxsA

dqrqc ehukj

74

10- izLrqrhdj.k& f'k{k.k fcUnq Nk=k/;kfidk fØ;k,a fo|kFkhZ fØ;k,a ';keiê lkj

1- dqrqcehukj fodklkRed iz'u& 1- gekjs ns'k dk D;k

uke gS\ 2- Hkkjr dh jkt/kkuh

dk D;k uke gS\ 3- ubZ fnYyh esa

dqrqcqíhu us dkSulh bekjr cuokbZ\

4- dqrqcehukj ds ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gS\

Hkkjr ubZ fnYyh dqrqcehukj fu:Ùkj

Nk=k/;k/;kfidk dFku

dqrqcehukj dk fuekZ.k dk;Z dqrqcqíhu }kjk 'kq: djok;k x;k o bYrqrfe'k }kjk blds fuekZ.k dk;Z dks iwjk fd;k x;kA ;g fnYyh esa fLFkr gSA ;g LFkkiR;dyk dh vHkwriwoZ bekjr gSA fgUnw o tSu eafnjksa dks rksM+dj dqrqcehukj dk fuekZ.k djok;kA

fo|kFkhZ /;kuiwoZd lqusaxsA

dqrqcehukj dqrqcqíhu }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ o bYrqrfe'k }kjk iw.kZ dh xbZA ;g fnYyh esa fLFkr gSA

2- cqyan njoktk

fodklkRed iz'u& 1- ckcj us fdl oa'k

dh LFkkiuk dh\ 2- eqxy oa'k dk egku~

lezkV dkSu Fkk\ 3- vdcj us Qrsgiqj

fldjh esa dkSulk njoktk cuk;k\

4- cqyan njokts ds ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gS\

eqxy oa'k vdcj cqyan njoktk

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fu:Ùkj Nk=k/;k/;kfidk dFku

vdcj us Qrsgiqj fldjh esa tkek efLtn dk fuekZ.k djok;kA blds izos'k }kj dks cqyan njoktk dgk tkrk gSA ;g laxejej o yky iRFkj ls cuk gqvk gSA bldh Å¡pkbZ 176 QhV gSA ;g fgUnw&eqfLye LFkkiR;dyk dk lqUnj leUo; gSA ;g viuh fo'kkyrk o HkO;rk ds fy, izfl) gSA

fo|kFkhZ /;kuiwoZd lqusaxsA

vdcj us Qrsgiqj fldjh esa cqyan njokts dk fuekZ.k djok;kA ;g viuh fo'kkyrk o HkO;rk ds fy, izfl) gSA

3- rktegy fodklkRed iz'u& 1- izLrqr ekufp=

fdl ns'k dk gS\ 2- Hkkjr ds ekufp=

esa dkSulk LFkku n'kkZ;k x;k gS\

3- vkxjk esa fLFkr fo'o izfl) bekjr dk uke D;k gS\

4- rktegy dh LFkkiR;dyk ds ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gS\

Hkkjr vkxjk rktegy fu:Ùkj

Nk=k/;k/;kfidk dFku

rktegy dk fuekZ.k 'kkgtgk¡ us viuh iRuh eqerkt dh ;kn esa djok;k tks vkxjs esa ;equk unh ds rV ij cuk;k gqvk gSA bldh ;kstuk mLrkn vgen us cuk;h o bldh :ijs[kk iw.kZr% Qkjlh gSA ;g 'kkgtgk¡ dh

fo|kFkhZ /;kuiwoZd lqusaxsA

rktegy dk fuekZ.k 'kkgtgk¡ us eqerkt dh ;kn esa djok;kA ;g fo'o fo[;kr dfr gSA

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dykRed vfHk:fp o lkSE; dk 'kh"kZ LrEHk gSA ;g fo'o ds lkr vk'p;ks± esa ls ,d gSA

4- yky fdyk fodklkRed iz'u& 1- Hkkjr dc Lora=

gqvk\ 2- 15 vxLr dks fdl

fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gS\

3- Lora=rk fnol dks iz/kkuea=h }kjk >.Mk dgk¡ Qgjk;k tkrk gS\

4- yky fdys dh LFkkiR;dyk ds ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gks\

15 vxLr 1947 Lora=rk fnol yky fdyk fu:Ùkj

Nk=k/;k/;kfidk dFku

'kkgtgk¡ us 1638 bZ- esa yky fdys dk fuekZ.k djok;kA ;g fnYyh esa fLFkr gSA bl fdys ds Hkhrj lQsn laxejej dh lqUnj bekjrsa cuh gqbZ gSaA yky fdys esa jaxegy dh 'kksHkk U;kjh gSA ;g vR;Ur lqUnj o euksgj gSA bldh fp=dkjh dykRed ,oa mRd"V gSA

fo|kFkhZ /;kuiwoZd lqusaxsA

yky fdys dk fuekZ.k 'kkgtgk¡ us djok;kA ;g fnYyh esa fLFkr gSA

77

f'k{k.k fcUnq 2 dks iznf'kZr djrk gqvk pkVZ

f'k{k.k fcUnq 3 dks iznf'kZr djrk pkVZ

78

f'k{k.k fcUnq 3 ds fodklkRed iz'uksa ls lEcfU/kr ekufp=

f'k{k.k fcUnq 4 dks iznf'kZr djrk pkVZ

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11- iqujko`fÙk iz'u& iz 1- gekjs ns'k dk D;k uke gS\ m- gekjs ns'k dk D;k uke gS\ iz 2- eqxy oa'k dk egku~ lezkV dkSu Fkk\ m- eqxy oa'k dk egku~ lezkV dkSu Fkk\ iz 3- rktegy dgk¡ ij fLFkr gS\ m- rktegy vkxjk esa ij fLFkr gS\ iz 4- yky fdys dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\ m- ykyfdys dk fuekZ.k 'kkgtgk¡ us djok;kA 12- ewY;kadu iz'u& ¼v½ oLrqfu"B iz'u%& iz-1 dqrqcehukj dgk¡ ij fLFkr gS\ ¼v½ ubZ fnYyh ¼c½ vkxjk ¼l½ jktLFkku ¼n½ Qrsgiqj fldjh

¼v½

iz-2 'kkgtgk¡ dh iRuh dk uke D;k Fkk\ ¼v½ uwjtgk¡ ¼c½ eqerkt ¼l½ jft;k ¼n½ tks/kkckbZ

¼c½ ¼c½ fjDr LFkku Hkfj,& iz-1 Hkkjr 15 vxLr] 1947 bZ- esa LorU= gqvkA ¼l½ ,d 'kCn esa mÙkj nhft,& iz-1 vdcj us Qrsgiqj fldjh esa fdl njokts dk fuekZ.k djok;k\ m- cqyan njoktk ¼n½ xgdk;Z& iz-1 yky fdys dh LFkkiR;dyk dk ik¡p iafDr;ksa esa o.kZu dhft;sA 13- i;Zos{kd fVIi.kh&

80

2-5 bfrgkl f'k{kd ds xq.k] Hkwfedk ,oa O;kolkf;d mUufr %& (QUALITIES, ROLE & PROFESSIONAL GROWTH OF HISTORY TEACHING) 2-5-1 bfrgkl f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk ,oa O;kolkf;d mUufr %& Hkkjr dks izkphu le; esa lEiw.kZ fo'o dk fo'o xq: dgk tkrk Fkk ,sls ns'k esa f'k{kd dk LFkku loksZijh ekuktkrk gSA Hkkjrh; vo/kkj.kk esa f'k{kd dks jfp;rk ugha ekuk tk ldrk gS] ijUrq nf"V dk jfp;rk ekuk x;k gS vFkkZr~ fdlh Hkh egku~ O;fDr dh lQyrk ds ihNs xq: dk cgqr cM+k gkFk ekuk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, foosdkuUn&Lokeh jked".k ijegal] fldu~nj egku~&vjLrq] vjLrq&IysVks] IysVks&lqdjkr vkfnA f'k{kd dks Hkkjrh; 'kkL=ksa esa f'k"; dk vk/;kfRed firk dgk x;k gS] vkSj Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd xq: fcu Kku ughaA ;fn f'k{kd :ih lapkyd ds Kku] ;ksX;rk] ,oa O;ogkj dks fodflr u fd;k x;k rks f'k{kk dk xq.kkRed i{k fNNyk cuk jgsxkA gekjk ikB~;Øe] ikB'kkyk Hkou] QuhZpj] iz;ksx'kkyk] lgk;d lkexzh ewY;kadu ,oa funZs'ku dk;ZØe vkfn fdrus gh vPNs D;ksa u gks] os rc rd fujFkZd gS] tc rd ,d vPNs f'k{kd }kjk muesa thou lapkj u fd;k tk;] f'k{kk&izfØ;k ds lapkyd ds :i esa mudk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA vf'kf{kr] vO;kogkfjd rFkk ckf/kr lekt esa jgus okys ekrk&firk ls ;g vk'kk djuk fd os vius ckyd&ckfydkvksa dks vPNk O;ogkj ns ldsas] xyr gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa f'k{kd dk LFkku ekrk&firk ls Js"B gks tkrk gSA According to the LORD BRYCE," The teacher of history must have the power of realizing the dead past in a living present, must in fact have a touch of imagination, as well as a vastly larger amount of positive knowledge." A history teacher is a successful guide, wide a wake, an active, enlightened and well informed person, He must listen to news broadcasts, telecasts, read current events attend lectures and discussions, study and analyse reports and editorials, participate in school and community relations and see good newsreels and docuentaries. bfrgkl esa vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dk Øec) ,oa O;ofLFkr v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa fofHkUu fof/k;ksa] izfof/k;ksa rFkk midj.kksa ds iz;ksxksa ls bfrgkl fo"k; dks izHkkoh rFkk :fpiw.kZ cuk;k tkrk gSA vr% bfrgkl fo"k; ds f'k{kd dks Hkwxksy] ukxfjd 'kkL= rFkk vU; lEc) fo"k;ksa dk Hkh i;kZIr Kku gks rFkk mls foKku fo"k; ds

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fo'ks"kKksa ds leku vius fo"k; dk fo'ks"kK Hkh gksuk pkfg,A dksbZ Hkh O;fDr iqLrdksa ds v/;;u ls bfrgkl dk Kku rks izkIr dj ldrk gS] fdUrq blls bfrgkl v/;;u ds mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ugha gksrh gSA bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds ihNs gekjs mn~ns'; dqN ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dk tku ysus ls dgh vf/kd O;kid gSA R.S. KIBALL has observed,"Current affairs can be taught seccesfully when a teacher is suficiently interested himself. The varying degrees of success however seem to indicate the ability of the teacher, rather that the quality of the medium or the method is the determining factor. Almost any device can be used effectively. The teacher's own interest, his own enthusiasm, her own undestanding of what should be accomplished, are the matters which determine the failure or success of current events teaching. The post best available media fail in their purpose when used by a class guided by a teacher unskilled in methods of current event instruction." 2-5-2 bfrgkl f'k{kd ds xq.k (QUALITIES OF HISTORY TEACHER)%& bfrgkl f'k{kd esa fuEufyf[kr xq.k gksus pkfg,%& 1- fo"k; dk Kku (KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT):-

bfrgkl f'k{kd dks bfrgkl dk Kku gksuk vfr vko';d gSA izR;sd f'k{kd dks LoLFk 'kjhj] LoLFk fpÙk rFkk LoLFk O;fDrRo ds lkFk gh fo"k; dk Hkh iw.kZ Kku j[kuk pkfg,A fo"k; dk viw.kZ Kku lnSo gkfudkjd gksrk gSa bfrgkl f'k{kd dks izFke dksfV dk fo|kFkhZ gksuk pkfg,A bfrgkl ,d ?kVuk gS rks bfrgkl f'k{kd ds fy, ;g tkuuk vfr vko';d gS fd og ?kVuk dc] dSls vkSj D;ksa ?kfVr gqbZA f'k{kd fo'o dks"k ugha gks ldrk] ijUrq og ekuo bfrgkl ds fdlh dky fo'ks"k dk fo'ks"kK vo'; gks ldrk gSA

2- O;olk; ,oa fo"k; esa fu"Bk (FAITH IN THE VOCATION & SUBJECT):- v/;kid dh vius fo"k; esa fu"Bk dk gksuk vko';d gS ;gh fu"Bk Þlh[kus dh izfØ;kß (Learning process) dks izksRlkfgr djrh gS rFkk fo"k; esa lnSo :fp mRiUu djrh gSA bfrgkl dk v/;kid fu"Bk ds fcuk Hkwrdky ds egŸo dks ugha le> ldrk gSA fu"Bk ds vHkko esa f'k{kd vius vU; xq.kksa ds izn'kZu rFkk iz;ksx esa Hkh :fp

82

ugha ysxkA vU; xq.kksa ds izn'kZu rFkk iz;ksx ds fy, v/;kid esa f'k{kk O;kolk; ds izfr fu"Bk dk gksuk vko';d gSA

3- izeq[k fl)kUrksa ,oa fof/k;ksa dk Kku (KNOWLEDGE OF MAIN PRINCILE METHODS):- bfrgkl f'k{kd dks bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa iz;qDr gksusokyh izeq[k fof/k;ksa ,oa fl)kUrksa dk Kku gksuk pkfg,A orZeku le; esa vko';drkuqlkj ifjofrZr f'k{kk i)fr ds }kjk f'k{k.k ds nkSjku uohu f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa rFkk f'k{k.k fl)kUrksa dh lgk;rk ls f'k{k.k dks jkspd o izHkkoiw.kZ cuk;k tk ldrk gSA vr% fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vf/kdkf/kd csgrj rjhds ls Kku iznku ds fy, iqjkuh ifjikVh dks R;kxdj uohu Kku iznku djuk pkfg,A

4- f'k{kd dk O;fDrRo (PERSONALITY OF THE TEACHER):- fdlh Hkh ns'k dh ;qok ih<h dk lgh ekxZn'kZu dÙkkZ f'k{kd gh gksrk gS blfy, f'k{kd dks f'k{kk i)fr dh /kqjh (PIVOT) dgrs gSaA vr% dgk x;k gS fd Þf'k{kd ds xq.k gh f'k{kk i)fr dks lQy cukrs gSa] u fd ikB~;ØeA f'k{kd dk O;fDRr vk/kk f'k{k.k gSA mlesa ekuo ds lHkh xq.k gksus pkfg, ftuds }kjk og ekuork dh HkykbZ ds fy, dk;Z dj ldsA f'k{kd dk Loj mldk j{kkRed 'kL= gSa blds }kjk og vius O;fDrxr dks iznf'kZr dj ldrk gSA

5- i;ZVu {kerk (EXCURSION CAPACITY):- bfrgkl ds f'k{kd dks fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld LFkkuksa dks ns[kuk pkfg,] D;ksafd cgqr ls ,sls LFky gS tgk¡ ij Nk=ksa dks Hkze.k djkus ds fy, ugha ys tk;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn mu LFkkuksa dk Hkze.k djsxk rks og mu LFkkuksa ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ns ldsxkA

csdu dk dFku Þns'kkVu f'k{kk dk ,d Js"B lk/ku gSA bfrgkl dk lS)kfUrd Kku gh iw.kZ ugha gksrk cfYd fo"k; dks ltho dk ljl cukus gsrq i;ZVu }kjk okLrfod o O;kogkfjd Kku fn;k tkuk pkfg,AA vr% bfrgkl f'k{kd esa i;ZVu dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A

6- dgkuh dyk esa dq'ky (STORY TELLER):- dgkuh dguk Hkh ,d dyk gS bfrgkl ds v/;kid dks ,d dq'ky dFkk&okpd gksuk pkfg, ,oa mls dgkuh dgrs le; vius in dk /;ku ugha djuk pkfg,] oju~ og fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk feydj vius in dk /;ku fd, fcuk dgkuh lqukrk jgsA

83

dgkuh dFku ;k dFkk bfrgkl f'k{k.k dh ,d izeq[k i)fr gS] blds lQy iz;ksx ds fy, f'k{kd dks ,d lQy dgkuhdkj gksuk pkfg,A dgkuhdkj ds :i esa v/;kid dks fo"k; dk Kku gks] Hkk"kk ij vPNk vf/kdkj gks] ik=ksa rFkk ?kVukvksa ds lkFk Hkkoiw.kZ <ax ls vkjksg&vojksg ds lkFk cksyus dh {kerk gksA

7- fu"i{krk ,oa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k (IMPARTIALITY AND SCIENTIFIC OUTLOOK) bfrgkl f'k{kd vius oSKkfud nf"Vdks.k ds }kjk leLr ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dks lgh rFkk fu"i{k Hkko ls leh{kk dj ldsxk ,oa og yxu] ifjJe ds }kjk lR; dh [kkst esa rRij jgsxk rFkk fu"i{k] rVLFk jgdj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bfrgkl dh lgh tkudkjh iznku dj ldsxkA oSKkfud nf"Vdks.k }kjk ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ds dkj.kksa ,oa ifj.kkeksa dk lgh ewY;kadu dj ldsxkA oSKkfud nf"Vdks.k rFkk fu"i{krk gh mldks nwljs lkekftd fo"k;ksa ds f'k{kdksa ls vyx djrh gSA

8- le lkef;d ?kVukvksa ls lqifjfpr (EAMILIARITY WITH THE CURRENT EVENTS):- ,d ;ksX; bfrgkl f'k{kd dks lkef;d ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh gksuh vfr vko';d gSA blds vHkko esa og f'k{k.k dk;Z dks izHkkoiw.kZ ugha cuk ldrkA ;fn fdlh fo"k; oLrq dk Kku f'k{kd ns jgk gS rks mls lkef;d ?kVukvksa dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, izLrqr djuk pkfg, D;ksafd izR;sd lkef;d ?kVuk dh tM+ bfrgkl esa gksrh gSA ;fn ge fdlh ?kVuk dk v/;;u djuk pkgs rks gesa ?kVuk ds ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa tkuk gksxkA vkt dh lkef;d ?kVuk,¡ dy dk bfrgkl curh gSA

9- Hkk"kk ,oa Kku KNOWLEDGE OF THE LANGUAGE):- bfrgkl f'k{kd dh dq'kyrk ,oa lQyrk dk vk/kkj vPNk Hkk"kk Kku gSA og /kkjk izokg cksy lds] /kkjk izokg cksyh xbZ Hkk"kk dks le> lds] mlesa vPNs oDrk ds xq.k gks] tks ljl] jkspd rFkk izHkkoiw.kZ Hkk"kk 'kSyh esa ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dks izLrqr dj lds] mls Nk=ksa dh ekrHkk"kk rFkk izknsf'kd Hkk"kk dk i;kZIr Kku gks] ftlls og Nk=ksa dh ekrHkk"kk ;k izknsf'kd Hkk"kk esa f'k{k.k dj ldsaA bfrgkl v/;kid dk izeq[k dk;Z rF; rFkk ?kVukvksa dk lEizs"k.k djuk gSA bl gsrq bfrgkl f'k{kd dks Hkk"kk dk vPNk Kku gksuk pkfg,A mldh ok.kh esa e/kqjrk rFkk vkst gks] Hkk"kk 'kq)] Lrjkuqdwy

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rFkk ifjekftZr gks rFkk tks viuh ckr dks rdZiw.kZ Hkk"kk esa izLrqr djus dh {kerk j[krk gks rks ogh izHkkoh v/;kid gSA

10- izf'k{k.k (TRAINING):- f'k{kd esa f'k{k.k ds tUetkr xq.k ugha gS rks og izf'k{k.k ds }kjk vko';d xq.kksa dks vftZr dj ldrk gSA izf'k{k.k foghu v/;kid vius nwf"kr f'k{k.k ls lekt] jk"Vª rFkk O;fDr dh vikj {kfr djrs gSaA izf'k{k.k ds }kjk bl {kfr dks de fuf'pr :i ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% bfrgkl f'k{kd dks f'k{k.k dyk esa izf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg;sA

11- uSfrd xq.kksa esa ifjiw.kZ %& bfrgkl f'k{kd dks uSfrd ewY;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ gksuk pkfg,] ;fn og mfpr ekuoh; ewY;ksa] mnkjrk lg;ksx] lfg".kqrk] n;k] izse vkfn ls ifjiw.kZ gS rks ckyd Hkh mldk vuqdj.k djrs gq, mPp dksfV ds thou ewY;ksa dks vius thou esa LFkku ns ldsaxsA vr% ,d lQy f'k{kd Lo;a pfj=oku~ cudj ns'k dh Hkkoh ih<+h dks pfj=oku~ cuus ds fy, izsfjr dj ldrk gSA

12- Kkuksi;ksxh oLrqvksa dk laxzg %& bfrgkl f'k{kd dks ,sfrgkfld fo"k;&oLrq ds laxzg esa :fp j[kuh pkfg,] ftlls bfrgkl laxzgky; esa fofHkUu izdkj dh lgk;d lkexzh f'k{k.k ds fy, ,df=r dh tk ldrh gSA

13- usr`Ro {kerk (CAPACITY OF LEADERSHIP):- i;ZVu ij tkrs le; LFkkuh; bfrgkl vkfn ds le; f'k{kd dks usrRo djuk vko';d gksrk gS vkSj ;fn mlesa {kerk ugha gS rks og Nk=ksa ij mfpr fu;a=.k djus esa lnSo vleFkZ jgsxkA bfrgkl f'k{kd ;ksX; usrRo {kerk ds }kjk Nk=ksa dks mfpr ekxZn'kZu iznku djrk gSA

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INDEX bdkbZ&3 % i)fr;k¡ ,oa mikxe

(UNIT 3 : METHODS AND APPROACHES)

3.1 f'k{k.k fof/k dh vo/kkj.kk (CONCEPT OF TEACHING METHOD)

3.2 f'k{k.k fof/k dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk,¡ (MEANING & DEFINATION OF TEACHING METHOD)

3.3 f'k{k.k fof/k ,oa izfof/k esa vUrj (DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METHOD & TEACHING)

3.4 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa iz;qDr gksus okyh f'k{k.k fof/k;k¡ (METHODS USED IN HISTORY TEACHING)

3.5 d{kkRed fof/k ;k dgkuh dFku i)fr (STORY TELLING METHOD)

3.6 dgkfu;ksa dk oxhZdj.k (CLASSIFICATION OF STORIES)

3.7 dgkuh rRo

3.8 iz;kstu fof/k (PROJECT METHOD)

3.9 ;kstuk fof/k ds pj.k ;k lksiku (STEPS OF PROJECT METHOD

3.10 iz;kstuk fof/k ds vk/kkjHkwr fl)kUr (BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PROJECTT METHOD)

3.11 lekthdr vfHkO;fDr fof/k (SOCIALIZED RECITATION METHOD)

3.12 lekthdr vfHkO;fDr fof/k ds izeq[k Lo:i&¼ckbfuax rFkk ckbfuax ds vuqlkj½

3.13 thou xkFkk fof/k (BIOGRAPHICAL THEORY)

3.14 L=ksr i)fr (SOURCES METHOD)

86

bfrgkl f'k{k.k

3.15 L=ksrksa dk oxhZdj.k (CLASSIFICATIN OF SOURCES)

3.16 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa L=ksrksa dk iz;ksx (USE OF SOURCES IN THE TEACHING OF HISTORY)

3.17 okn&fookn fof/k (DISCUSION METHOD)

3.18 ifjppkZ ;k okn&fookn ds izdkj (TYPES OF DISCUSSION METHOD)

3.19 i;Zos{k.k fof/k (SUPERVISION METHOD)

3.20 i;Zosf{kr v/;;u fof/k dk iz;ksx ¼izks- ckbfuax rFkk ckbfuax ds vuqlkj½

3.21 iz'u&izfof/k (QUESTION TECHNIQUE)

3.22 iz'uksa dk oxhZdj.k (CLASSIFICATION OF QUESTIONS)

3.23 ikB~;&iqLrd fof/k (TEXT BOOK METHOD)

3.24 ikB~;&iqLrd dk iz;ksx (THE USES OF TEXT BOOK)

3.25 leL;k lek/kku fof/k (PROBLEM SOLOVING METHOD)

3.26 leL;k lek/kku fof/k ds pj.k (STEPS OF PROBLEM SOLOVING METHOD)

3.27 ukVdhdj.k (DRAMATIZATION)

3.28 ukVd ds izdkj (TYPES OF DRAMATIZATION)

3.29 ukVd ds rRo

3.30 O;k[;ku fof/k (LECTURE METHOD)

87

3.31 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ,sfrgkfld i;ZVu (HISTORICAL EXCURSION IN HISTORY TEACHING)

3.32 i;ZVu ds mn~ns'; (OBJECTIVE OF EXCURSION)

3.33 i;ZVu ds izdkj (TYPES OF EXCURSION)

3.34 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa i;ZVu dk egROk (IMPORTANCE OF EXCURISON IN HISTORY TEACHING)

3.35 {ks= i;ZVu ds Hkkx

3.36 ,sfrgkfld i;ZVu dh ;kstuk cukus esa /;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa (CONSIDERATIONS FOR PLANING A HISTORY EXCURSION)

88

3.1 f'k{k.k fof/k dh vo/kkj.kk (CONSEPT OF TEACHING METHOD):-

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykuk gh f'k{kk dk izeq[k mn~ns'; gSA bl ifjorZu ykus dh izfØ;k esa f'k{kd }kjk vusd izfof/k;ksa] mn~ns';ksa] uhfr;ksa] O;wgjpukvksa] ewY;kadu vkfn dk iz;ksx djrk gSA f'k{kd ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS ftlesa ikB~;oLrq dh izdfr] f'k{k.k mn~ns'; vf/kxe ds izdkj Nk=ksa dh vfHk:fp;ksa rFkk ;ksX;rkvksa] Nk=ksa ds iwoZ O;ogkj dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSA tc f'k{k.k dks iw.kZ rS;kjh ls fd;k tkrk gS rks Nk= }kjk vf/ke izfØ;k lqpk: :i ls lapkfyr gksrh gSA bl dk;Z ds lQy fØ;kUo;u esa f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ,oa izfof/k;k¡ eq[; vk/kkj LrEHk gSA f'k{kk ds vk/kqfud f'k{k.k&'kkL= (METHODOLOGY) dh mRifRr dkWesfu;l rFkk :lksa ds fopkjksa ls ekuh tkrh gSA

:lksa ds vuqlkj] Þizdfr ds l"Vk ds ;gk¡ ls izR;sd oLrq vPNh vkrh gS] ijUrq euq"; ds gkFkksa esa vkdj og fod`r gks tkrh gSAß vr% :lksa ds vuqlkj Þizdfrß Þeuq";ß rFkk ÞoLrq,¡ß gh egku~ f'k{kd gSA d{kk&d{k f'k{kd dk;Z esa fo"k;&oLrq ds izLrqrhdj.k ds fy, v/;kid }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh izfof/k;ksa ;k i)fr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 3.2 f'k{k.k fof/k dk vFkZ

(MEANING OF TEACHING METHOD) %& fof/k vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds METHOD 'kCn dk i;kZ;okph gS ftldk vFkZ gS mode ;k way vFkkZr~ jkLrk ;k ek/;e@,d f'k{kd ds ekxZn'kZZu esa i)fr;ksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gS D;ksafd og i)fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls fo"k;&oLrq dk izLrqrhdj.k djrk gSA bl izdkj f'k{k.k i)fr ls vk'k; O;oLFkk rFkk lajpuk ls gSA ftlds vuqlkj f'k{k.k ikB~; oLrqvksa Nk=ksa ds lEeq[k izLrqr djrk gSA f'k{k.k i)fr fo"k;&oLrq dks izLrqr djus ds fy, vko';d ,oa okafNr izfØ;kvksa dk O;ofLFkr :i gSA f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djus esa izfl) f'k{kk us vk/kqfud f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;kA dkWehfu;l (Comenius) us viuh izfl) iqLrd "GREAT DIDACTIC" esa f'k{k.k ij vius fopkj izdV fd;saA mudk dguk Fkk fd ÞleLr oLrq lkexzh dks izkdfrd Øe esa ltk;k djsaA fdUr ml le; izpfyr /kkfeZd okn&fookn ds dkj.k mldks bl dk;Z esa vf/kd lQyrk izkIr gqbZA

89

vBkjgoha 'krkCnh ds vUr esa :lksa us viuh izfl) iqLrd "EMILE" esa f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ij foLrkj ls Vhdk fVIi.kh dh vkSj f'k{k.k lEcU/kh vius fopkj izLrqr fd;sa vkSj izdfrokn (NATURALISM) dk fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;kA FkV o xsjcsfjp ds 'kCnksa e]sa Þfof/k izfØ;kvksa dh og lqifjHkkf"kr lajpuk gS ftlesa ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh ek¡xksa ds vuqlkj fofHkUu izfof/k;k¡ rFkk ;qfDr;k¡ fufgr gksrh gSA oSLys ds vuqlkj] Þf'k{k.k fof/k v/;kid ds }kjk lapkfyr og fØ;k,¡ gS ftul;s Nk=ksa dks Kku dh izkfIr gksrh gSA "The word method indicates a series of teacher directed activities that result in learning by the pupils". WEASLY ROUSSEAU - In the second half of the eighteenth century Emile of Rousseau laid the foundations of the methodology. He became the inspiration of forward- looking and progressive educatogry Rousseau imporved and enbargea idea of communius and others and put them into practice. In the chief educational workemile, he begnis with his accepted principle. "Everything degenerates in the hands of man." Rousseau points out that there are three great teachers, "nature, man and things." Dr. R. VAJRESHWARI puts it, "There are many roads-high ways and by ways, royal roads and narrow lanes, delightful paths and rugged and rough ones, functinal and decorative." 3.3 f'k{k.k&fof/k rFkk izfof/k esa vUrj

(DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METHOD AND TECNIQUE) & fof/k (METHOD) izfof/k (TECHNIQUE)

1- fof/k dh ,d lkekU; lajpuk (Pattern) gksrh gSA

2- fof/k dk viuk Lora= vfLrRo gksrk gSA

1- izfof/k dh lkekU; lajpuk fof/k dh lajpuk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

2- izfof/k dk Lora= vfLrRo ugha gksrk gS oju~ ;g fof/k ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA

90

3.4 bfrgkl&f'k{k.k esas iz;qDr gksus okyh f'k{k.k&fof/k;k¡ (METHODS USED IN HISTORY TEACHING)

bfrgkl&f'k{k.k dh dksbZ ,d loZekU; fof/k ugha gSa D;ksafd vko';drk ,oa fo"k; dh izdfr dks /;ku esas j[kdj f'k{kd }kjk vusd izfof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fo"k;&oLrq ds izLrqrhdj.k ds fy;s fdl i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k tk; ;g dbZ ckrksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS tSls %&

1- Nk=ksa dk ekufld Lrj] 2- izLrqr dh tkus okyh fo"k;&oLrq dh izdfr] 3- miyC/k lk/ku rFkk lqfo/kk,¡] 4- v/;kid rFkk Nk=ksa dh ;ksX;rk,¡ rFkk lekurk,¡ vkfnA

vr% mi;qZDr ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa f'k{kd }kjk v/kksfyf[kr f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ,oa ;qfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS % 3.5 ¼1½ dFkkRed fof/k

(STORY - TELLING METHOD) dFkkRed fof/k esa dgkuh dguk] Hkk"k.k nsuk ckrphr djuk

vkfn dk lekos'k gksrk gS] D;ksafd bu lcesa ok.kh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k dk iz;ksx NksVh d{kkvksa rd lhfer gSA ;g izfof/k Nk=ksa dh dYikukfiz;rk ,oa dkSrwgy dh Hkkouk dks r`Ir djus esa lgk;d gSA ;g izfof/k euksoSKkfud gS] D;ksafd dYiuk dh mM+ku esa ckydksa dks cgqr lh uSlfxZd izofRr;ksa dk vutkus esa gh fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA IysVksa us Hkh bl fof/k dks NksVs ckydksa ds fy, ykHkizn ,oa mi;qDr crk;k FkkA ekuo ckY;koLFkk rFkk o)koLFkk nksuksa gh esa dgkuh lquus rFkk dgus esa :fp iznf'kZr djrk gSA bfrgkl ds f'k{kd ds ikl dgkuh dgus dh dyk dk gksuk vko';d gSA dgkuh dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ (DEFINATIONS OF STORY) %&

uksVslu vkSj My us ,d iqLrd fy[kh gS & Þvk/kqfud dgkuh mlesa dgk x;k gS fd] dgkuh ,d ,slh jpuk gS tks jpe lhek dh vksj c<+rs gq, ân; ij HkkokRed izHkko Mkyrh gSAß eqa'kh izsepUn ds vuqlkj] Þdgkuh ,d ,slh jpuk gS ftlesa thou ds fdlh ,d vaa'k ;k ,d euksHkko dks izzdV djuk gh ys[kd dk mn~ns'; gksrk gS mlds pfj=] mldh 'kSyh] mldk dFkkUlk; lc mldh ,d Hkko dks iq"V djrs gSAß

91

eq'kh iszepUn ds vuqlkj] Þdgkuh ,d ,slh jpuk gS ftlesa thou ds fdlh ,d va'k ;k ,d euksHkko dks izdV djuk gh ys[kd dk mn~ns'; gksrk gS mlds pfj=] mldh 'kSyh] mldk dFkkU;kl lc mlh dk ,d Hkko dks iq"V djrs gSAß

IysVksa ds 'kCnksa esa] Þnsg ds fy, O;k;ke vkSj efLr"d ds fy, laxhr dh f'k{kk gSA dFkk Hkh laxhr dk gh ,d Hkkx gSA vr% dgkuh Hkh f'k{kk nsus dk egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSAß

,Mhlu ds 'kCnksa esa] Þtc Hkh f'k{kk nsuh gks vFkok mins'k djuk gks rks dgkuh }kjk iznku djsaAß

bfrgkl ds f'k{kd dks dgkuh&dFku izfof/k dk iz;ksx djrs le; v/kksfyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s %&

1- dgkuh dh Hkk"kk] 'kSyh rFkk fo"k;&oLrq ckydksa ds ekufld Lrj] :fp] O;oLFkk ,oa LokHkkfod izofr;ksaa ds vuqlkj gksuh pkfg,A

2- dgkuh dgussa dk <a+x :fpdj] LokHkkfod rFkk Hkkoiw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A

3- dgkuh dks Øekuqlkj lquk;k tk;asA 4- f'k{kd ftl dgkuh dks Nk=ksa dks lqukuk pkgrk] mldh

ikB~;&oLrq ij mldk iw.kZ vf/kdkj gSA 5- f'k{kd dks ,sfrgkfld egkiq:"kksa ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr j[kuh

pkfg,A 6- f'k{kd dks vfHku; dyk dk Hkh Kku gksuk vko';d gS ftlls

og Hkkoukuqlkj vius gko&Hkko iznf'kZr djus esa lQy gks ldsaA

7- f'k{kd dks dgkuh lqukus esa Nk=ksa dh lgk;rk ysuh pkfg,A 8- dgkuh dh Hkk"kk Nk=ksa ds Lrj ds vuqlkj gksuh pkfg,a ftlls os

mldks le>us esa leFkZ gks ldsa rFkk mudk /;ku mlesa yxk jg ldsaA

dFkkRed fof/k ds xq.k (MERITS OF STORY-TELLING METHOD)

1- dgkuh ds }kjk mudh ftKklk dks r`Ir djds mUgsa vuq'kkflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2- blds }kjk ckydksa esa bfrgkl ds izfr :fp mRiUu dh tk ldrh gSA

3- blls ckydksa dh dYiuk 'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gSA

92

4- bl fof/k ls ckyd vius xqIr Hkkoksa dk O;Dr djus dk volj izkIr djrk gSA

5- tjfol (JARVIS) us tksj nsdj dgk gS fd ckydksa ds uSfrd fodkl esa dgkuh dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA

6- dgkfu;k¡ ds vk/kkj ckyd u;s fopkj cukrs gS] ftlls muesa ltukRedrk dh izofRr dk fodkl gksrk gSA

dgkuh&dFku i)fr ds nks"k (DEMERITS OF STORY TELLING METHOD) v/kksfyf[kr nks"k gS %&

1- blesa Lok/;k; ,oa vH;kl ds volj ugha gSA 2- ;g fof/k bfrgkl dk O;kolkf;d Kku ugha ns ikrh gSA 3- dgkuh fof/k dky Kku dk lgh Kku ugha djk ikrh gSA 4- ;g fof/k cM+h d{kkvksa ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gSA 5- dgkuhdkj dh O;fDrxr /kkj.kk,¡ rF;ksa ij izHkko Mky ldrh

gSA 6- ;g fof/k bfrgkl ds lHkh i{kksa dks izLrqr djus esa vleFkZ gSA 7- dgkuh veuksoSKkfud gS tcfd vkt f'k{kk gj rjg ls

oSKkfud gSA 8- dgkuh fof/k ij bfrgkl fo"k; dh fo"k;&oLrq iw.kZ :i ls

i<+k;h ugha tk ldrhA 9- dgkuh fof/k ls ikB~;Øe iwjk gksus esa Hkh lansg cuk jgrk gSA

3.6 dgkfu;ksa dk oxhZdj.k %&

pfj= iz/kku /kkfeZd dgkfu;k¡

?kVuk iz/kku

dgkfu;ksa dk

,sfrgkfld dgkfu;k¡

lkekftd

;FkkFkZoknh

93

dgkuh fof/k dks jkspd cukus ds lq>ko %& dgkuh fof/k dks jkspd ,oa izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, v/kksfyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, %&

1- dgkuh dgrs le; v/;kid dks Nk=ksa dh ftKklkvksa] iz'uksa ;k mudh bPNkvksa dsk /;ku es j[ksaA

2- v/;kid dgkuh dgrs le; gkL; jl dgkfu;k¡ Hkh lquk,¡] ftlls ckydksas dks g¡lh vk;s vkSj os {kf.kd euksjatu dj ldsaA

3- dgkuh dgus ls iwoZ v/;kid dgkuh dgusas ,oa lquus esa :fp j[ksaA

4- dgkuh ges'kk ekSf[kd :i esa lqukuh pkfg,] i<+dj lqukus ls dgkuh dh jkspdrk lekIr gksrh gSA

5- dgkuh dgus ls iwoZ v/;kid dks dgkuh lqukus dk vH;kl dj ysuk pkfg,A

6- dgkuh /kkjk&izokg esa dgkuh pkfg,&,d ds ckn ,d ?kVUkk,¡ rkjrE;rk ds lkFk tksM+dj dguh pkfg,A

7- dgkuh dHkh&dHkh cM+h d{kkvksa esa fp=kRed 'kSyh esa Hkh lquk;h tk ldrh gS] blds fy, Nk=ksa dk Kkuo/kZu gksxkA

8- dgkuh dh Hkk"kk Lrjkuqdwy rFkk cks/kxE; gksA 9- dgkuh ,sfrgkfld Øe essa dguh pkfg,A 10- dgkuh dgus dk <ax LokHkkfod rFkk Hkkouk iz/kku gksA 11- dgkuh ds chp esa dHkh&dHkh Nk=ksa ls iz'u Hkh iwNrs jgsa] ftlls

Nk=ksa dk /;ku b/kj&m/kj u HkVdasA

3.7 dgkuh ds rRo %&

'kSyh dkylwpd dFkksidFk

dgkuh ds

'kh"kZd dFkkud

mís'; ik= ,oa pfj=&fp=

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3.8 iz;kstuk fof/k (PROJECT METHOD) %&

;g fof/k iz;kstuokn n'kZu dh nsu gS] ftlus f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; lkekftd {kerkvksa dk fodkl ekuk gSA ;g fof/k vuqHko dsfUnzr gS vkSj djds lh[kus ij cy nsrh gSA ;g i)fr f'k{k.k dh uohure i)fr gS] bldk fodkl f'k{kk esa lkekftd izofr ds QyLo:i gqvkA

iz;kstuk fof/k dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe %& iz;kstuk&fof/k dk tUe nk'kZfud fopkj/kkjkvksa ds iz;kstuoknh lEiznk; (PRAGMATIC SCHOOL) ds iz;klksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i gqvkA bl i)fr dks f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ykus dk Js; izeq[k iz;kstuoknh f'k{kk'kkL=h tkWu M~;uh (JOHAN DEWY) ds gSA fØl iSfVªd (W.H. KILPATRICK) }kjk M~;wuh ds iz;kstuokn ds fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij bl i)fr dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA fØl iSfVªd ds 'kCnksa esas] ÞizkstsDV og egRoiw.kZ vfHkizk;;qDr fØ;k gS] tks iw.kZ layXurk ds lkFk lkekftd okrkj.k esa iwjh dh tk;Aß izks- LVhosUlu ds vuqlkj] ÞizkstsDV ,d leL;kewyd dk;Z gS ftldk lek/kku mlds izdr okrkoj.k esa jgrs gq, gh fd;k tkrk gSAß izks- cSykMZ ds vuqlkj] ÞizkstsDV okLrfod thou dk ,d NksVk&lk va'k gS ftldks fo|ky; esa izfrikfnr fd;k tkrk gSAß ;kstuk i)fr dk fodkl vesfjdk ds fo|ky;ksa esa gqvk FkkA ;kstuk 'kCn dk vFkZ bathfu;fjax ls fy;k tkrk gS ftldk vFkZ [kkds (PLAN) ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 1904 esa esfj;e uked O;fDr us ,d ikB'kkkyk [kksyh ftlesa [ksy ,oa dgkuh ls f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA 1918 bZ- esa dksyfEc;k fo'ofo|ky; ds MkW- MCY;w- ,p- fØliSfVªd (W.H. KILPATRICK) us tks izfl) f'k{kk'kkL=h tkWu Mhoh (JOHN DEWEY) ds f'k"; Fks] izkstDV 'kCn dk iz;ksx ,d fof'k"V :i esa fd;kA " A project is whole Rearted purposeful activity processing in a social environment." -W.H. KILPATRICK "A projet is a bit of real life that has been imparted inito the school." -BELLARD "A project is a unit of activity in which pupils are made responsible for planning and purposing." -S.C. PARKER

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"A Project is a problematic act carried to completion in its natural setting." -STEVENSON

;kstuk i)fr Nk=ksa s ds }kjk LofØ;k (self activity) ij cy nsrh gSA os vius vki djds (learning by doing) lh[kuk gSA ;kstuk dk pquko djds Nk=ksa dh O;fDrxr vFkok lkewfgd leFkZdrk dks /;ku esa j[kdj dk;Z vkjEHk fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fof/k euksfoKku rFkk iztkra= ds fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr gS blds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa izse] lgkuqHkwfr] lg;ksx rFkk ,drk vkfn ln~xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA okLro esa ;kstuk i)fr og fof/k gS tks Nk=ksa dks lfØ;rk ij cy nsrs gq, mls lh[kus dh vksj mUeq[k djrh gSA blesa f'k{kd dk LFkku ,d iFkizn'kZd ,oa ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa gksrk gSA

;kstukvksa dk oxhZdj.k (CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECTS) fdyiSfVªd us viuh iqLrd (foundation of method) esa v/kksfyf[kr izdkj dh ;kstukvksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k tkrk gS%&

1- dykRed ;kstuk %& ,sls izzkstsDV ftlesa dykRed vuqHkwfr dh izkfIr gksA tSls & dfork,¡ cukuk ,oa lqukuk] laxhr dk;ZØe izLrqr djuk] dgkuh dFku rFkk fp=ksa dks iz'kalkRed :i esa ns[kuk vkfnA

2- jpukRed ;kstuk %& ,slh ;kstuk ftlesa fdlh oLrq dh jpuk ;k mlds mRiknu ij cy fn;k tk;s tSSls & ekWMy] dq¡vk [kksnuk] uko cukuk] Hkou fuekZ.k vkfnA

3- vH;klklRed ;kstuk %& bl izdkj ds ifj;kstukRed dk;ksZa esa /khjs&/khjs dq'kyrk dk n{krk ykus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & ekufp=ksa dk fuekZ.k] VªkalisjsUlh] LykbM~l] lqUnj&gLrys[ku vkfnA

FkkWel ,e- fjLd (THOMAS M. RISK) us viuh iqLrd (PRINCIPLE & PRACITICES OF TEACHING SECONDARY SCHOOLS) esa rhu izdkj dh ;kstukvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS %&

1- ckSf)d ;k leL;kRed iz;kstuk,¡ & blesa fo|kFkhZ f'k{kd ds ekxZn'kZu esa leL;k dk gy izkIr djrk gSA ftls & losZ{k.k ds }kjk leL;kvksa ds dkj.kksa dks Kkr djukA

2- mRiknukRed ;kstuk,¡ & buesa fdlh HkkSfrd oLrq dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA Nk= fuekZ.k dk;Z djrs gq, vf/kxe djrk gSA tSls & pkVZ] ekWMy] 'kSf{kd [ksyA

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3- lh[kus ls lEcfU/kr iz;kstuk,¡ & blesa fdlh jpukRed ;k ltukRed fØ;k ds ek/;e ls Kku dk vtZu fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& fo"k;&oLrq ls lEcfU/kr dgkuh] ys[k] ukVd vkfn fy[kuk] izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu djukA

3.9 ;kstuk fof/k ds pj.k ;k lksiku

STEPS OF PROJECT METHOD) %& ;kstuk fof/k ds v/kksfyf[kr lkr lksiku gS %& 1- ifjfLFkfr mRiUu djuk 2- ;kstuk dk p;u 3- mís';&fu:i.k 4- ;kstuk iw.kZ djus dk dk;ZØe 5- dk;ZØe dks fØ;kfUor djuk 6- dk;Z dk fu.kZ; 7- dk;Z dk ys[kk

3.10 iz;kstuk fof/k ds vk/kkjHkwr fl)kUr (BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PROJEC METHOD) %& bl fof/k esa v/;kid fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, iFk&izn'kZd ;k

ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ck/; ugha fd;k tkrk gS] blds ewyHkwr fl)kUr fuEufyf[kr gS%&

1- fØ;k'khyrk dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF ACTIVITY) fØ;k'khyrk cPps dk izkdfrd LoHkko gksrk gSA vr% f'k{kk iznku

djrs le; cPps dh LokHkkfod bPNkvksaa dk neu ughs djuk pkfg,A cfYd cPps dks djds lh[kus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tkrk gS ftlls izkIr Kku izHkko'kkyh ,a LFkk;h gksrk gSaaa aA

2- mís';iw.kZrk dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF PURPOSIVENSE)

ftl fØ;k dk dksbZ mís'; ugha gksrk mlesa Nk=ksa dh :fp tkxzr ugha gks ldrh gSA blls fo|kFkhZ fuf'pr fn'kk esasa dk;Z djrk gSA fuf'pr fn'kk dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, og mís'; fufeZr djrk gS] tks mldh lQyrk ds |ksrd gksrs gSA

3- okLrfodrk dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF REALITY) ;g fl)kUr thou dh okLrfodrk ij cy nsrk gSA ckyd tc

vius 'kSf{kd thou esa dk;Zjr jgrk gks rks vusd ,sls vuqHkoksa dk izR;{khdj.k djrk gS tks thou dh lkFkZdrk ls tqMs+ gSA

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blesa ckyd dks thou dh OkkLrfodrk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls :c: gksus dk volj fn;k tkrk gSA

4- LorU=rk dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF FREEDOM) bl fof/k esa ckyd viuh ;kstuk cukus esa Lora= gksrs gS rFkk

blesa ckyd dks Lora= NksM+dj dk;Z djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tk;sA bl izsj.kk ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Lora= euksofRr dk fodkl gksxk vkSj vius dk;Z dks csgrj <a+x ls fu"ikfnr djsaxsA

5- vuqHko'khyrk dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIENCE) bl fl)kUr esa fØ;k'khyrk ,oa vuqHko'khyrk ij cy fn;k

tkrk gSA fØ;k ls izkIr vuqHko vU; fØ;kvksa dks izsfjr djrk gSA cPpk vius vuqHkoksa ls tYnh lh[krk gS vkSj tks lh[krk gS og Hkh Hkwyrk ughaA ;g fof/k cPps dks vuqHko iznku djus ds dbZ volj iznku djrh gSA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i og vius vki gh cgqr dqN lh[k ysrk gSA

6- mi;ksfxrk dk fl)kUr (PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY) bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj iz;kstuk fof/k okLrfod vuqHkoksa ij

vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k okLrfod thou esa bldh mi;ksfxrk gSA mi;ksfxrk izkstsDV dh izsjd gS vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mi;ksxh iz;kstuk pquus ds fy, izsfjr djuk vkSj mldk lQyrk iwoZd lEiknu djuk bl i)fr dh fo'ks"krkvksa esa 'kkfey gSA

;kstuk fof/k ds iz;ksx esa lko/kkfu;k¡ %&

iz;kstuk fof/k esa i<+krs le; v/;kid dks v/kksfyf[kr lq>koksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,%&

1- vuqHkoh ,oa ;ksX; v/;kidksa dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sA 2- ;kstuk dk izLrqrhdj.k okLrfod rFkk O;kogkfjd gksA 3- ;kstuk ,slh gks] ftlesa Nk= layXurk ls dk;Z dj ldsaA 4- ;kstuk dk pquko fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh :fp ds vuqlkj gksA 5- ;kstuk mi;ksxh ,oa mís';iw.kZ gksuh pkfg,A 6- ;kstuk dks ferO;;h cukus dh dksf'k'k dh tkuh pkfg;sA 7- ;kstuk dk vkjEHk djus ds iwoZ ;kstuk lECkU/kh lHkh vko';d

rS;kfj;k¡ dj ysuh pkfg,A 8- ;kstuk izkdfrd ,oa lkekftd okrkoj.k esa le;kstu LFkkfir

djus ds ;ksX; gksA 9- ;stuk dks fu/kkZfjr y{; rd igq¡pus rd tkjh j[kuk pkfg,A 10- izkstsDV dk 'kSf{kd ewY; gksuk pkfg,A

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11- ekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa dk /;ku j[krs gq, izkstsDV dk pquko fd;k tk;sA

;kstuk fof/k ds ykHk %&

iz;kstuk fof/k ds ykHkksa dk mYys[k fuEukafdr fcUnqvksa ds vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gS %&

1- ;kstuk fof/k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Lora=rk iznku djrh gSA 2- ;sktuk fof/k euksoSKkfud fof/k gSA 3- ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks leL;k lek/kku esa izf'k{k.k iznku djrh gSA 4- ;g yksdra=kRed thou ;kiu dk izf'k{k.k iznku djrh gSA 5- ;g fof/k iqLrdh; f'k{k.k ds nks"kksa ls eqDr gSA 6- ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vius vuqHkoksa ls lh[kus ds ;ksX; cukrh gSA 7- ;g fof/k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fo"k; Øec)rk ls dk;ZØe fl[kkus esa

lgk;d gSA 8- ;g fof/k Nk=ksa esa lkekftdrk dk fodkl djrh gSA

;kstuk fof/k ds nks"k ;k lhek,¡ (LIMITATION OF PROJECT METHOD)

1- ;kstuk fof/k ls ikB~;Øe dk iwjk gksuk laHko ughaA 2- bl fof/k esa O;fDrxr :fp;ksa rFkk izofRr;ksa dk /;ku ughaA 3- ;g fof/k vuq'kklughurk dks c<+kok nsrh gSA 4- mfpr izkstsDV dk pquko dfBuA 5- bl fof/k esa ewY;kadu dsoy ,d i{kh;A 6- bl fof/k esa le;&foHkkx pØ dh vogsyukA 7- bl fof/k esa fo"k;&oLrq dh Øec)rk dk vHkko] Kku

Ja[kykc) ugha jg ikrkA 9- [kphZyh fof/k] vko';d lkexzh dks ,df=r djus esa /ku dk

O;;A 10- bl fof/k }kjk mfpr izkstsDV dk pquko laHko ughaA 11- bl fof/k }kjk dqN fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkf/kiR; vU; fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij tek

ysrs gSA

However most of the disadvantage of project method would disppear, when modern concepts are accepted. Pupils growth and development are much more important in the educational process than the memorisation of facts, forgotton too soon. In the project procedure, pupil's corporatin in planning and

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execution is almost secured. Both the individual and the group enjoy an immeasurable satifaction and pleasure at the successful conclusion of the project.

3.11 (3) lekthd`r vfHkO;fDr fof/k

(SOCIALIZED RECIATIN METHOD) orZeku le; esa d{kk&d{k esa lekthdr fØ;kvksa ds iz;ksx dh

c<+rh ek¡x ds dkj.k ,d uohu vkSj xR;kRed fof/k dk tUe gqvk mls lekthdr vfHkO;fDr fof/k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

osLys ds vuqlkj] Þlekthdr vfHkO;fDr ,d vkn'kZ gS tks f'k{k.k esa ,sls iz;ksx dh dYiuk djrk gS ftlesa d{kk ds lHkh ckyd lg;ksx rFkk ln~Hkkouk ls KkuktZu dj ldsaAß

blds }kjk d{kk&d{k ds i;kZoj.k dh vkSipkfjdrk dks lekIr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mlds LFkku ij LokHkkfodrk mRiUu dh tkrh gS] ftlesa ckyd viuh izdfr] :fp rFkk lg;ksx ds lkFk KkuksiktZu djrk gSA

ckbfuax rFkk ckbfuax ds 'kCnksa esa] Þlekthdr vfHkO;fDr dks lkekftd fopkj&foe'kZ dgk tk ldrk gSAß

3.12

ckbfuax rFkk ckbfuax }kjk crk, x,

lekthd`r vfHkO;fDr fof/k ds izeq[k :i

1 vkSipkfjd oxZ&;kstuk (FORMAL GROUP PLAN) 2- vukSipkfjd oxZ&;kstuk

(FORMAL GROUP PLAN)

3

vkRefunsZ'k oxZ&;kstuk (SELF-DIRECTION

GROUP PLAN)

4-

lsfeukj oxZ&;kstuk (SEMINAR GROUP

PLAN) 1. vkSipkfjd oxZ&;kstuk (FORMAL GROUP PLAN)

blesa fo|kFkhZ vkSipkfjd :i ls laxfBr gksdj dk;Z djrs gSS ftl izdkj o;Ld O;fDr vius Dyc] dkSafly rFkk lhusV cukdj fdlh leL;k dks O;ofLFkr <ax ls gy djrs gS] mlh izdkj Nk= Hkh vius dks laxfBr djds fu/kkZfjr leL;kvksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djrs gSA bl :i

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esa Nk= fu/kkZfjr fu;eksas ds vuqlkj viuh dk;ZOkgh pykrs gSA blesa Nk= v/;{k dh vkKk izkIr fd, fcuk gh vius fopkj] lq>ko ,oa izLrko dks ugha j[krs gSA 2. vukSipkfjd oxZ&;kstuk (INFORMAL GFOUP PLAN)

blds vUrxZr dksbZ O;ofLFkr ;kstuk ugha gksrh gS vr% blesa Nk= rFkk f'k{kd Lora= ,oa LoPNUn :i ls fdlh Hkh leL;k ij fopkj&foe'kZ dj ldrs gSA 3. vkRefunsZ'k oxZ&;kstuk (SELF- DIRECTION GROUP PLAN) ;g mPp d{kkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gS blesa f'k{kd dk LFkku xkS.k gSA blesa Nk= gh viuh leL;k ds p;u ,oa lek/kku ds fy, fopkj&foe'kZ djrs gSa] f'k{kd dsoy iFk&izn'kZd ;k ekxZn'kZd dk dk;Z djrk gSA 4. lsfeukj oxZ&;kstuk (SEMINAR GROUP PLAN) blds vUrxZr d{kk dks fofHkUu oxksZsa esa ck¡V fn;k tkrk gS vkSj os leL;k ds fofHkUu inksa ij fopkj djrs gSA ;s oxZ lEiw.kZ d{kk ds le{k leL;k ds fofHkUu i{kksa ls lEcfU/kr fjiksVksZa ij fopkj djrs gSa vkSj fopkj&foe'kZ ds mijkUr vfUre fu.kZ; ysrs gSA vUr esa lkewfgd :i ls fjiksVZ dh tkrh gSA

lekthd`r vfHkO;fDr fof/k ds xq.k %& (MERITSSOCIALIZED RECITATIN METHOD)

1- blds }kjk vkRe&funsZ'ku ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA 2- blds iz;ksx ls Nk= lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx

ysrs gSA 3- Nk= oxZ&;kstuk cukuk lh[k tkrs gSA 4- ;g fof/k Nk=ksa ds usrRo rFkk igydneh esa izf'k{k.k iznku

djrh gSA 5- Nk= okn&fookn esa Hkkx ysuk lh[k tkrs gSA 6- Nk= vkRe&fu.kZ; djuk lh[k tkrs gSA 7- blds }kjk Nk=ksa esa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dk fodkl fd;k tkrk

gSA 8- ;g Nk=ksa dh vkRekfHkO;fDr ds fy, volj iznku djrh gSA 9- ;g Nk=ksa dks fpUru djus ds fy, rRij cukrh gSA 10- Nk= lHkk lapkyu] fu;kstu rFkk vius fopkjksa ,oa fu.kZ;ksa dks

Øec) ,oa fyf[kr :i eas izLrqr dju dh dyk dks lh[k tkrs gSA

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lekthd`r vfHkO;fDr fof/k ds nks"k ;k voxq.k %& (DEMERTIS OF SOCIALIZED RECITATON METHOD)

1- blds iz;ksx ls fo|kFkhZ O;FkZ ds okn&fookn esa le; u"V djrs gSA

2- ;g fo"k; ij leqfpr vf/kdj djus ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gSA 3- blds }kjk dqN fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lEiw.kZ dk;Z lapkyu dk volj

feykr gS vU; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dksbZ ykHk ugha gksrk gSA

3.13 ¼4½ thou xkFkk fof/k (BIOGRAPHICAL THEORY) %&

vU; fo"k;ksa dh rjg bfrgkl f'k{k.k dks jkspd ,oa izHkko'kkyh cukus esa cukus esa thou&xkFkk fof/k dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA bfrgkl fo"k; dh fo"k;&oLrq vkfn dky ls ysdj vkt rd vusd egku~ O;fDr;ksa jktkvksa] ;ks)kvksa ds O;fDrRo ,oa dfrRo ls ifjiw.kZ gSA bfrgkl esa bu egku~ O;fDr;ksa ds ;ksxnku dks bfrgkl esa iz;qDr djus esa dkjykbZy (CARLYLE) dh egRoiw.kZ nsu jgh gSA dkjykbZy (CARLYLE) ds 'kCnksa esa] Þfo'o esa ekuo us tks dqN Hkh fd;k gS] mlds ewy eas egkiq:"kksa dk gh bfrgkl gSAß CARLYLE says, "The history of what man has accomplished in the world, is at the bottom, the history of the great men who have worked here." Biography is the story of the life of a great man or woman in whom the society may be interested. History is taught through the Biographical method, as important events turn around the lives of great individuals. To emphasive the noble needs of great persons biographies are presented in a chronological order. thou xkFkk fof/k esa bfrgkl f'k{kd }kjk ,sfrgkfld iq:"kksa dh thofu;ksa ij fo"k;&oLrq fufeZr djsa rFkk bl fo"k;&oLrq dks thou&xkFkk fof/k dk uke nsdj f'k{k.k dh fof/k izLrqr dh tk ldrh gSA vyx&vyx ;qx esa fofHkUu izdkj ds jktk lezkV] ckn'kkg gq, ftUgksuas viuh ohjrk] 'kkS;Zrk vkSj iztkfgr dk ifjp; fn;k gSA buds dk;ksZa dks izkphu] e/; ,oa vk/kqfud dky esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k rFkk izR;sd ;qx ds egku~ O;fDr;ksa dh thouh ds vk/kkj ij izdj.k cuk;s x;sA thofu;ksa esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd i{k dh iz/kkurk gks] rkfd rRdkfyd le; dh leLr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls Nk= voxr gks ldsaA

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Biographical approch is very useful at the elementary stage of school education. Some priods of history can be prefitably studied as series of biographies even at the secondary school stage. Biographical method possesses great human appeal.

thou xkFkk fof/k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ %& (CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGRAPHICAL THEIORY)

thou xkFkk fof/k dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ v/kksfyf[kr gS %& 1- thou xkFkk fof/k fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ohj&iwtk] usrRo] lkgl vkfn

xq.kksa dk fodkl djrh gSA 2- ;g fof/k fo"k;&oLrq dks jkspdrk iznku djrh gSA 3- ;g fof/k ekuorkoknh fopkj/kkjk dh iks"kd gS] D;ksafd egku~

O;fDr ges'kk gh ekuork ds vkn'kZ jgs gSA 4- bl fof/k ls Nk=ksa esa uSfrd ,oa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk fodkl gksrk

gS D;ksafd egkiq:"kksa dh thofu;ksa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo esa uSfrdrk dk izsj.kk L=ksr gksrh gSA

5- bl fof/k ds }kjk ikB~;Øe ,oa fo"k;&oLrq dk oxhZdj.k vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA

thou xkFkk dh fof/k dh lhek,¡ (LIMITATION OF BIOGRAPHY) thouxkFkk fof/k dh izeq[k vkykspuk,¡ ;k nks"k fuEuffyf[kr gS %&

1- dksbZ Hkh egkiq:"k lEiw.kZ ;qx dks vdsyk izfrfuf/kRo ugha ns ldrk D;ksafd egkiq:"k dsoy 'kSf{kd /kkfeZd] i= dk gh izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSA

2- bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ls bfrgkl fo"k; dh izdfr vLi"V gksus dk Hk; jgrk gS D;ksafd bldks dqN yksx veuksoSKkfud fof/k ekurs gSA

3- ;g fof/k f'k{k.k dks dkYifud i"BHkwfe iznku djrh gS] okLrfod ?kVukvksa ;k rF;ksa ls bl fof/k dk dksbZ lkeatL; ugha gSA

4- ;g fof/k vf/kuk;doknh fopkj/kkjk ij vk/kkfjr gS] D;ksafd ;g vU; fopkj/kkjkvksa ls dksbZ rkyesy ugha j[krhA

5- ;g fof/k vyksdrkaf=d gS D;ksafd Lora= fparu ,oa leku Hkko dk fodkl bl fof/k ls laHko ugha gSA

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3.14 (5) L=ksr i)fr (SOURCES METHOD) L=ksr i)fr bfrgkl f'k{k.k dh ,d izHkko'kkyh l'kDr rFkk

egRoiw.kZ fof/k gSA bfrgkl fo"k; esa vrhr dh ?kVUkkvks dk o.kZu gS bu vrhr dh ?kVukvks dks izLrqr dju ds fy, Bksl izek.kksa dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA mlds }kjk ge fdlh ewrZ laxBu dks ns[kdj Kku izkIr djrs gS rks Kku LFkk;h ,oa cks/kxE; curk gS] ogh vewrZ laxBu ds izfr Kku dh izfØ;k uhjl cu tkrh gSA vr% bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds lqjgjsa Hkfo"; dh nf"V ;g i)fr mfpr gSA

L=ksr dk vFkZ (MEANING OF SOURCE) %&

bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS vr% vrhr esa tks ?kVuk,¡ ?kfVr gqbZ mudh lR;rk dh tk¡p ,oa mudk v/;;u djus ds fy, dqN ,sls vo'ks"k] vfHkys[k rFk vU; Bksl izek.kksa dk lgkjk ysdj gh lR; dh vksj vxzflr gksrs gSA bl izdkj vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dh lR;rk dh tk¡p og mu izrhdksa rFkk fpUgksa ds vk/kkj ij djrk gS tks vrhr ds }kjk 'ks"k NksM+s x;s gSA bu fpUgksa rFkk izrhdksa dks gh bfrgkl esa L=ksr dgrs gSA

bfrgkl dk vk/kkj rF; (FACTS) gSA bfrgkl ds rF; Li"V izek.kksa rFkk okLrfod vk/kkjksa ij vkfJr gksrs gSA vr% bfrgkldkj okLrfod rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij gh ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k djrs gSA dksbZ Hkh ys[kd fdlh Hkh izdkj ls Lo;a Hkwrdky esa ugha tk ldrkA vr% ml le; tks O;fDr mifLFkr Fks] mUgksusa tk ?kVuk,¡ ns[kh vkSj mUgsa fy[kdj j[kk] vFkok muds i=&O;ogkj ij bfrgkjdkj dks fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA bu izek.kksa vkSj vk/kkjksa dks pkgs os fyf[kr gS vFkok vfyf[kr] rF; dgrs gSA ;s rF; gh gekjs bfrgkl ds L=ksr gSA bu rF;ksa }kjk gesa ,d ,slk L=ksr feyrk gS ftlls ge bfrgkl dk 'kjhj fufeZr dj ysrs gSA

,l-oh-lh- ,S;k ds 'kCnksa esa] ÞL=ksr Hkwrdkyhu ?kVUkkvksa }kjk NksM+s x;s 'ks"k fpUg gSA ;|fi bfrgkl dh ?kVUkk,¡ okLrfod :i esa ?kfVr gksrh gS fQj Hkh os vf/kd le; rd okLrfod ugha jg ikrhA muds }kjk NksM+s 'ks"k fpUg gh mUgsa okLrfodrk iznku djrs gSA bfrgkjdkj bUgha 'ks"k fpUgksa ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrk gSA og bu 'ks"k fpUgksa dh lQyrk ls vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dk rkfdZd ,oa Øec) o.kZUk izLrqr djus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA

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According to S.V.C. AIYA - "The sources are the 'traces' left behind by past events. The events of history are no longer realities, though they are actually happened, traces left by the make them real. A historian works directly upon these traces and through them he works upon the events. He reconstructs a systematic and logical account of the Past events with the help of the sources." The study and use of original material and original sources give a much better under standing of subjects like history than any other method. This is called the source method of teaching and learning history. L=ksrksa dk iz;ksx & L=ksrksa ds iz;ksx ds lEcU/k esa fHkUu&fHkUu er gS%& Mk- dhfVax ds erkuqlkj] ÞL=ksrksa dk iz;ksx twfu;j Lrj ij djuk pkfg,A ijUrq ;g iz;ksx okrkoj.k LFkkfir djus dsfy, fd;k tk;s L=ksrksa }kjk ,slk okrkoj.k mRiUu fd;k tk; ftlls ckyd f'k{kk izkIr dj ldsaA bl Lrj ij L=ksrksa dk fo'ys"k.k ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,Aß

3.15 L=ksrksa dk oxhZdj.k

(CLASSIFICATON OF SOURCES) L=ksr vrhr ds yksxksa }kjk NksMs+ gq, 'ks"k fpUg gSA ;s 'ks"k fpUg fofHkUu :iksa esa ik;s tkrs gSA bu 'ks"k fpUgksa dks v/;;u dh lqfo/kkuqlkj fuEukafdr rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS %&

1- iqjkrkRohd L=ksr (ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES) 2- lkfgfR;d L=ksr (LITERARY SOURCES) 3- ekSf[kd ijEijk (ORAL TRADITIONS)

mDr rhu izdkj dk oxhZdj.k bfrgkldkjksa us Kku dh

lqfo/kkdks foHkkftr djus dh nf"V ls fd;k gS rFkk bl oxhZdj.k ds vU; mioxhZdj.k Hkh fd;s tk ldrs gS] tks fuEukuqlkj gS %& 1- iqjkrkfRod L=ksr (ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES) %&

bu L=ksrksa dks v/;;;u esa lqfo/kk dh nf"V ls rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS%&

(i) Lekjd lEcU/kh L=ksr (MONUMENTAL SOURCES) %& Lekjd lEcU/kh L=ksrksa ds vUrxZr Hkou. flDds] crZu] ewfrZ;ksa vkfn vkrs gSA Hkkjr esa ykMZ duZy }kjk iqjkrRo foHkkx dh

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LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA bl foHkkx eksgutksnM+ks] gM+Iik] r{kf'kyk] dkS'kkEch] lkjukFk] dk'kh] ikVfyiq=] ukyUnk] lk¡ph] Hkkjgqr vkfn LFkkuksa ij [kqnkbZ dk;Z djok;kA blls mlesa izkphu bfrgkl dh lkexzh [kkst fudkyhA

(ii) iqjkys[k lEcU/kh L=ksr (ELPIGRAPHICS SOURCES) %& izkphu le; esa jktk vius dky dh ekSfydrk dks pêkuksa] LrEHkksa] rkezi=ksa] Hkouksa] iRFkjksa] nhokjksa rFkk f'kykys[kksa ij ys[k fy[krs FksA blls jktk fo'ks"k ds thou ls lEcfU/kr ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA

(iii) eqnzk fo"k;d L=ksr (NUMISTICS SOURCES) %& ;s L=ksr flDdksa ds v/;;u ls bfrgkl dh lkexzh iznku djrs gSA izkphu le; ds flDds ml le; dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk Kku djkrs FksA

2. lkfgfR;d L=ksr (LITERARY SOURCES) %&

lkfgfR;d L=ksrksa dks Hkh v/;;u esa lqfo/kk dh nf"V ls v/kksfyf[kr Hkkxksa esa oxhdr fd;k x;k gS %&

(i) /kkfeZd lkfgR; (RELIGIOUS LITERATURE) %& blls /kkfeZd xzUFkksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS ;s xzUFk ml le; dh /kkfeZd fLFkfr] /kkfeZd ekU;rkvkas] rFkk /kkfeZd fof/k;ksa ds vykok yksxksa dh vkLFkk] jgu&lgu] thou&n'kZu vkfn dk v/;;u djrs gS] lkFk gh ;s xzUFk ml le; dh jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd thou ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyrs gSA jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] jkepfjrekul~ blds mnkgj.k gSA

(ii) ykSfdd ;k ekSf[kd lkfgR; (SECULAR LITERATURE) %& izkphu le; dk og lkfgR; tks fdlh /keZ ls lEcfU/kr ugha gS bls ykSfdd ;k /keZ&fujis{k lkfgR; dgykrk gS] bls lqfo/kk dh nf"V ls nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS %&

¼d½ futh lkfgR; (PRIVATE LITERATURE) %& ;g og

lkfgR; ftldh jpuk fdlh ys[kd us O;fDrxr :i ls dh gSA bl izdkj ds lkfgR; ds vUrxZr dkfynkl }kjk jfpr ÞvfHkKku'kdqUrye~ß] fo'kk[kknRr dk Þeqnzkjk{klß] dkSfVY; dk ÞvFkZ'kkL=ß ckcj dk Þckcjukekß] tgk¡xhj dh Þrqtqd&,&tgk¡xhjhß vkfn jpuk,¡ vkrh gSA

¼[k½ lkoZtfud lkfgR; (OFFICIAL LITERATURE) %&

;g fdlh vf/kdkjh ds }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA blds vUrxZr

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jktdh; vkns'k] lun] Qjeku U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; vkfn vkrs gSA lkoZtfud lkfgR; esa vrhr ds jktk lezkVksa] ckn'kkgksa ds vf/kdkjh] ea=h ;k muds njckj ds fo'ks"k O;fDr }kjk tkjh fd;s x;s Qjeku] i=] lfU/k;k¡ vkfnA

(iii) fons'kh izek.k (FOREIGN TESTIMONY) %& fonsf'k;ksa ds fooj.k bfrgkl ds izeq[k L=ksr gSA bl izdkj ds lkfgR; ds vUrxZr ;wukuh ys[kdksa&eSaxLFkuht] isVªksfyDl] vyc:uh] âsulkax] Qkâku vkfn dk uke fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA buds }kjk izkIr tkudkjh us bfrgkl dks jkspd rFkk rF;kRed lkexzh iznku dh gSA (3) ekSf[kd ijEijk,¡ ¼ORAL TRADITION) %&

ekSf[kd ijEijk,¡ bfrgkl fo"k; esa lkFkZd vkSj egRoiw.kZ L=ksr dk dke djrh gSA bldk mRre mnkgj.k duZy VkWM }kjk fyf[kr ÞjktLFkku dk bfrgklß gSA ,sfrgkfld egRo dh vusd ckrsa ;k ijEijk,¡ yksd&dgkfu;k¡ rFkk jhfr&fjoktksa dk vax cu tkrh gSA ;s LFkkuh; bfrgkl dh tkudkjh esa egRoiw.kZ gSA

ekSf[kd ijEijk ds vuqlkj os lc jhfr&fjokt] dgkfu;k¡] ijEijk,¡ gS] tks lekt dk izfrfcEc gS vkSj vkfn dky ls vkt rd lekt dk vfHkUu vax cuh gqbZ gSA bUgsa ge bfrgkl ds ekSf[kd L=ksr dh laKk nsrs gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ & ikVfyxzke dks fofHkUu dkyksa esa ikVfyiq=] vthekckn] cadhiqj rFkk iVuk ds uke ls tkuk x;k gSA bu ukeksa ds egRo dks le>us eas ekSf[kd ijEijk,¡ egRoiw.kZ Hkkx vnk djrh gSA

(i) ekSfyd L=ksr (PRIMARY SOURCES) %&blds vUrxZr izR;{k vo'sk"k lkexzh vkrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&Lekjd] flDds] ;U= vkfnA blds vUrxZr izR;{k vad ;k Nki Hkh vkrh gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ&vkKk&i=] vkns'k] Qjeku] lafo/kku] lfU/k;k¡] U;k;ky;ksa ds fu.kZ; rFkk O;fDrxr bfrgkl vkfnA

(ii) lgk;d L=ksr (SECONDARY SOURCES) %&

thou&pfj=] vkRedFkk,¡ ;k ys[kdksa }kjk fyf[kr rRdkyhu le; dk bfrgkl egRoiw.kZ gSA

107

3.16

bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa L=ksrksa dk iz;ksx (USE OF SOURCES IN

THE TEACHING OF HISTORY)

1- ikB ds vkjEHk esa L=ksrksa dk iz;ksx (PRE LESSON USE OF

SOURCES)

2- ikB ds e/; esa L=ksrksa dk iz;ksx (MID-LESSON USE OF SOURCES)

3- ikB dh lekfIr ij L=ksrksa dk iz;ksx (POST-LESSON USE OF

SOURCES)

L=ksr fof/k ds xq.k (MERITS OF SOURCE METHOD) %& bfrgkl&f'k{k.k dh L=ksr fof/k esa v/kksfyf[kr xq.k ;k mi;ksfxrk,¡ gS %&

1- ;g i)fr Nk=ksa dk bfUnz;&Kku nsrh gSA os fofHkUu lk{;ksa dks ns[kdj] Nwdj rFkk i<+dj mlds lEcU/k esa okLrfod Kku izkIr dj ldrs gSA

2- ;g i)fr f'k{k.k dks jkspd rFkk izHkkoh cukrh gSA 3- ;g i)fr bfrgkl dk O;kogkfjd rFkk okLrfod Kku iznku

djrh gSA 4- ;g i)fr bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds fy, vuqdwy okrkjoj.k dk

fuekZ.k djrh gSA 5- bl i)fr esa Nk=ksa dh lfØ;rk c<+rh gSA os fuf"Ø; Jksrkek=

ugha jgrs gSA 6- ;g fof/k Nk=ksa esa ltukRed {kerk dk fodkl djrh gSA

D;ksafd Nk=&fp=] pkVZ] ekWMy cukuk lh[krs gSA 7- ;g fof/k v/;kidksa dks vuqla/kku dk;Z djus ds fy, izsfjr

djrh gSA 8- bl fof/k ls Nk=ksa dh ekufld 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl djrh gSA

muesa dYiuk] igpkuusas dh {kerk] rqyuk] vuqHko djuk] izR;{khdj.k djuk fl[kkrh gSA

108

9- bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ls Nk=ksa esa laxzg djus dh vknrksa dk fodkl gksrk gS] pkgs og fVdVksa dk laxzg gks ;k iqjkus flDds ;k vU; ,sfrgkfld oLrq gSA

11- ;g i)fr Nk=ksa esa vkykspukRed fpUru dk fodkl djrh gSA

L=ksr fof/k ds voxq.k ;k nks"k (DEMERITS OF SOURCES METHOD)

bfrgkl f'k{k.k dh L=ksr fof/k esa fuEufyf[kr voxq.k ;k nks"k ik, tkrs gS %&

1- ;g fof/k izR;sd d{kk ds fy, Hkh mi;ksxh ugha gSA 2- bl fof/k esa le; vf/kd yxrk gSA 3- v/;kid ds fy, i;kZIr L=ksrksa dh O;oLFkk djuk u dsoy

dfBu gS vfirq [kphZyk Hkh gSA lHkh fo|ky; L=ksrksa dh O;oLFkk ugha dj ldrs gSA

4- izR;sd v/;kid bldk iz;ksx ughs dj ikrs] D;ksafd bl i)fr dk iz;ksx djus esas fuiq.krk dh vko';drk gSA

5- ekSf[kd L=ksrksa dh izekf.kdrk f'k{kd ds ikl ugha gSA 6- Nk= fofHkUu L=ksrksa rFkk ?kVUkkvksa esa lEcU/k LFkkfir djus esa

dfBukbZ dk vuqHko djrs gSA 7- Nk=ksa dk Hkk"kk lEcU/kh dfBukbZ vk ldrh gSA ftl le; ds

L=ksr gS] ml le; dh Hkk"kk tks L=ksrkasa ij fy[kh gS Nk=ksa dks le> esa ugha vkrh gSA

bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa L=ksr fof/k ds iz;ksx lEcU/kh lq>ko (Suggestions) %&

bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa L=ksr i)fr dk iz;ksx djrs le; f'k{kd dk v/kksfyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk vfr vko';d gS %&

1- bl fof/k ds iwoZ d{kk dk okrkoj.k bl izdkj fufeZr djsa fd Nk= okLrfod :i esa lgtrk ls bUgsa ns[ksa vkSj le>sa vFkkZr~ L=ksr ek= ltkoV dk lkekUk cudj u jg tk;saA

2- bldk iz;ksx dq'ky v/;kid }kjk dq'kyrkiowZd fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

3- mls mu iqLrdksa dks izkIr djus dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,] ftuesa bfrgkl ds L=ksrksa dk ladyu gksaA

109

4- Nk=ksa dks muds v/;;u ds fy, izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg, ftlls os f'k{kk ds ekSf[kd ikB ds i'pkr~ iqLrdky; esa tkdj v/;;u djsaA

5- L=ksr dh lEiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr djus ds ckn gh v/;kid bldk iz;ksx djsaA v/kwjh tkudkjh ls iz;ksx ?kkrd gks ldrk gSA

3.17 (6) okn&fookn fof/k

(DISCUSSION METHOD) okn&fookn fof/k dk vFkZ (Meaning of discussion) dk lfØ;

cuk;s j[kus ds nf"Vdks.k ls fofHkUu fØ;kRed f'k{k.k&fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA muesa ls ,d okn&fookn fof/k gS bls ge ifjppkZ Hkh dgrs gSA ifjppkZ esa dqN fo"k; fo'ks"k rFkk Nk= bfrgkl ds fdlh izlax ij ijLij fopkj&foe'kZ djrs gSA vk/kqfud f'k{kk fopkj/kkjkvksa ds vuqlkj lh[kus dks ljy] lqxe] cks/kxE; cukus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd Nk= d{kk fØ;k esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysaA mls d{kk esa ek= fuf"Ø; Jksrk ugha jguk gSA d{kk&f'k{k.k ds le; fdlh izlax ij ;fn ckrphr dh tk;s rks orZeku f'k{kk dh fof/k mls Hkh ,d 'kSf{kd fØ;k ekurh gSA blesa f'k{kd vkSj Nk= fey&tqydj fdlh izdj.k] iz'u ;k leL;k ds lEcU/k esa Lora=rkiwoZd lkewfgd okrkoj.k esa fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djrs gSA

ifjHkk"kk,¡ (DEFINITIONS)

flEilu o ;ksde ds 'kCnksa esa] Þokn&fookn ckrphr dk ,d fof'k"V Lo:i gSA blesa lkekU; ckrphr dh vis{kk vf/kd foLrr ,oa foosd;qDr fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku gksrk gSA lkekU;r% okn&fookn esa egRoiw.kZ fopkjksa ,oa leL;kvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSAß

("Discussion is a special form of conversation. It is an exchange of ideas of a more reasoned detailed kind, than that found in ordinary conversation and generally in volves the conversationof important ideas and issues.")

YAKAM AND SIMPSON

tsEl ,e-yh ds vuqlkj] Þokn&fookn ,d 'kSf{kd lkewfgd fØ;k gS ftlesa f'k{kd rFkk Nk= lg;ksxh :i ls fdlh leL;k ;k izdj.k ij ckrphr djrs gSAß

110

("Discussion is ar educational group activity in which teacher & students talk over some problem or topic.")

JAMES M. LEE

fjLd ds 'kCnksa esa] Þokn&fookn dk vFkZ gS&v/;;u dh tkus okyh leL;k ;k izdj.k esa fufgr lEcU/kksa dk fopkj'khy foospuAß

("Dicussion means thoughtful consideraton of the relatonship involved in the topic under study.")

THOMAS M. RISK

3.18 ifjppkZ ;k okn&fookn ds izdkj %& (TYPES OF DISCUSSION METHOD)

1- xksyest lEesyu ¼Round Table conference) 2- iap ifjppkZ (Panel Discussion) ;k lkewfgd okn&fookn 3- lEesyu 4- lfefr 5- fle;lksft;e 6- Qksje vkfnA

ifjppkZ ;k okn&fookn gsrq rS;kjh %& fdlh Hkh dk;Z esa lQyrk izkIr djus gsrq dk;Z lEikfnr djus ls iwoZ lqfuf'pr ;kstuk cuk ysuk vko';d gSA ifjppkZ izkjEHk djus ls iwoZ v/;kid dks d{kk dk okrkoj.k ,slk cuk nsuk vko';d gS] ftlesa os Lora=rkiwoZd vius fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku dj ldsaA okrkoj.k ftruk vf/kd lq[kn gksxk] mrus gh vPNs ifj.kke izkIr gksaxsA

okn&fookn izkjEHk djus ls iwoZ fo"k;&oLrq dks Nk=ksa ds lkeus Li"V dj fn;k tk;s rFkk v/;kid dks leL;k izLrqr djrs le; gh ,d izLrkokRed Hkk"k.k }kjk leL;k dks Nk=ksa dh nSfud fØ;kvksa ls tksM+us dh dksf'k'k dh tk;s ftlls Nk=ksa esa mlds lek/kku ds izfr :fp tkxzr gks ldsaA fdlh nh gqbZ leL;k dk tc rd fo|kFkhZ Hkyh izdkj ls Hkkx ugha ys ldrs gSA vr% Nk=ksa dks iwoZ esa gh nh xbZ leL;k dk v/;;u djds okn&fookn gsrq fdl izdkj iwoZ rS;kjh djsa bl lEcU/k esa osLys rFkk jkWUldh egksn; ls fuEukafdr lq>ko fn;s gS %&

1- lksís'; :i ls i<+ksa] fujFkZd rF;ksa dks NksM+ nksA 2- fo"k;&oLrq rFkk leL;k ij izfrJ.k /;ku j[ksaA 3- ekfld if=dk,¡ i<+uh pkfg,A 4- eq[; fcUnqvksa dks rkfdZd :i ls le>dj vk,¡A

111

5- i<+dj fu"d"kZ fudkfy;s ,oa lkekU;hdj.k dhft;sA 6- i<+dj viuh lwpukvksa ds Hk.Mkj dks c<+kvksA 7- oLrqfu"B :Ik ls i<+ksA 8- vkykspukRed :i ls i<+ksA 9- ikB ds egRoiw.kZ vaxksa dk /;kuiwoZd i<s+A 10- 10-lekpkj i=ksa dk v/;;u djsaA 11- vUr esas ikB dk lkjka'k fudkfy,A

okn&fookn fof/k ds xq.k (MERITS OF DISCUSSION METHOD)

ifjppkZ fof/k ;k okn&fookn fof/k ds izeq[; xq.k ;k mi;ksfxrk,¡ v/kksfyf[kr gS %&

1- blds }kjk Nk=ksa esa fdlh oLrq ds lEcU/k esa fpUru djus dh 'kfDr dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA

2- ;g Nk=ksa dks lg;ksxh :i ls dk;Z djus dk izf'k{k.k iznku djrh gSA

3- blds }kjk Nk= lkewfgd :i ls fu.kZ; djuk lh[k tkrs gSA 4- ;g Nk=ksa esa Lora= v/;;u djus dh vknr dk fodkl djrh

gSA 5- ;g Nk=ksa dks fo"k;&lkexzh dk p;u ,oa laxBu djuk fl[kkrh

gSA 6- ;g fof/k Nk=ksa esa lg;ksx ,oa lfg".kqrk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl

djrh gSA 7- bl fof/k ds }kjk Nk= vius Hkkoksa ,oa fopkjksa dks lqO;ofLFkr

:i ls vfHkO;Dr djuk lh[k tkrs gSA

okn&fookn fof/k ds nks"k ;k voxq.k (DEMERITS OF DISCUSSION METHOD) %&

ifjppkZ fof/k bfrgkl f'k{k.k dh egRoiw.kZ gksus ds ckotwn Hkh mlesa v/kksfyf[kr nks"k ik, tkrs gS %&

1- okn&fookn esa d{kk ds dqN gh Nk= izeq[k :i ls fØ;k'khy jgdj vU; Nk=ksa dks volj izkIr ugha djus nsrs gSA

2- bl i)fr ds fo"k; esa ;g dgk tkrk gS fd blds }kjk Nk= fujFkZd okn&fookn esa iM+dj le; u"V djrs gSA

3- bl fof/k dk leqfpr iz;ksx mPp d{kkvksa esa laHko gks ldrk gSA

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4- blls 'kehZys rFkk eUn cqf) ckyd leqfpr ykHk ugha mBk ikrs gSA

CONCLUSION :- The main purpose of discussion is to

educate young children in he process of "group thinking" and "collective decision."

Class - room discussion is not and occassion for practising the art of public speaking or sill in debating. ''The debater always tries to win an wrgument. He knows no comprwmise, Discussion, on the other hand is a sharing and weighing of all sides which may be as many as there are conflicting interests or values,''

3.19 (7) i;Zos{k.k fof/k

(SUPERVISTION METHOD) orZeku f'k{kk i)fr esa d{kk&f'k{k.k ds le; Nk=ksa dks lquus&cksyus rFkk fy[kus dh fØ;kvksa dk volj feyrk gS ijUrq Nk=ksa dks Lo; i<us dk volj cgqr de feyrk gSa tcfd f'k{kk dh dqN ekU;rk,¡ ;k ekSfydrk,¡ bl fcUnq ij dsfUnzr gS fd Nk=ksa dks vius <a+x ls cks/kxE; djus ds fy, Lor% i<+us ;k v/;;u dk volj feyuk pkfg,A ifjohf{kr v/;;u fof/k dk iz;ksx vesfjdk rFkk vU; ik'pkY; ns'kksa esa 19 oha 'krkCnh esa fd;k tkus yxk gS bls funsZ'k izfof/k ds uke ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gSa D;ksfd blesa v/;kid u dsoy d{kk ds Nk=k dk v/;;u djrs le; O;kfDrxr fujh{k.k gh djrk gS cfYd mudh vko';drkuqlkj ,d funsZ'kd ds :i esa lgk;rk Hkh djrk gSA

fujhf{kr v/;;u fof/k dk vFkZ ,ao ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Meaning and definition of supervised study) %& bl fof/k dks i;Zos{k.k] fujh{kr] funZsf'kr vkfn ukeksa ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gSA ;g fof/k Nk=ksa dsk f'k{kd ds i;Zos{k.k ,oa funsZ'ku esa viuh 'kSf{kd dfBukb;ksa dks gy djus ds fy, Lok/;k; gsrq izsfjr djrh gSA blesa fofHkUu fØ;kvksa] ;kstukvksa ,oa leL;kvksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ bl fof/k esa Nk=ksa dks dk;Z ns fn;k tkrk gS rFkk Nk= vius&vius dk;Z esa layXu gks tkrs gS vkSj f'k{kd mlds dk;Z dk fujh{k.k djrk gS rFkk funsZ'k Hkh iznku djrk gSA

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fcfuax rFkk fcfuax ds 'kCnksa esa] Þfujh{kr v/;;u ls rkRi;Z v/;kid }kjk Nk=&lewg ;k d{kk dk ml le; fujh{k.k djuk gS] tc os viuh estksa ij dk;Z dj jgs gksrs gSAß f'k{kk 'kCn&dks'k esa] Þi;Zosf{kr v/;;u ,d izfØ;k gS] ftlesa f'k{kd ls fcuk lgk;rk ds Nk=ksa }kjk Lora= v/;;u ds visf{kr vH;kl esa O;fDrjsd mRiUu gksus ij f'k{kd iz'uksa ds mRrj nsus vkSj lq>ko izLrqr djus ds fy, miyC/k jgrk gSAß Msth ekjfoy tkWu ds vuqlkj] ÞNk=ksa esa v/;;u dh vknrsa ds fodkl ds fy, i;Zos{k.k fof/k dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk gSA csLys rFkk jkUldh ds vuqlkj] Þfujhf{kr fof/k dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk v/;kid dh ns[kjs[k esa v/;;u dkyka'k dh O;oLFkk gSA Dykleh;j (KLAUSMEIER) ds 'kCnksa] Þfujhf{kr v/;;u dkyka'k esa Nk= v/;kid }kjk fn;s x;s dk;Z] Nk=ksa }kjk izkjEHk dh xbZ fØ;kvksa rFkk vU; fofHkUu izdkj dh ;kstukvksa ij dk;Z djrs gS] v/;kid izR;sd Nk= dh lgk;rk djrk gS rFkk izR;sd dkyka'k dk vk/kk vkSj dHkh&dHkh vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd dkyka'k fujhf{kr gsrq vkSj 'ks"k okn&fookn] O;k[;ku vkfn ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSAß ("In a supervised study period, the students work on teacher made assignments, students, invitited activities and individual projects of many kind.") 3.20 i;Zosf{kr v/;;u fof/k dk iz;ksx

izks- okbfuax rFkk okbfuax us blds iz;ksx ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ;kstuk,¡ izLrqr dh gS %& 1- lEesyu ;kstuk (Conference plan) 2- fof'k"V f'k{kd ;kstuk (Special Teacher plan) 3- dky&foHkktu ;kstuk (Divided period plan) 4- f}dky ;kstuk (Double period plan) 5- lkef;d ;kstuk (Period plan)

i;Zos{k.k v/;;u fof/k esa dk;Z dk foHkktu

1- U;wure dk;Z 2- lkekU; dk;Z 3- vf/kdre dk;Z

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;ksde rFkk flEilu (Yoakam & Simpson) us fuEukafdr ;kstuk ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u djus dh flQkfj'k dh gS %&

;ksde rFkk flEilu (YOAKAM & SIMPSON) us fuEukafdr ;kstuk ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u djus dh flQkfj'k dh gS %& 1- 'kh"kZd if<+;sA 2- ikB dks ljljh rkSj ls nsf[k;sA 3- ikB ds vUr esa fn;s x;s iz'uksa dk fdft;sA 4- iqLrd esas egRoiw.kZ vk¡dM+s o mnkgj.k if<+;sA 5- vius 'kCn Kku dks c<+kb;sA 6- jVdj ;kn er dhft;sA 7- fØ;kRed v/;;u gsrq lgk;d lkexzh dk iz;ksx dhft,A 8- v/;;u ds i'pkr~ ewY;kadu dhft;sA i;Zos{k.k v/;;u fof/k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (CHARACTERISTICES OF SUPERVISED STUDY)%& 1- bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ls Nk=ksa dks ,dkxzrk fodflr djus dk volj feyrk gSA 2- lewg esa jgdj v/;;u dh vknr dk fodkl gksrk gSA 3- i;Zos{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx djrs le; Nk=ksa dks ikB~;&oLrq dk xgu v/;;u djuk gksrk gSA 4- bl v/;;u fof/k esa Nk=ksa dks iqLrdky;] iz;ksx'kkyk rFkk {ks= esa vf/kd dk;Z dus dk volj fd;k tkrk gSA 5- ;g fof/k Þlewg xR;kRedrkß dh euksoSKkfud i"BHkwfe rS;kjh djrh gSA Nk= lewg cukdj lh[krs gSA 6- bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ls Nk= izLrqrhdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk ifjikd (ASSIMILATION) dh vksj vxzlj gksrs gSA ifjikd dk y{; ikB~;&oLrq dh xgurk ls fy;k tkrk gSA 7- bl fof/k dk vfUre y{; ikB~;&oLrq dk LokfeRo djkuk gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds vUr esa LokfeRo dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA 8- bl fof/k esa v/;kid ,oa Nk= nksuksa dks Hkh fØ;k'khy jguk iM+rk gSA blesa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk Nk=ksa dk lgk;rk vkSj funsZ'k nsuk gSA

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i;Zos{k.k fof/k ds nks"k rFkk lhek,¡ (DEMERITS & LIMITATIONS OF SUPERVISED STUDY METHOD) %& i;Zosf{kr fof/k dh bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksus ds ckotwn blesa v/kksfyf[kr nks"k ;k lhek,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gS %& 1- fo|ky;ksa esa ikB~;&oLrq lkexzh iqLrdksa rFkk iz;ksx'kkykvksa dh O;oLFkk u gksus ij bl fof/k dk O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ugha gks ikrkA 2- bl fof/k esa v/;kidksa dks fØ;k'khy jguk gksrk gS vkSj dbZ ckj Nk= v/;kidksa esa bruk ekxZn'kZu ysrs gS fd bl fof/k dh okLrfod izdfr vks>y gks tkrh gSA 3- ;g fof/k O;;h ,oa d"V lk/; nksukas gh gSA 4- bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ls Nk= f'k{k.k ds HkkokRed ,oa fØ;kRed mís';ksa ls nwj gksrs tkrs gSA 5- ;g fof/k mPp d{kkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gS] ijUrq izkFkfed ,oa ek/;fed d{kkvksa ds fy, bruh mi;ksxh ugha gSA 6- bl fof/k esa Nk=ksa ds ekuoh; O;ogkjksa ds fodkl ij /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk gSA ikB~;&oLrq ds LokfeRo ij gh fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA 7- ;g fof/k d{kk ds okrkoj.k dks fujl cuk nsrh gSA 8- bl fof/k dk iz;ksx djus esa f'k{kdksa dk nf"Vdks.k izk;% udkjkRed jgrk gS] D;ksafd os bl fof/k ds iz;ksx dh O;oLFkk ugha dj ikrsA i;Zos{k.k v/;;u fof/k ds lq>ko (SUGGATON FOR SUPERVISED STUDY METHOD)%&

i;Zos{k.k v/;;u fof/k dh O;oLFkk djus esa fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, %& 1- i;Zos{k.k v/;;u dh O;oLFkk fuf'pr dh tkuh pkfg,] dbZ ckj vLi"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh f'k{kd d{kk esa ekSu v/;;u dk vkns'k ns nsrs gSA 2- i;Zos{k.k v/;;u ls iwoZ Nk=ksa dks v/;;u dk mís'; fuf'pr dj nsuk pkfg, vkSj izLrqrhdj.k ls ysdj tk¡p rd dh lEiw.kZ izfØ;k Li"V dh nsuh pkfg,] rkfd Nk= vius le; dk nqi;ksx u djsaA 3- bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ds le; f'k{kd de ls de funsZ'k ns] rkfd Nk= v/;;u dh xgjkbZ esa tkdj leL;k dk lek/kku dj ldsaA 4- bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ds le; ls iwoZ f'k{kd viuh ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa dq'kyrkvksa ls ifjfpr gks fd xgu v/;;u ds le;] leL;k vkus ij og Nk=ksa dks lUrq"V dj ldsxk ;k ughaA

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5- bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ls iwoZ ;s ns[k ysuk pkfg, fd Nk=ksa ds fy;s izdj.k vyx&vyx miyC/k gks ldsaxsA 6- bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ds le; HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa ij izdk'k Mkyuk pkfg, fd iqLrdky; esa mPp dksfV dh iqLrdsa ,oa lUnHkZ lkfgR; mifLFkr gS ;k ughaA 3.21 iz'u&izfof/k

(QUESTION TECHNIQUE) %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa iz'uksa dk ijEijkxr /;s; ckyd ds Kku dks tk¡puk FkkA ijUrq vk/kqfud 'kSf{kd izfØ;k esa iz'u egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krs gS rFkk bl izfof/k }kjk cgqr ls iz;kstuksa dh iwfrZ dh tkrh gS rFkk blds }kjk lh[kus dh izfØ;k dks izHkkoksRiknd cuk;k tkrk gSA iz'uksa ds eq[; iz;kstuksa dks uhps izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gS %&

1- vUos"k.k rFkk vuqlU/kku ds fy, izksRlkgu djukA 2- Nk=ksa ds vftZr Kku rFkk mUufr dks ekiukA 3- ekSf[kd :i ls vfHkO;atuk 'kfDr dk fodkl djukA 4- nSfud ,oa O;kogkfjd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku ds fy, 'kkldksa ds

efLr"d dks rRij cukukA 5- fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lEeq[k pqukSfr;ksa ,oa nks"kksa dk irk yxkukA 6- fopkj izfØ;k dks izksRlkfgr ,oa míhIr djukA 7- fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Kku dks iqufoZyksdu rFkk iz;ksx ds fy, volj

iznku djukA 8- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vko';drkvksa] vfHk:fp;ksa rFkk rRdkyhu

leL;kvksa dk Kku izkIr djukA 9- oS;fDrd fof/k iznku djukA 10- dk;Z ds izeq[k fcUnqvksa ij izdk'k MkyukA 11- fu/kkZfjr dk;Z ds fy, mRiszj.kk iznku djukA 12- lh[kus dh izfØ;k buds }kjk iFk&izn'kZu djukA 13- iz'uksa }kjk rF;ksa ds Kku rFkk vuqHkoksa dks O;ofLFkr djus esa

lgk;rk iznku djukA 14- fopkj izfØ;k dks izksRlkfgr djukA 15- Nk=ksa esa dk;Z ds izfr dkSrwgy ,oa :fp tkxzr djukA 16- fu/kkZfjr dk;Z ds fy, izsj.kk iznku djukA

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3.22 iz'uksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Questions) d- ekufld izfØ;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k [k- f'k{k.k izfØ;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa iz;qDr gksus okys iz'uksa ds izdkj ,oa y{k.k %& 1- izLrkoukRed iz'u & ;s iz'u Nk=ksa dks uohu Kku dks iwoZ Kku ls lEcfU/kr djus dh nf"V ls iwNs tkrs gSA vFkkZr budk eq[; /;s; Nk=ksa ds iwoZ Kku dh ijh{kk ysuk gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ& ^^vdcj egku~** uked izdj.k esa izLrkoukRed iz'u bl izdkj iwNs tk ldrs gS %&

1- gekjs ns'k dk uke D;k gS\ & Hkkjr 2- Hkkjr dks izkphudky esa D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\ & lksus dh fpfM+;ka

,oa fo'o xq: vkfnA

fo'ys"k.kkRed iz'u

O;k[;kRed iz'u

fu.kZ;kRed iz'u

fopkjkRed iz'u

rqyukRed iz'u ijh{kkRed iz'u lwpukRed

iz'u

LeR;kRed iz'u

rdkZRed iz'u ekufld izfØ;kvksa ds

vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k

leL;kRed iz'u

ijh{kkRed ;k cks/k iz'u

iquoZO;kRed iz'u

izLrkoukRed iz'u

fopkjkRed ;k

fopkjksÙkstd

fodklkRed iz'u

ekufld izfØ;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij

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3- bl dkj.k Hkkj ij fdu&fdu rkdrksa us vkØe.k fd;k Fkk\ & eqxy] Ýkalhlh] vaxzst] gq.k vkfnA

4- Hkkjr esa eqxy lkezkT; dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\ & ckcj 5- eqxy dky dk og 'kkld ftlus loZizFke jktiqrksa ls oSokfgd

lEcU/k LFkkfir fd;k Fkk\ & vdcj 6- vdcj dks egku~ D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\ laHkkfor mRrj bu iz'uksa

ds mijkUr f'k{kd mís';&dFku dk fu:i.k djsxkA 2- fodklkRed iz'u %& bl izdkj ds iz'uksa ls izLrkfor ikB dks fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA mi;qZDr izLrkfor izdj.k esa bl izdkj iz'uksa }kjk ikB dks fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;Fkk %&

1- Hkkjr dks izkphu le; esa fdu&fdu miukeksa ls tkuk tkrk Fkk\ &txrxq:] lIrflU/kq izns'k] flU/kqLrku] fgUnqLrku] bf.M;k vkfnA

2- bl ij fdu&fdu izeq[k jktoa'kksa us 'kklu fd;k Fkk\ & xqIr oa'kA

3- bu izeq[k jktoa'kksa ds izfl) 'kkldksa ds uke crkb,A & v'kksd egku~] bczkfgr yksnh] vdcj egku~] eqgEen xkSjh vkfnA]

4- ekS;Zoa'k ds egku~ 'kkld dk uke fy[kks\ & v'kksd egku~ 5- yksnh oa'k ds egku~ 'kkld dk uke fy[kks\ & bczkfge yksnh 6- fo'o ds egku~ fo'o fotsrk dk uke fy[kks\& fldUnj egku~ 7- eqxy oa'k ds egku 'kkld dk uke fy[kks\ & vdcj egku~

bu mnkgj.kksa ls LIk"V gksrk gS fd izeq[k jktoa'kksa ds izfl)

,oa egku~ 'kkldksa esa ls ,d eqxydkyhu izfl) 'kkld vdcj egku~ Hkh FkkA

bu iz'uksa ds ckn v/;kid vius dFku }kjk ;g cryk;sxk fd eqxydkyhu izeq[k 'kkld vdcj dks egku~ D;ksa dgk tkrk gSA 3- fopkjkRed iz'u %& bu iz'uksa ds }kjk efLr"d dks fopkjus ds fy, fØ;k'khy cuk;k tkrk gSA Þvdcj egku~ß uked izdj.k esa v/kksfyf[kr iz'u iqNk tk ldrk gS %& 1- vdcj egku~ ds vykok vU; egku~ ,oa izfl) 'kkldksa ds uke crkb;sA

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4- iquo`ZR;kRed iz'u ;k iqujko`fr iz'u %& ,sls iz'u ikB dh vkofr esa lgk;d fl) gksrs gS ,sls iz'uksa dks ikB dh izR;sd vfUofr ds i'pkr~ iwNk tkrk gSA buds }kjk ikB ds izeq[k rF;ksa dks nksgjk;k tkrk gSA nwljs] buds }kjk Nk=ksa dks ikB dh izeq[k ckrksa dks le>us ,oa vkRelkr~ djus dk volj iznku fd;k tkrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, Þvdcj egkuß dh foospuk ds mijkUr v/kksfyf[kr iz'u fd;s tk ldrs gS % &

1- eqxy oa'k dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\ 2- bl oa'k dk og 'kkld ftlus Þlqyg&,&dqyß dh uhfr

viukbZ FkhA 3- bl oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld dkSSu Fkk\ 4- bl oa'k dh izfl) efgykvksa ds uke fy[kks\ 5- bcknr [kkus dk fuekZ.k fdl 'kkld us fd;k Fkk\

5- ijh{kkRed ;k cks/k iz'u %&buds }kjk Nk=ksa ds vftZr Kku dh ijh{kk yh tkrh gSA bldk /;s; ;g tkuuk gksrk gS fd ckydks us ifBr oLrq dks fdl lhek rd ;kn dj fy;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, Þvdcj egku~ß uked izdj.k dh foospuk ds ckn f'k{kd bl izdkj ds iz'u iwN ldrk gS %&

1- ÞcqyUn njoktsß dk fuekZ.k djus okyk 'kkld dkSu Fkk\ 2- vdcj ds firk dk uke D;k Fkk\ 3- esokM+ dk og 'kkld ftlesa vdcj dh vf/kurk Lohdkj ugha

dh FkhA 4- vdcj ds loZizFke fdl jktiwr jktdqekjh ls fookg fd;k FkkA

6- leL;kRed iz'u %& bl izdkj ds iz'u ikB ds izkjEHk ;k e/; esa iwNs tk ldrs gSA izkjEHk esa bl izdkj ds iz'uksa }kjk Nk=ksa ds le{k ,d leL;k mRiUu dj nh tkrh gS] ftlls ckydksa dk efLr"d mlds mlds lek/kku ds fy, mrsftr gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ &

1- D;k fldUnj egku~ fo'o fot; dk liuk iwjk dj ldk Fkk\ 2- xqIrdky dsk Lo.kZdky D;kas dgk tkrk gS\ 3- vkSjaxtSc eqxy lkezkT; ds iru ds fy, dSls mRrjnk;h Fkk\ 4- eqgEen fcu rqxyd dk ikxy ckn'kkg D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\

120

iz'u izfof/k esa /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa %& iz'u izfof/k dk iz;ksx djrs le; v/kksfyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk vfr vko';d gS %&

1- iz'u lk/kkj.k ,oa ljy Hkk"kk esa Li"V :i ls izLrqr fd; tk;saA 2- iz'u fuf'pr ljy ,oa laf{kIr gksus pkfg,A 3- iz'u ,d dsUnzh; fopkj ls lEcfU/kr gSA 4- iz'u djus ds mijkUr ckydksa dks lkspus dk le; fn;k tk;saA 5- iz'uksa dks nksgjkuk nks"kiw.kZ gSA 6- iz'u lthork] LQwfrZ ,oa rkjrE; ds lkFk fd;s tk;saA 7- iz'u i;kZIr vkRefo'okl ds lkFk iwNs tkus pkfg,A 8- f'k{kd dk iz'u djus dk <a+x ,slk gks fd og ifj.kkkeksa dh

izHkkoksRikndrk ij izR;{k :i ls izdk'k MkysaA 9- iz'u leLr Nk=ks dsk fpUru dus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsa] pkgs

og ,d gh ls iwNk tk;sA 10- iz'uksa dk forj.k leLRk d{kk esa fd;k tk;s] ftlls Nk=ksa dk

O;fDrxr :i ls lg;ksx izkIr fd;k tk ldsaA 11- 11-f'k{kd izFker% leLr d{kk ds le{k viuk iz'u j[ksa vkSj

mlds i'pkr~ fdlh Hkh ckyd dks mldk mRrj nsus ds fy, lEcksf/kr djsA

12- iz'u ckydksa dh vk;q ,oa ;ksX;rk d vuqdwy gksA 13- iz'u dk ,d eq[; vfHkizk; gksA 14- iz'u ,d&nwljs ls lEcfU/kr gksus pkfg,A 15- izuksa dks LokHkkfod :i ls iwNuk pkfg,A 16- iz'u djus ds mijkUr ckykdksa dks lkspus ds fy, le; nsuk

pkfg,A

3.23 ¼9½ ikB~;&iqLrd fof/k (TEXT-BOOK METHOD) bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds fy, ikB~;&iqLrd fof/k ds izk;% izR;sd

Lrj ij viukbZ tkrh gSA ;g bfrgkl ds v/;kiu rFkk v/;;u dh ;g ljyre i)fr gS ,oa bl i)fr dk v/;;u fofHkUu f'k{k.k&i)fr;ksa dks lQy cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vDlj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa lEiw.kZ f'k{k.k dk;Z ikB~;&iqLrd fof/k ls fd;lk tkrk gSA vr% ikB~;&iqLrd og lk/ku gS] ftlds }kjk fdlh fufnZ"V y{; ;k rF; dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ ikB~;&iqLrd og

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lk/ku gS ftlds }kjk Kku dh izkfIr ckydksa }kjk dh tk ldrh gSA bl lk/ku dh lQyrk mlds iz;ksx ij fuHkZj gSA

izks- os'ys (WESLEY) ds vuqlkj] ÞikB~;&iqLrd i)fr KkuktZu dh og i)fr gSA ftldk fudVre mís'; ikB~;&iqLrd ls lEiw.kZ Kku izkIr djuk gksrk gSA ("The text box method may be defined as that teaching procedure in which our understanding of the main body of information in the text-box is the mimediate objective") MEANING :- Text box method may be defined as" that teaching procedure in which the mastery of the text book is the immediate objective. "This is the procedure which "revolves around the problem or the project." However, within the limits of the text book mehtod, we may find good as well as bad teaching , since the text book is very widely used, it is highly desirable on the part of the teacher to untilize it to the best advantage of his pupils. 3.24

1- ,d ikB~;&iqLrd i)fr (THE SINGLE TEXT-BOOK)

bl i)fr ds vuqlkj Nk=ksa dks i<+us ds fy, ,d gh ikB~;&iqLrd fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gS bl iz.kkyh ds vuqlkj ikB~;&iqLrd fu/kkZfjr djrs le; vR;Ur lko/kkuh j[kuh pkfg,A 2- cgq&ikB~;&iqLrd i)fr ¼THE SEVERAL TEXT BOOK METHOD)

bl i)fr ds vUrxZr Nk=ksa ds v/;kiukFkZ ,d ls vf/kd ikB~;&iqLrdsa izLrqr dh tkrh gSA v/;kiu rFkk v/;;u nksuksa gh nf"Vdks.kksa ls fcfuax rFkk fcfuax us cgq&ikB~;&iqLrd i)fr dks vPNk cryk;k gSA bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa cgq&ikB~;&iqLrd iz.kkyh dks viukuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ,dkdh ikB~;&iqLrd ds iz;ksx ls Nk=ksa esa eqfnzr i"Bksa ds izfr

ikB~;&iqLrd dk iz;ksx (THE USES OF TEXT BOOK)

1. ,d ikB~;&iqLrd i)fr ds :i esa (The single text book system)

2. cgq&ikB~;&iqLrd i)fr ds :i esa (The several text book method)

nks fopkj/kkjk,¡ izpfyr gS %&

122

fuHkZjrk dh Hkkouk fodflr gks tkrh gSA ijUrq cgq&ikB~;&iqLrd ds iz;ksx ls Nk= mudk v/;;u djds viuk fu"d"kZ cukuk lh[k tkrs gSA ikB~;&iqLrd fof/k ds xq.k (MERITS OF TEXT BOOK METHOD) bl fof/k esa v/kksfyf[kr xq.k ik, tkrs gS %&

1- ikB~;&iqLrd fof/k ds }kjk ckydksa dh Lej.k 'kfDr dk fodkl djrk gSA

2- bl fof/k }kjk Nk=ksa rFkk f'k{kdksa ds le; dh cpr gksrh gSA 3- bl fof/k esa Nk= Lo;a lfØ; jgdj Kku vftZr djrs gSA 4- bl fof/k esa Nk= ds dk;Z eaas fu;kstu mRiUu djrh gSA 5- bl fof/k }kjk bfrgkl dh fo"k;&oLrq dk Kku O;ofLFkr :i

ls izkIr gksrk gSA 6- bl fof/k }kjk v/;kid ,oa Nk= nksuksa dh Je dh cpr gksrh

gSA 7- bl fof/k ls Nk=ksa esa Lok/;k; dh vknr iM+rh gSA 8- ;g i)fr Nk=ksa ds da/kksa ij iwjk&iwjk nkf;Ro Mkyrh gSA Nk=

bl nkf;Ro dks iwjk djus gsrq ;FkklaHko lHkh lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

ikB~;&iqLrd fof/k ds nks"k (DEMERITS OF TEXT BOOK METHOD)

ikB~;&iqLrd i)fr esa vusd xq.k ;k mi;ksfxrkvksa ckotwn mlesa v/kksfyf[kr nks"k ik, tkrs gS %&

1- ikB~;&iqLrd i)fr ds iz;ksx ls d{kk dk okrkoj.k v:fpdj rFkk uhjl jgrk gSA

2- ;g fof/k Nk=ksa esa oSKkfud nf"Vdks.k fodflr ugha dj ikrh gSA

3- ;g fof/k Nk=ksa ds iw.kZ Kku dks tkxzr djus vkSj mldk iz;ksx djus esa vleFkZ gksrh gSA

4- blds }kjk Nk= eqfnzr i"Bksa ds rF;ksa o Hkkxksa dk vU/kkuqdj.k djus yxrs gSA

5- bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ls Nk=ksa esa jVus dh izofr fodflr gks tkrh gSA

6- ;g fof/k f'k{k.k ds lw=ksa & ljy ls dfBu dh vksj] Kkr ls vKkr dh vksj vkfn dh mis{kk djrh gSA

123

7- ;g i)fr iwokZuqekuksa dks dksbZ egRo iznku ugha djrh gSA 8- ;g i)fr O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa dks /;ku esa ugha j[krhA 9- ;g i)fr dsoy lS)kfUrd Kku gh iznku djrh gS] O;kogkfjd

rFkk iz;ksxkRed Kku iznku ugha djrh gSA 10- bl i)fr ds vUrxZr Nk= Lo;a dk dksbZ Hkh nf"Vdks.k viukus

esa vlQy jgrs gSA os fofHkUu iqLrdksa eas fn, x, nf"Vdks.kksa dks gh viuk nf"Vdks.k cuk ysrs gSA

3.25 ¼10½ leL;k lek/kku fof/k

(PROBLEM SOLOVING METHOD) leL;k lek/kku ,d lkFkZd Kku dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] ftldk

iz;ksx fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS rFkk bl f'k{k.k fof/k ls mPp Lrjh; vf/kxe fo'ys"k.k la'ys"k.k rFkk ewY;kadu dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fof/k rdZ }kjk leL;k dk ekufld Lrj ij gy [kkstus dh izfØ;k lEikfnr djrh gSA bls mPp Lrjh; f'k{k.k fof/k ekuk tkrk gSA leL;k lek/kku dh izfØ;k esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fofHkUu izdkj dh lkexzh tqVkuh gksrh gSA fofHkUu rF;ksa dk ladyu gksrk gS] fopkj&foe'kZ djuk gksrk gS] fu"d"kZ fudkyus gksrs gS vkSj ewY;kadu djuk gksrk gS fd leL;k lek/kku [kkstus esa os dgk¡ rd lQy jgsa] vr% ;g fuf'pr gS fd leL;k lek/kku fof/k esa f'k{k.k dks fdlh leL;k ds pkjksa vkSj vk;ksftr ,oa laxfBr fd;k tkrk gSA leL;k lek/kku ,d lkekU; 'kSf{kd fof/k gS ftlesa f'k{kd rFkk Nk= lpsr] fu;ksftr ,oa lkfHkizk; iz;kl ,oa }kjk fdlh dfBUkkbZ ;k iz'u ;k leL;k dk gy [kkstrs gSA leL;k lek/kku ek= rF;ksa dk laxzg ;k rdZ ds vHkko esa fopkjksa] /kkj.kkvksa vkfn dh Lohdfr ugha oju~ ;g foe'khZ fpUru dh izfØ;k gSA ifjHkk"kk,¡ (DEFINITIONS) jkWcVZ xsus ds 'kCnksa esa] Þnks ;k nks ls vf/kd lh[ks x;s izR;; ;k vf/kfu;eksa dks ,d mPp Lrjh; vf/fu;e ds :i esa fodflr fd;k tkrk gS] mls leL;k lek/kku vf/kxe dgrs gSA

lh-oh- xqM ds vuqlkj] ÞleL;k lek/kku fof/k ,d ,slh f'k{k.k fof/k gS ftlls pqukSfriw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa }kjk lh[kus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,slh fof'k"V izfØ;k gS ftlesa ,d izeq[k leL;k dk

124

lek/kku rRo lEcU/kh NksVh&NksVh leL;kvksa ds fefJr lek/kku ls fd;k tkrk gSAß

("The problem method is a method of instruction by which learning is stimulated by the creation of challenging situatins that demand solution. It is a specific procedure by which as major problem is solved through the combined solution of a numbr of smaller related problems.")

tkWu M~;woh ds vuqlkj] Þtks ckr rqPN rFkk lkekU; gksus ij Hkh efLr"d dks bl izdkj cSpsu djsa vkSj pqukSrh ns fd fo'okl Hkh vfuf'pr cu tk,] mlesa okLrfod leL;k fufgr gSAß ("What ever no matte how slight and common place in character preplease and challenges the mind so that it makes belief at all uncertain there is agenuine problem.") JOHN DEWEY

tkWtZ tkWUlu ¼George Johnosn) ds 'kCnksa esa] ÞefLr"d dks izf'kf{kr djus dk loksZRre <ax og gS ftlds }kjk efLr"d ds le{k okLrfod leL;k,¡ mRiUu dh tkrh gS vkSj mldks mudk lek/kku fudkyus ds fy, volj rFkk Lora=rk iznku dh tkrh gSAß

fjLd ds vuqlkj] ÞleL;k fof/k ls vfHkizk; gh fdlh leL;k ;k fo"k; ifjfLFkfr ij ;kstukc) :i ls izgkj djuk] ftlls lUrks"kizn gy izkIr fd;k tk ldsaAß 3.26 leL;k lek/kku fof/k ds pj.k

(STEPS OF PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD)

1- leL;kuqHkwfr 2- leL;kfHk lwpuk

3- leL;k dh O;k[;k 4- leL;k dk fo'ys"k.k

5- leL;k dk lek/kku 6- leL;k dk lR;kiu ,oa ijh{k.k

7- leL;k dk vafre fu.kZ;

tkWu M~;woh us viuh iqLrd "How we Think" esa fuEufyf[kr ik¡p lksikuksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS%&

1- laHkkfor lek/kku dk irk yxkukA

125

2- leL;k dh tfVyrk dk ckSf)dj.kA 3- midYiuk (Hypothesis) dk fuekZ.k djukA 4- midYiuk ij foLrr :i ls fopkj djukA 5- midYiuk dj tk¡p djukA

fcfuax rFkk fcfuax us bl lEcU/k esa fuEufyf[kr pkj lksikuksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS %&

1- leL;k dks ifjHkkf"kr djukA 2- midYiuk dk fuekZ.k djukA 3- midYiuk dh ijh{kk ,oa tk¡p djukA 4- fu"d"kZ fudkyukA

Jh dkerk izlkn ik.Ms; us viuh iqLrd Þf'k{kk esa fØ;kRed vuqla/kkuß esa fuEufyf[kr lksikuksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS %&

1- leL;k dks igpkuukA 2- leL;k dk ifjHkk"khdj.k ,oa lhekadu djukA 3- leL;k ds dk;ksZa dk fo'ys"k.k djukA 4- midYiuk dk fuekZ.k djukA 5- midYiuk dh tk¡p gsrq :ijs[kk rS;kj djukA 6- midYiuk ds lEcU/k esa vfUre fu.kZ; ysuk vkSj mldk vk/kkj

cukukA

The problem method consists of the organisation of the school work of present to the learner a genuine problem that challenges him to a sustained effort to achieve its solution on mental plane. Problems in the class-room should originate from the suggestions by the teacher and the pupils working in coperation. Teachers may take the entire course in history, in terms of me big problem, units may also by taken as problems which become sub-topes of one big problem, class-room problem greatly in nature and comlexity. leL;k lek/kku fof/k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (CHARACTERISTIES OF PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD)

leL;k lek/kku fof/k dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ v/kksfyf[kr gS %&

126

1- leL;k lek/kku fof/k Nk=ksa esa vf/kxe ifjfLFkfr ls lehirk LFkkfir djrh gS] ftlls Nk= iwoZ vko';d izR;;ksa ,oa vf/kfu;eksa dk izR;kLej.k djrs gSA

2- bl fof/k ls Nk= O;ofLFkr ,oa Bksl dk;Z djus dh ;ksX;rk ,oa dq'kyrk fodflr djrs gSA

3- ;g fof/k mfpr lEisz"k.k ,oa vUr% fØ;k dks izHkkoh cukus esa egRoiw.kZ jgh gSA

4- ;g fof/k f'k{k.k ds lkekU; fl)kUrksa ls vyx gV dj uohu fØ;kvksa dk vk;kstu djrh gS] tks ckyd ds mPp Lrjh; vf/kxe ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

5- leL;k Nk=ksa dh vk;q] ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj vfHk:fp ds vuq:i gksrh gSA

6- ;g fof/k Nk=ksa ds ckSf)d O;ogkj ds fodkl ds volj iznku djrh gS vkSj ltukRed {kerkvksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d curh gSA

7- bl fof/k us f'k{kk dks lwpuk nsus ds izfreku ls Åij mBdj cks/k] mi;ksx] Lefr] fpUru tSlh ckSf)d fØ;kvksa ij dsfUnzr fd;k gSA

8- ;g fof/k Nk=ksa dks fØ;k'khy cukrh gS rFkk d{kk dk okrkoj.k [kqyk cukrh gSA Nk= vius&vius ls leL;k dh O;k[;k rF;ksa dk laxzg ,oa lR;kiu esa viuh vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA

9- g.V (HUNT) egksn; us leL;k lek/kku ds f'k{k.k ds fy, fparu Lrj dks dsUnz ekuk gS vFkkZr~ ;g fof/k KkukRed Lrj ls Åij mBdj Nk=ksa esa fparu dk fodkl djrh gSA

vPNh leL;k ds vko';d xq.k (ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A GOOD PROBLEM)

dq'ky fo"k; v/;kid ds }kjk leL;k dk fuekZ.k ,oa pquko vPNs rjhds ls djuk pkfg,A ,d vPNh leL;k es v/kksfyf[kr xq.k ;k rRo ik, tkrs gS %&

1- leL;k fo|kFkhZ ds thou ls lEcfU/kr gksA 2- leL;k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh :fp] ;ksX;rk ,oa vko';drkuqlkj gks 3- leL;k ds lek/kku ls Nk=ksa dks KkuktZu gksA 4- leL;k mi;ksxh gksA 5- leL;k Li"V gksuh pkfg,A 6- leL;k ds fu"d"kZ lh/ks] Li"V rFkk fuf'pr gksus pkfg,A

127

leL;k lek/kku fof/k ds xq.k (Merits of Problem Solving Method)

leL;k lek/kku fof/k ds izeq[k xq.k v/kksfyf[kr gS %& 1- leL;k lek/kku fof/k ds iz;ksx ls Nk= LofØ;k }kjk Kku

vftZr djrs gSA 2- bl fof/k ds iz;ksx }kjk Nk= leL;k lek/kku djus ds <ax dks

lh[k tkrs gSA 3- blds }kjk Nk= rF;ksa dks ,df=r ,oa O;ofLFkr djuk lh[k

tkrs gSA 4- bl fof/k ls Nk= vkykspuk] fu.kZ;] ewY;kadu] rqyuk rFkk p;u

djuk lh[k tkrs gSA 5- ;g fof/k nf"Vdks.k dh O;kidrk] lgu'khyrk]

mÙkjnkf;Ro'khyrk tSls egku ukxfjd xq.kksa dk fodkl djrh gSA

6- ;g fof/k Nk=ksa dks leL;k lek/kku djuk lh[kkrh gSA 7- ;g fof/k O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k

euksoSKkfud gSA 8- ;g i)fr Nk=ksa esa euu] fpUru ,oa fo'ys"k.k 'kfDr dk i;kZIr

fodkl djrh gSA 9- ;g fof/k Nk=ksa esa laKkukRed fodkl djrh gSA 10- bl fof/k esa fo"k; & oLrq lexzrk ds lkFk lh[kh tkrh gSA 11- bl fof/k esa Nk= dsfUnzr fØ;k,a vk;ksftr gksrh gSA 12- bl fof/k esa Nk= dsfUnzr fØ;kW, vk;asftr gksrh gSA 13- ;g fof/k f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ;ksa esa fudV lEidZ LFkkfir djrh

gSA leL;k lek/kku fof/k ds nks"k ;k lhek,¡ (DEMERITS OR LIMITATIONS OF PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD) leL;k lek/kku fof/k f'k{k.k dk;Z esa egRoiw.kZ gksus ds mijkUr Hkh mlesa v/kkasfyf[kr nks"k ik, tkrs gS -:

1 leL;k lek/kku fof/k dsoy mPp Lrjh; d{kkvks ds fy, gh iz;ksx esa vkrh gSA vr: bldh izdfr ladqfpr cu tkrh gSA

2 ;g fof/k dqN gh izdj.kksa ds fy, iz;ksx es yk;h tk ldrh gSA

128

3 bl fof/k es f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk vLi"V yxrh gS dHkh f'k{kd dk LFkku iz/kku gks tkrk gS rks dHkh xkS.k A

4 bl fof/k es fØ;kRed i{k dk vHkko jgrk gS D;ksfd lEiw.kZ f'k{kd dh xfrfof/k;k ekufld Lrj ij vFkkZr~ KkuRed i{k ij iw.kZ dj yh tkrh gSA

5 ckj-ckj ds iz;ksx ls leL;k-i)fr dh ljyrk rFkk vkd"kZ.k lekIr gks tkus dk Hk; jgrk gSA

6 bl i)fr ls Nk= lnSo vius fu/kkZj.k m)s';ks dh izfIr dj ysxk ,slk lkspuk fujk/kkj gSA

7 leL;kvksa dks Nk=ks ds ekufld Lrj ds vuq:i u gksus dk Hk; blesa lnSo cuk jgrk gSA

8 bl fof/k eas uhjLrk dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA 9 bles le; vf/kd yxrk gSA 10 okafNr lkekxzh dh O;oLFkk djuk dfBu gSA

3.27 (11) ukVdhdj.k (DRAMATIZATION) ukVdh; izfof/k ds iz;ksx ls Nk=ks dh ltukRed 'kfDr;ks dk fodkl djrh gSA bl izfof/k ds iz;ksx ls ikB dh lw{ekfrlw{e foospuk gks tkrh gS blls Nk= fØ;f'ky jgrs gS rFkk gkFk ,oa eLfr"d dh f'k{kk ds leUo; ds fy, i;kZIr volj iznku fd;s tkrs gSA blds vfrfjDr blds }kjk Nk=ks esa fo";xzgu vkRekfo'okl rFkk vkHkhO;atuk 'kfDr fodkflr dh tkrh gS rFkk blds }kjk mudh yTTk'khy izofr ,oa f>>d dk fuokj.k gks tkrk gS rFkk ckyd cksyus dh dyk Hkh lh[k ysrs gSA vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dks jkspd izHkkoiw.kZ ,oa ;FkkFkZ :i esa izLrqr djus dk ,d ek= lk/ku ukVdhdj.k gS rFkk blesa ckyd dh lHkh KkusfUnz;k¡ lfØ; jgrh gSA ukVdhdj.k dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning & Definitions of Dramatization) ukVd ds fy, laLdr Hkk"kk esa Þ:idß] Þ:iß vkSj ukV~; 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ÞukV~;ß 'kCn ßuVß /kkrq ls cuk gSA ÞuVß esa us= ds vFkZ ds lkFk&lkFk vfHku; dk vFkZ Hkh fufgr gSA O;fDr ds thou ds fofHkUu :i rFkk ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSA bu fofHkUu :iksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vuqdj.k djuk gh ukVd gSA

129

vfHkuo Hkjr ds ÞvfHkuo ukV~;'kkL=Þ ds vuqlkj ÞukV~;dkjdr izfl) dfIiRdFkklkj xfFkr&jpukuqlkjh jaxihBs iz;ksDr f'kf{kr uVkfHkUk; lafgrkfntU; jl }kjk iz{ksdk.kka fouksn foJkfUr mins'ktudks O;kikj% ukVda :id~ okAß ukVd dk mn~Hko & ukV~;'kkL= esa Hkjr eqfu us ukVd dh mRifr ds fy, fy[kk gS fd Þ,d ckj oSoLr~ euq ds nwljs ;qx ds yksx nq%[kh gq,A muds nq%[k ls nq%[kh gksdj bUnz ,oa vU; nsorkvksa us czã th ls lcds euksjatu gsrq lk/ku mriUu djus dh izkFkZUkk dh blls czãth us pkjksa osnksa dks cqykk;k vkSj mudh lgk;rk ls iape osn ÞukVd dh jpuk dhA blds fy, mUgksuas _Xosn ls laokn lkeosn ls xku] ;tqosZn ls ukV~; vkSj vFkoZosn ls jl fy;kAß MkWDVj filsy dBiqrfy;ksa ds ukp ls ukVd dh mRifr ekurs gS] Þlw=/kkjß] laLFkkid vkfn 'kCnkas }kjk bl er dh iqf"V gksrh gSA dBiqrfy;ksa dk mYys[k o`gYDFkk] cky jkek;.k rFkk egkHkkjr vkfn ls feyrk gSA 3.28

1- vk'kq ukVd (EXTRMPORE DRAMS) %& ;s os ukVd

gksrs gS] tks vpukd gh fcuk rS;kjh ds vfHkuhr fd;s tkrs gSA buds fy;s igys ls dksbZ rS;kjh ugha dh tkrh gSA bfrgkl i<+krs&i<+krs f'k{kd tc fdlh ,sls izlax ij igq¡prk gS] ftldk ljyrk ls ukVdhdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS tks Nk=ksa ls rqjUr djok fy;k tkrk gSA Nk= iqLrd ls i<+dj vius laHkk"k.k cksyrs gSA

2- ;kstuk ukVd (PLANNED DRAMAS) %& ;s os ukVd gksrs gS] tks ;kstukc) :i ls iwoZ rS;kjh ds lkFk vfHkuhr fd;s tkrs gSA ik= vius laHkk"k.k ekSfyd :i ls cksyrs gSA blls ifj/kku] eap] inkZ] lkt&lTtk] esd&vi vkfn dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh tk ldrh gSA

ukVd ds izdkj

1- vk'kq ukVd (EXTEMPORE)

2- ;kstukc) ukVd (PLANNED DRAMS)

130

3.29

ukVd ds rRo

1- dFkkoLrq 2- ik= ;k Hkwfedk

3- dFkksidFku

4- ns'kdky fo/kku 5- mís';

6- Hkk"kk 'kSyh

ukVd ds ykHk (ADVANTAGE OF DRAMATIZATION) %&

bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ukVdhdj.k ds izeq[k ykHk ;k mi;ksfxrk ,oa egRo dks v/kksfyf[kr fcUnqvksa ds vUrxZr Li"V fd;k x;k gSS %&

1- ukVdhdj.k vftZr Kku dks LFkk;hRo iznku djus esa lgk;dA 2- ;g fof/k uSfrd ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;dA 3- blls vrhr dks okLrfod cuk;k tkrk gSA 4- ;g bfrgkl f'k{kd dks jkspd rFkk ljl cukrk gSA 5- blds }kjk Nk=ksa esa cksyus dh dyk dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA 6- djds lh[kuk (learning by doing) lh[kus dh ,d mRre fof/k

gSA ukVdhdj.k esa Nk= djds lh[krs gSA 7- ,sfrgkfld ukVd ckydksa esa ekuoh; xq.kksa dk fodkl djus ds

vPNs lk/ku gSA 8- ;g 'kCndks"k fodflr djus esa lgk;d gSA 9- ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekufld fodkl esa lgk;d gSA 10- blds }kjk vrhr dks okLrfod cuk;k tkrk gSA 11- ;g vkRekfHkO;fDr o vkRefo'okl ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSA 12- blls Lej.k 'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gSA

ukVdhdj.k ds nks"k (DEMERITS OF DRAMATIZATION) %&

ukVdhdj.k bfrgkl f'k{k.k dh cgqr egRoiw.kZ fof/k gksus ds mijkUr Hkh mlesa v/kksfyf[kr nks"k ;k dfe;k¡ O;kIr gS %&

1- ukVdhdj.k }kjk f'k{k.k ls vf/kd le; ,oa /ku [kpZ gksrk gSA 2- bl fof/k dk iz;ksx bfrgkl ds lHkh izlaxksa ds f'k{k.k ds fy;s

ugha fy;k tk ldrkA

131

3- u rks izR;sd ckyd vkSj u gh rks izR;sd v/;kid vfHku; dj ldrk gSA

4- bl fof/k esa vko';d lalk/kuksa dh iwfrZ vklkuh ls laHko ugha gks ikrh gSA

5- blls vuq'kklughurk dh lgk;rk c<+rh gSA 6- bfrgkl esa dqN izlax ,ssls gS] ftudk ukVdhdj.k ;k rks fd;k

ugha tk ldrk vFkok mlesa nq?kZVuk gksus dh laHkkouk vf/kd jgrh gS] tSls&;q) ds le;A

lko/kkfu;k¡ ;k lq>ko %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ukVdhdj.k ,d cgqr mi;ksxh fof/k gS bldk iz;ksx le; izeq[k lko/kkfu;k¡ v/kksfyf[kr j[kuh pkfg, &

1- ukVdhdj.k dk Lo:i fuf'pr dj mfpr :i ls rS;kjh dh tkuh pkfg;sA

2- Nk=ksa dsk iwokZH;kl gsrq i;kZIr le; nsuk pkfg,A 3- blls ik= vfHku; ds le; f'k{kd dks mifLFkr jguk pkfg,A 4- blesa vko';drkuqlkj jaxeap o os'kHkw"kk dh O;oLFkk djuh

pkfg,A 5- ukVd djkus dk mís'; euksjatu gh u gksdj Kku c<+kus okyk

gksuk pkfg,A 6- ukVd lekIr gksus ij Nk= o f'k{kd }kjk leh{kk djuh

pkfg,A 7- ukVd bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds y{;ksa dh iwfrZ esa lgk;d gksuk

pkfg,A 8- vfHku; esa v'yhyrk] HkkSMkiu rFkk lLrkiu ugha gks ugha rks

vfHku; f'k{k.k ds mís';ksa dks izkIr ugha dj ik;saxs vkSj os gkL;izn cu dj jg tk;saxsA

9- dksbZ Hkh ,slk ukVd u fy;k tk;s] tks fdlh oxZ] /keZ ;k tkfr dks vk?kkr igq¡pk;sA

3.30 ¼12½ O;k[;ku fof/k

(LECTURE METHOD) f'k{kd esa bl i)fr dk iz;ksx izkphudyk ls gksrk pyk vk jgk

gSA O;k[;ku dk rkRi;Z ikB dks Hkk"k.k ds :i esa i<+kus ls gSA blesa f'k{kd vius lq[k ls ckr dgdj i<k+rk gSA

132

tsEl ,e-yh- us fy[kk gS & ÞO;k[;ku ,d f'k{k.k 'kkL=h; fof/k gS ftlesa f'k{kd vkSipkfjd :i ls fu;skftr :i esa fdlh izdj.k ;k leL;k ij Hkk"k.k nsrk gSA

("The Lecture is a pedagogical method where by the teacher formally delivers a carefully planned expostory address on some particular topic or problem.") JAMES M. LEE

fjLd ds erkuqlkj] ÞO;k[;ku rF;ksa] fl)kUrksa ;k vU; lEcU/kksa dk izfrosnu gS ftudks f'k{k vius lquus okyska dh le>kuk pkgrk gSAß

("The lecture is an exposition of facts, principles or other relationships that the teachr wishes his bearers to understand,")

ckbZfuax rFkk ckbZfuax bldks dFku fof/k (TELLING METHOD) ds uke ls iqdkjrs gSA O;k[;ku fof/k lkekftd thou f'k{k.k esa viuk vf}rh; LFkku j[krh gSA bl fof/k }kjk f'k{kd xgu ,oa lw{e fo"k; oLrq dks ljy rFkk lqcks/k cuk ldrk gSA f'k{kd blds iz;ksx esa O;k[;ku ds lkFk Lo;a iz'uksa }kjk ikB dk fodkl djrk gS rFkk Nk=ksa dks Hkh iz'u iwNus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djds fo"k;&oLrq dh foospuk djrk gSA bl izdkj O;k[;ku fof/k esa v/;kid dks vius fo"k; esa n{k gksuk vko';d gS vU;Fkk O;k[;ku dkS'ky f'k{k.k dk l'kDr ek/;e ugha cu ik;sxkA

The lecture method "involvesteaching by means of the spoken word." It is a format talk by teacher. It may profitably be used at all stages with all clases, but its success will depend upon individual teachers, primary school children have no patience to listen to long talks or lecture. Their interest can only be captured through interesting stories or questions and answers. As small children cannot remain passive listeners their interest should be aroused by means of questions and answers or intersting stories. But questions at this stage should be related to their enviornmetn. Children also be encouraged to put as many questions to the teacher as possible. O;k[;ku fof/k ds xq.k (MERIT OF LECTURING METHOD) O;k[;ku fof/k ds izeq[k xq.k v/kksfyf[kr gS %&

1- O;k[;ku fof/k }kjk fo"k; oLrq dks Øec) ,oa rkfdZr :i ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls Nk= ljyrk ls le> ldsaA

133

2- ;g fof/k ljyrk vkSj lgtrk ls ;qDr gksrh gSA 3- bl fof/k }kjk ,d lkFk lSdM+ksa yksxksa dsk fcuk fdlh f'k{k.k

e'khu ds f'kf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA 4- blesa le; ,o /ku dh cpr gksrh gSA 5- blls KkukRed mís';ksa dks ljyrk ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA 6- ;g ckyd esa fpUru rdZ'kfDr dks mRiUu rFkk fodflr djrk

gSA 7- bl fof/k }kjk ckyd dh 'kadkyq izofRr dk fuokj.k fd;k tkrk

gSA] 8- ;g vlaxr rF;ksa dh vogsyuk djds Nk=ksa dks laxr rF;ska dks

xzg.k djus lgk;d gSA 9- blds }kjk fo"k;&oLrq esa fufgr lEcU/kksa ij Nk=ksa ds /;ku dks

vkd"V fd;k tkrk gSA 10- ;g de le; esa fo"k;&oLrq dks iwjk djus esa lgk;d gSA lkFk

gh lg 'kSf{kd dq'kyrk dks mRiUu djrh gSA O;k[;ku fof/k ds nks"k (DEMERITS OF LECTURE METHOD)

O;k[;ku fof/k bfrgkl f'k{k.k dh izk.k ok;q gksus ds mijkUr Hkh blesa v/kksfyf[kr nks"k ik, tkrs gS %&

1- O;k[;ku fof/k f'k{kd dsfUnzr gSA blesa ckhyd vf/kd nsj rd lfØ; ugha jg ldrk gSA

2- blesa le; dk viO;; gksrk gS D;ksafd ckyd fuf"Ø; Jksrk ds :i esa cgqr de xzg.k dj ikrk gSA

3- Nk=ksa esa ykijokgh mRiUu djus ds y, mi;qDr okrkoj.k iznku djrh gSA

4- lHkh Nk=ksa dks ,d leku f'k{k.k iznku djus ls eUn cqf) Nk= vkSj vf/kd fiNM+ tkrs gSA

5- ;g mPp Lrjh; f'k{k.k fof/k gSA fuEu Lrj ds ckyd blesa ykHkkfUor ugha gks ldrs gSA

6- bl fof/k esa izR;sd Nk= dh vko';drkvksa dk /;ku ugha j[kk tkrk gSA

7- ;g mPp Lrjh; f'k{k.k fof/k gSA fuEu Lrj ds ckyd blls ykHkkfUor ugha gks ldrs gSA

8- ;g f'k{k.k ds dkS'kykRed mís';ksa dh izkfIr ugha djk ldrk gSA

134

9- fo"k;&oLrq dks la{ksi esa izLrqr djus ls dqN egRoiw.kZ rF;ksa dks ckyd vufHkK jg tkrk gSA

O;k[;ku fof/k ds iz;ksx lEcU/kh lq>ko %&

O;k[;ku fof/k dks fo|kFkhZi;ksxh cukus ds fy, fuEukafdr lqq>koksa ij /;ku nsuk vfr&vko';d gS %&

1- fdlh uohu ikBdh izLrkouk ls ifjfpr djkus ds fy, Hkh O;k[;ku fof/k dk iz;ksx mfpr gSA

2- bldk iz;ksx fdlh cM+h bdkbZ ;k yEcs izdj.k ;k iqujkoyksdu ds le; djuk pkfg,A

3- ;g fdlh ,d dsUnzh; fopkj ;k leL;k ;k izdj.k ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A

4- f'k{kd dks :ijs[kk rS;kj dj ysuh pkfg,A 5- ;g gko&Hkko ;qDr <ax ls izLraqr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 6- bldk iz;ksx bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds yxHkx izR;sd izdj.k ;k fo"k;

esa Nk=ksa ds v/;;u dks ifjiwfjr djus ds fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

7- bl i)fr dk iz;ksx fdlh fo"k; ;k izdj.k dk lkjka'k nsus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

8- blds }kjk fo"k; dh O;k[;kiu ,oa Li"Vhdj.k Hkh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

3.31 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ,sfrgkfld i;ZVu

(HISTORICAL EXCURSION IN HISTORY TEACHING)

bfrgkl f'k{k.k dks jkspd ,oa okLrfod cukus ds fy, blds f'k{k.k esa fofHkUu izdkj ds lk/kuksa rFkk ;qfDr;ksa dk lgkjk fy;k tkusa yxk rFkk mls fo'kn] ljy] ltho ,oa jkspd cukus ds fy, i;ZVu dks Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k x;kA bfrgkl ,d ,slk fo"k; ekuk x;k] ftldk f'k{k.k fo|ky; dh izkphjksa ds Hkhrj lQyrkiwoZd iznku ugha fd;k tk ldrk] oju~ blds fy, f'k{kk&lEcU/kh i;ZVUkksa dks vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k] D;ksafd fo|kFkhZ dks blesa izR;{k :i ls v/;;u djus ds fy, i;kZIr volj izkIr gksrs gSA tks Kku ckydksa dks izR;{k :i ls fy;k tkrk gS og LFkk;h Kku gksrk gSA izR;{k&Kku og Kku gS tks oLrq dks izR;{k :i ls ns[kus ij feyrk gS vkSj ;fn gesa bfrgkl f'k{k.k dks izHkkoh cukrk gS rks

135

ckydksa dsk bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds vUrxZr izR;{k Kku iznku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blds fy, ,sfrgkfld Hkze.k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,] D;ksafd blds }kjk ckyd d{kk ds uhjl o ikjEifjd okrkoj.k ls fudydj LoLFk euksjatu dh vksj vxzzlj gksrk gSA bfrgkl esa fuEufyf[kr ,sfrgkfld lkexzh dk izR;{k :i ;k i;ZVu ds }kjk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS %&

1- edcjs] xqQk,¡] Lrqi % mnkgj.kkFkZ&fldUnjk esa vdcj dk edcjk] vkxjk ls rktegy] vtUrk&,yksjk dh xqQk,¡] ekS;Zdkyhu ,oa xqIrdkyhu Lrwi vkfnA

2- vtk;c?j ftuesa ,sfrgkfld vo'ks"k&gfFk;kj] crZu iks'kkd fp=dyk] LFkkiR; dyk vkfn ds uewusa] izkphu ik.Mqfyfi;ksa] flDds] eqgjsa vkfn gksaA

3- izkphu nqxZ] ;q)&{ks=] Hkou vkfnA 4- jkt/kkuh rFkk f'k{kk&dsUnzksa ds [k.Mgj] mnkgj.kkFkZ&bUnzizLFk]

Qrsgiqj lhdjh] r{kf'kyk] ukyUnk vkfnA 5- ,sfrgkfld [kqnkbZ ds LFkku] mnkgj.kkFkZ&eksgutksnM+ksa] gM+Iik

vkfnA 6- LFkkuh; ,sfrgkfld oLrq,¡A

3.32 i;ZVu ds mís'; i;ZVUk ds izeq[k mís'; v/kksfyf[kr gS %&

1- bfrgkl f'k{k.k dks ltho cukus dk iz;kl djukA 2- d{kk f'k{k.k dh ijEijkxr v/;;u fof/k;ksa esa ifjorZu ykukA 3- d{kk f'k{k.k dh uhjlrk dks de djukA 4- iwoZtksa dh miyfC/k;ksa ls voxr djkukA 5- mRrjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk fodflr djukA 6- Lovuq'kklu dh Hkkouk dk fodkl Nk=ksa esa djukA 7- fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa o rF;ksa ls ifjfpr djkukA 8- Nk=ksa dks LovuqHko }kjk Kku iznku djukA 9- fofHkUu laLdfr;ksa dk ifjp; djkdj fo'o&cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk

dk fodkl djukA 10- ,sfrgkfld oLrqvksa] uewuksa] fp=ksa vkfn dk laxzg djus dh izofr

fodflr djukA 11- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ekufld 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl djukA 12- LFkkuh; bfrgkl dk Kku iznku djukA

136

3.33 i;ZVu ds izdkj (TYPES OF EXCURSION) Ik;ZVu le; ,oa {ks= dh nf"V ls foHkkftr fd, tkrs gS] tks

fuEu izdkj ds gks ldrs gS %& 1- LFkkuh; ;k y?kq {ks= i;ZVu 2- {ks=h; ;k lkekU; {ks= i;ZVu 3- jk"Vªh; ;k nh?kZ {ks= i;ZVUk]

1- LFkkuh; ;k y?kq {ks= i;ZVu %& i;ZVUk dk ;g :i

{ks= ,oa le; ds nf"Vdks.k ls lhfer ,oa ladqfpr gks rks blesa NksVh d{kkvksa ds ckydks dks i;ZVu gsrq ys yk;k tkrk gSA ;s fo|ky; ds le; ds 2&3 dkyka'k ls iw.kZ dj fy, tkrs gSA blesa ikdZ] rkykc] fpfM+;k?kj] df"k&QkeZ] laxzgky; vkfn dk Hkze.k djk;k tk ldrk gSA

2- {ks=h; ;k lkekU; {ks= i;ZVu %& i;ZVu dk ;g {ks= LFkkuh; i;ZVu dh rqyuk ds {ks= o le; nksuksa gh nf"V esa cMs+ gksrs gS blesa ek/;fed Lrj rd ds Nk= Hkkx ysrs gSA blesa i;ZVu dk LFky nwj gksus ls le; vf/kd gksrk gSA blesa jsyos LVs'ku] gokbZ vM~Mk] ou ioZr] unh] >juk] df"k&QkeZ] dkj[kkus] iksLV vkWfQl vkfn dk {ks= ysdj Hkzze.k djk;k tk ldrk gSA

3- jk"Vªh; ;k nh?kZ {ks= i;ZVu %& i;ZVu dk ;g :i mPp d{kkvksa gsrq vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA o"kZ esa de ls de ,d ckj bl i;ZVu dk vk;kstu gksuk pkfg,A blesa ,d lIrkg ls rhu eghus rd dk le; O;rhr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa izkphu ,sfrgkfld [k.Mgj] uxj] nqxZ] edcjsa] vtk;c?kj vkfn dks fy;k tk ldrk gSA] 3.34 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa i;ZVu egRo ;k ykHk

(IMPORTANCE OF ADVANTURE OF EXCURSIN INHISTORY TEACHING) i;ZVu dks bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk vk/kkj LrEHk ekuk tkrk gSA

i;ZVUk ds vHkko esa bfrgkl f'k{k.k dh dYiuk djuk Hkh O;FkZ gSA vr% bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ,sfrgkfld i;ZVu ds egRo dks v/kksfyf[kr fcUnqvksa ds vUrxZr Li"V fd;k x;k gS %&

1- izkphu Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLdfr dk Kku izkIr gksrk gSA 2- Lokuq'kklu rFkk usrRo dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA 3- ,sfrgkfld Kku izkIr djus ds lkFk&lkFk Nk=ksa dk LoLFk

euksjatu Hkh gksrk gSA

137

4- d{kk f'k{k.k dks jkspd cukus esa lgk;dA 5- f'k{kd o Nk= ds lEcU/k e/kqj gksrs gS rFkk vkReh;rk c<+rh gSA 6- vkilh lg;ksx ,oa leUo; dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA

fofHkUu lfefr;ksa ds ek/;e ls mRrjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA

7- i;ZVu esa lS)kfUrd dh vis{kk O;kogkfjd Kku ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gS rFkk lS)kfUrd dh vis{kk O;kogkfjd Kku vf/kd ykHkizn gksrk gSA

8- i;ZVu esa djds lh[kus (learning by doing) ds fl)kUr dk ikyu djrs gq, Lo;a fujh{k.k dj Kku vftZr djrs gSA

9- ftu LFkkuksa dk Kku d{kk esa os le>us esa vleFkZ gksrs gS] mudks okLrfod :i esa ns[kdj Nk= ljyrk ls xzg.k dj ysrs gSA

10- ckydks dh ftKklq izofr 'kkUr gksrh gS rFkk vusd rF;ksa dks tkudj 'kadkvksa dk lek/kku Hkh gksrk gSA

11- Nk=ksa esa i;ZVu ds }kjk iwoZtksa dh miyfC/k;ksa ds izfr izse ,oa xoZ dh Hkkouk fodflr dh tk ldrh gSA

12- i;ZVu ds ek/;e ls LFkkuh; bfrgkl dk iw.kZ Kku izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

13- i;ZVu }kjk Nk=ksa dh fujh{k.k dYiuk] vUos"k.k] fu.kZ; vkfn 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA

14- i;ZVu d{kk&f'k{k.k dh uhjlrk dks lekIr djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

3.35 {ks= i;ZVu ds Hkkx %&

{ks= i;ZVu dks lqfo/kk dh nf"V ls rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS %&

1- ;kstuk (Planning)

2- fujh{k.k (Inspection

)

3- ewY;kadu (Evalution)

1- ;kstuk (Planning)

;kstuk fuEu fcUnqvksa ij rS;kj dh tkrh gS %&

1- i;ZVu gsrq LFky dk p;u

2- ;k=k dk O;ofLFkr izcU/ku

138

¼1½ i;ZVu gsrq LFky dk p;u %& f'k{kd }kjk Nk=ksa ls i;kZIr OkkrkZyki dj] le;] /ku rFkk miyC/k lk/kuksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mi;qDr LFky dk p;u djuk pkfg, %&

i. izkphu Hkou] nqxZ ,oa ;q+) {ks= & yky fdyk] vkesj dk fdyk] fprkSM+x<+] ikuhir] gYnh?kkVh vkfnA

ii. ,sfrgkfld [kqnkbZ ds LFky&eksgutksnM+ks] gM+Iik vkfnA iii. izkphu f'k{kk dsUnz ,oa jkt/kkfu;k¡&r{kf'kyk] ukyUnk] bUnzizLFk]

gfLrukiqj vkfnA iv. Lrwi] lkaph] cks/kx;ko ,oa lkjukFkA v. edcjs o xqQk,¡&vdcj dk edcjk] tgk¡xhj dk edcjk]

vtUrk] ,yksjk o [ktqjkgksA vi. laxzgky;&fnYyh] y[kuÅ] lkjukFk vkfnA

¼2½ ;k=k dk O;ofLFkr izcU/ku %& i;ZVu ;k=k dks lqpk:

:i ls lEiUu djus ds fy, O;ofLFkr ;kstuk dks cukuk vfr vko';d gSA blds fy, ;k=k dk izcU/k djrs le; Nk=ksa dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gS rFkk fofHkUu izdkj dh lfefr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djds mudk v/;{k Nk=ksa dks cuk fn;k tkrk gSA v/;kid blesa ekxZn'kZd dh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrk gSA izcU/ku lfefr dk laxBu fuEu pkVZ }kjk iznf'kZr fdl;k tk ldrk gSA

laxBu

lapkyu lfefr iFk&izn'kZd&v/;kid o Nk= iz/kku

foÙk lfefr

ifjogu lfefr

O;oLFkk lfefr

Hkkstu lfefr izkFkfed fpfdRlk lfefr

139

1- foRr lfefr %& i. izfr Nk= esa [kpZ ck¡Vdj /ku ,d= djukA

ii. vko';drkuqlkj /ku jkf'k O;; djukA iii. lEiw.kZ O;; dk C;kSjk rS;kj dj izLrqr djukA iv. lEiw.kZ ;k=k dk;Z O;; rS;kj djukA

2- Hkkstu lfefr %& i. Hkkstu O;; dk lEiw.kZ C;kSjk j[kukA

ii. ekSle o vko';drkuqlkj Hkkstu fu/kkZj.k djukA iii. foRr lfefr dks nsuk iv. Hkkstu O;; dk lEiw.kZ C;kSjk j[kukA

3- ifjogu lfefr %& i. xUrO; LFkku ij Hk ifjogu dh lEiw.kZ O;oLFkk ns[kukA

ii. de ls de O;; esa lqfo/kktud ;k=k djukA iii. lEiw.kZ ekxZ dh ;kstuk rS;kj djukA iv. le; iwoZ vkus&tkus dk vkj{k.k djukA

4- izkFkfed fpfdRlk lfefr %& i. vkdfLed nq?kZVuk esa rqjUr mipkj djukA

ii. izkFkfed fpfdRlk dh tkudkjh ysukA iii. izkFkfed fpfdRlk ckWDl esa vko';d lkexzh j[kukA

5- O;oLFkk lfefr %& i. LFky esa izeq[k oLrqvksa] fp=ksa] o uewuksa dk laxzg djukA

ii. vuq'kklu cuk, j[kukA iii. ekufp=] ,Vyl] vko';d lkexzh ,d= djukA iv. ekSle ds vuqlkj diM+ks] fcLrj dh O;oLFkk ds funsZ'k nsukA

1- fujh{k.k (INSPECTION) %& v/;kid vius Nk=ksa ds

lkFk ;k=k djrs gq, n'; LFky ij igq¡prk gS rks LFky dk fof/kor~ fujh{k.k djus dk funsZ'k Nk=ksa dks ns fn;k tkrk gS rFkk Nk= v/;kid ekxZn'kZu esa viuk dk;Z izkjEHk dj nsrs gSA fujh{kd ds le; v/kksfyf[kr izeq[k ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk vfrvko';d gS %&

i. i;ZVu LFky ds fujh{k.k ds le; fofo/k izdkj dh oLrq,¡ tSls&fp=] uewus] ekufp=] fujh{k.k esa izkIr lkexzh vkfn dk ladyu dj laxzgky; esa j[kuk pkfg,A

ii. n'; LFky ij igq¡pus ij ml LFky dk ckjhdh ls fujh{k.k djuk pkfg, rFkk lw{ere ckrksa dh tkudkjh v/;kid ls ysuh pkfg,A

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iii. ;k=k ij tkrs le; tkus vkSj vkus dk ekxZ vyx&vyx j[kuk pkfg] rkfd nksuksa le; ds ekxZ esa vkus okys LFkyksa dk ,sfrgkfld Kku Hkh gks ldsaA

iv. LFkkuh; yksxksa ls feydj ml {ks= dk foLrr ,sfrgkfld bfrgkl tkuus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A

v. i;ZVu izfrosnu rS;kj djus gsrq izfrfnu dh vko';d ?kVuk,¡ rFkk eq[; ckrsa frfFk lfgr viuh Mk;jh esa vafdr dj ysuh pkfg,A

vi. fujh{k.k ds le; ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ds vko';d QksVksxzkQ Hkh ys ysus pkfg,A ;s QksVks Hkh ,sfrgkfld laxzgky; dh 'kksHkk c<+k ldrs gSA

2- ewY;kadu (EVALUTATION) %& lEiw.kZ ekxZ dk ;k=k fooj.k rFkk LFky ls lEcfU/kr fp=] oLrq,¡] QksVksxzkQ vkfn yxkdj izfrosnu izHkkoh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ftu mís';ksa dks ysdj i;ZVu fd;k x;k Fkk mu mís';ksa dh iwfrZ gksuh pkfg, rFkk bldk ewY;kadu djus gsrq izfrosnu dh tk¡p djuh pkfg,A izfrosnu dks d{kk esa Nk=ksa ls i<+okuk pkfg,A blds mijkUr ,d ppkZ dk vk;kstu dj 'kadkvkasa dk lek/kku Hkh djuk pkfg,A ;k=k ls lEcfU/kr leLr vuqHkoksa dk ewY;kadu djuk pkfg,A 3.36 ,sfrgkfld i;ZVUk dh ;kstuk cukus esa /;ku j[kus ;ksX;

ckrsa (CONSIDERATIONS FOR PLANNING A HISTORY EXCURSION) ,sfrgkfld i;ZVUk dh ;kstuk cukus rFkk mldh lQyrk ds

fy, bfrgkl f'k{kd dks fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, %& 1- f'k{kd dks ml i;ZVd LFky dh lEiw.kZ xgu tkudkjh gksuh

pkfg, tgk¡ ij og Nk=ksa dks ysdj ;k=k ij tk jgs gSA 2- bfrgkl f'k{kd dks i;ZVu dk;Z izkjEHk djus ls iwoZ LFkkuh;

okrkoj.k dh ,sfrgkfld lkexzh dk i;Zos{k.k dj ysuk pkfg,A blds i'pkr~ gh og mldh ;kstuk cukus ds fy, rRij gksA

3- ckydksa dks ;k=k ij tkrs le; uksV&cqd] iSu] iaSfly] dSejk] fcLrj] uk'rk rFkk [kkusa dk lkeku vkfn lkFk ysdj tkuk pkfg,A

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4- fdl ekxZ ls fu/kkZfjr i;ZVd LFky rd lqfo/kkiwoZd igq¡pk tk ldrk gS rFkk og ekxZ dkSu&dkSu ls 'kSf{kd vuqHko iznku dj ldrk gS] bldk Hkh /;ku j[uk pkfg,A

5- fofHkUu oLrqvksa ds izcU/k dk Hkkj fdu&fdu Nk=ksa dks fd;k tk;sA blds fy, f'k{kd ckydksa dsk fofHkUu lewgksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrk gS vkSj izR;sd lewg dk ,d juk;d fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA

6- i;ZVu dh lQyrk ds fy, Nk=ksa dk lg;ksx ysuk vfr&vko';d gSA

7- Nk= ftl fu/kkZfjr LFky dk fujh{k.k dj jgs gS rc lEcfU/kr f'k{kd }kjk mudk mi;qDr <x ls iFk izn'kZu djuk pkfg,A

8- Nk=ksa dks ,sfrgkfld nqxZ] edcjk] Lekjd] efLtn] Lrwi vkfn fn[kkrs le; muls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu ?kVukvksa ij izdk'k Mkyuk pkfg,A

9- ftl LFkku dks ns[kus ds fy, tk;s] ogka dh ,sfrgkfld oLrqvksa dk gh voyksdu u fd;k tk;s oju ogka ds fuokfl;ksa ls Hkh lEidZ LFkkfir fd;k tk;] D;ksafd blls dbZ ,sfrgkfld ckrksa dk irk py tkrk gSA

10- ;fn i;ZVu LFkku ij jkf= dks :duk iM+s rks jkr esa fnu Hkj ns[kh gqbZ oLrqvksa ds lEcU/k esa ppkZ djuh pkfg,] ftlls muls lEcfU/kr laHkzkfUr;ka nwj gks ldsA

11- i;ZVu ls izkIr vuqHkoksa dks Øec) ,oa bfrgkl ds ikB ls lEcfU/kr fd;k tk;sA

12- i;ZVu dk;ZØe ds lekIr gksus ij ;fn nwljs ekxZ ls okil vk lds rks vPNk jgsxk] D;ksafd blls mudks vkSj vU; dbZ ckrksa dk Kku gks tk;sxkA

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INDEX

bdkbZ 4 % vuqns'ku lgk;rk iz.kkyh (UNIT 4 : INSTRUCATIONAL SUPPORT SYSTEM)

4.1 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa JO;&n'; midj.k (AUDIO - VISUAL AIDS IN TEACHING HISTORY)

4.2 JO; n'; lkexzh dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk,a (MEANING & DEFINITIONS OF AUDIO - VISUAL AIDS)

4.3 JO; n'; lkexzh dk p;u djrs le; /;ku j[kus ;ksX; fcUnq (PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHILE SELECTING AIDS)

4.4 JO; n'; lkexzh ds mn~ns'; (OBJECTIVES OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS)

4.5 JO; n'; lkexzh dk oxhZdj.k (CLASSIFICATION OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS)

4.6 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa iz;qDr gksus okys midj.k (USABLE AIDS IN HISTORY TEACHING)

4.7 ';keiV~ (BLACK BOARD)

4.8 ';keiV~V dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa ykHk (UTILITY & ADVANTAGE OF BLACK BOARD)

4.9 ekufp= (MAPS)

4.10 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa iz;qDr ekufp=ksa ds izdkj (TYPES OF MAPS IN USES TEACHING HISTORY)

4.11 ekufp=ksa ds iz;ksx esa lko/kkfu;ka (PRECAUTION OF USE)

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4.12 ekufp=ksa dh mi;ksfxrk (UTILITY OF MAPS)

4.13 pkVZ (CHARTS)

4.14 pkVZ ds izdkj (TYPES OF CHARTS)

4.15 xzkQ (GRAPH)

4.16 xzkQ ds izdkj (TYPES OF GRAPH)

4.17 ekWMYl (MODELS)

4.18 ekWMYl ;k izfr:i ds xq.k (ESSENTIALS OF MODEL)

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4.1 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa JO; n`'; midj.k (AUDIO VISUAL AIDS IN TEACHING HISTORY)

JO; n'; midj.k dh vo/kkj.kk (CONCEPT OF AUDIO - VISUAL AIDS) - izkphu dky esa f'k{k.k dk;Z f'k{kd }kjk ekSf[kd :i ls iw.kZ fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk og oDrk dh rjg i<rk Fkk] ckyd Jksrk dh rjg lqurk FkkA vFkkZr ckyd dh lfØ;rk] f'k{k.k esa ugha gksrh Fkh rFkk v/;kid Hkh fcuk fdlh lk/ku dh lgk;rk ls f'k{k.k dk;Z djrk jgrk FkkA bl izdkj vk/kqfud f'k{kk cky dsfUnzr gSA f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; ckyd dk lokZaxh.k fodkl djuk gSA bl mn~ns'; dh izkfIr ds fy, ckyd dh ;ksX;rk] :fp] euksofÙk;ksa] vko';drk vkfn dks vk/kkj cuk;k tkrk gSA vr% f'k{k.k fØ;k dks ljy] ltho rFkk izHkkoh cukus ds fy, vko';d gS fd uohu lkexzh dks bl izdkj izLrqr fd;k tk;s fd mldk Lo:i Nk= ds fy, vf/kdkf/kd ljy ,oa Li"V gks tk;sA ,slk djus ds fy, 'kSf{kd midj.kks dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA bu 'kSf{kd midj.kksa dks f'k{k.k lkexzh dsuke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA 4.2 JO;&n`'; lkexzh dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk,a

(Meaning & Definitions of Audio - Visual Aids) orZeku le; esa f'k{kk cky dsfUnzr gksus ds dkj.k ckyd dks fØ;k rFkk fujh{k.k }kjk fl[kkus ij cy fn;k tkrk gS vFkkZr f'k{k.k ds nkSjku ckyd dh ftru vf/kd KkusfUnz;ka dk;Z djrh gS] vf/kxe mruk gh vPNk rFkk LFkk;h gksrk gS vr% blds fy, f'k{kd dks f'k{k.k dk;Z dks jkspd] ljy rFkk izHkkoh cukus ds fy, dqN lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgs JO;&n'; lk/ku dgrs gSA bl izdkj fdlh ikB fo'ks"k dks ljl] ljy o izHkkoiw.kZ cukus gsrq ftu lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] os lgk;d midj.k dgykrs gSA vr% JO;&n'; lkexzh dk vFkZ ml lkexzh ls gS tks d{kk esa ;k vU; f'k{k.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fyf[kr ;k cksyh x;h ikB~;&lkexzh dks le>kus esa lgk;rk nsrh gSA Any device which by sight or sound increases the individuals experience, beyond that acquired through reading, may be described as an audio-visual aid to learning". It is a means and not ends of stimulating interest at a particular time, during the course of a lesson. It additional means to particular ends and at times, contributes valuable aids to learning situation. It function is to arouse curiosity and interest about the extension, application and

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development of the topic in hand. It must provoke additional mental acitivity. It must satisfy, a felt need and enrich or improve the child's understanding about that particular topic for which it has been utilized.

,yfou LVªkax (ALWIN STORONG) ds vuqlkj] ÞJO;&n'; lkexzh ds vUrxZr mu lHkh lk/kuksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA ftldh lgk;rk ls Nk=ksa ikB esa :fp cuh jgrh gS rFkk os mls ljyrkiwoZd le>rs gq, vf/kxe ds mís'; dks izkIr dj ysrs gSAß MSUV (DENT) ds 'kCnksa esa] ÞJO;&n'; lkexzh og lkexzh gS] tks d{kk esa ;k vU; f'k{k.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fyf[kr ;k cksyh xbZ ikB~;&lkexzh ds le>us esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA

According to T.S. MEHTA, "A Audio-Visual materials play a significant part in the teaching of history. These aids include use of maps, chart, historical filsm, graphs, time-friezes, chronological and geneological tables, pictures of historical scenes, battle plans and exhibits of contemporary social and cultural life of the people. 4.3 JO;&n`'; lkexzh dk p;u djrs le; /;ku nsus ;ksX;

fcUnq (PRECEAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHILE SELECTING AIDS) JO;&n'; lk/kuksa dh izHkkodkfjrk muds mi;qDr p;u ,oa

iz;ksx ij fuHkZj gSA bu lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djrs le; gesa fuEufyf[kr ckrks dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, &

1- izdj.k ds lHkh fcUnqvksa dk Kku izkIr djus ds fy, lkexzh Nk=ksa ds ifjos'k ds vuq:i gksuh pkfg,A

2- JO; n'; lkexzh Nk=ksa dh ;ksX;rk ,oa vko';drkuqlkj gksuh pkfg,A

3- ;g lkexzh izdj.k o fo"k; oLrq ds vuq:i gksuh pkfg,A 4- lkexzh Nk=ksa esa :fp rFkk ftKklk mRiUu djus okyh gksuh

pkfg,A 5- iz;qDr lk/ku Nk=ksa ds ifjos'k ds fy, vifjfpr u gksus pkfg,A 6- lk/ku Nk=ksa ds vuqHko vkSj mudh le> ds vuq:i gksus

pkfg,A 7- lk/ku }kjk izdj.k dk 'kq) Lo:i izLrqr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 8- lgt lk/kuksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tkuhpkfg, tcfd oSKkfud

lk/ku gekjs ns'k esa lgt miyC/k ugha gSA

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9- f'k{k.kkRed fVIi.kh ls ;qDr lk/ku dks izkFkfedrk iznku dh tkuh pkfg,A

10- ljy] lqxe rFkk mi;qDr lkexzh dk p;u djuk pkfg,A 11- Nk=ksa ds vf/kxe y{;ksa dh izkfIr esa lgk;d gksuh pkfg,A 12- lkexzh lgh fLFkfr esa gksuh pkfg,] VwVh&QwVh ughaA 13- lkexzh ds mi;ksx ls iwoZ mlls lEcfU/kr lHkh funsZ'kksa dks i<

ysuk pkfg,A 14- f'k{kd }kjk lkexzh dks ,d ckj pSd dj ysuk pkfg,A

4.4 JO; n`'; lkexzh ds mn~ns'; (OBJECTIVES OF AUDIO - VISUAL AIDS) JO; n'; lkexzh ds izeq[k mn~ns'; v/kksfyf[kr gS %&

1- fo"k;&oLrq dks jkspd cukdj ckyd dh ftKklk cuk, j[kukA 2- ckydksa esa rF;kRed lwpukvksa dks jksdp <ax ls iznku djukA 3- ikB dh vksj ckydksa dk vo/kku dsfUnzr djukA 4- ckydksa dks dk;Z&dkj.k lEcU/k dk ;FkkFkZ Kku djkukA 5- vfHk:fp;ksa ij vk'kkuqdwy izHkko MkyukA 6- ckydksa dks u;s Kku dh izkfIr gsrq rS;kj djukA 7- fo"k;&oLrq dk ljy o cks/kxE; cukukA 8- fo"k; ds izfr :fp mRiUu djukA 9- Nk=ks dks vf/kd fØ;k'khy cukukA 10- lgk;d lkexzh ds iz;qDr gksus ls ckydks dh vuqeku ,oa

dYiuk 'kfDr dk fodkl djukA 11- ckydks dh lh[kus dh xfr ,oa dk;Z {kerk esa of) djukA 12- izR;{k Kku] f'k{k.k dks izHkkoh ,oa LFkk;h cukrk gSA 13- lgk;d lkexzh dh lgk;rk ls vewrZ laizR;;kas dks ewrZ LFkku

iznku djukA 4.5 JO;&n`'; lkexzh dk oxhZdj.k

(TYPES OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS) bfUnz;ksa ds iz;ksx ij JO;&n'; lkexzh dks fuEufyf[kr rhu

Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS %& ¼v½ JO; midj.k (AUDIO-VISUAL) ¼c½ n'; midj.k (VISUAL AIDS) ¼Lk½ JO;&n'; midj.k (AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS)

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JO;&n'; lkexzh ds foHkktu dk fuEukafdr pkVZ }kjk izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gS %&

,Mxj Msy (EDGER DALE) ds vuqlkj & JO;&n'; lkexzh dks vuqHko&'kadq (Cone of Experience) ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA %&

JO; midj.k (AUDIO- PIDS)

JO;&n`'; lkexzh (AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS)

n'; midj.k (VISUAL AIDS)

JO;&n'; midj.k (AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS)

dkuksa ls us=ksa ls lEcfU/kr dkuksa ,oa us=ksa ls

1- jsfM;ks (Radio)

2- xzkeksQksu (Gramophone

3- VsifjdkMZj (Tape-Recorder)

4- fyaXokQksu (Lingvaphone)

1. okLrfod oLrq,¡ (Real Objects) 2. uewus (Modals) 3. fp= (Pictures) 4. ekufp= (Maps) 5. js[kkfp= rFkk [kkdsa (Sketches & Diagrams) 6. xzkQ ¼Graph) 7. pkVZ (Chart) 8. cqysfVu okMZ 9. ¶ykusy okMZ 10. ¶yS'k dkMZ 11. iksLVj 12. Nk;kfp=

13. esXusfVd cksMZZ 14. fp= foLrkj ;a= 15. tknw dh ykyVsu

16. LykbM

17. ewd fQYe

18. ';keiV~V

19. lekpkj&i= o if=dk,¡

20. i;ZVUk 21. laxzgky; 22. flDds 23. dBiqryh

1- pyfp= (Cinema) 2- Vsyhfotu (Television) 3- fofM;ks (Video) 4- dEI;wVj (Computer) 5- izkstsDVlZ (Projectors) 6- Mªkek (Drama) 7- fjdkWMZ /ofu ls ;qDr

eqfnzr lkexzh 8- lekpkj lEcU/kh

fQYe

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Msy dk vuqHko f=dks.k (DALIA CONE OF EXPERIENCE)

1- ekSf[kd izrhd (Verbal Symbols) 2- n';kRed izrhd (Visual symobls)

3- fjdkWMZj jsfM;ks vkfn (Recording, Radio Etc.

4- py&fp= (Motion Picture) 5- 'kSf{kd&Vsyhfotu (Educational T.V.)

6- izn'kZuh (Enhibits) 7- v/;;u&i;ZVu (study Trips)

8- izn'kZu (Demonstration) 9- ukVdh; vuqHko ¼Dramatized Experience) 10- jfpr vuqHko (Contrived Experience)

11- izR;{k mís';iw.kZ vuqHko (Direct purposeful Experience)

4.6 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa iz;qDr gksus okys midj.k %& (USABLE AIDS IN HISTORY TEACHING)

bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa iz;qDr fd;s tkus okys midj.kksa dk foospu fuEufyf[kr gS %& 4.7 (1) ';keiV~V (BLACK BOARD) - bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ';keiV~V dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA f'k{kk esa uokpkj o ØkfUr dk nkSj euksfoKku ds le; esa vk;k] rc ls';keiV~V f'k{kk dk ,d vfr&vko';d lk/ku cu x;kA ;g lcls lLrk o ljyrkiwoZd miyC/k gksus okyk midj.k gSA ,d lSfud ds 'kL= ds leku gh pkWd o ';keiV~V v/;kid ds fy, vko';d gSA ijUrq Hkkjr esa ;g lcls misf{kr midj.k gSA ;gk¡ ds fo|ky;ksa esa ';keiV~V dh fLFkfr T;knk [kjkc gSa rFkk Bhd rjhds ls

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mudk j[k&j[kko u gksus ls v/;kid Hkh Bhd ls mudk mi;skx ugha dj ikrsA ijUrq xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa tgk¡ vU; midj.kksa dk vHkko gksrk gS] ogk¡ ';keiV~V dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

';keiV~V dk iz;ksx fo"k;&oLrq dks Li"V ljy ,oa LFkk;h cukus esa ';kiV~V dk iz;ksx ls cM+h lgk;rk feyrh gSA ';keiV~V ftl izdkj vf/kxe esa ckydksa dh lqfo/kk dk lk/ku curk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj ;g f'k[kd dh Hkh lgk;rk djrk gSA ';keiV~V dk mfpr mi;skx v/;kid esa vkRefo'okl mRiUu djrkgSA f'k{kk vk;ksx ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ';keiV~V dh fLFkfr %&

Þgekjs vf/kdka'k fo|ky;ksa esa fo'ks"kdj izkFkfed Lrj ij vkt Hkh ,d vPNs ';keiV~V] ,d NksVs iqLrdky; vko';d uD'ks] vkSj pkVZ] lk/kkj.k oSKkfud midj.k vkSj vko';d izn'kZu lkexzh tSLks&cqfu;knh lkt&lkeku] vkSj f'k{k.k lk/kuksa dk iw.kZ vHkko lk gh gSaA f'k{k.k dh xq.kork esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, izR;sd fo|ky; dks bl izdkj ds cqfu;knh lkt&leku vkSj f'k{k.k lk/kuksa dk fn;k tkuk vko';d gSA gekjh flQkfj'k gS fd izR;sd Js.kh ds fo|ky;ksa ds fy, U;wure vko';d f'k{k.k lk/kuksa ,oa lkt&lkeku dh lwfp;k¡ rS;kj dh tk;saA ge ;g Hkh flQkfj'k djrs gS fd izR;sd fo|ky; dks rqjUr ,d vPNk ';keiV~V fn;k tk;sAß

One of the oldest and the best friends of the teacher, chalk boards are being extensively used in place of black boards in the teaching of history. There boaards may be of any colour, yellow or green. The chalk board is primarily used to illustrate facts, ideas, principles and processes, to make assignments of lesson and individual responsibilities, to list prolems, questions, sources andreference materials and to give directions examinations, and tests. EDGAR DALE SAYS, "It provides an opportunity for creativity and initiative, as one "visualizes" an explanation or a demonstration." Its parpose is to visualise curriculum by means of graphic demonstration." 4.8 ';keiV~V dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa ykHk %& (UTILITY & ADVANTAGE OF BLACK BOARD)

1- ';keiV~V ij Nk=ksa dks fØ;kRed dk;Z djus dk volj fn;k tk jgk gSA

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2- ';keiV~V }kjk ekSf[kd rF;ksa dks cks/kxE; o izHkkoh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

3- ;g ikB dk fodkl djus esa lgk;d midj.k gSA 4- ';keiV~V lcls lLrk o ljy n'; midj.k gSA 5- ';keiV~V ij Nk=ksa dks Hkh fØ;kRed dk;Z djus dk volj

fn;k tk ldrk gSA 6- ';keiV~V fo"k;&lkexzh dks O;ofLFkr djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA 7- egRoiw.kZ izlaxksa o rF;ksa dks ';keiV~V ij fy[kdj Nk=ksa dk

/;ku fo"k;&oLrq ij ljyrk ls dsfUnzr fd;k tkrk gSA 8- izHkkoh f'k{k.k esa ftruk vf/kd KkusfUnz;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk

gS Kku mruk gh vf/kd lqn<+] izHkkoh o LFkk;h gksrk gSA f'k{kd d{kk d{k esa ';keiV~V dk mi;ksx dj ckyd dh lquus ,oa nf"V ls lEc) nksuksa KkusfUnz;ksa dh lgk;rk ls fo"k;&oLrq dks Li"V djrk gSA

9- pkVZ] js[kkdfr] xzkQ] yk{kf.kd mnkgj.k izLrqr djus ds fy,A 10- lwpuk&vadu] frfFk Kku nssusa] rkfydk fy[kusa vkfn ds fy,A 11- xf.kr] foKku] fp=dyk tSls fo"k;ksa dk vHk;kxr ';keiV~V ij

vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ';keiV~V ds mi;ksx ls lECfU/kr egRoiw.kZ ckrsa ;k lko/kkfu;k¡

bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa f'k{kd dks ';keiV~V dk iz;ksx djrs le; v/kksfyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, %&

1- ';keiV~V ij cksydj fy[ksa o chp&Ckhp esa Nk=ksa ij Hkh utj Mkysaaaa

2- ';keiV~V ys[k lqUnj] vkd"kZd] Li"V gksuk pkfg,A 3- ';keiV~V ij f'k{kd dks lh/kh iafDr esa fy[kus dk iz;kl djuk

pkfg,A 4- ';keiV~V ij fp=] js[kkfp= ,oa ekufp= Li"V :i ls cuk;s

tk,A 5- ';keiV~V dks gkFk ls lkQ djus ls cpuk pkfg,A ges'kk MLVj

Åij ls uhps dh vksj iz;qDr djuk pkfg,A 6- f'k{kd dks d{kk NksM+us ls iwoZ ';keiV~V lkQ dj nsuk pkfg,A 7- ';keiV~V dk fodkl ges'kk ckydks ds lfØ;k lg;ksx ls fd;k

tkuk pkfg,A 8- ';keiV~V ds ,d vksj [kM+k jgdj fy[kuk pkfg, ftlls lHkh

Nk= fo"k; oLrq dks Li"V <ax ls i< ldsA

151

9- ';keiV~V ij lkexzh O;oLFkr] Øec) gksuh pkfg,A 10- fof'k"V fcUnqvksa ,oa rF;ks dks js[kkafdr djuk pkfg,A 11- ';keiV~V ij Åij ds ck;sa dksus ls fy[kuk izkjEHk djsaA 12- d{kk f'k{k.k izkjEHk gksus ls iwoZ ';keiV~V ds fy, vko';d lc

oLrq,a ,d= dj ysa & lQkbZ midj.k ;k >kM+u pkWd ;k [kfM+;k] iVjh] ijdkjk] QesZ] LVsfUly vFkok vU; lkexzhA

13- ';keiV~V ij cus ekufp= ;k js[kkfp= ij Nk=ksa dk /;ku dsfUnzr djus ds fy, ladsrd (Pointer) dk iz;ksx vo'; djsaA

14- ';keiV~V dh fLFkfr ,sls LFkku ij gks tgka ls lHkh Nk= mldks lqfo/kkiwoZd ns[k ldsaA

15- f'k{kd dks ';keiV~V ij fy[krs le; 450 ds dks.k ij [kM+k gksdj fy[kuk pkfg,A

16- f'k{kd ';keiV~V ij tks dqN fy[ks mls vius eq[k ls lkFk&lkFk cksyrk tk;sA

4.9 2. ekufp= (MAPS) bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa uD'kksa ;k ekufp=ksa dks vk/kkj LrEHk ekuk tkrk gSA bfrgkl esa ckydksa dks le; ds lkFk&lkFk LFkku dk Kku Hkh izkIr djuk Hkh vko';d gSA ekufp= dk mi;ksx f'k{k.k ds nkSjku djus gsrq ?kVukvksa ls lEcfU/kr lhek dk Kku djkdj HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ls voxr djk;k tk ldrk gSA ;|fi ekufp= dk lEcU/k eq[;r% Hkwxksy ls gS fdUrq bfrgkl esa Hkh bldh vko';drk iM+rh gS] vU;Fkk lkezkT; dk foLrkj] jkt/kkfu;ksa ds LFkku] ;q) ds eSnku rFkk jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa vkfn dk Kku fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ugha gks ldsxkA bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds {ks= esa ekufp=ksa ds iz;ksx dh mi;ksfxrk ds lEcU/k esa baxyS.M ds ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kd la?k dh vksj ls izlkfjr ,d ys[k esa fy[kk x;k] Þekufp= bfrgk f'k{k.k ds fy, ,dek= vko';d midj.k ugha gS] oju~ ;g gekjs dk;Z ewsa ,d vko';d vk/kj Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA dsoy ekufp=ksa ds iz;ksx ls gh {ks= rFkk jktuhfrd bdkb;ksa dh lkisf{kr fLFkfr dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj ekufp= gh jkT; ds fodkl] lSfud vfHk;kuksa ;k /keksZa rFkk Hkk"kkvksa ds lkekU; forj.kj dks bafxr djuk laHko cuk ldrs gSAß

tkWulu ds 'kCnksa esa] Þbfrgkl ekufp=ksa ds }kjk cuk;k x;k gS rFkk ;g muesa gh fufgr gSAß

152

4.10 bfrgkl f'k{k.k easa iz;qDr ekufp=ksa ds izdkj (TYPES OF MAPS IN USES TEACHING HISTORY)

1- lUnHkZ ekufp= 2- fof'k"V ekufp= 3- izn'kZu ekufp=

1- lUnHkZ ekufp= %& ;s os ekufp= ftuesa fofo/k vk;keh; cgqr lh lkexzh d,d gh lkFk iznf'kzZr dh tkrh gSA

2- fof'k"V ekufp= %& ;s os ekufp= fof'k"V mís'; ls cuk;s tkrs gS rFkk buesa ,d ;k nks lwpuk,¡ gh iznf'kZr gksrh gSA tSls %& Hkkjr ds ekufp= esa vdcj dk jkT;&foLrkjA

3- izn'kZUk ekufp= %& d{kk&f'k{k.k ds le; izn'kZUk gsrq ekufp=ksa esa cMs+ vkdkj esa dbZ vU; lEcfU?kr lwpuk,¡ iznf'kZr dh tk,¡] rc os izn'kZu ekufp= dgykrs gSA

4.11 ekufp= ds iz;ksx esa lko/kkfu;k¡

(PRECAUTION OF USE) bfrgkl&f'k{k.k ds {ks= esa ekufp=ksa dk iz;ksx vfr vko';d gSA

vr% mi;qDr LFkyksa rFkk voljksa ij budk iwjk&iwjk mi;ksx djuk pkfg;s] fdUrq bfrgkl&f'k{k.k ds le; ekufp=ksa dk iz;ksx v/kksfyf[kr lko/kkfu;k¡ j[kuh pkfg, %&

1- ekufp= fo"k;&oLrq dh ek¡x ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A 2- f'k{kd dks ekufp= dks dke esa ysrs le; ladsrd dk mi;ksx

djuk pkfg;sA 3- ekufp=ksa esa LFkku] fn'kk] iSekuk vkfn dh 'kq)rk dh vksj fo'ks"k

/;ku j[kk tk;sA 4- ekufp= dk vkdkj bruk cM+k gks fd d{kk ds leLr Nk=

vklkuh ls i<+ ldsaA 5- ekufp= dks lgh LFkku ij ykus ds lkFk&lkFk dhy vkfn dh

O;oLFkk dh iwoZ esa dj yh tkuh pkfg;sA 6- ekufp= esa lakdsfrd Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx vko';d fd;k tkuk

pkfg,A 7- ekufp= d{kk esa ;FkkLFkku o ;Fkk le; Vk¡xk tkuk pkfg,A

dke vkus ds ckn mrkj dj j[k nsuk pkfg,A 8- ekufp= dk vkdkj d{kkuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A

153

4.12 ekufp=ksa dh mi;ksfxrk (UTILITY OF MAPS)

1- Ekkufp= ckydksa ds fn'kk lEcU/kh Kku dks Li"V djus esa lgk;d gSA

2- ekufp= dh lgk;rk ls LFkkuksa dh nwjh o fLFkfr dk Kku izkIr djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

3- ekufp= ds }kuk HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ,oa ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dk Kku nsus esa vklkuh jgrh gSA

4- ekufp= ds iz;ksx }kjk bfrgkl dk i`Foh ij LFkkuh;dj.k fd;k tkrk gA blds vHkko esa bfrgkl dh ?kVUkk,¡ gok esa jgrh gSA

5- ekufp= ds iz;ksx }kjk d{kk esa Nk=ksa dh lfØ;rk dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

6- blds iz;ksx ls bfrgkl&f'k{k.k dks jkspd] ljl] vkd"kZd rFkk izHkkoh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

7- blds iz;ksx ls bfrgkl dh ?kVukvksa dks Nk=ksa ds efLr"d esa vafdr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vPNs ekufp= ds xq.k ¼QUALITIES OF GOOD MAPS)

bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa iz;qDr fd, tkus okys vPNs ekufp=klsa esa v/kksfyf[kr xq.k gksus pkfg, %&

1- ekufp= dk vkdkj d{kkuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A 2- ekufp= ljy o Li"V gksuk pkfg,A 3- ekufp=ksa esa uohurk ds lkFk&lkFk 'kq)rk Hkh gksuh pkfg,A 4- ekufp= esa uxjksa ds izkphu ukeksa ds lkFk&lkFk orZeku dky ds

uke Hkh vafd gksus pkfg,A 5- ekufp= esa fofo/k rF; i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ jaxksa ls iznf'kZr gksA 6- LFkku] fn'kk] ekxZ vkfn ds izn'kZu esa 'kq)rk gksA 7- ,d lkFk ,d gh ekufp= esa cgqr lh lkexzh izLrqr u dh

tk;sA 8- ekufp= esa mUgha lhekvksa] ekxkZsa] jkT;ksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k tk,

ftldh ikB esa vko';drk gS] fujFkZd lkexzh dks iznf'kZr u fd;k tk,A

154

4.13 pkVZ (CHARTS) pkVZ fdlh ?kVUkk ;k ØkfUr dk Øfed fodkl fn[kkus ds fy,

iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSA okLro esa pkVZ og ek/;e gS ftlds }kjk fdlh oLrq ds vUrlZEcU/k rFkk laxBu] Hkkoksa] fopkjksa rFkk fo'ks"k LFkyksa dks n';kRed :i esa iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldsA fofHkUu fo"k;&lkexzh gsrq pkVZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSSA ;s f'k{k.k dh vksj Nk=ksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djrs gS rFkk Nk= vklkuh ls ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa ,oa ?kVUkkvksa dks ljyrk ls le> ldrs gSA bfrgkl&f'k{k.k dks izHkkoh cks/kxE; rFkk ljy o :fpdj cukus dh nf"V ls pkVZ vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSA bfrgkl ds pkVksZa dk ge fofHkUu ?kVUkkvksa dks iznf'kZr djus] le; dk Kku djkus] ekxkZsa dk izn'kZu] fodkl rFkk vfHkof)] ;q_ ;kstuk,¡] lwpukvksa ds izn'kZu vkfn ds fy, dj ldrs gSA fofVp ,oa lqyj us pkVZ ds ckjs esa fy[kk gS] ÞpkVZ n`'; lkexzh esa og izn'kZukRed lk/ku gS] ftlessa Nk=ksa dks fl[kkus esa lqxerk iznku djus ds fy, rF;ksa ,oa fp=ksa dks lEcfU/kr djds Øec) jhfr ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSAß 4.14 pkVZ ds izdkj (TYPES OF CHARTS)

1- rkfydk pkVZ (Table Chart) 2- vkuqokaf'kd pkVZ (Genelogical Chart) 3- dkyØe pkVZ (Chronological Chart) 4- /kkjkokfgd pkVZ (Flow Chart) 5- ;q) ;kstuk,¡ (War Plan)

1- rkfydk pkVZ (TABLE CHART) %& blesa bfrgkl ds

rF;ksa ;k lwpukvksa dks rkfydk ds ek/;e ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA rqyukRed v/;;u gsrq mi;ksxh gSA

2- vkuqoaf'kd pkVZ (GENELOGICAL CHART) %& bl izdkj ds pkVZ eq[;r% fodkl rFkk vfHkof) dks iznf'kZr djus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSA fdlh Hkh jktoa'k ;k izfl) lkezkT; ds mn~Hko] fodkl ,oa iru dks iznf'kZr djus gsrq bl pkVZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA eqxy lkezkT;] ekS;Z oa'k] xqIr

155

oa'k] 1857 dh ØkfUr ds dkj.k vkfn dks bl pkVZ }kjk i<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

3- dkyØe pkVZ (CHRONOLOGICAL CHART) %& bl izdkj ds pkVZ ,sfrgkfld ?kVUkkvksa ,oa fodkl ls lEcfU/kr rF;ksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA budh dkyØe lEcU/kh :ijs[kk pkVZ ij nh tkrh gSA fofHkUu izdj.kksa dk le; rFkk muds lEcU/k dks ckydksa dks vkluh ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA

4- /kkjkokfgd pkVZ (FLOW CHART) %& bl izdkj pkVksZa }kjk laxBukRed rRoksa rFkk muds fØ;kRed lEcU/kksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ & f'kokth dk 'kklu] pUnzxqIr ekS;Z dk 'kklu] LFkk;h cUnkscLr] dkaxzsl dk lafo/kku vkfn izdj.kksa ds f'k{k.k esa budk iz;ksx mi;ksxh gksxkA

5- ;q) ;kstuk,¡ (WAR PLAN) %& ;q) ;kstukvksa ds pkVZ gesa ;g crkrs gSa fd bfrgkl esa yM+s x;s ;q) fdu&fdUk ;kstukvksa ds vuqlkj yM+s x;sA mnkgj.k ds Iyklh ds ;q) esa nksuksa i{kksa dh iSny lsuk,¡ fdruh gqdM+h esa c¡Vh FkhA ;s VqdfM+;k¡ dgk¡&dgk¡ [kM+h Fkh] f'kfoj dgk¡ yxk;s Fks] ?kqM+lokjh dh fLFkfr D;k Fkh fdlus fdl fn'kk esa vkØe.k fd;k vkfn rF;ksa dks iznf'kZr djukA

bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa pkVksZa ds ykHk (ADVANTAGE OF CHARTS IN TEACHING HISTORY)

bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa pkVksZa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS vr% pkVksZa ds iz;ksx ls v/kksfyf[kr ykHk gS%&

1- pkVZ bfrgkl f'k{k.k dks vkd"kZd RkFkk izHkkoh cukrs gSA 2- pkVksZ dh lgk;rk ls v/;kid rF; rFkk ?kVukvksa ds chp

rqyuk dj ldrk gSA 3- fofHkUu ?kVukvksa ds e/; lEcU/k LFkkfir djus esa gekjh lgk;rk

djrs gSA 4- le; pkVZ dky&cks/k dk Kku djkus esa vR;Ur lgk;d gksrs

gSA 5- pkVZ bfrgkl&f'k{k.k dks lq:fpiw.kZ cukrs gSA 6- pkVZ bfrgkl&f'k{k.k dks cks/kxE; cukrs gSA 7- bfrgkl&f'k{k.k dks pkVZ okLrfod rFkk ;FkkFkZoknh cukrs gSA

156

4.15 xzkQ (GRAPH)

xzkQ la[;kRed vk¡dM+ksa dks izLrqr djus dk ,d izHkko'kkyh lk/ku gSA blds }kjk lEcU/kkssa ,oa fodkl ds izn'kZu ds lkFk&lkFk rqyukRed v/;;u dks izLrqr fd;lk tk ldrk gS bfrgkl fo"k; dk f'k{kd budk iz;ksx fofHkUu rF;ksa dks Li"V djus rFkk muds rqukRed v/;;u ds fy, dj ldrk gS] ijUrq xzkQ dk iz;ksx rHkh djuk pkfg, tc fdlh vU; midj.k ls fdlh ckr dks Li"V u fd;k tk lds D;ksafd xzkQ cukus esa dkQh le; vkSj lko/kkuh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA f'k{kd dks xzkQ dk iz;ksx djrs le; fopkjkRed iz'uksa dk lgkjk ysuk pkfg, rFkk xzkQ f'k{kd dks Lo;a cukus dh ctk; Nk=ksa ls cuokus pkfg, ftlls muesa js[kkfp= cukus dh dq'kyrk dk fodkl gks ldsaA 4.16 xzkQ ds izdkj

(TYPES OF GRAPH) 1- js[kkxzkQ (Line Graph) 2- fp=kRed xzkQ (Pictoral Graph)

1- js[kkxzkQ (LINE GRAPH) %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa bl izdkj

ds xzkQ dsk le; js[kk cukus esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA 2- fp=kRed xzkQ (LINE GRAPH) %& bl izdkj d xzkQ esa

fp=ksa ds }kjk fopkjksa dks O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ &pUnzxqIr ekS;Z dh lsuk dh la[;k ,oa foHkkxksa dks fp=kRed xzkQ ls izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA jFk] lsuk] gkFk] ?kqM+lokj] iSny] rFkk ukS lsuk dks jFk] gkFkh] ?kksM+k] euq"; rFkk uko ds fp=ksa }kjk iznf'kZr fd;lk tk ldrk gSA

4.17 (5) ekWMYl

(MODELS) %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa cgqr lkjs ,sfrgkfld rF;] ?kVUkk,¡ ,oa oLrq,¡

,slh gS ftUgsa ge d{kk esa ugha fn[kk ikrs vkSj ;g Hkh ugha gks ikrk fd buds ckj&ckj izR;{k fujh{k.k gsrq ckydksa dks ys tk;k tk,A vr% bl fLFkfr esa ml oLrq dk ekWMYk cukdj fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA ;s okLrfod oLRkq ds y?kq:i gksrs gSA bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds nkSjku ,sfrgkfld O;fDr] Lrwi] edcjk x<+] flDds] eqgjsa] vkHkw"k.k vkfn ds ekWMy fn[kk,

157

tk ldrs gSA ekWMYk dk iz;ksx djus gsrq ;g vko';d gks fd os vkd"kZd gksa rFkk 'kq)rk ds lkFk&lkFk ljyrk o mi;ksfxrk Hkh gksuh pkfg,A ekWMYk fp=ksa ls vf/kd mi;ksxh fl) gksrs gS rFkk Nk=ksa dks ;FkkFkZ Kku iznku djrs gSA ekWMYk }kjk fdlh oLrq dk Hkhrjh Hkkx] tks lkekU; gekjh esa fNik jgrk gS] n'kZuh; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA buds }kjk Nk=ksa dh n';uh; dkYifudrk dks fuf'prrk iznku dh tkrh gSA buds }kjk Nk=ksa esa fujh{k.kkRed izofr dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA bfrgkl f'k{kd dks izfr:iksa dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, Nk=ksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A budks nks izdkj ls cuk;k tk ldrk gS & ¼1½ ekSfyd oLrqvksa ds vk/kkj ij ¼2½ ,sfrgkfld lkfgR; ds o.kZu ds vk/kkj ij 4-18 izfr:i ds xq.k (ESSENTIALS OF MODEL)

1- 'kq)rk (Accuracy) 2- mi;ksfxrk (Utility) 3- ljyrk (Simplicity)

158

UNIT - 4 vuqns'kukRed lgk;d iz.kkyh

(INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT SYSTEM)

4.19 bfrgkl esa dkyØe (TIME SENSE IN HISTORY)

4.20 le;&Kku dk vFkZ (MEANING OF TIME SENSE)

4.21 le;&Kku ds rRo (ELEMENTS OF TIME SENSE)

4-22 le;&Kku fodflr djus ds lk/ku (MEANS IN DEVELOP TIME SENSE)

4-23 bfrgkl&d{k (HISTORY ROOM)

4-24 bfrgkl&d{k dh vko';drk ,ao egRo (NEED & IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY ROOM)

4-25 bfrgkl&d{k dh cukoV ;k LoHkko (NATURE OF HISTORY ROOM)

4-26 bfrgkl&d{k esa vko';d lkexzh ;k lkt&lTtk (EQUIPMENTS OF HISTORY ROOM)

4-27 lkeqnkf;d lalk/ku (COMMUNITY RESOURCES)

4-28 leqnk; dks fo|ky; ds fudV ykuk 4-29 fo|ky; dks leqnk; ds fudV ykuk

4-30 lkeqnkf;d L=ksr & dEI;wVj] Vsyhfotu ,ao vU; L=ksr (COMMUNITY RESOURCES - COMUPUTERS, TELEVISION & OTHER RESOURCES)

4-31 dEI;wVj ,d ifjp; (INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS)

4-32 dEI;qVj ds izdkj (TYPES OF COMPUTERS)

4-33 dEI;wVj dh vko';drk ;k mi;ksfxrk ;k egRo (UTILITY, NEEDS & IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTERS)

159

4-34 gkMZos;j rFkk lkW¶Vos;j (HARDWARE & SOFTWARE)

4-35 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu dk egRo (IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION)

4-36 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ds ew[; dk;Zdze (MAIN PROGRAMMES OF EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION)

4-37 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu esa laHkkouk,¡ (POTENITALS OF EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION)

4-38 'kSf{kd jsfM;ks (EDUCATIONAL RADIO)

4-39 jsfM;ks ds 'kSf{kd ykHk (EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES OF RADIO)

4-40 ohfM;ks&Vsi (VIDEO TAPE)

4-41 ohfM;ks Vsi ds ykHk (ADVANTAGES OF VIDEO TAPE)

4-42 Vsi fjdkMZj (TAPE RECORDER)

4-43 f'k{kk esa Vsi fjdkMZj ds ykHk (EDUCATION ADVANTAGES OF TAPE RECORDER)

4-44 xzkeksQksu ,ao fyXokQksu (GRAMOPHONE & LING VAPHONE)

4-45 vkWfM;ks lhMh Iys;j (AUDIO CD PLAYER)

4-46 fp=&foLrkjd ;a= (EPIDIA - SCOPE)

4-47 pyfp= (CINEMA)

4-48 fQYe & ifV~Vdk (FILM STRIPS)

4-49 fp= & n'kZd (PROJECTORS)

160

4-19 bfrgkl esa dkydze (TIME SENSE IN HISTORY) - izLrkouk (INTRODUCTION) :- tks ?kfVr gks pqdh vrhr dh ?kVukvks dk Øec)] O;ofLFkr ,ao ,dhdr v/;;u gh bfrgkl dgykrk gSA bu vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh dky ds vuqlkj vklkuh ls feyrh gSaA le; ,d HkkokRed oLrq gS] ftls ge dsoy le> rFkk vuqHko dj ldrs gS bls ge ns[k ugh ldrs gSaA blfy, bldk cks/k djkuk ,d tfVy dk;Z gSaA bfrgkl dk eq[; dk;Z dky&vof/k rFkk le; dk cks/k djkuk gSA loZizFke ckyd dks fnu&jkr] _rqvks] eghusa] o"kZ] ekSle] dky dks le>us ds ckn gh og bfrgkl dks le> ik;sxkA D;ksafd bfrgkl dk lh/kk lEcU/k le; pØ ;k dkyØe ls gSaA vusdkusd ?kVukvksa rFkk ,sfrgkfld izR;;ksa dks ge rc rd le> ugha ldsaxs tc rd fd ge le; o dky dks le> ugha ikrs gSA ;fn ge ;g dgs fd bfrgkl dh izR;sd ?kVuk le; ds lUnHkZ esa gh gS] rks vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gSA bl izdkj bfrgkl esa loZizFke dky dk cks/k djkuk vfrvko';d gSA bfrgkl ds lEc/k esa ,d dgkor gS fd &

^^fgLV ªh tksxjQh cM+h csoQk] jkr dks ;kn djks fnu dks lQkA^^

bfrgkl dh nf"V ls ml dky dk gh egRo gS ftlesa dksbZ fo'ks"k ?kVuk ?kfVr gksrh gSaA fØ;k'khy vkSj thou;qDr le; dk bfrgkl gh gekjs fy, mi;ksxh gSA blds lkFk gh bfrgkl dks iw.kZ:is.k le>us ds fy, le; dk Kku vfrvko';d gSaA le; ,d HkkokRed oLrq gS] tks le>us vkSj vuqHko ds ;ksX; gS ijUrq og n';eku ughs gSA le; viuh izdfr ds vuqlkj tfVy rFkk dfBu oLrq gS] D;ksafd og vius esa iw.kZ ugha gS blds fo"k; esa ge nwljh ?kVukvksa ds lEc/k ds vHkko esa dqn ugha dg ldrs gSA Hkkoijd oLrqvksa esa ckydksa dh :fp de gksrh gSaA muds lEeq[k fdz;k'khy rFkk thfor inkFkkZs vkSj n';eku oLrqvksa ds :i esa Kku mifLFkr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] rHkh os muesa :fp ysaxsA 4-20 le; Kku dk vFkZ (MEANING OF TIME SENSE) - ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dks le; rFkk LFkku ds ifjis{k rFkk lUnHkZ esa le>us dks ge ^^dky&cks/k^^ dgrs gSA dky cks/k rHkh dgk tk ldrk gS] tc ge ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ds le; dh frfFk;ksa] lu~ rFkk

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laor~ vkfn dks Øe esa O;ofLFkr djds mudh izkphurk dk vkHkkl dj ldsaA dk.V ds 'kCnks esa ^^bfrgkl dk lEc/k mu ?kVukvksa ds o.kZu ls

gS] tks ,d ds ckn ,d ds Øe es ?kfVr gksrh gS vksj tks fdlh dky ls lEcf/kr gksrh gSA^^

izks- ?kkVs ds 'kCnks esa ^^dky&cks/k og 'kfDr gS ftldh lgk;rk ls ge thou rFkk fØ;k'khyrk dk vuqHko izkIr dj ldrs gS] fdUrq blds fy, thou rFkk fØ;k'khyrk dk lEc/k ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dk gksuk vko';d gSA^^

(Time sense is undoubtedly a capacity to conceive life and action under certain relationship) le; dh frfFk;k¡] lu~ ,ao laorks dk Hkh egRo gS tc os egkiq:"kks] ?kVukvksa rFkk vkUnksyuks dks le>us Øe LFkkfir djus rFkk mudh izkphurk dk vkHkkl djkus esa gesa lgk;rk iznku djsaA

4-21 le;&Kku ds rRo (ELEMENTS OF TIME SENSE) - bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk izeq[k mÌs'; Nk=ksa esa le; Kku fodflr djukA Nk= fo|ky; esa izos'k djus ls iwoZ gh le; dk lEca/k oLrqvksa ds lkFk LFkkfir djuk tkuk tkrk gSA bfrgkl v/;kid dk ;g ije drZO; gS fd og muds le; & Kku dks fodflr djds laxfBr djsa] ftlls mldk bfrgkl f'k{k.k mi;ksxh] jkspd rFkk latho cu tk;saA bls vksj vf/kd Li"V :i ls le>us ds fy, dky&cks/k ds pkj izeq[k rRoksa dks le>uk vko';d gS tks bl izdkj gS %& 1- fLFkfr (LOCATION) 2- nwjh (DISTANCE) 3- vof/k (DURATION) 4- le; dk lEca/k (RELATION OF TIME ) 1- fLFkfr (Location) %& le; fcuk fdlh vojks/k ds vukfn dky rd pyrk tk jgk gSA tc rd bu rF;ksa dk LFkkiu le; rFkk LFkku esa ugha djsaxs rc rd le; dh nwjh dks ugha uki ldrs gSA ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dk le; lu~ rFkk frfFk;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa fpfUgr djuk gh fLFkfrdj.k dgykrk gSaA ?kVukvksa dks le; ds laUnHkZ esa le>us esa lQy gksrs gSA ekuo rFkk oLrqvksa dk lEca/k vkdfLed gSa vksj dksbZ Hkh ?kVuk ;k O;fDr ,dkdhiu esa ugha jg ldrk gSaA bl izdkj fLFkfr

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le;&Kku ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSaA bl izdkj fdlh ?kVuk dh frfFk;ksa dks Kkr dj dky & Ja[kyk esa mls fLFkj djuk gh fLFkfrdj.k dgykrk gSaA 2- nqjh (DISTANCE) %& ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk orZeku le; ls fdrus le; igys ?kfVr gqbZA ;g le; ds chp dh nwjh gS tks gekjs orZeku rFkk vrhr ?kVukvksa ds e/; ikbZ tkrh gSaA le; dh Li"Vrk ds fy;s le; dh nwjh dks tkuuk t:jh gSaA vFkkZr~ le; dh yEckbZ dks gh nwjh dgrs gS tks ,sfrgkfld O;fDr;ksa] egkiq:"kksa vkSj gekjs chp esa gksrh gSa tSls & 15 vxLr 1947 dks ns'k vktkn gqvk tks vkt ls yxHkx 64 o"kZ iwoZ gqvk FkkA 3- le; dh vof/k (DURATION OF TIME) %& ;g vR;Ur vko';d gS fd Nk=ksa dks ,sfrgkfld vkUnksyuks dh vof/k dk Kku iznku fd;k tk;sA ;qxks] oa'kks] rFkk vkUnksyuks dk Kku gesa ,sfrgkfld le>nkjh iznku djrk gSA dksbZ Hkh ?kVuk ;k vkUnksyu tc ?kfVr gksrk gksrk gS rks mlds igys ls dqN dkj.k gksrs gSA ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ds i'pkr~ Hkh ml ?kVuk dk dqN le; rd izHkko jgrk gSA tc rd og fo'ks"k ?kVuk lekt ;k jk"V ª ds okrkoj.k dks izHkkfor djrh jgrh gSaA rc rd ds le; dks ml ?kVuk ;k vkUnksyu dh vof/k dgrs gSA ?kVuk ds ?kVus esa fdruk le; yxkA jkek;.k dk ;q) dc gqvk] ;g tkuuk t:jh gS] rks ;g tkuuk Hkh vko';d gS fd ;g ;q) fdrus fnu pyk FkkA le; dh vof/k ds vk/kkj ij gh ge vrhr esas gq, vkUnksyu] ;q)ksa] oa'kks] rFkk fdlh jktk ds 'kkludky dk Kku izkIr dj ldrs gSA fdlh Hkh ?kVuk ds rhuksa i{k vkfn] e/; o vUr dks tkuuk mlds lgh Kku ds fy, vko';d gSA blh izdkj fdlh laLdfr ;k lkekftd mRFkku] iru rFkk vid"kZ dh Hkh ,d vof/k gksrh gSA vof/k dk Kku bfrgkl tkuus ds fy, vko';d gSA vof/k ds Kku ls ge fdlh dky ds fy, vko';d gSA vof/k ds Kku ls ge fdlh dky esa gqbZZ mUufr ,ao voUufr dk irk vklkuh ls yxk ldrs gSaA 4- le; dk lEca/k (RELATION OF TIME) %& le; dk egRo fdlh u fdlh ?kVuk ds ifjis{k esa gh gksrk gS blfy, dky cks/k djkrs le; Nk=ksa dks dky ds lUnHkZ esa ?kVukvksa dk Hkh Kku djkuk pkfg;sA mnkgj.k ds fy, 1757 esa Iyklh dk ;q) gS rks Nk=ks dh :fp c<+sxh dsoy 1757 fy[kk gqvk gS rks mldk dksbZ egRo ugh gSaA bl izdkj

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le; dks tc rd fdlh ?kVuk ls lEcf/kr djds ge ugha lh[ksaxs] rc rd u rks og le; lkFkZd gS] u :fpdj vkSj u cks/kxE;A bl izdkj f'k{kd dks Nk=ks dh :fp bfrgkl esa tkxzr djus ds fy, fdlh u fdlh ?kVuk ls lEcf/kr tkudkjh iznku djsaA 4-22 le; Kku fodflr djus ds lk/ku (MEANS IN DEVELOP TIME SENSE) le; Kku dks fodflr djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds lk/ku gS muesas ls izeq[k vFkksfyf[kr gS%& 1- le; izys[k (TIME ROLL) 2- le;&xzkQ (TIME GRAPH) 3- le;&pkVZ (TIME CHART) 4- le;&js[kk (TIME LINE) 1- le; izys[k (TIME ROLL) %& ;s le; izys[k jksy&vi&cksMZ ds leku rS;k fd, tkrs gSA ;g dkxt dh pkj ik¡p bap pkSM+s 10&12 QqV dh ,d iV~Vh ij cuk;s tkrs gSA blds nksuks fljksa ij ,d iryh xksy ydM+h yxk nsrs gSA iêh ij bfrgkl dh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk,¡ ,d Øe esa yh tkrh gSA vkSj muds lkeus ?kVukvksa ls lEcf/kr frfFk;k¡ fy[k nh tkrh gSA Nk= bUgsa [kksy&[kksydj Øe ls frfFk;k¡ ns[krs pyrs gSA bUgsa ,d fMCcs esa fQV djds lkeus fMCcs esa ,d f[kM+dh cukdj vkSj Hkh vkd"kZd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ftlls ,d f[kM+dh cukdj vkSj Hkh vkd"kZd cuk;k tk ldrk gSaA ftlls ,d&,d frfFk Øec) :i ls iznf'kZr gksrh pyh tkrh gSA bUgsa Vh-oh- dh rjg ,d fMCcs esa yxkdj Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gSSA 2- le; xzkQ (TIME GRAPH) %& ;g mPp d{kkvksa esa lkezkT;ksa vFkok fopkjksa ds mRFkku iru dks fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSaA blds }kjk jktoa'kksa dh mUufr o voufr dks Hkh iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSaA ;s xzkQ isij ij cuk, tkrs gSaA fdlh ,d jktoa'k ds mRFkku&iru dks Hkh xzkQ ds ek/;e ls n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA rqyukRed le;&xzkQ vk/kqfud dky ds bfrgkl esa i;kZIr ek=k esa cuk;s tkrs gSA oa'kks ds vykok nks laLdfr;ksa] o lH;rkvksa ;k 'kklu dkyks dk Hkh buesa izn'kZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g le; xzkQ NksVh d{kkvksa ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gSaA 3- le; pkVZ (TIME CHART) %& NksVh d{kkvksa esa le; pkVZ ds iz;ksx ls f'k{k.k dk;Z dks :fpdj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA le; pkVZ }kjk fofHkUu ?kVukvksa ds e/; le;xr lEca/kksa dks Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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le; pkVZ esa ,d {ks= ;k O;fDr ls lEcf/kr ?kVukvksa dks dkyØe ds vuqlkj iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA blls ?kVukvksas dks dkyØe ds vuqlkj iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA blls ,d {ks= ;k O;fDr fo'ks"k ls lEcf/kar ?kVukvksa dks dkyØe ds vuqlkj ,d gh nf"V ls gekjh vkW[kks ds lkeus Li"V gks tkrh gSA fofVt ,ao 'kqyj ds vuqlkj ^^pkVZ ds izn'kZukRed lk/ku gS] ftlesa Nk=ks dks fl[kkus esa lqxerk iznku djus ds fy, rF;ksa ,ao fp=ksa dks lEcf/kr djds dzec) jhfr ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA^^ fdlh Hkh ,d O;fDr] ,d jktoa'k] ,d ;q) fdlh ls Hkh lEcf/kr ?kVuk,¡ le; pkVZ ds ek/;e ls ,d lkFk] ,d utj esa Nk= ds lkeus vk tkrh gSA le;&pkVZ rhu izdkj ls cuk;k tk ldrk gS%& 1- rqyukRed le; pkVZ (COMPARATIVE TIME CHART) %& bl izdkj ds pkVksZ esa ,d gh le; dh nks fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dks rqyukRed :i ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, egkjk.kk lkWxk ,ao ckcj ds thou ls lEcf/kr ?kVukvksa dks rqyukRed :i esa ,d gh lkFk izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blesa nks ,sfrgkfld O;fDr;ksa nks izfl) ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa] nks izeq[k jktoa'kks vkfn dh ijLij rqyuk djrs gq, rqyukRed pkVZ cuk;k tk ldrk gSA blesa ,d gh 'kkld ds dky dh nks izeq[k ?kVukvksas dh rqyuk Hkh dh tk ldrh gSaA 2- fp=kRed pkVZ (PRICTORIAL CHART) %& bl izdkj ds pkVksZ esa fdlh 'kkld ;k oa'k dk fooj.k fp= ds ek/;e ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA fp= ds }kjk lEcfU/kr ?kVukvksa dks izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls & yksnh oa'k ds lEiw.kZ 'kkldksa ds ckjs esa crkdj fp=e; pkVZ cukuk pkgrs gS rks dze ls cgyksy yksnh] fldUnj yksnh] bczkfge yksnh ds fp= Øe ls fpidkdj muds lkeus mudk fooj.k fp=kRed pkVZ esa lfEefyr djrs gSaA 3- rkfydk pkVZ (TIME LINE) %& bl izdkj ds pkVksZ esa rF;ksa ;k lwpukvksa dks ,d rkfydk ;k lkj.kh ds :i esa Øze ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSaA 4- le;&js[kk (TIME LINE) %& le;&js[kk] le;&Kku fodflr djus ds fy, ljy rFkk izHkko'kkyh lk/ku gS ;fn ge Nk=ksa ds lEeq[k frfFk;ksa dk <sj fcuk fdlh Øe ds izLrqr djssa rks mudks le; dk dqN Hkh vkHkkl ughs gksxk ;g lR; gSa fd ,d frfFk nwljh frfFk ds ckn gksrh gSA ,sfrgkfld nf"V ls bu frfFk;k¡ dks Øekuwlkj izLrwr djus ds fy, le;&js[kk dh lgk;rk ysuh pkfg,A le;&js[kk le; Kku dks ljy :i esa gekjs le{k izLrqr djrh gSA le;&js[kk esa fdlh Hkh ?kVuk

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dks O;ofLFkr :i esa iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Nk= O;ofLFkr ?kVukvksa dks vklkuh ls le> ysrk gSA le; js[kk dk fuekZ.k lkekU;r% nks izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS %& ¼v½ izxfr'khy le;&js[kk (Progressive Time line) & izxfr'khy le;&js[kk esa fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dks le; ds Øe esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ¼c½ ijkorZuh; le;&js[kk (Regressive Time line) & bl izdkj dh le;&js[kk fdlh ifjfpr ?kVuk ls izkjEHk gksdj vKkr vrhr dh vksj tkrh gS vFkkZr~ Kkr ls ihNs dh vksj xUrO; dh ?kVuk rd igqWprs gSA bl izdkj dh js[kkvksa dk vktdy vf/kd izpyu gSa D;ksafd ;s Kkr ls vKkr dh vksj c<+rh gS rFkk blesa orZeku dh rqyuk vrhr ls vklkuh ls dh tk ldrh gSaA le;&js[kk dk fuekZ.k djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, %&

le;&js[kk cgqr vf/kd NksVh ugha gksuh pkfg,A NksVh&NksVh d{kkvksa esa le;&Kku djkus ds fy, dgkfu;ksa dks dkykuqdze ds vuqlkj ,d js[kk ij iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

frfFk;ksa ds p;u esa bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd os izHkkoiw.kZ gks vkSj lekt esa lkaetL; LFkkfir djus esa mudk iw.kZ gkFk gksA

frfFk;k¡ cgqr FkksM+h rFkk pquh gqbZ gksaA ijUrq v/;kid dks buds p;u esa lrdZrk j[kuh pkfg,A ;s frfFk;k¡ i;kZIr foLrr le; dks <+drh gksA vFkkZr~ le; js[kk cukrs le; yEck le; u fy;k tk;s] blds fy, FkksM+h rFkk pquh gqbZ frfFk;k¡ gh yh tk;saA

le;&js[kk cukus ds fy, ,d iSekuk fuf'pr fd;k tk;s rFkk iwjh js[kk cukus esa mlh iSekusa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk;sA

4-23 bfrgkl&d{k (HISTORY ROO,) %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, foKku esa iz;ksx'kkyk dh rjg bfrgkl esa bfrgkl d{k dh vko';drk gksrh gSaA ;g bfrgkl f'k{k.k gsrq vuqdqy okrkoj.k mRiUu djrk gSaA bls bfrgkl f'k{k.k dh iz;ksx'kkyk ,ao vkRek dgk tkrk gSaaA bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds fy, vko';d pkVZ] ekWMy] ekufp= vkfn dks lqjf{kr j[kus gsrq bfrgkl d{k vfuok;Z :i ls fo|ky; esa gksuk pkfg,A

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4-24 bfrgkl&d{k dh vko';drk ,ao egRo (NEED & IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY ROOM) %& bfrgkl d{k dh vko';drk ,ao egRo dks v/kksfyf[kr izdkj ls Li"V fd;k x;k gS%& 1- bfrgkl d{k gksus ls bfrgkl ds midj.kksa ds j[k&j[kko dh

leL;k gy gks tkrh gS rFkk os lqjf{kr :i ls d{k esa j[ks tkrs gSSA 2- bfrgkl&d{k] bfrgkl f'k{k.k gsrq vuqdwy okrkoj.k mRiUu djrk

gS] rFkk Nk=ksa dh fo"k; esa :fp mRiUu djus gsrw mRizsjd dk dk;Z djrk gSSA

3- bfrgkl d{k bfrgkl f'k{k.k dks O;kogkfjd] okLrfod rFkk thou ls lEc) djrk gS] tks mlds izHkkoh gksus gsrq vR;Ur vko';d gSA

4- bfrgkl f'k{kd dks izR;sd d{kk esa ckj&ckj ekufp=] fp= vkfn ugha cukusa iM+rs gS rFkk mlds le; o Je dh cpr gks tkrh gSaA

5- bfrgkl d{k gksus ls Nk=ksa dh Lo;a dh :fp c<+rh gS fd os d{k ds fy, vko';d lkexzh dk laxzg djs rFkk mls O;ofLFkr o ltkdj j[ksaA

6- bfrgkl f'k{kd ds fy, bfrgkl d{k dh vR;kf/kd vko';drk gSA og mldk ,d izdkj ls viuk ^?kj^ gS] tgk¡ cSBdj og fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr ubZ&ubZ ckrsa lksp ldrk gSA blls mldh fo"k; ds izfr :fp c<+rh gS rFkk f'k{k.k ij vuqdwy izHkko iM+rk gSaA

7- bfrgkl fo"k; ds izfr LoLFk n"Vhdks.k mRiUu djusa rFkk fo"k; ds izfr :fp mRiUu djusa esa bfrgkl d{k lgk;d gSaA

8- foKku lR; dh [kkst dj rF;ksa dks izdV djrk gS mlh izdkj bfrgkl esa Hkh Nk= L=ksr lUnHkksZ rFkk vU; lkexzh dk iz;ksx dj vUos"k.k djrs gSaA vr% foKku iz;ksx'kkyk dh rjg gh bfrgkl d{k dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gSaA

9- ;fn fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fo"k; lEcU/kh lUnHkZ xazFkksa dks i<+uk gS rks os bfrgkl&d{k esa mlh le; v/;u dj ldras gSaA

10- bfrgkl&d{k Nk=ksa esa ,sfrgkfld nf"Vdks.k dk fodkl djusa esa mi;ksxh Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA

11- bfrgkl&d{k bfrgkl f'k{k.k dks O;kogkfjd okLrfod] rFkk thou ls lEcfU/kr djrk gSa] tks Nk=ksa dks lfØ;rk iznku djrs gSaA

12- iFkd ls bfrgkl&d{k gksus ds dkj.k f'k{k.k midj.kksa ds j[kj[kko rFkk lqj{kk dh leL;k gy gks tkrh gSaA

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13- bfrgkl&d{k dh O;oLFkk ls Nk=ks esa oLrqvksa dk lap; djus rFkk mUgssa O;ofLFkr :i ls j[kus rFkk ltkus dh izofr dk fodkl gksrk gSaA

14- bfrgkl&d{k Nk=ksa esa viuRo dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djrk gSA bfrgkl v/;;u djus okys Nk=ksa ds eu esa ,d ,slh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSa fd ;g gekjk Lo;a dk d{k gS rFkk blds fodkl esa gekjk Hkh dqN drZO; gSaA

15- f'k{kd dks lUnHkZ iqLrdsa] ,Vyl] Xyksc vkfn ds fy, ckgj ls O;oLFkk ugha djuh iM+rh gSaA rkRdkyhu lUnHkZ ds fy, mls ;g lHkh vius bfrgkl d{k esa gh miyC/k gks tkrk gSaA

4-25 bfrgkl&d{k dh cukoV ;k LoHkko (NATURE OF HISTORY ROOM) & bfrgkl esa ,sfrgkfld ¼vrhr esa chr pwdh½ ?kVukvksa dk Øec) ,ao O;ofLFkr v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA bl dkj.k bfrgkl ,d O;kid ,ao fo'kky fo"k; gSA bfrgkl&d{k Hkh mlh ds vuqlkj i;kZIr cM+k gksuk pkfg,A D;ksafd mlesa iqLrdky; o JO;&n'; midj.kksa ds vfrfjDr Nk=ksa ds cSBus dh Hkh i;kZIr O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A bl d{k esa dqN vfrfjDr est] dqlhZ] vyekjh vkfn dh Hkh O;oLFkk djuh gksrh gSA ;fn laHko gks lds rks bfrgkl&d{k ds lkFk ,d NksVk dejk Hkh gksuk pkfg,] ftls Hk.Mkj vkfn ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldsA blesa ,d vksj nhokjksa ij rFkk jSDl j[kusa dk LFkku rFkk nwljh vksj nhokjksa ij cksMZ] uD'ks vkfn cus gksA blesa iz{ksi.k ds fy, ihNs ;U= j[kus gksA lkFk gh lkeusa gh ,d cM+k ';keiê gksuk pkfg,A bu lHkh O;oLFkkvksa dks iw.kZ djus gsrq ^40 x 60^ dk goknkj [kqyk dejk gksuk pkfg,A dejs ds vfrfjDr ,d Hk.Mkj xg ftldk vkdkj ^8 x 12^ dk gksA bfrgkl d{k dk vkdkj vi;qDr gksus ij gh lEiw.kZ O;oLFkk,¡ oS/k ,ao mfpr rjhds ls dh tk ldrh gSA 4-26 bfrgkl d{k esa vko';d lkexzh ;k lkt&lTtk (EQUIPMENTS OF HISTORY ROOM) & bfrgkl d{k esa fuEufyf[kr vko';d lkexzh ;k lkt&lTtk dk gksuk vko';d gS %& 1- vyekfj;k¡ (ALMIRAHS) %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k ls lEcfU/kr ewY;oku rFkk uktqd lkexzh;k¡ lkfgR; rFkk L=ksrksa dks lqjf{kr rkys esa j[kus ds fy, dqN yksgs dh vyekjh rFkk dqN nhokj esa ydM+h ds

168

njokts yxh vyekfj;k¡ Hkh gksuh pkfg;sA vFkkZr~ lkfgR; L=ksr] lUnHkZ Nk=] Nk=ksa }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z vkfn dks laHkydj j[kk tk ldrk gSaA 2- d{kk&iqLrdky; (CLSDD LIBRARY) %& bfrgkl&d{k esa bfrgkl dk viuk NksVk lk d{kk iqLrdky; gksuk pkfg;s] ftlds Nk= vko';drk iM+us ij iqLrds i<+ lds] mUgsa tku lds] lUnHkZ ds :i esa rqjUr iz;ksx dj ldsa rFkk iqLrds iznku dh tk ldsA bl izdkj ikBdksa dks bfrgkl f'k{k.k ls lEcf/kar vko';d iqLrdsa ljyrk ls miyC/k gks tkrh A 3- QuhZpj (FURNITURE) %& bfrgkl d{k esa Hkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lqfo/kkuqlkj vko';d QuhZpj i;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gksuk pkfg,A Nk=ksa dks iqLrd] ,Vyl] mRrjiqfLrdk vkfn lkexzh j[kus ds fy, i;kZIr QuhZpj gksuk pkfg,A vr% bfrgkl&d{k esa f'k{kdks ,ao fo|kfFkZ;ksa nksuka ds fy, est ,ao dqlhZ dh O;oLFkk vko';drkuqlkj gksuh pkfg,A est dk dqy {ks=Qy 36 oxZehVj gksuh pkfg,A Nk= ,ao f'k{kd dh est] dqlhZ ds vykok fo'ks"kKksa ds fy, dqflZ;ksa] izkstsDVj vkfn ds fy, j[kus gsrq ests ,ao LVwy] vfrfjDr cSaps gksuh pkfg,A est esa i;kZIr lsYQ ,ao njkts gksuh pkfg, ftlesa vko';d lkexzh j[kh tk ldsA 4- iz{ksi.k lkexzh (PROJECTORS) %& bfrgkl&d{k esa izkstsDVj] ,ihMkbLdksi] nqjchu] eSxuhQkabx Xykl] fQYe] LykbM~l vkfn dh Hkh O;oLFkk gks rks vf/kd vPNk gksrk gSA izkstsDVj ds fy, iksfVZcy Vªkyh gksuh pkfg,A izktsDVj ls izn'kZu gsrq ,d lQsn inkZ Hkh yxkuk Hkh vko';d gksrk gS] ysfdu ;g vko';d gS fd inkZ Hkh mi;qDr LFkku ij yxk;k tk, ij lcls T;knk vko';d ;g gS fd ;g ,sl LFkku ij yxk;k yk, tgk¡ ls Nk=ksa dks Li"V utj vk,A tc izkstDVj ;k pyfp= dk vk;kstu fd;k tk;s rks dejs ds jaxhu insZ vo'; yxkus pkfg,A vFkkZr~ vktdy bfrgkl f'k{k.k es JO;&n'; lkexzh esa f'k{kd izkstsDVj] LykbM izkstsDVj vksoj gSM izkstsDVj (OHP)] pyfp=] fp=] ohfM;ks] dEI;wVj vkfn dk iz;ksx djus yxk gS vkSj bldks O;ofLFkr djus gsrw d{k esa iw.kZ O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A 5- Hk.Mkj x`g %& bfrgkl&d{k esa lHkkh vko';d lkexzh ugha vkus ds dkj.k bfrgkl&d{k ds ikl ,d Hk.Mkj&xg dk gksuk vko';d gSA Hk.Mkj dk leqfpr mi;ksx djus gsrq mlesa ekufp=] dicksMZ] 2 x 1

169

O;kl ds gksrs gS] ftlesa 30 ekufp= ,d lkFk j[k ldrs gSaA lUnHkZ xzaFkks dks j[kus gsrq iqLrdky; di cksMZ rFkk ys[ku lkeku] fQYe fLVªIl] LykbM~l VªkUlisjsUlh j[kus gsrq lkekU; di cksMZ Hk.Mkj x`g esa j[kk tkrk gSA nSfud thou dh oLrqvksa ds vfrfjDr iqjkus ekufp=] uewus] ekWMy] QksVks vkfn lkexzh Hkh j[kh tk ldrh gSaA 6- nhokj ekufp= (WALL-MAPS) %& bfrgkl d{k dh nhokjksa ij mi;qDr LFkkuksa ij bfrgkl ls lEcfU/kr ekufp=] fp= ;k n'; cus gksa] blls d{kk dk okrkoj.k bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds mi;qDr cusxkA 7- ';keiê (BLACK BOARD) %& v/;kid dk lPpk fe= ';keiê gksrk gS D;ksafd v/;kid dsk f'k{k.k ds fy, lokZf/kd vko';drk blh dh iM+rh gSaA bfrgkl&d{k esa ,d cM+s vkdkj dk ';keiê gksuk pkfg,A bfrgkl f'k{kd vko';drkuqlkj bfrgkl ls tqM+h ?kVukvksa dks ';keiê ij js[kkfp=] fp=] lkjka'k] ,ao frfFk;k¡ dks ljyrk ,ao izHkko'kkyh <a+x ls le>k ldrk gSaA bl izdkj ';keiê ds vHkko esa bfrgkl f'k{k.k vR;f/kd izHkkoh gksrk gSaA 8- 'kks&dsl (SHOW CASE) %& bfrgkl&d{k esa 'kh'ksa yxs 'kks&dsl Hkh gksus pkfg,A bl izdkj 'kks&dsl esa fofHkUu izdkj ds vL=&'kL=] fp=] flDds] eqgjsa] NksVs eqnHkk.M] vfHkys[k NksVs] jktk&egkjktkvksa ds fp= vkfn dks iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSaA blds Åij lQsn lknk dk¡p yxk gksuk pkfg, rFkk vUnj V~;qcykbZV dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,] V~;qcykbZV dks tykus ls 'kks&dsl dh lqUnjrk nqxquh gks tkrh gS] rFkk oLrq,¡ vf/kd vkd"kZd fn[kkbZ nsus ds dkj.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh bfrgkl v/;;u ds izfr :fp tkxzr dh tk ldrh gSA 9- izk:i (MODELS) ;k izfr:i %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds izfr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh :fp tkxzr djus ds fy, lEcaf/kr bfrgkl f'k{kd dks fofHkUu izdkj ds izfr:iksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk /;ku bfrgkl ds izfr vkdf"kZr djusa ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls Hkh fofHkUu izdkj izdj.kksa ds ekWMy cuok;s tk ldrs gS ftlls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds izfr ldkjkRed nf"Vdks.k ds lkFk&lkFk ltukRed 'kfDr dk fodkl Hkh gksrk gSaA

170

10- f'k{k.k midj.k (TEACHING EQUIPMENTS) %& bfrgkl d{k esa f'k{k.k izfØ;k dks izHkkoh cukus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj JO;] n';] ,ao JO;&n'; midj.kksa dk gksuk vfrvko';d gSaA bu midj.kkssa esa ekufp=] js[kkfp=] fp=] xzkQ] pkVZ] jksyvi cksMZ] ,ihMk;Ldksi] izkstsDVj fQYe&LykbM~l] fLizaxnkj jksyj] gqd] cqyMkWx fDyiksa] eSi] LVs.M vkfn gksus pkfg,A 11- vuqjs[ku&est (TRACING TABLE) %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k dks izHkkoh ,ao jkspd cukus ds fy, bfrgkl d{k es avuqys[ku est dk izcU/k gksuk vfrvko';d gSA bl izdkj estksa dk fuekZ.k izn'kZu estksa ij fd;k tkrk gSaA 12- jSDl (RACKS) %& bfrgkl&d{k esa vko';d ,ao ewY;oku f'k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh ds j[k&j[kko ds fy, jSDl dk gksuk Hkh t:jh gSaA budk mi;ksx bfrgkl ls lEcf/kr ikB~; iqLrdsa] vU; iBu lkexzh] ,Vyl] uD'ks] fp=] vkMVykbu eSIl vkfn ds j[kus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blh dze esa ,d ;k nks uD'kk LVS.M Hkh bfrgkl d{k esa gksuk vfrvko';d gSaA 13- L=ksr (SOURCES) %& bfrgkl dks tkuus ds lcls izHkkoh iqjkrkfRod ,ao lkfgfR;d L=ksrksa dk Hkh bfrgkl d{k esa gksuk vko';d gSaA bl izdkj ds L=ksrks esa iqjkus flDds] jktk&egkjktkvksa dh iks'kkdsa] gfFk;kj] eqgjs] vfHkys[k] enHkk.M] fVdV] ;q) lkexzh izkphu lkfgfR;d xzaFk] vkfn vkrs gSaA 14- Xyksc (GLOBE) %& bfrgkl&d{k esa Xyksc dk gksuk vfr vko';d gSA fo'o bfrgkl f'k{k.k] fofHkUu 'kkldks ds lkekzT;] ,sfrgkfld LFky] HkkSfrd izns'k] egk}hi] egklkxj ddZ js[kk] Hkwe/; js[kk] xzhufop js[kk] v{kka'k js[kk,W] ns'kkUrj js[kk,W vkfn dh tkudkjh iznku djus ds fy, xyksc eq[; vk/kkj LrEHk ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSaA 15- fp= ,ao fHkfDr&fp= %& bfrgkl d{k esa dqN ,sfrgkfld fp=ksa dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tkuk pkfg,] bu ,sfrgkfld fp=ksa ds lkFk fHkfDr&fp= Hkh yxk, tk ldrs gSaA pqus gq, fp=ksa dks Ýse cukdj nhokj ij yxkuk pkfg, rFkk fHkfDr&fp= tc iqjkus gks tk,¡ rc u, fp= yxkdj mUgsa laHkkydj j[kuk pkfg,A

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4-27 lkeqnkf;d lalk/ku (COMMUNITY RESOURCES) fo|ky; ,d lkeqnkf;d ØsUnz %& leqnk; ds vFkZ dks izdV djrs gq, czkmuSy us fy[kk gS & ^^leqnk; ls esjk vfHkizk; ml NksVs lewg ls gS ftlesa fofHkUu izdkj ds O;fDr ;qod vksj o) iq:"k vkSj L=h fofHkUu dq'kyrkvksa vkSj ;ksX;rkvksa ls ;qDr] ltkrh; iM+kSfl;ksa ds leku ,d lkFk feydj jgrs gSaA ;g ,d izkFkfed lewg gS ftlesa thou ds vusd dk;Z lewg esa gh ,d&nwljs ds lg;ksx ls fd;s tkrs gSaA^^ fo|ky; ,d lkekftd laLFkk gS lekt viusa mRFkku ds fy, f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk djrk gSa ftuds ek/;e ls lekt ds fopkjksa] ijEijkvksa] ekU;rkvksa] vkn'kksZ dks vkus okyh larfr dks iznku fd;k tkrk gSA fo|ky; lekt ds thou vkSj mldh izxfr ij cgqr izHkko Mkyrk gSA ckyd dks lekt dh ekU;rkvksa] ijEijkvksa] vkn'kksZ] lkaLdfrd fojklr dks lh[kuk iM+rk gSA ;s lc mls Lor% gh izkIr ughsa gksrh gS vkt bl ckr dh vko';drk gS fd fo|ky; dks NksVs leqnk; dk :i iznku fd;k tk;sA tc ge fo|ky; dks ,d leqnk; ds :i esa vkdkj xzg.k djusa dks dgrs gS rc ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd fo|ky; Lo;a ,d lkeqnkf;d thou ds dsUnz ds :i esa dk;Z djsa A fo|ky; lkeqnkf;d dsUnz ds :i esa dk;Z djsa blds fy;s nks izdkj ds mik; dke esa fy;s tk ldrs gS %& 4-28 ¼v½ leqnk; dks fo|ky; ds fudV ykuk ¼c½ fo|ky; dks leqnk; ds fudV ykuk ¼v½ leqnk; dks fo|ky; ds fudV ykuk %&

leqnk; dks fo|ky; ds fudV ykus ds

mik;

1- leqnk; ds lnL;ksa dks vkeaf=r djuk

2- f'k{kd&vfHkHkkod la?k

3- mRloksa dk vk;kstu

4- izkS<+ f'k{kk dsUnz

5- lkeqnkf;d thou dh fØ;kvksa

dk laxBu

6- fQYe 'kks o izn'kZfu;k¡

7- lkeqnkf;d leL;kvksa dk lek/kku

172

4-29 ¼c½ fo|ky; dks leqnk; ds fudV ykuk %& 4-30 lkeqnkf;d L=ksr (COMMUNITY RESOURCES) %& dEI;qVj] Vsyhfotu ,ao vU; L=ksr& 4-31 dEI;qVj ,d ifjp; (INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS) %& vk/kqfud ;qx rduhdh vkSj e'khu dk ;qx gS] O;fDr lekt ds fodkl o izxfr ds fy, rduhdh Kku dk Hkjiqj mi;ksx dj jgk gSaA vkt lalkj esa 'kk;n gh ,slk dksbZ i<+k fy[kk O;fDr gks ftlusa O;fDr ds ckjs esa ugha lwu j[kk gksa lekt esa ubZ rduhdh ØkfUr dk tud dEI;qVj gh gSA vkt dEI;qVj tulkekU; fjtosZ'ku rFkk le; lkfj.kh esa] ykbZczjh] vkfQlksa] fZMikVZesUVy LVkslZ esa fjdkMZl rFkk fcy vkfn cukus esa] vLriky vkSj uflZx gksEl esa tfVy vk¡ijs'ku] chekj rFkk fcekjh dk fjdkMZ j[kus esa] ekSle lEca/kh Hkfo";ok.kh djusa esa f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa fo"k;oLrq dks le>kus o fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izxfr fjdkMZ vkfn j[kusa esa dEI;qVj egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSaA dEI;qVj ls rkRi;Z (MEANING OF COMPUTER) %& dEI;qVj dks lkekU; Hkk"kk ls ilZuy dEI;qVj (Personal Computer) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g ,d ,slk bysDVªk¡fud midj.k gS] tks fofHkUu izdkj dh lwpukvksa dks ,df=r dj mudk eqnz.k dj ldrs gSa] ;k mudh O;k[;k rFkk fo'ys"k.k dj vko';d ifj.kke nsrk gSaA mls D;k djuk gSa ;g dEI;qVj dks fn;s x;s dek.Ml ¼vkns'kks½ ij fuHkZj djrk gSa] dEI;qVj esa mijksDr fo'ks"krkvksa ds vykok ,d fo'ks"krk eseksjh dh Hkh gksrh gS] eseksjh dh Hkh gksrh gS] eseksjh ds dkj.k ;g nh xbZ lwpukvksa] vkns'kksa rFkk iznrksa laxzg.k (Store) djus dh vnHkwr {kerk j[krk gSaA

fo|ky; dks leqnk; ds fudV ykus ds

mik;

1- lekt lsok la?kksa dk fuekZ.k

2- lekt lsok lIrkg dk

4- lkekftd losZ{k.k Dyc dk laxBu

3- {ks= i;ZVu

173

mls D;k djuk gSa ;g dEI;qVj dks fn;s x;s dek.Ml ¼vkns'kksa½ ij fuHkZj djrk gSa] dEI;qVj esa mijksDr fo'ks"krkvksa ds vykok ,d fo'ks"krkvks ads vykok ,d fo'ks"krk eseksjh dh Hkh gksrh gS] eseksjh ds dkj.k ;g nh xbZ lwpukvksa] vkns'kksa rFkk iznrksa laxzg.k (Store) djus dh vnHkwr {kerk j[krk gSaA dEI;qVj dks ge ,d ,slk ;a= dg ldrs gS] ftlesa mPp Lrjh; lax.kd (Calculator) Vad.k ;a= (Typr-writer) Vsyhohtu rFkk eseksjh dk vuks[kk laxe gksrk gSA dEI;qVj 'kCn dh mRifr vaxzsth ds dEI;qV (COMPUTE) 'kCn ls gqbZ ftldk vFkZ gS&x.kuk ;k fxurh djukA okLro esa dEI;qVj ds vfo"dkj dk ewy mn~ns'; 'kh?kz djus okyh e'khu dk fuekZ.k djuk gh FkkA fdUrq vkt dEI;qVj }kjk fd;k tkus okyk 80 izfr'kr ls vf/kd dk;Z xf.krh; ;k lka[;dh; izdfr dk ugha gksrk A vr% dEI;qVj dks ek= ,d x.kuk djusa okyh ;qfDr d :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djuk blds 80 izfr'kr dk;Z dks misf{kr djuk gSaA dEI;wVj esa x.kuk djusa dh {kerk ds vfrfjDr rkfdZd 'kfDr ,ao eSeksjh dk Hk.Mkj gksrk gS rFkk iyd >idrs gh ;g funsZ'kksa dh ikyuk dj ldrk gSA dEI;qVj ,d Lopfyr bysDVªWkfud e'khu gS] ftlesa ge vifj"dr vkadM+s nsdj izksxzke ds fu;a=.k }kjk mUgsa vFkZiw.kZ lwpukvksa esa ifjofrZr dj ldrs gSA vifj"dr vkadM+s (Raw Data) lwpukvksa] vkadMksa vkfn ds :i esa dEI;wVj esa fn, tkusa okys vkxe (Inputs) gksus gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge fdlh d{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vad rkfydk cukuk pkgrs gSa] rks blds fy, mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds jksy uEcj] uke] d{kk] fo"k;] izkIrkad vkfn dh vko';drk gksxhA bUgha tkudkfj;ksa dk vifj"dr vkadM+sa dgk tkrk gSA dEI;wVj dh fof'k"V Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x;s funsZ'kksa ds lewg dks izksxzke (PROGRAM) dgrsa gSaA dEI;wVj bu izksxzkeksa }kjk fua;f=r gksrs gSaA ;gka Hkh ge vad rkfydk dk mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA vad rkfydk fudkyusa ds fy, Hkh ,d izksxzke cukuk iM+rk gSaA eku yhft, bl izksxzke ds igys funsZ'k ds vUrxZr jksy uEcj Hkjuk gSa] fQj uke fQj d{kk vkSj vxys funsZ'kksa ds vUrxZr fo"k;okj izkIrkad Hkjusa gSaA mlds ckn og izksxzke iyd >idrs gh fcuk fdlh ekuoh; Je ds lHkh izkIarkdks dks ;ksx] izfr'kr] Js.kh] ojh;rk Øekad vkfn tkudkfj;k¡ ns nsxkA

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,-,l- gkuZcs ds vuqlkj]^^ dEI;wVj ,d ,slk ;a= gS tks lwpukvksa dks fMLd ;k pqEcdh; Vsi ij bdB~Vk djrk gSa] fo'ys"k.k djrk gSa] rFkk vko';drk gksus ij mu lwpukvksa dks iqu% izLrqr djrk gSaA^^ dEI;wVj ,d ,slk ;a= gSa] tks cM+h ek=k esa lwpukvksa dks tek dj ldrk gSa] rFkk mUgsa cgqr de le; esa fof'k"V <ax ls iz;ksx djds izLrqr dj ldrk gSaA ^^dEI;wVj^^ 'kCn ykrhuh Hkk"kk ls vk;k gSa ftldk vFkZ gSa x.kd vFkkZr x.kuk djusa okyh e'khu gSAA bl rjg dEI;wVj ,d ,slk ;a= gSa tks fuEu dk;Z dj ldrk gSaA C-Contain and Calculate x.kuk ,ao 'kkfey djukA O-Organise and Operate fu;ec) djuk o fØ;k'khy djukA M-Manipulate and Memorise ;kstukc) djuk o ;kn j[kukA P- Process and Print lapkyu djuk o NkiukA U-Understan and Transmit Øec) djuk o vkxs igqapkukA T-Tabulate and Update le>uk o uohuhdj.kA E-Edit and Expedite lEiknu ,ao rhozxfr ls iwjk djukA R-Respond and Reproduce mrj nsuk o iqu% izLrqr djukA bl rjg dEI;wVj x.kuk djus mls Øec) djus ;kn j[kus] lEikfnr djus] iqu% izLrqr djus o vU; yksxksa ds ikl fHktokus okyk ;a= gSaA dEI;wVj Vkbi jkbVj ls Hkh csgrj gksrk gSa D;ksafd ;g dbZ Hkk"kk esa Vkbi dj ldrk gSa] dbZ izdkj ds v{kj Vkbi dj ldrk gSa] v{kjksa dks ukeZy] cksYM] bVkfyd vkfn :i ns ldrk gSa] Åij uhps Vkbi dj ldrk gSaA Vkbi jkbVj xzkQ vkfn ugha cuk ldrk gSa] tcfd dEI;wVj ls ;g lc dk;Z fd;s tk ldrs gSaA dEI;wVj ,d ,slk mPp Lrjh; lax.kd (calculator) gSa] tksa ,d lkekU; dSydqysVj ls dgha vf/kd csgrj dk;Z dj ldrk gSaA lk/kkj.k dsydqysVj esa rF;ksa dks laxzg djds lh[kusa dh {kerk ughas gksrh gSa] lkFk gh lk/kkj.k dSydqysVj esa xzkQ cukus dh {kerk Hkh ugha gksrh gSaA dSydqysVj dh enn ls ge bySDVªk¡fud xsEl [ksy dj viuk euksjatu Hkh dj ldrs gSa] tcfd dEI;wVj esa ;s lHkh lqfo/kk;sa miyC/k gksrh gSaA mijksDr foospu ls dEI;qVj esa fuEukafdr fo'ks"krk,¡ utj vkrh gSaA 1- laxzg dh {kerk (Strage Capacity) 2- Lopkyu (Automation) 3- mPp l{kerk (High Degree of deligency) 4- rhoz xfr ls (High Speed) x.kuk djukA

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5- 'kq)rk (Accuracy) ls dk;Z djukA 6- lkoZHkkSfedrk (Versatility) ds :i esa 1- laxzg dh {kerk (Storage Capacity) & dEI;wVj esa rF;ksa rFkk lwpukvksa dks laxzg dj ldrs dh {kerk gksrh gSaA bls ljy 'kCnksa esa dg ldrs gSa fd dEI;wVj ds ikl eseksjh (Memory) gksrh gSa tks ,d lkekU; dSydqysVj ;k Vkbi jkbVj esa ugha gksrh gSaA euq"; dh rqyuk esa dEI;wVj dh Lej.k 'kfDr dgha cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSaA 2- Lopkyu (Automation) & dEI;wVj esa ,d ckj rF; rFkk lwpukvksa vkus ds ckn dEI;wVj dks tks funsZ'k fn;s tkrs gSa mu funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj dEI;wVj Lor% gh ml le; rd dk;Z djrs jgrk gSa] tc rd fd dk;Z iwjk ugha gks tkrkA Lopkyu ds dkj.k dEI;wVj dks ckj ckj dek.M nsus ugha iM+rs gSaA 3- mPp l{kerk (High Degree of deligency) & dEI;wVj ,d ,slk bysDVªk¡fud midj.k gS] tks yEcs le; rd yxkrkj dk;Z dj ldrk gSaA lkekU; vU; midj.kksa ds leku ;g xeZ ugh gksrk] Fkdrk ugh gSa vksj ,d gh izdkj dk dk;Z djrs djrs mcrk ugh gSA lkFk gh yEcsa le; rd dk;Z djrs jgus ij Hkh bldsa }kjk lEiUu fd;s x;s dk;kZs dh 'kq)rk ij Hkh izfrdwy izHkko ugha iM+rk gSaA 4- rhoz xfr (High Speed) & dEI;wVj ,d lqUnj dSydqysVj gSa] tks cM+h xfr ds lkFk tfVy ls tfVy leL;kvksa dh O;k[;k] nq:g] dk;kZs rFkk lax.kukvksa dks lEiUu djsu dh {kerk j[krk gSaA dEI;wVj x.kuk djus ds fy;sa lsd.Ml ls Hkh de le; ysrk gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, dEI;wVj 20 vadks dh la[;k dks tksM+ uhuksa lsd.M ¼10&6 lsds.M½ esa djusa dh {kerk j[krk gSaA 5- 'kq)rk (Accuracy) & ;fn euq"; dEI;wVj dks dek.M nsusa esa =qfV u djs rks dEI;wVj }kjk lEiUu dh tkus okyh x.kukvksa esa 'kq)rk ikbZ tkrh gSaA ;fn euq"; Bhd ls dek.M ns rFkk dEI;wVj ;k mldssa fdlh vax esa dksbZ ;kaf=d [kjkch u gks rks bl bysDV¡ªkfud midj.k }kjk =qfV djus dh lEHkkouk gh lekIr gks tkrh gSaA dEI;wVj x.kukfn dk dk;Z iwjh 'kq)rk ds lkFk dj ldrk gSaA 6- lokZHkkSfedrk (Versatility) & lkoZHkkSfedrk dks ge ;gk¡ nks :i ns ldrs gSA 1- blds O;kid mi;ksx gks ldrs gSa] rFkk 2- dEI;wVj ,d lkFk dbZ dk;Z djus dh {kerk j[krk gSa] dEI;wVj fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk okys O;fDr;ksa ds fy, i`Fkd i`Fkd dk;Z djusa dh {kerk j[krk gSaA og iy iy esa fofHkUu dk;Z dj ldrk gSaA

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4-32 dEI;wVj ds izdkj (TYPE OF COMPUTERS) %& dEI;wVj dk mlds iz;ksx ,ao vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS %& 1- lw{e dEI;wVj (MICRO COMPUTER) & lw{e dEI;wVj ,d vfr NksVk :i gSa tks vke iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSa] ;g dsUnzh; dk;Ziz.kkyh dh bdkbZ dks vk/kkj cukdj] lq{e dk;Ziz.kkyh dk iz;ksx dj fMtkbu fd;k tkrk gSaA lw{e dEI;wVj ,d Lo;a lfEefyr bdkbZ gSaA bldks iz;ksx ,d le; ij ,d O;fDr gh dj ldrk gSaA 2- NksVk dEI;wVj (MINI COMPUTER) & NksVk dEI;wVj ,d e/;e vkdkj dk dEI;wVj gksrk gSA tks lw{e dEI;wVj ls T;knk 'kfDr'kkyh o eagxk gksrk gSaA ;g ,d gh le; esa ,d ls T;knk O;fDr;ksa }kjk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSaA bldh dk;Ziz.kkyh Hkh fofo/krkiw.kZ gksrh gSaA ;g ,d gh le; esa ,d ls T;knk O;fDr;ksa }kjk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSaA bldh dk;Ziz.kkyh Hkh fofo/krkiw.kZ gksrh gSaA ;g (DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM) vFkkZr rF;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds :i esa fo[;kr gSA 3- eq[; vkd`fr dEI;wVj (MAIN FRAME COMPUTER) & bl dEI;wVj dh HkaMkj bdV~Bk djus dh {kerk cgqr T;knk gksrh gSaA bldh ;kstukcUnh dh xfr Hkh cgqr rsth ls gksrh gSa] rFkk viuh {kerkvksa dh nf"V ls bldh dher Hkh T;knk gksrh gSaA blesa cgq laLFkk esa VfeZuy yxsa gksrsa gSa] ftlls ,d gh le; esa cgqr lkjs yksx bldk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA 4- lqij dEI;wVj (SUPER COMPUTER) & lcls fo'kky Hk.Mkj.k {kerk rFkk lcls rst xfr okys dEI;wVj lqij dEI;wVj dgykrs gSaA ijEijkxr dEI;wVj xfr vFkkZr ,d lSd.M+ esa fefy;u funsZ'ku vkadh tkrh gSaA bl rjg ds dEI;wVj vadks lEca/kh cM+h x.kukvksa dks iy esa gy dj nsrs gSaA ;s ekSle lEca/kh tkudkjh nsusa esa Hkh lgk;d gksrs gSaA dEI;wVj vadks lEca/kh cM+h x.kukvksa dks iy esa gy dj nsrs gSaA ;s ekSle lEc/kh tkudkjh tkudkjh nsusa esa Hkh lgk;d gksrs gSaA vkt fo'o essa vusd izdkj ds dEI;wVj ns[kusa dks feyrs gSaA bUgs ge eksVs rkSj ij rhu oxksZ esa foHkDr dj ldrs gS %& 1- fMthVy (Digital) dEI;wVjlZ 2- ,ukykWx (Analog) dEI;wVjlZ

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3- gkbZczhM (Hybrid) dEI;wVjlZ 1- fMthVy dEI;wVj (Digital Computer) & ;s os dEI;wVj gSa] tks fMftV vFkkZr (Digit) la[;kvksas ij dk;Z djrs gSaaA ljy 'kCnksa esa ;s fxuus okys ;a= gSa] vkSj tksM+us (Add) dk dk;Z djrs gSA tksM+us dh izfØ;k ds }kjk gh ;s ?kVkus] Hkkx nsus rFkk xq.kk vkfn djus dh izfØ;k djrs gSaA budksa Hkh pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS & 1- ekbØks dEI;wVjlZ 2- feuh dEI;wVjslZ 3- esuÝse dEI;wVjlZ blesaa ls ekbØks dEI;wVj ls lcls vf/kd mi;ksxh rFkk lqfo/kktud gSaA blfy;s budk izpyu gj {ks= esa [kqc c<+ x;k gSaA ekbØks dEI;wVjlZ dks Hkh ge pkj oxksZ esa foHkDr dj ldrs gSa& 1- ilZuy dEI;wVlZ (PC) 2- gkse dEI;wVjlZ (HC) 3- ,tqds'kuy dEI;wVjlZ (EC) 4- czhQdsl dEI;wVjlZ (BC) 1- ,ukykWx dEI;wVj (ANALOG COMPUTERS) & ,ukykWx dEI;wVjlZ ls fxuus dh izfØ;k ds LFkku ij oksYVst rFkk fo|qr /kkjk ds eki ds }kjk dk;Z djrs gSa] ;s fo|qr izokg dh lrrrk ds dkj.k fuxZr rF;ksa dk yxkrkj izn'kZu djrs gSa] budk mi;ksx dsoy iz;ksx'kkykvksa rd gh lhfer jg x;k gSaA 2- gkbZczhM dEI;wVjlZ (HYBRID COMPUTERS) & gkbZczhM dEI;wVlZ esa fMyhVy rFkk ,ukykWx nksuks izdkj ds dEI;wVjksa ds xq.kksa dks feykdj ,d Js"B dEI;wVj cukus ds iz;kl fd;s x;s gSaA 4-33 dEI;wVjlZ dh mi;ksfxrk ;k vko';drk ;k egRo (UTILITY, NEEDS & IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTERS) vkt ds ;qx esa dEI;wVj dk egRo cgqr gh vf/kd c<+ x;k gSA thou ds gj {ks= es vkt fdlh u fdlh :i esa dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx gks jgk gS] dEI;wVj ds fofHkUu {ksoksa esa gks jgs vuqiz;kxksa dks uhps ifjp;kRed :i ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSa & 1- oSKkfud dk;kZs ds fy;s & dEI;wVjksa ds iz;ksx ls vkt ge vusd oSKkfud dk;Z djus] u;s u;s oSKkfud vfo"dkj djusa esa l{ke gq, gSa] v.kq lajpuk] jlk;uksa dk fo'ys"k.k] foKku ds fy, midj.k

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fuekZ.k gsrq fleqys'ku dk;Z] djuk] HkwxHkhZ; v/;;u djuk] [kfutksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk] IykTek vuqla/kku] izk.kh ds vo;oksa dh fLFkfr rFkk muds dk;z vkfn dh tkudkjh] bysDVªk¡fud ls lEcfU/kr [kkst] fo|qr ifjiFk vkfn vusd ,sls dk;Z gS] ftUgsa ge dEI;wVjksa dh lgk;rk ls lEiUu djrs gSaA 2- O;kikj ds {ks= esa (IN BUSINESS) & O;kikj rFkk O;olk; ds {ks= esa vkt dEI;wVjksa dk O;kid iz;ksx gks jgk gSaA O;kikj ds {ks= esa dEI;wVj dk izos'k lu~ 1954 esa gh gks x;k FkkA vkt vusd lkW¶Vos;j O;olk;] O;kikj] ,dkm.V~l vkfn ds {ks= ds fy;s miyC/k gSaA vusd izdkj dh O;kolkf;d lwpuk,¡ ek= dqNsd ^^dh^^ (Key) nckus ls gh izkIr gks tkrh gSaA osruksa dk fu/kkZj.k] osru fcy cukuk] mudk lHkh izdkj dk fglkc j[kuk cM+h gh ljy o lqxe gks x;k gSaA O;kikj dk mRiknu] O;; ykHk vkfn dEI;wVj dh lgk;rk ls lgt gh Kkr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA dEI;wVj dh lgk;rk ls ge fofHkUu izdkj ds ,dkm.V] ds'k cqd] ystj] ih- ,.M ,y- ,dkm.V] cSysUl'khV] lsYljftLVj] ijpst cqd rFkk cSad fooj.k lgtrk rFkk 'kq)rk ,ao xfr ds lkFk rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA dEI;wVjksa ds iz;ksx us cSdksa ds dk;kZs dks Hkh lqxe cuk fn;k gSaA ,d cVu nckrsa gh fdlh xzkgd ds [kkrs dk iwjk fp= gekjs lkeus vk tkrk gSA fo'o O;kikj vk;kr fu;kZr dh fLFkfr] Hkqxrku lUrqyu vkfn ds {ks= es Hkh dEI;wVj cM+s lkfcr gks jgs gSaA chek dEifu;ksa ds dk;kZy;ksa dks Hkh vkt dEI;wVjksa ls lqlfTtr ikrs gSaA fofHkUu izdkj ds lkaf[;dh; rF; ,df=r dj mudk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa] rFkk Hkfo"; dh ;kstuk cukrs gSaA 3- esfMdy lkabl (MEDICAL SCIENCE) & LokLF; rFkk fpfdRlk foKku ds fy;s rks dEI;wVj ojnku fl) gks jgs gSaA fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa dEI;wVjksa dk iz;ksx vkS"kf/k&fuekZ.k ls ysdj mipkj rd dh lEiw.kZ izfØ;k esa dEI;wVjksa dk mi;ksx gks jgk gSaA vkS"kf/k fuekZ.k ds fy, vkS"kf/k;ksa ds fofHkUu vo;oksa dk tk¡p djuk] ek=k fu/kkZfjr djuk] izkf.k;ksa ij ml vkS"kf/k ds izHkkoksa ds vafdr djuk] vkS"kf/k dh lQyrk rFkk mi;ksfxrk ds lEcU/k esa Hkfo";ok.kh djuk vkfn lc dEI;wVj }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA jksxksa ds funku rFkk mipkj esa dEi;wVj cM+s mi;ksxh gSaA dEI;wVjkbTM midj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls ge ekuo ds 'kjhj ds vUnj ds gj fgLlsa dh fLFkfr dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA fnekx Bhd

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dk;Z dj jgk gSa] ;k ugha] mlesa dks [kjkch rks ugh] fyoj] fdM+uh] gn; vkfn lcdh fLFkfr gesa dEI;wVjkbTM midj.kksa ls izkIr gksrh gSaA tfVy ls tfVy vkijs'ku dEI;wVj ls vkt ljy o lQy cuk fn;s gSaA gkWLihVy dh vkUrfjd O;oLFkk ds {ks= esa Hkh dEI;wVjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA 4- bathfu;fjax (ENGINEERING) & batahfu;fjax ds {ks= esa Hkh dEI;wVjksa dk O;kid rFkk fofo/k mi;ksx gSaA bathfu;fjax ds {ks= esa Hkh dEI;wVj dh enn ls fofHkUu izdkj dk ljy rFkk tfVy e'khuksa] NksVs cM+s ;a=ks rFkk midj.kksa dh mi;ksxh ferO;;h rFkk ljy fMtk;u dEI;wVj gesa lgt gh miyC/k djk nssrs gSa] dEI;wVj ls e'khu] ;a=ksa] Hkou] iqyksa] ck¡/k] ugj] tgkt] gokbZtgkt] jsy baftu vkfn ds fMtkbu Hkh cukdj nsrs gSaaA 5- lsuk esa iz;ksx (USES IN MILITARY) & dEI;wVjksa dk lsuk esa O;kid mi;ksx gks jgk gSaA dEI;wVjksa }kjk lsuk ds vH;kl rFkk ;q)ksa ds nkSjku vkO;wgu rFkk j.kuhfr rS;kj dh tkrh gSa] rFkk lSU; midj.kksa tSls & VSad] felkby] iuMqCch rFkk ;q) foekuksa tSls laosnu'khy midj.k vkfn ds fuekZ.k esa dEI;wVjksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSaA 'k=q ds fBdkuksa] lSU;'kfDr] rFkk 'k=q dh ekjd {kerk dh lwpuk dEI;wVj gesa ns ldrk gSaA lsuk dk viuk VkjxsV] mldh nwjh rFkk Å¡pkbZ vkfn dh lwpuk Hkh dEI;wVj gesa ns ldrk gSA 6- lapkj O;oLFkk (COMMUNICATION) & dEI;wVj ds }kjk yEch nwjh rd lekpkjksa dk lqfo/kkiwoZd lEizs"k.k lEHko gSa] ekMe (MODEM) dh lgk;rk ls ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj dks lwpukvksa dks vknku iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSa] ekMe fMyhVy lwpuk;sa izkIr dj mUgsa vukyk¡x (ANOLOG) esa cnydj VsyhQksu Ykkbuksa esa ek/;e ls nwljs dEI;wVj dks Hkstrk gSa] vkSj nwljk dEI;wVj ekMe dh lgk;rk ls vukyk¡x :i esa izkIr lwpukvkssa dks fMthVy esas cnydj dEI;wVj LØhu ij iznf'kZr djrk gSaA 7- ekSle foKku & ekSle foKku dEI;wVjksa dks fofo/k dk;ksZ gsrq iz;ksx djrk gSaA ok;qnkc ds {ks=ksa dk irk yxkusa] cknyksa dh fLFkr] xfr fn'kk dk irk yxkusa] ok;wnkc rFkk cknyksa dh Å¡pkbZ] vkusa okys le;

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esa vk¡/kh rwQku rFkk >a>kor dk irk yxkus ds fy, dEI;wVj dkQh lgk;d fl) gks jgk gSaA 8- varfj{k foKku & varfj{k foKku Hkh vkt dEI;wVjksa dh lgk;rk ls bruk vkxs c<+ ikbZ gSaA varfj{k esa ekuojfgr foeku Hkstuk] mudh fn'kk rFkk dk;ksZ dks Hkwfe lrg ls gh fua;f=r djuk] muls ladsr izkIr dj ladsrks dks fMthVy esa cnydj vko';d :i ls mudk mi;ksx djuk vkfn lc dqN dEI;wVjksa dh lgk;rk lEHko gqvk gSaA dEI;wVj varfj{k esa mM+us okys lsVsykbV midj.ksa dks vko';d funsZ'k Hkstusa dk l'kDr lk/ku gSa] ekuo us pUnzek eaxy rFkk vU; xzgksa ij igqpaus dk lkgl dsoy dEI;wVjksa ds ne ij gh fd;k gSaA 9- vuqla/kku dk;Z & vkt vuqla/kku ds gj {ks= dEI;wVjksa dk iz;ksx gks jgk gSA vuqla/kku pkgs Hkk"kk ds {ks= esa gks ;k foKku] HkwxxHkZ'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL=] [kxksy'kkL=] f'k{kk] euksfoKku ;k fdlh Hkh vU; {ks= esa gks] rF;ksa ds fo'ys"k.k] x.kukvksa ds djus] ifj.kke izkIr djusa ds fy, dEI;wVjksa dks iz;ksx djrs gSA 10- euksjatu gsrq & dEI;wVj gekjs euksjatu dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gS] vusd xse izksxzke vkt fodflr gks pwds gSA bulsa ge dEI;wVj ij xse [ksy ldrs gSaA eYVhehMh;k rFkk LihdlZ dh O;oLFkk djds ge laxhr lqu ldrs gSaA lhMh yxkdj dksbZ fQYe ns[k ldrs gSaA vkSj viuk euksjatu dj ldrs gSaA 11- ;krk;kr O;oLFkk & dEI;wVjksa dk iz;ksx ty Fky rFkk ok;qekxhZ; ;krk;kr lk/kuksa dh O;oLFkk rFkk lapkyu ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSaA dEI;wVj gesa crkrs gSa fd dkSu lh Vªsu dgk¡ ij fdl xfr ls rFkk fdl iVjh ij tk jgh gSa] D;k og jkbV Vkbe gSa ;k ysV py jgh gSaA dEI;wVj ok;w;kuksa dh nwjh] mM+ku mudh ÅpkbZ vkfn dh lwpuk lrg ds yksxksa dks gSaA jsy] ok;q;ku] rFkk clksa esa fVfdV nsusa vkj{k.k djkusa dh fLFkfr crkusa] fdlh Vªsu dk ekxZ rFkk ekxZ ij iM+us okys LVs'kuksa dh lwpuk nsus ds dke Hkh dEI;wVj djrs gSaA 12- ys[ku dk;Z gsrq & i= ys[ku] iqLrd ys[ku ;k vU; dksbZ ys[ku dk;Z gks] dEI;wVj ds Mh-Vh-ih- (DTP) ds }kjk lwUnj rFkk lqxe :i ls lEHko gSaA bl dk;Z dks vkSj lqUnj o izHkkoh cukusa gsrq ge

181

fofHkUu izdkj rFkk vkdkj ds v{kjksa dk iz;ksx cM+h lgtrk ds lkFk dj ldrs gSaA vko';drk iM+us ij fofHkUu izdkj ds xzkQ rFkk lkj.kh vkfn }kjk rF;ksa dks vkSj vf/kd izHkkoh cuk ldrs gSa vkQlsV] fizfUVax izsl ds fodkl us Hkh dEI;wVj }kjk ys[ku dk;Z dks xfr nh gSaA 13- f'k{kk ds {ks= esa & f'k{kk ds {ks= esa loZizFke fLduj us f'k{k.k ;a= cuk;k vkSj bldsa fy;s js[kh; vfHkdzfed v/;;u gsrq izksxzke cuk;sA bl nf"Vdks.k ls ns[ksa rks ge ikrs gSa] fd vkt ds dEI;wVj fLDuj ds f'k{k.k ;a= ds gh leqUur ifjekftZr rFkk ifj"dr midj.k gSa ftudk f'k{kk rFkk f'k{k.k ds {ks= esa fofo/k rFkk O;kid iz;ksx gks ldrs gSaA vkt vusdksa ,sls dk;Zdze rS;kj gSa] ftudk izn'kZu dEi;wVj ij djds ge f'k{kk izkIr djrs gSa] ;k f'k{k.k dks izHkkoh cukrs gSaA vkt ds f'k{k.k ds {ks= esa dEI;wVj lgk; vuqns'ku rFkk dEI;wVj izcU/kh; vuqns'ku dks O;kid iz;ksx ge ns[krs gSa] bUVjusV us fo'o dh f'k{kk leqnk; dks ,d eap ij yk [kM+k fd;k gSA Hkk"kk f'k{k.k esa mPpkj.k lq/kkj esa] foKku rFkk lkekftd fo"k;ksa ds f'k{k.k esa dEI;wVj cM+s gh mi;ksxh gSa] dEI;wVj ds iz;ksx esa f'k{k.k rFkk vf/kxe nksuka dks gh jkspd rFkk lqxe cuk fn;k gSaA f'k{k.k dh izHkkokRedrk c<kbZ gSa rFkk f'k{kd ds dk;Z dks ljy cuk fn;k gSA f'k{kk dh iz;kstuk cukus esa Hkh dEI;wVj iz;kZIr lgk;rk djrs gSaA f'k{kk dk dyS.Mj cukuk] le;&lkfj.kh cukuk] fofHkUu fØ;k&dykiksa dh ;kstuk cukuk] ekuo 'kfDr dk fu;kstu djuk] dc dkSulk dk;Z fdl izdkj djuk gSa] vkfn ckrksa dk Kku izkIr djus esa dEI;wVj gekjh lgk;rk djrk gSa] ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k] fo|ky; ds HkkSfrd rFkk ekuoh; lalk/kuksa dh O;oLFkk rFkk mudk leqfpr mi;ksx rFkk ,sls gh vusd dk;ksZ ds fy, ge dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA 4-34 gkMZos;j rFkk lkW¶Vos;j (HARDWARE & SOFT WARE) & dEI;wVj ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \ (WHAT IS MEANING BY COMPUTER HARDWARE) %& dEI;wVj gkMZos;j ls rkRi;Z mu bysDVªk¡fud pqEcdh; o ;kaf=d midj.kksa ls gSa] ftudk mi;ksx dEI;wVj cukusa esa fd;k tkrk gSaA bu midj.kksa dks ge viuh vka[kksa }kjk ns[k ldrs gSaA vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj ds fy, gkMZos;j mldk ru gSa] dEi;wVj ds lHkh HkkSfrd vo;o ftUgsa ge ns[k ldrs gSa] Li'kZ dj ldrs gSA

182

dEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j ls D;k rkRi;Z gSa \ (WHAT IS MAINT BY COMPUTER SOFTWARE ?) dEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j ls rkRi;Z dEI;wVj Hkk"kk esa fy[ksa x;s mu funsZ'kksa ds lewg i=kofy;kas o fof/k;ksa ls gSaA ftudk mi;ksx dEI;wVj ij dk;Z djusa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA lkW¶Vos;j esa miyC/k funsZ'kksa dk ikyu dj ldsaA ge lkW¶Vos;j dks vk¡[kksa ls ns[k ugha ldrs gSa ijUrq mldk vkHkkl dj ldrs gSaA dEI;wVj gkMZos;j ij dk;kZfUor (Run) djds A dEI;wVj gkMZos;j ¼COMPUTER HARDWARE½ & dEI;wVj ds HkkSfrd midj.k dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j dgykrs gSaA ,d fMftVy dEI;wVj ds ew[; rhu izdkj ds Hkkx gksrs gSa &

bySDVªkfud midj.k (ELECTRONIC DEVICES) pqEcdh; midj.k (MAGNETIC DEVICES) ;kaf=d midj.k (MECHANICAL DEVICES)

buiwV o vkmViqV midj.k dEI;wVj ds eq[; gkMZos;j gSa] ge ilZuy dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j dks lfEefyr :i ls fuEu izdkj iznf'kZr dj ldrs gS & 1- buiqV midj.k (INPUT DEVICES) & ekml] dh&cksMZ] tk;fLVd] ykbViSu] ¶ykWih] fMLd vkfnA 2- flLVe bdkbZ ds Hkhrj midj.k (INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT) & enj cksMZ ¼Mother board½ ekbØks izkslslj ¼Microprocessor½] xf.kfr; enn ds fy, izkslslj ¼Math-co-processor½, RAM Chips, gkMZ fMLd ¼Hard Disk½, ROM chips, fofM;ksa dkMZ] fiazVj dkMZ vkfnA 3- vkmViqV midj.k (OUTPUT DEVICES) & ekWuhVj ¼MONITOR½ fizaVj Lihdj ¶ykWih fMLdA 4- laxzg.k midj.k ¼STORAGE DEVICES½ & ¶ykWih fMLd Mªkbo] lhMh jkse] (CD-ROM-COMPACT DISK READ ONLY MEMORY) esXusfVd Vsi fti Mªkbo] vkfn 5- ikoj lIykbZ (POWER SUPPLY) & (constant voltage transformer) UPS (Uninterrupted power supply)

183

4-35 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu dk egRo (IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION)

bDdhloha 'krkCnh ds izFke n'kd esa lwpuk ek/;eksa us fu%laUnsg ekuo rFkk ekuo ds thou dh iw.kZ:i ls ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;kA bl ifjorZu esa lcls vf/kd ;ksxnku lapkj ek/;e tSls & nwjlapkj lsokvksa rFkk nwjn'kZu lsokvksa ds dkj.k lEHko gqvkA orZeku le; esa f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkh nwjn'kZu viuk iw.kZ ;ksxnku iznku dj jgk gSaA nwjn'kZu dk 'kSf{kd dk;Z{ks= esa dk;Z djus ds dkj.k nwjn'kZu Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA oLrqr% 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gSa] ftlds vUrxZr ,d ØsUnzh; vfHkdj.k ds }kjk fufeZr dk;ZØeksa ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu ikB~; oLrqvksa ls lEcfU/kr vf/kxe lkexzh izLrqr rFkk izlkfjr dh tkrh gSaA nwjn'kZu 'kSf{kd izlkj.kksa ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ rFkk izHkko'kkyh ek/;e fl) gks pqdk gSa] D;ksafd blesa tuf'k{kk ds {ks= dh vf/kdka'k ck/kkvksa dk lek/kku iznku djus dh {kerk gSaA izk;% vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd nksuksa izdkj dh f'k{kk nwjn'kZu ds ek/;e ls iznku dh tkrh gSaA blds iz;ksx ls lEiw.kZ ns'k vFkok fo'o dks ,d d{kk ds :i esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSa] rFkk ,d O;fDr viusa fuokl LFkku ij gh d{kk esa v/;;u dk vuqHko izkIr dj ldrk gSA nwjn'kZu f'k{kk ds fy, rks ojnku fl) gqvk gSa] D;ksafd blusa bl iz.kkyh dh vusd lhekvksas dks ikj djds blss vf/kd izHkkoh cukusa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZgu fd;k gSA Hkkjr es 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu dk fodkl (Decvelopment educational television in India) Hkkjr esa nwjn'kZu dk vkjEHk 15 vxLr] 1959 bZ- dks gqvkA bldk vkjEHk ubZ fnYyh esa ,d ^^O;kikj esyk^^ vFkok izn'kZuh ds ek/;e ls gqvkA oLrqr% bl O;kikj esys esa nwjn'kZu ds lQy iz;ksx ds ek/;e ls gh 15 flrEcj] 1959 bZ- dks ,d izk;ksfxd ifj;kstuk ds :i esa ,d nwjn'kZu dsUnz dk vkjEHk gqvkA nwjn'kZu ds ek/;e ls euksjatu] fØM+k txr] lelkef;d ?kVukvksa rFkk f'k{kk bR;kfn ds fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa dk izlkj.k vkjEHk gqvkA izkjEHk esa nwjn'kZu dk ,d ek= pSuy Mh-Mh-&1 gh FkkA dqN le; mijkUr ns'k ds pkj egkuxjksa ds fy;sa ,d vU; pSuy Mh-Mh-&2 dk izlkj.k vkjEHk gqvkA Mh-Mh-&2 dks izlkj.k ek= fnYyh] eqEcbZ] dksydkrk rFkk psUubZ esa gh gksrk Fkk vr% bls esVªks pSuy Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA Hkkjr esa Hkh lSdM+ks pSuyks dk izlkj.k gks jgk gSaA bu pSuykss dk izlkj.k vusd mixzgksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tk jgk gSaA

184

4-36 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ds eq[; dk;Zdze (Main Programmes of Educational television) & vkt ds lalkj ds ;qx esa nwjn'kZu dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSaA

Vsyhfotu dks ge fgUnh esa nwjn'kZu gh dgrs gSa] vr% ;gk¡ nwjn'kZu ds pSuy rFkk fofHkUu futh pSuy ds ek/;e ls izpkfjr fd;s tkusa okys dk;ZØeksa dk fooj.k bl izdkj gSa & 1- nwjn'kZu ds dk;ZØe 2- futh dk;ZØe nwjn'kZu ds eq[; dk;ZØeksa dk forj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa & 3- df"k n'kZu&fnYyh df"k nwjn'kZu ifj;kstuk 4- ek/;fed fo|ky; Vsyhfotu izkstsDV 5- mixzg vuqns'kukRed nwjn'kZu iz;ksx 6- Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vixzg lsok 7- uohu mixzg vuqns'kukRed ifj;kstuk 8- fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx ds dk;ZØe 9- futh dk;ZØe 4-37 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu esa lEHkkouk,¡

(POTENITALS OF EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION) f'k{kk esa nwjn'kZu ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA fo|kFkhZ nwjn'kZu ds lg;ksx ls ljyrk ds lkFk viuk ikB~;dze iw.kZ dj ldrk gSa] fdUrq gesa ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd nwjn'kZu dh izHkko'khyrk lEizsf"kr dh tkus okyh lkexzh dh xq.koÙkk ,ao bls iz;qDr fd;s tkus dsa fy;s fofHkUu dkS'kyksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA orZeku le; esa fofHkUu vuqla/kkuks ls Li"V gks pqdk gSa fd nwjn'kZu dYiuk'khy f'k{kdksa ds fy, ,d izHkkodkjh lk/ku gSaA nwjn'kZu f'k{k.k vf/kxe dh izHkko'khyrk dh nf"V ls vusd lEHkkoukvksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSaA bl rF; dks ge fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa ds ek/;e ls Hkh le> ldrs gSa & 1- vkt Hkh Hkkjr esa vf'k{kk] xEHkhj leL;k gSA vr% nwjn'kZu ds ek/;e ls bls mfpr :i ls le> ldrs gSaA 2- 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe ls f'k{k.k dk;Z euksjatukRed gks tkrk gSA 3- dq'ky f'k{kdksa dk vHkko nwjn'kZu ds ek/;e ls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;kasfd ,d dq'ky f'k{kd dk izlkj.k lEiw.kZ ns'k esa izlkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

185

4- ge 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ds ek/;e ls ns'k ds lokZsÙke f'k{kdksa dh lgk;rk lqxerk ds lkFkk izkIr dj ldrs gSaA 5- 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ds dk;ZØe lqfu;ksftr ,ao lqO;ofLFkr gksrsa gSa] rFkk blls lHkh izdkj ds fo|kFkhZ ykHkkfUor gksrs gSaA 6- le; ds lkFk lkFk f'k{kk esa ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSaA vr% 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ds dk;ZØeksa esa bUgsa iw.kZ:i ls lek;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA 7- ;fn 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ds dk;ZØeksas dks foLrr iSekus ij izlkfjr fd;k tk;s rks blds ykxr ewY; ls U;wurk vkrh gSaA 8- 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ds ek/;e ls fo|kFkhZ vius dk;Z ls layXu gskrs gq, Hkh f'k{k.k xzg.k dj ldrk gSaA 9- 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ds iz;ksx ls f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh vusd ck/kkvksa tSls& fu;kstu] fØ;kUo;u ,oa lapkyu dks lqxerk ds lkFk nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSaA 10- Hkkjr ,d yksdra=kRed jk"Vª gSaA vr% f'k{kk esa ;g xq.k gksuk vko';d gSA 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu ds ek/;e ls Å¡p&uhp ,ao /kuh&fu/kZu ds HksnHkko ds vHkko ds lkFk blls ikB~;Øe le>k tk ldrk gSa 4-38 'kSf{kd jsfM;ks (Educational Radio) &

jsfM;ks orZeku le; esa tulapku dk lclsa lLrk ;k ferO;;h lk/ku gSaA bVyh fuoklh th- ekjdksuh us 19oha] 'krkCnh esa bldk vfo"dkj fd;k FkkA bldh loZ&lqyHkrk rFkk mi;ksfxrk dks ns[krsa gq, 'kSf{kd mn~ns';ksa ds fy, mldk vf/kd iz;ksx gksrk gSaA jsfM;ks ds iz;ksx ls ,d dq'ky rFkk izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd dks cgqr vf/kd ,dkxzrk] lq{erk ls Jo.k djuk rFkk euu dj ldrs gSaA jsMh;ks izlkj.k ds ek/;e ls fo|kFkhZ esa 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx ,dkxzrk] lw{erk ls Jo.k djuk rFkk mRlkgh okrkZyki esa of) Hkh gksrh gSa] vr% bls vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd nksuksa gh izdkj dh f'k{kk ds fodkl ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA Hkkjr esa jsMh;ksa dk izlkj.k 1927 esa vkjEHk gqvk FkkA ;g eqEcbZ vkSj dksydkrk esa futh laLFkkvksa }kjk vkjEHk fd;k x;k FkkA 1936 esa bldk uke cnydj ALL INDIA RADIO (AIR) j[kkA 1957 esa bls u;k uke vkdk'kok.kh fn;k x;kA jsMh;ksa dk vFkZ ,d izHkko'kkyh JO; lk/ku gSa] vkSj d{kk Hkou esa ,d lkFk cgqr ls Nk=ksa dks mi;ksxh tkudkjh rFkk vf/kxe vuqHko djusa ds fy, v/;kid dks cgqewY; lgk;rk djrk gSaA

186

vkj-th- jsuYM~l bldh 'kSf{kd l'kDrrk ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, fy[krsa gSa&^^jsfM;ks f'k{kk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSaA d{kk f'k{k.k ds iwjd ds :i esa bldh lEHkkouk;sa cgqr c<+ tkrh gSaA bldh f'k{k.k lEHkkouk;sa Ldwy fnol ds ikap ;k N% ?k.Vksa rd lhfer ugha] ;g izkr% dky ls jkr nsj rd miyC/k jgrk gSaA jsfM;ksa }kjk iznr 'kSf{kd rFkk lkaLdfrd migkj nwj fLFkr leqnk;ksa ds izkS<+ rFkk ckydks dks lalkj ds dyk vkSj Kku ds mÙke Hk.Mkj ls ifjfpr djkrs gSaA fdlh fnu 'kSf{kd midj.k ds :i esa bldk iz;ksx bruk lkekU; gks tk;sxk ftruk fd ikB~; iqLrdksa rFkk ';keiV~V dk gSaA fdlh fnu 'kSf{kd midj.k ds :i esa bldk iz;ksx bruk lkekU; gks tk;sxk ftruk fd ikB~; iqLrdksa rFkk ';keiV~V dk gSaaA^^ 4-39 'kSf{kd ykHk

(Educational Advantages) %& 1- jsfM;ksa izlkj.k 'kSf{kd :fp okys Hkk"k.kksa] ckrphr] oknfookn] fopkj] xks"Bh dk;ZØe vkfn dks lquuk laHko cuk nsrs gSaA 2- Ldwy fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu mi&fo"k;ksa ij vk;ksftr Øfed d{kk ikBksa ds ek/;e ls jsfM;ksa izlkj.k d{kk&d{k v/;kid dks 'kSf{kd mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr esa cgqr lgk;rk iznku dj ldrs gSaA 3- jsfM;ksa izlkj.k esa f'k{kk dk ,d l'kDr lk/ku fl) gksu dh {kerk gSa] D;ksafd ;s izlkj.k ,d vkSj f'k{kk dks ;FkkFkZ thou vuqHko ls ,dhdr djrs gSa vkSj nwljh vksj LoLFk euksjatu rFkk vkuUn ds lk/ku Hkh gSaA 4- tulapkj lk/ku ds :i esa jsfM;ksa izlkj.k 'kSf{kd vf/kxe ds fy;s fdQk;rh lk/ku 'kSf{kd izlkj.k ds ek/;e ls lquus okyksa ij izfr O;fDr [kpZ budh mi;ksfxrk ds lUnHkZ esa ux.; gSaA 5- jsfM;ks izlkj.k f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vusd leL;kkvksa ds lek/kku djus esa leFkZ gSa] tks ekuo rFkk HkkSfrd lkexzh dh deh ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSaA 4-40 ohfM;ks Vsi

(VIDEO TAPE) %& ohfM;ksa Vsi dk f'k{kk ds {ks= esa iz;ksx ,d uohu rduhdh gSaA

fofM;ks Vsai es lh-Mh- Iys;j] dEI;wVj] oh-lh- vkj- ,ao Mh-oh-Mh- vkfn esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA orZeku le; esa ohfM;ksa Vsai ds fofHkUu :i

187

izpfyr gSa] ftudksa mu Lo:iksa ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu ;U=ksa esa pyk;k tkrk gSaA ;fn ohfM;ksa Vsi lh-Mh- dSlsV ds Lo:i esa gSa rks og lh-Mh- Iys;j esa pyk;k tk,xkA iwoZ esa ohfM;ksa dSlsV dks pykus ds fy;s oh-lh-vkj- dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA orZeku le; esa lh-Mh- Iys;j ,ao Mh-oh-Mh- Iys;j dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA blds iz;ksx ds fy, dEI;wVj ;k Vsyhfotu lsV dh vko';drk gksrh gSaA ftldh LØhu ij ohfM;ksa Vsi dh lkexzh dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSaA 4-41 ohMh;ksa Vsi ds ykHk

(ADVANTAGES OF VIDEO-TAPE) %& lwpuk ,ao lEizs"k.k rduhdh ds {ks= esa ohfM;ksa Vsi dk egRoiw.kZ

LFkku gSaA ohfM;ksa Vsi dk iz;ksx 'kSf{kd rduhdh ds izeq[k ;U= ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku le; esa bldks vf/kd mi;ksxh ,oa egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSaA ohfM;ksa Vsi ds izeq[k ykHk fuEukfyf[kr gSa & 1- ohfM;ks Vsi ds ek/;e ls nwjLFk Nk=ksa dks Hkh f'k{k.k iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSaA 2- n'; JO; ;U= esa blds iz;ksx ls f'k{k.k lkexzh ,ao lwpukvksa dks izHkko'kkyh <a+x ls Nk=ksa ds le{k izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA 3- ;g fopkjksa ,ao fØ;kvksa ds vknku&iznku dk lokZsÙke lk/ku ekuk tkrk gSA 4- ohfM;ksa Vsi orZeku le; esa Nk=ksa dks LFkk;h ,ao izHkkoh Kku djkus dh loksZÙke rduhd ekuh tkrh gSaA 5- ohfM;ks Vsi ds ek/;e ls izLrqr lkexzh dks vko';drkuqlkj iqu% ns[kk tk ldrk gSaA 6- blesa izR;sd fØ;k dks djrs gq, ns[kdj Nk=ksa dks LFkk;h Kku izkIr gksrk gSaA 7- bl rduhdh ds }kjk fons'kh dks fo}kuksa ds fopkjksa dks viusa ?kj cSBdj lquk ,ao ns[kk tk ldrk gSaA 4-42 Vsi fjdkMZj

(TAPE RECORDER) %& VsifjdkZMj jsfM;ks dh rjg dk /ofu ;U= gSa] ftlesa dSlsV ds

ek/;e ls fdlh Hkh /ofu dks gwcgw fjdkMZ dj ysus dh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA ftls iqu% vko';drkuqlkj fdlh Hkh le; lquk tk ldrk gSaA bl izdkj dSlsV~l dh {kerkvksa ds vuqlkj ftruh pkfg, mruh le;kof/k

188

dh /ofu dh fjdkMZ dj ds j[kk tk ldrk gSaA ;fn vko';drk gks rks iwoZ es fjdkMZ dh x;h /ofu dks lkQ djds nwljh /ofu ;k vkokt dks fjdkMZ fd;k tk ldrk gSaA bl izdkj VsifjdkMZj esa nks fØ;k,¡ gksrh gS& 1- /ofu ;k vkokt fjdkMZ djuk 2- /ofu ;k vkokt dks iqu% mRikfnr djukA 4-43 f'k{k.k esa Vsi fjdkMZj ds ykHk %& Vsi fjdkMZj d{kk esa lEizs"k.k gsrq ykHkdkjh gks ldrk gSa& 1- f'k{k.k ds iz;ksx }kjk d{kk vUr% fØ;k dk v/;;u dj LoewY;kadu dj ldrk gSaA 2- fdlh izfl) fo}ku] oDrk dk Hkk"k.k ;k fdlh Js"B f'k{kd }kjk fufeZr ikB dSlsV ds }kjk miyC/k djk dj VsifjdkMZj dh enn ls d{kk es izlkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA 3- jsfM;ks ikB dks fjdkMZ djds iqu% O;oLFkkuqlkj bl ;a= ds iz;ksx ls izlkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA 4- Hkk"kk f'k{k.k esa VsifjdkMZj dk egRo vf/kd lkeus vkrk gSaA okD;ksa dk fuekZ.k] mPpkj.k lEcU/kh nks"k] xfr] O;kdj.k dh =qfV;k¡ blesa fjdkMZ djus ds ckn iqu% lqudj nwj dh tk ldrh gSaA bl izdkj ;g fuEckQksu dk LFkku Hkh izkIr dj ldrk gSaA 4-44 xzkeksQksu ,oa fayaXokQksu

(GRAMOPHONE & LINGVAPHONE) %& xzkeksQksu dk izpyu dkQh iqjkuk gSA ;|fi jsfM;ksa vksj

nwjn'kZu ds dkj.k cM+s&cM+s 'kgjksa esa bldk iz;ksx ugha ds cjkcj gks x;k gSa] ijUrq NkVs&NksVs xkaoks esa vc Hkh bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSaA izk;% bldk iz;ksx euksjatu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSa] ijUrq bls f'k{k.k dk;Z esa Hkh dq'kyrkiwoZd iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA dgkfu;ksa] dforkvksa] xhrksa] laoknksa vkfn dks fjdkMZ djdsa xzkeksQksu }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lquk;s tk ldrs gSaA blls fo|kfFkZ;kas dks lqudj le>usa] ;kn j[kus rFkk 'kq) mPpkj.k djus dk vH;kl gksrk gSaA fyaXokQksu fo'ks"k :i ls Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSaA blds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mPpkj.k] Lojk?kkr\ y; vkfn dh f'k{kk nh tkrh gSaA blds fjdkMksZ dh ckj&ckj lqudj fo|kfFkZ vuqdj.k {kjk 'kq) mPpkj.k djus yxrs gSaA mUgsa Hkk"kk esa Lojk?kkr ds egRo rFkk mfpr iz;ksx dk Kku gks tkrk gSa] vkSj os mfpr y; ds lkFk dfork

189

ikB Hkh djus yxrs gSA Hkk"kk ds 'kq) iz;ksx dh f'k{kk nsus ds fy, fyaXokQksu ,d mi;ksxh lk/ku gSA izR;sd Ldwy esa fgUnh f'k{kd ds fy, budh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A 4-45 ohfM;ksa lhMh Iys;j

(AUDIO CD PLAYER) %& lEizs"k.k ds vk/kqfud JO; ek/;e ds :i es izpfyr vkWfM;ksa

lhMh Iys;j VsifjdkMZj dk vk/kqfud :i dgk tk ldrk gSaA /ofu dks vf/kd Li"Vrk ls lquus o vf/kd le; rd lqjf{kr j[kus esa bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA 4-46 fp= foLrkjd ;a=

(EPIDIA-SCOPE) %& ,d ,slk ;a= gS ftldh ls NksVs vkdkj dh oLrq dks cM+s

vkdkj esa fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSaA ikB~;iqLrd esa izdkf'kr dbZ fp= Li"V ugha gksrs gSa] mUgsa fp= foLrkjd ;a= dh lgk;rk ls cM+s vkdkj esa fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSaA fdlh iqjkuh ik.Mqfyfi dks bldh lgk;rk ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lEeq[k izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA 1- ,sihMk;Ldksi (EPIDIASCOPE) %& ;g fp= foLrkjd ;a= fdlh Hkh js[kkfp= uD'ks iqLrd ij jfpr lkexzh dks cM+s :i es ijns ij fcuk LykbM~l dh lgk;rk ls iz{ksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj cM+h d{kk dks Hkyh Hkk¡fr fo"k; lEcU/kh tkudkjh nh tk ldrh gSaA ;g ,ihLdksi dk feyktqyk :i gSaA tc fp=] eqfnzr lkexzh dk vikjn'khZ :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa] tc mls ,ihLdksi rFkk ikjn'khZ oLrq ¼LykbM] fQYe ifV~V;k¡½ dks iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSa] rks mls Mk;Ldksi ;k tknqbZ ykyVsu dgrs gSaA ,ihLdksi vkSj Mk;Ldksi nksuksa ds dk;Z djus okys bl ;a= dsk ,ihMkLdksi dgk tkrk gSaaA ;g d{kk esa vklkuh ls iz;ksx esa tk;k tk ldrk gSa rFkk ;g lw{e fp=ksa] vkdfr;ksa o eqfnzr lkexzh dks cM+k vkdkj iznku dj ikB~;oLrq ds lEizs"k.k dks vf/kd ljy o jkspd cuk nsrk gSaA 2- vksoj gSM izkstsDVj (OVERHEAD PROJECTOR) & vksoj gSM izkstsDVj dks fgUnh esas f'kjks ifjiz{ksih dgrs gSaA bl vksoj gSM izkstsDVj ds iz;ksx ls f'k{kd }kjk fQYe ifV~V;ksa] LofufeZr ;k jsMhesM LykbMksa dks insZ ij iz{ksfir dj fn[kk;k tkrk gSaA ;g fctyh o iSVªkseSDl nksuksa ds }kjk py ldrs gSa vksoj gSM izkstsDVj vf/kd eg¡xs u gksus ds dkj.k vklkuh ls izkIr fd;s tk

190

ldrs gSaA ;s cukoV esa cgqr ljy gksrs gSa vkSj vklkuh ls iz;ksx ls yk;s tk ldrs gSaA f'k{kd Lo;a budk iz;ksx] fdlh vU; vkWijsVj ds fcuk vklkuh ls dj ldrk gSaA vU; izkstsDVj dh vis{kk bldh fo'ks"krk gS fd blds }kjk iz{ksfir lkexzh f'k{kd ds flj ds Åij ls tkdj ihNs curh gSaA blls lkeus cSBs f'k{kkFkhZ ml lkexzh dks vklkuh ls ns[k ldrs gSa] rFkk f'k{kd lkexzh ds lkFk lkFk lHkh f'k{kkFkhZ;ksa ds psgjksa dk Hkh voyksdu dj ldrs gSaA 4-47 pyfp=

(CIMEMA) %& pyfp= ,d l'kDr ek/;e gSa] ftlds O;kid izHkko ls dksbZ

bUdkj ughs dj ldrk gSaA pyfp= oLrqr% ,d m|ksx cu pqdk gSa] ftl dk eq[; mís'; iSlk dekuk gSaA iSlk dekus dh ykylk esa izk;% fuEu Lrj dh ekj /kkM+ ,oa lLrs jksekal ls Hkjiqj fQYesa cukbZ tkrh gSa] tks tu lk/kkj.k dh fuEu :fp;ksa dks iks"k.k djrh gSaA pyfp= ds bl O;kolkf;d :i dks ns[kdj ;g vuqeku ugha yxk ysuk pkfg, fd budk f'k{kk {ks= esa dksbZ mi;ksx ughaA pyfp= ds bl O;kolkf;d :i dks fuekZ.k ls bl l'kDr ek/;e dks f'k{kk {ks= ds fy, T;knk ls T;knk mi;ksx cuk;k tk,A vPNh fQYeksa ls tgk¡ Kkuof)] pfj=fuekZ.k rFkk Hkko ifj"dkj esa lgk;rk feyrh gSa ogka Hkk"kk fodkl dh nf"V esa Hkh dbZ izdkj ds ykHk gksrs gSa tSls & 1- laHkk"k.k lquus vksj le>us dk vH;kl gksrk gSaA 2- mPpkj.k dks 'kq) djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSaA flus insZ ij vfHkusrkvksa ds 'kq) mPpkj.k ls izHkkfor gksdj fo|kFkhZ Hkh mudk vuqdj.k djrs gq, 'kq) mPpkj.k djus yxrs gSaA 3- 'kCnkoyh esa of) gksrh gSaA 4- vfHkO;fDr dh fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa dk Kku gksrk gSa oLrqr% pyfp= ,d ,slk lk/ku gS] tks ,d gh le; es fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds us=ksa] dkuksa rFkk Hkkoksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSaA bldh Nki ,d&efLr"d esa xgjh vafdr gks tkrh gSaA vr% bldk f'k{k.k {ks= esa vo'; iz;ksx gksuk pkfg, igys rks vPNs fQYe fuekZrkvksa dks cPpksa dh HkykbZ ds fy, LoLFk ,oa f'k{kkizn fQYesa cukuh pkfg, vkSj ljdkj dks blds fy, mnkjrk iwoZd vuqnku nsuk pkfg,A nwljs Hkk"kk foHkkx dks Hkk"kk f'k{kk ds mís'; dks lEeq[k j[kdj y?kq fQYesaa rS;kj djuh pkfg,

191

tSls & 'kq) mPpkj.k] 'kq) ,oa mfpr xfr ds okpu] lqys[k vkfn fl[kkus ds fy, vPNh fQYesa cukbZ tk ldrh gSaA blds vfrfjDr lwpuk ,ao f'k{kk ea=ky; }kjk fufeZr vPNh nLrkostksa fQYes rFkk lekpkj jhysa Hkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fn[kkbZ tkuh pkfg,A ftu Ldwyksa dss ikl izkstsDVj gSa] mUgsa de ls de ianzg fnukas esa ,d ckj fQYe fn[kkuh pkfg,A fQYe fn[kkrs le;] mUgsa ,sls fudVorhZ Ldwyksa dks Hkh vkefU=r djuk pkfg, tks vkfFkZd vHkko ds dkj.k izkstsDVj ugha [kjhn ldrsA fQYe fn[kkusa ds i'pkr~ ml ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk mfpr fopkj foe'kZ gksuk pkfg, rkfd muds eu esa fdlh izdkj dk Hkze u jgs vkSj mudsa Kku rFkk Hkk"kk fodkl esa okafNr of) gksA 4-48 fQYe ifêdk

(FILM STRIPS) %& lEizs"k.k ds ek/;e ds :i esa fQYe ifêdkvksa dk orZeku esa

O;kid izpyu gSA buds }kjk ikjn'khZ oLrqvksa dks iz{ksi.k gksrh gSaA fQYe ifêdk,¡ vf/kdka'kr% lsywykbM dh cuh gksrh gSaA lsywykMM esa dkap dh Hkkfr VqVus dh lEHkkouk,¡ ugha gksrhA bu ifêdkvks dks xksykbZ esa yisVdj ljyrk ls ,d LFkku ls nqljs LFkku ij ys tk;k tk ldrk gSaA fQYe ifêdk vpy fp=ksa dh ,d J[kyk ds :i es gksrh gSaA ftUgsa fo"k; oLrq dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj ,d fuf'pr Øe esa visf{kr fd;k tkrk gSaA ,d fQYe ifêdk esa yxHkx 30 ls 50 rd fp= gksrs gSaA ;g rhu QqV ds yXkHkx yEch gksrh gSaA fp=ksa ds izn'kZu esa fQYe ifêdk,¡ i;kZIr ek=k esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ;k ,l-vkbZ-bZ-vkj-Vh- esa miyC/k gSA 4-49 fp=&n'kZd

(PROJECTOR) %& fp= n'kZd }kjk fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr LykbZM fn[kkdj

mUgsa vPNh rjg le>k;k tk ldrk gSaA bUgsa fn[kkusa ds fy, d{kk esa lQsnh dh xbZ nhokj dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSa] ;k nhokj ij lQsn inkZ yxk;k tk ldrk gSaA dksbZ Hkh fp= fn[kkdj mldh dqN ekSf[kd O;k[;k gksuh pkfg, vkSj iz'uksarj fof/k ls mldk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Kku djkuk pkfg,A

192

UNIT -5 ewY;kadu

(EVALUATION)

5-1 ewY;kadu dh vo/kkj.kk (CONCEPT OF EVALUATION)

5-2 ewY;kadu dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk,¡ (MEANISG & DEFINITIONS OF EVALUATION)

5-3 ewY;kadu dk vFkZ (MEANING OF EVALUATION)

5-4 ewY;kadu dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ (DEFINITIONS OF EVALUATION)

5-5 ewY;kadu ds mís'; ,ao iz;kstu (OBJECTIVES & PURPOSE OF EVALUATION)

5-6 ekiu dk vFkZ ,ao ifjHkk"kk,¡ (MEANING & DEFINITIONS OF MEASUREMENT)

5-7 ekiu dk vFkZ (MEANING OF MEASUREMENT)

5-8 ekiu dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ (DEFINITIONS OF MEASUREMENT)

5-9 ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu esa vUrj (DIFFERENT BETWEEN MEASURMENT & EVALUATION)

5-10 ewY;kadu dh izfof/k;k¡ ;k rduhfd;k¡ (TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION)

5-11 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ijh{k.k ds :i ;k izdkj (TYPES OF TEST IN HISTORY TEACHING)

193

5-12 fucU/kkRed ijh{kkvksa esa iz;qDr gksusa okys iz'uksa ds izdkj (TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN USE EASSAY TYPE TEST)

5-13 fucU/kkRed iz'uks dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (MERITS CHARACTERISTICS OF EASSY TYPE QUESTIONS)

5-14 fucU/kkRed iz'uksa ds nks"k (DEMERITS OF EASSY TYPE EXAMINATIONS)

5-15 fucU/kkRed iz'uksa ds nks"k nwj djus ds mik; ;k lq>ko (REMEDIES OR SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT ESSAY TYPE QUESTION)

5-16 oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ (DEFINITIONS OF OBJECTIVE TYPE TEST)

5-17 uohu iz.kkyh ;k oLrqfu"B iz.kkyh ds izdkj (TYPE OF OBJECTIVE TYPE TESTS)

5-18 oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa xq.k (MERITS & CHARACTERISTICS OF OBJECTIVE TYPE TESTS)

5-19 oLrqfu"B ijh{k.kksa ds nks"k ,oa lhek,¡ (DEMERITS & LIMITATIONS OF OBJECTIVE TYPE TESTS)

5-20 oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k ds nks"kksa dks nwj ds mik; ;k lq>ko (SUGGESTION'S OR REMEDIES FOR IMPROVEMENT OBJECTIVE TYPE TEST)

5-21 oLrqfu"B ,oa fucU/kkRed ijh{k.kksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u (COMPRATIVE STUDY OF OBJECTIVE TYPE AND ESSAY TYPE TESTS)

5-22 Cyw fizUV ;k uhy&i= dh vo/kkj.kk (CONCEPT OF BLUE PRINT)

194

5-23 Cyw fizUV ;k uhy&i= ds fuekZrk ds lksiku (STEPS OF BLUE PRINT FORMATION)

5-24 Cyw fizUV ;k uhy&i= dk izk:i ;k mnkgj.k (EXAMPLE OF BLUE PRINT)

5-25 Cyw fizUV ;k uhy i= vk/kkfjr bfrgkl dk iz'u&i= (BLUE PRINT OF HISTORY QUESTION PAPER)

195

5-1 ewY;kadu dh vo/kkj.kk

(CONCEPT OF EVALUATION) %& ewY;kadu 'kSf{kd izfØ;k dh ikjnf'kZrk dk vk/kkj LrEHk gSaA

ewY;kadu dsoy 'kSf{kd izfØ;k rd lhfer u gksdj ekuo thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa vfr vko';d gSA ftl izdkj MkWDVj viuh nok dh mi;ksfxrk dk ewY;kadu jksxh esas gksus okys ifjorZu ds vuqlkj djrk gS mlh izdkj f'k{kd vius v/;kiu dh mi;ksfxrk dk ewY;kadu ckydks ds O;ogkj ifjorZu dk ewY;kadu djds djrk gS] ewY;kadu ds vHkko esa gekjh leLr fØ;k,¡ ewY;ghu cu ldrh gS D;ksafd ewY;kadu dh lQyrkvksa foQyrkvksa] dfBukb;ksa vkfn dk ;Fks"V :i ls fu/kkZj.k gks tkrk gS ftlds QyLo:i ge Hkfo"; ds fy, lrdZ gks tkrs gSA lkekU; :i ls ewY;kadu dk izR;; uohu ugha gS] ;g izkphu dky ls gh pyk vk jgk gSA izkphu le; xq: f'k"; ijEijk esa Hkh ewY;kadu ds mijkUr gh lEiw.kZ f'k{kk iw.kZ ekuh tkrh FkhZ orZeku eas oSKkfud izxfr usa blds egRo dks vf/kd dj fn;k gSa rFkk ekuo thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa bldh vko';drk c<+ jgh gSA ;fn ewY;kadu ugha fd;k tk;sxk rks 'kSf{kd dk;Z dh xfr'khyrk Kkr u gks ik;sxh rFkk f'k{k.k dh fn'kk fu/kkZfjr u gks ldsxhA vr% ewY;kadu ds ek/;e ls ckyd dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k gh Kkr ugha gks ikrh gS] cfYd mís'; ds vuq:i f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa lq/kkj Hkh yk;k tk ldrk gSA 5-2 ewY;kadu dk vFkZ ,ao ifjHkk"kk,¡

(MEANING & DEFINITIONS OF EVALUATION) %& 5-3 vFkZ

(MEANING) %& ewY;kadu dk vFkZ gS] ikB~;Øe esa fufgr mís';kssa vksj ewY;ksa dh

vksj maUeq[k Nk=ks esa izxfr vkSj vfHkof) dh ij[k gSaA f'k{kk ds mís';ksa] 'kS{kf.kd vuqHko rFkk ewY;kadu esa ijLij ?kfu"B lEca/k gSA mís';ksa ds vk/kkj ij vuqHkoksa dh ;kstuk cuk;h tkrh gS vkSj mí'; izkIr gq, ;k ugh] bldks tkuus ds fy, ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA ewY;kadu dh vk/kqfud ladYiuk tks eq[;r% gky ds n'kdksa esa gqbZ gS] ;|fi ;g fodkl cgqr /kheh xfr ls gqvk gS] f'k{kk ds ,d vis{kkdr uohu n'kZu ls mnHkwr gqbZ gS] tks Nk=ksa dh of) vkSj fodkl ds ewY;kadu ds fy;s vf/kd mi;qDr izfof/k;k¡ ij cy nsrk gSaA uohu

196

f'k{kk&n'kZu ls u dsoy vo/kkj.kvksa] Kku] ;ksX;rkvksa] vknrksa ds fodkl ds fy,] cfYd vfHkofRr;ksa] xq.k&nks"k foospu] :fp;ksa] fpUru dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj oS;fDrd lkekftd O;oLFkkiu dh nf"V ls Nk= dh of) ds míhiu ds fy, f'k{kd ds mÙkjnkf;Ro ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k gSaA bl izdkj ^^ewY;kadu og i)fr gSa] ftldsa }kjk ge iwoZ&fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa] /;s;ksa rFkk y{k.kksa dh izkfIr dh ek=k dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSA ewY;kdau ,slh izfØ;k gS] ftlds }kjk f'k{k.k ds ewY;ksa rFkk mís';ksa ds e/; rqyuk dh tkrh gSaA^^ vFkkZr~ ewY;kadu og i)fr gS ftlds }kjk vftZr ewY;ksa dh tk¡p iwoZ fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa ds izdk'k esa dh tkrh gSA iwoZ fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa rFkk izkIr ewY;ksa ds vHkko es okLrfod rFkk fo'oluh; ewY;kadu ugha gks ldrk gSA ;fn ewY;kadu dk lEcU/k iwoZ fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa rFkk izkIr ewY;ksa ls LFkkfir ugha fd;k tkrk gS rks ,slk ewY;kadu fujFkZd o mís';ghu rFkk vfo'oluh; gksrk gSA iwoZ fu/kkZfjr mís';ksas dks f'k{kk }kjk izkIr djus dh ps"Vk dh tkrh gSA bl ps"Vk ds ifj.kke Lo:i gh ewY;ksa dh izkfIr gks tkrh gSA bu vftZr ewY;kas dks Kkr djusa ds fy, gh ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{k.k ds mís'; rFkk i)fr;k¡ ewY;kadu ds lkFk ?kfu"B :i ls lEcf/kr gksrh gSA lQy ewY;kadu ds fy, f'k{kk ds mís'; rFkk f'k{k.k i)fr;ksa dk Kku vko';d gSA 5-4 ewY;kdu dh ifjHkk"kk,¡

(DEFINITIONS OF EVALUATION) %& EkwY;kadu dh izew[k ifjHkk"kk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- bZ-oh- osLys (E.B. WESLEY) ds vuqlkj] ^^ewY;kadu esa ekiu fufgr gS] ijUrq mldk {ks= mu {ks=ksa ls O;kid gS ftlesa oLrqfu"B ekiuks dk iz;ksx fd;k tk pqdk gSA^^ ("Evaluation includes measurement but it extends for beyond the areas to which objective measurement have been applied.")

2- fDofyu ogUuk ds vuqlkj] ^^Nk=ks ds O;ogkj esa fo|ky; }kjk yk;s x;s ifjorZuksa ds fo"k; ds izek.kksa ds ladyu rFkk mldh O;k[;k djus dh izfØ;k gh ewY;kadu gSA^^ ("Evaluation is the process of gathering and interpreting evidence on changes in the behaviours of the students as they progress through school.")

3- dksBkjh f'k{kk vk;ksx ¼1964&66½ ds vuqlkj] ^^ewY;kadu ,d fujUrj pyus okyh izfØ;k gS] tks f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk ,d fofHkUu

197

vax gSA blls Nk= dh v/;;u vknrksa rFkk f'k{kd dh f'k{k.k i)fr ij cM+k izHkko iM+rk gS ewY;kadu dh izfof/k;k¡ okafNr fn'kkvksa esa Nk=ks ds fodkl ds fo"k; esa izek.k laxzfgr djus ds lk/ku gSaA^^

4- VkWjxlZu o ,MEl ds 'kCnks esa] ^^fdlh izfØ;k ;k oLrq ds egRo dk fu/kkZj.k gh ewY;kadu djuk gSA vr% f'k{k.k izfØ;k ;k lh[kus ds vuqHko dh mikns;rk dh ek=k ds lEcU/k esa fu.kZ; djuk gh 'kSf{kd ewY;kadu gSaA^^ ("To evaluate is to ascertain the value of some process or thing. Thus educational evaluation is the passing judgement on the degree of worth whileness of some teaching process or learning experience)

5- ,p-,p- jselZ rFkk ,y-,y- xst ds vuqlkj] ^^ewY;kadu esa O;fDRk vFkok lekt vFkok nksuksa dh nf"V ls D;k vPNk gS] vFkok D;k okaNuh; gSa] dk fopkj vFkok y{; fufgr jgrk gSaA^^ ("Evaluation assumes a purpose or an idea of what is good or desirable from the stand point of the individual or society or both.")

6- czsMQhYM rFkk eksjMksd ds vuqlkj] ^^ ewY;kdu fdlh lkekftd] lkaLdfrd vFkok oSKkfud ekun.M ds lUnHkZ esa fdlh ?kVuk dks izrhd vkaofVr djik gS] ftlls ml ?kVuk dk egRo vFkok ewY; Kkr fd;k tk ldsA^^ ("Evaluation is the assigment of symbles to a phenomenon in order to character the worth or value of the phenomenon, with reference to same social, cultural, or scientific standard.")

5-5 ewY;kadu ds mís'; ;k iz;kstu

(OBJECTIVE OR PURPOSE OF EVALUATION) %& bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ewY;kadu ds izeq[k mís'; ;k iz;kstu

fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1- ewY;kdu ikB~;Øe lq/kkj ds volj iznku djrk gSaA

2- ewY;kadu ijh{k.k iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj djrk gSaA

3- ewY;kadu f'k{k.k i)fr;ksa dh lQyrk dk irk yxkrk gSaA

4- ewY;kadu bfrgkl f'k{kd ds f'k{k.k dh lQyrk dks ekirk gSA

5- ewY;kadu bfrgkl&f'k{k.k esa bdkbZ rFkk bdkbZ O;oLFkk dh {kerk rFkk lQyrk dk irk yxkrk gSA

198

6- ewY;kadu funkukRed rFkk mipkjkRed f'k{k.k ij cy nsrk gSA

7- ewY;kdau izfof/k }kjk ge Nk=ksa dh bfrgkl fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr dfBukb;ksa dk irk yxkrs gSaA

8- ewY;kadu lEiw.kZ fo|ky;h O;oLFkk dh tk¡p djrk gSA

9- ewY;kadu Nk=ksa ds O;ogkjksa esa vkus okys ifjorZuksa dk Kku djkrk gSaA

10- ewY;kadu }kjk v/;kid dh ;ksX;rk vkSj {kerk dh tk¡p gks tkrh gSA

11- ewY;kadu }kjk Lo;a mUufr djus esa Hkh lgk;rk feyrh gSaA

12- ewY;kadu }kjk Nk=ksa dh vko';drkvksa vksj {kerkvksa dk Kku izkIr gksrk gSaA

13- ewY;kadu Nk=ksa vksj v/;kidksa dks ;kstuk cukus esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSaA

14- ewY;kadu mu mís';ks dh tkudkjh djkrk gS] ftUgsa izkIr djuk vkSj tk¡puk dfBu gSaA

15- ewY;kadu }kjk v/;kid dks Nk=ks ds v/;;u fodkl] vksj mUufr dh tkudkjh feyrh gSaA

16- ewY;kadu }kjk ekin.M dks lq/kkjus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSaA

17- Nk=ksa dh ;ksX;rkvksa] :fp;ksa] euksofr;ksa] le>nkjh] dq'kyrkvksa vkfn dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA

5-6 ekiu dk vFkZ ,ao ifjHkk"kk,¡

(MEANING & DEFINITIONS OF MEASUREMET) %& 5-7 ekiu dk vFkZ

(MEANING OF MEASUREMENT) %& ekiu dk vFkZ gS] oLrqvksa iznÙkksa rFkk xq.kksa dk fdlh mi;qDr

ekiuh ls rqyuk djds la[;kvksa esa o.kZu] ftllsa O;fDr dh ek=kvksa dk Kku gks ldsA f'k{kk esa bldk iz;ksx izk;% miyfC/k] cqf)] vfHkof)] O;fDrRo vkfn dh oLrqfu"B ijh{k.kksa }kjk tk¡p djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

199

ekiu 'kCn dk nSfud thou ds {ks=ksa esa izkphu dky ls fd;k tk jgk gSA ekiu ,d ifjek.khdj.k dh fØ;k gS izR;sd O;fDr viusa nSfud dk;kZs ds nkSjku vusd ckj vkSipkfjd vFkok vukSipkfjd <ax ls fofHkUu ckrksa dk ekiu djrk jgrk gSA ekiu dh izfØ;k esa HkkSfrd pjksa dk ekiu djrs le; izkekf.kd lk/ku miyC/k gksrs gS rFkk ;FkkFkZ ifj.kke izkIr gksrs gS] ijUrq lkekftd] euksoSKkfud o 'kSf{kd pjksa dk ekiu djusa esa izkekf.kd lk/kuksa dk vHkko jgrk gS] ftlds dkj.k izkIr ifj.kkeksa esa =qfV dh laHkkouk cuh jgrh gSA ekiu fdlh oLrq ;k O;fDr fo'ks"k dk ugha fd;k tkdj mlds xq.kksa dk fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ekiu dk lEcU/k fdlh ;ksX;rk ;k xq.k ds lEcU/k esa ;g Kkr djus ls gSD fd ml ;ksX;rk ;k xq.k dh fdruh ek=k ekStwn gSA 5-8 ekiu dh ifjHkk"kk,¡

(DEFINITIONS OF MEASUREMENT) %& 1- bZ-ch- osLys ds vuqlkj] ^^ekiu ewY;kadu dk og Hkkx gS tks izfr'kr] ek=k] vadks] e/;eku rFkk vkSlr vkfn ds }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSaA^^

2- lejQhYM ds 'kCnks esa] ^^la{ksi esa ekiu }kjk ifjek.kkRed fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSA tcfd ewY;kadu esa xq.kkRed fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSA^^

3- czsM QhYM rFkk eksjksMksd ds vuqlkj] ^^ekiu fdlh ?kVuk ds fofo/k vk;keksa dks izrhd vkaofVr djusa dh izfØ;k gSa] ftlls ml ?kVuk dh fLFkfr dk ;FkkFkZ fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk ldsA^^ (Measurement is the process of assiging symbols to dimentions of a phenomenon in order to charactrise the status of the phenomeness as procisely as possible.")

4- fjpMZ ,p- fy.MseSu ds vuqlkj] ^^ekiu dks fdUgh ekUl fu;eksa ds vuq:i O;fDr;ksa vFkok oLrqvksa ds fdlh leqPp; ds izR;sd rRo dks vadks ds fdlh leqPp; ls ,d vad vkoafVr djus ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA^^ ("Measurement may be defined as the assigment of one of a set of numbers to each of a set of persons or objects according to certain established rules.")

200

5-9 ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu esa vUrj (DIFFERENT BETWEEN MEASUREMENT &

EVALUATION) %&

ekiu (MEASUREMENT) ewY;kadu (EVALUATION)

1- ekiu ;g Kkr djus ls lEcfU/kr gS fd ^^fdruh ek=k esa gSA^^ 2- ekiu }kjk fdlh ;ksX;rk vFkok xq.k dh ek=k Kkr dh tkrh gS 3- ekiu ,dkaxh gSA 4- ekiu ds vHkko esa ewY;kadu dk dk;Z oSKkfud ugha gks ldrk gSaA 5- ekiu mís'; fujis{k gksrk gSaA 6- ekiu dk {ks= lhfer gksrk gSaA

1- ewY;kadu dk lEc/k bl iz'u ds mÙkj nsusls gS fd ^^fdruk vPNk gSA^^ 2- ewY;kadu }kjk ;g fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gS fd fdlh ;ksX;rk vFkok xq.k dh ek=k mi;qDr gS ;k ughaA 3- ewY;kadu cgqeq[kh gksrk gSA 4- ewY;kadu ds fy, ekiu vfuok;Z gS] ijUrq ekiu dk 'kSf{kd ykHk ewY;kadu }kjk gh laHko gSA 5- ewY;kadu mís'; lkis{k gksrk gSA 6- ewY;kadu dk {ks= O;kid gksrk gSaA

5-12 ewY;kadu dh izfof/k;k¡ ;k rduhfd;k¡

(TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION) %& ewY;kadu izfof/k dk rkRi;Z ml jhfr ls gS] ftlds }kjk ge

ckyd ds Kku vkSj O;ogkj esa gq, ifjorZu rFkk mldh O;fDrxr fo'ks"krkvksa dk ewY;kadu djrs gSaA ewY;kadu dh izfØ;k KkukRed] HkkokRed rFkk fØ;kRed mís';ksa dh izkfIr ds lEcU/k esa iznÙkksa dk ladyu djrh gSa pw¡fd ewY;kadu dh izfØ;k dk {ks= bu rhuksa mís';ksas ij vk/kkfjr gSaA MkW- ch- ,l- Cywe (B.S. BLOOM) ds vuwlkj] ^^vPNh ewY;kadu izfof/k ;k lk/ku ;k jhfr og gS ftlesa O;ogkj ds okafNr ifjorZu ds oS/k izek.kksa dk ekiu djusa dh {kerk gSaA^^ jkbVLVksu ds vuqlkj] ^^vk/kqfud ewY;kadu esa tk¡p dh fofo/k izfof/k;ksa & miyfC/k] vfHkofÙk] O;fDrRo] pfj= lEcU/kh ijh{k.k Øe] fu/kkZj.k&eku] iz'ukoyh] izfrQyksa ds fu.kZ; eku] lk{kkRdkj] fu;af=r&fujh{k.k izfof/k;k¡ lektfefrd izfof/k;k¡ rFkk ?kVukvksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSaA^^

201

lkekU;r% fdlh Hkh fo|ky; esa iz;qDr ewY;kadu izfof/k;ksa dks izeq[k :i ls nks oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS%& 1- ifjek.kkRed izfof/k (QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES) %& ewY;kadu esa ;s izfof/k;k¡ vf/kd mi;ksxh] fo'oluh; rFkk oS/k gksrh gSA ;s rhu izdkjksa esa foHkDr dh xbZ gS%& 1- ekSf[kd ijh{kk (Oral Examination) 2- fyf[kr ijh{kk (Written Examination) 3- iz;ksxkRed ijh{kk (Parctical Examination) 1- ekSf[kd ijh{kk (Oral Examination) %& bl izfof/k dk iz;ksx i<+us dh ;ksX;rk] mPpkj.k ,oa lwpukvksa dh tk¡p rFkk fyf[kr ijh{kkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g izfof/k pkfjf=d :i ls oS;fDrd gSA blds }kjk ckydksa ds O;fDrxr xw.kksa rFkk voxq.kksa ls voxr gks ldrs gSA blesa Nk= ijh{kd ds le{k mlds iz'uksa dks

ewY;kadu izfof/k;k¡

1- ifjek.kkRed izfof/k

2- xq.kkRed izfof/k

1- ekSf[kd

2- fyf[kr

3- iz;ksxkRed

1- fujh{k.k

2- tk¡p lwph

4- ,udMksVy vkys[k

5- lap;h vkys[k

3- vuqifLFkfr ekiuh

1- fucU/kkRed 2- oLrqfu"B

1- foLrr mÙkjh;

2- y?kqÙkjks; 1- izR;kLej.k 2- izR;kfHkKku

202

mÙkj nsrk gS] ftlls ijh{kd mlds vkRefo'okl] vfHkO;fDr vkfn dh tk¡p djusa esa leFkZ gksrk gSaA 2- fyf[kr ijh{kk (Written Examination) %& Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd ek=k esa iz;qDr gksusa okyh izfof/k gS fyf[kr ijh{kk ds vUrxZr dk;Z&leiZ.k] izfrosnu fy[kuk] iz'uksa ds mÙkj fy[kuk ,oa dkxt iSfUly ijh{kk,¡ vkrh gSA dkxt&iSfUly ijh{kk,¡ Nk=ks dh Kku izkfIr ,oa ikB~;&oLrq dh laxfBr rFkk O;k[;k djusa dh ;ksX;rk vkfn dh tk¡p djus esa cgqr mi;ksxh gSaA fyf[kr ijh{kkvksa ds nks :i izpfyr gS%& ¼d½ fucU/kkRed (ESSAY TYPE) ¼[k½ oLrqfu"B (OBJECTIVE TYPE) 3- iz;ksxkRed ijh{kk (PRACTICAL EXAMINATION) %& bldk iz;ksx iz;ksxkRed fo"k;ksa] foKku gLrdyk] Mªkbax] df"k vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ckyd viusa dk;Z dk uewuk ijh{kd ds lkeusa izLrqr djrk gSaA 2- xq.kkRed izfof/k (QUALITAVTIVE TECHNIQUES) %&

fo|ky; esa bu izfof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx vkUrfjd ewY;kadu gsrqq fd;k tkrk gSa ;s lkekU;r ik¡p izdkj dh gksrh gS %& 1- fujh{k.k (Observation) 2- tk¡p lwph (Check List) 3- vuqfLFkfr ekiuh (Rating scale) 4- ,usdMksVy vkys[k (Anecdotal Records) 5- lap;h vkys[k (Cumulative Records) 1- fujh{k.k (Observation) %& blds }kjk Nk=ksa ds O;ogkj] fØ;kvksa] laosxkRed ,oa ckSf)d ifjiDork ds lEcU/k esa izek.k iznku fd;s tkrs gSA bldk iz;ksx NksVs ckydksa ds ewY;kadu gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA cM+s ckyd Lo;a vkRefujh{k.k dk fodkl djrs gSaA 2- tk¡p lwph (Check List) %& iM+rky ;k tk¡p lwph iz'ukoyh dh Hkk¡fr O;fDrxr lwpuk ,oa er tkuus dk ,d izew[k lk/ku gSaA 3- vuqfLFkfr ekiuh (Rating scale) %& bl izfof/k dk iz;ksx mu fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ;k fo'ks"krkvksa dk ewY;kadu djusa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSa] tks fofHkUu ek=kvksa esa izLrqr dh tk ldrh gSA blds

203

}kjk ge ckyd dh fdlh fo'ks"k {ks= dh dq'kyrkvksa dh tk¡p] ml {ks= esa mlds O;ogkj dh izxfr dks ns[kdj Hkh dj ldrs gSaA 4- ,usdMksVy vkys[k (Anecdotal Records) %& bu vkys[kksa esa Nk=ksa ds egRoiw.kZ O;ogkj ,oa tfVy ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkfn dk o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA blesa Nk= dh :fp;ksa rFkk mldh vksj >qdko dks mRiUu djus okys ?kVdksa dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj blh ds vk/kkj ij Nk= ds lEcU/k esa lkekU;hdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSaA 5- lap;h vkys[k (Cumulative Records) %& bl izdkj ds vkys[k esa Nk= ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa dks Øec) :i esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA blesa mldh 'kSf{kd izxfr] ekfld ijh{kk&Qy] mifLFkfr fo|ky;h ;ksX;rk vkfn vafdr dh tkrh gS] tks Nk= dks tkuusa dk vfHkHkkodksa] f'k{kdksa rFkk iz/kkukRed ds fy, mi;ksxh vkys[k gksrk gSA 5-11 bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ijh{k.k ds :i

(TYPE OF TEST IN HISTORY TEACHING) %& fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fu"ifr dks tk¡pusa gsrq dbZ izdkj dh ewY;kadu izfof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS bu izfof/k;ksa ds vUrxZr ekSf[kd ijh{k.k] izk;ksfxd ijh{kk,¡] rFkk fyf[kr ijh{kk,¡ vkrh gSA fyf[kr ijh{kkvksa esa fucU/kkRed rFkk oLrqfu"B ijh{kk,¡ izeq[k gSA 1- ekSf[kd ijh{kk (Oral Examination) 2- fyf[kr ijh{kk (Written Examination)

i. fucU/kkRed ijh{k.k (Essay Type Test) ii. oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k (Objective Type Test)

3- iz;ksxkRed ijh{kk (Practical Examination) %& ;s ijh{k.k vkRefu"B ijh{k.k Hkh dgykrs gSa] D;ksafd os f'k{kd }kjk rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSaA Lo;a viuh d{kk gsrq bUgsa rS;kj dj Lo;a v/;kid }kjk gh vadu fn;k tkrk gSA 1- ekSf[kd ijh{kk (Oral Examination) %& izkphu le; esa ekSf[kd ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx lokZf/kd gksrk Fkk] ijUrq /khjs&/khjs fyf[kr ijh{k.k dk izpyu gqvk] ftlls ekSf[kd ijh{k.k dk egRo de gks x;kA bl ijh{k.k dk mi;ksx izkFkfed Lrj ij vf/kd] ek/;fed Lrj ij de] rFkk mPp Lrj ij U;wu gksrk gSA bl ijh{k.k esa ekSf[kd iz'uksa dh lgk;rk ls Nk= ds ,sfrgkfld Kku] iBu ;ksX;rk o vfHkO;fDr {kerk dh tk¡p o vkadyu fd;k tkrk gSA

204

2- iz;ksxkRed ijh{kk (Practical Examination) %& iz;ksxkRed ijh{k.k ls fof'k"V dkS'kyksa rFkk dk;Z{kerkvksa dk vkadyu fd;k tkrk gSA bu ijh{k.kks ls ckyd ds fØ;kRed i{k dh tk¡p dh tkrh gSA 3- fyf[kr ijh{k.k (Written Test) %& fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fu"ifr dk vkadyu djusa rFkk lQy ewY;kadu djusa gsrq fyf[kr ijh{kk dks ojh;rk nh tkrh gSA bu ijh{kkvksa ls ckyd ds KkukRed i{k dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa f'k{k.k ds rhuksa Lrjksa ¼izkFkfed] ek/;fed ,oa mPp½ ij fyf[kr ijh{kkvksa dk lokZf/kd iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA fyf[kr ijh{kkvksa dks oLrqfu"B cuk;k tkrk gS ;s ijh{kk,¡ izekf.kd Hkh gksrh gSA ;s ijh{kk,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gS %& 1- fucU/kkRed ijh{k.k (Eassy Type Test) 2- oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k (Objective Type Test) 1- fucU/kkRed ijh{k.k (Eassy Type Test) %& orZeku le; es fo'o vusdksa jk"Vªka ds lkFk gekjs ns'k esa Hkh bl ijh{kk dk lokZf/kd izpyu gSA blesa ckydksa dks dqN iz'uksa dk mrj fu/kkZfjr le; ds vUnj fucU/k ds :i esa fy[kuk gksrk gS blesa ckydksa dh vfHkO;atuk&'kfDr] lqys[k] 'kSyh] Hkk"kk vkfn dk vf/kd izHkko iM+rk gSA blds vfrfjDr blesa ijh{kd dh euksn'kk dk Hkh izHkko iM+rk gSA blesa vkRexr rRo dh iz/kkurk gSA vFkkZr~ bl izdkj dh ijh{kk esa ikB~;Øe ds dqN vaxks ij iz'u ns fn;s tkrs gS vkSj Nk= mu iz'uksa dk mÙkj fu/kkZfjr le; esa viuh Lora= Hkk"kk esa bPNkuqlkj fy[krs gSA 5-12 fucU/kkRed ijh{kkvksa esa iz;qDr gksusa okys iz'uksa ds izdkj

(TYPE OF QUESTION IN USE ESSAY TYPE TEST) 1- foospukRed iz'u (Discussion Questions) 2- O;k[;kRed iz'u (Explanatory Questions) 3- o.kZukRed iz'u (Descriptive Questions) 4- fo'ys"k.kkRed iz'u (Analytical Questions) 5- oxhZdj.kkRed iz'u (Classification Questions) 6- vkykspukRed iz'u (Criticism Questions) 7- :ijs[kkRed iz'u (Outline Questions) 8- rqyukRed iz'u (Comparison Questions) 9- mnkgj.kkFkZ iz'u (Illustrative Questions) 10- ifjHkk"kkRed iz'u (Definition Questions)

205

5-13 fucU/kkRed iz'uksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj xq.k (MERITS OR CHARACTERISTICS OF ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS) %&

fucU/kkRed iz'uksa dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gS & 1- tk¡p dh lqfo/kkA 2- fopkjksa dh Lora=rkA 3- ys[ku 'kSyh dh izHkkodrkA 4- vkykspukRed fpUruA 5- ferO;rkA 6- jpuk dh lwfo/kkA 7- iz'kklu dh lqfo/kkA 8- leLr fo|ky;h fo"k;ksa esa mi;qDrrkA 9- foLrr ,oa xgu v/;;u dks izksRlkguA 10- udy dh de laHkkoukA 11- mPp ekufld ;ksX;rk dk v/;;uA 12- fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr vkfnA 5-14 fucU/kkRed ijh{kk ds nks"k

(DEMERITS OF ESSAY TYPE EXAMINATION) %& fucU/kkRed ijh{kkvksa esa fuEufyf[kr nks"k ik, tkrs gS %& 1- fucU/kkRed ijh{kkvksa esa fo'oluh;rk ugha gksrh gSA 2- bu ijh{kkvksa ds ewY;kadu ;k tk¡p esa vf/kd Je ,oa le; yxrk gSaA 3- ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa jVus dh izofÙk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA 4- vad forj.k esa vlekurk jgrh gSaA 5- lhfer ikB~;oLrq dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA 6- buesa vkRefu"Brk dh izofr lfEefyr jgrh gSaA 7- iz'u&i= dk dfBukbZ Lrj ij ckydksa ds mi;qDr ugha gksrkA 8- lgh mRkj u tkurs gq, Hkh Nk= dqN vUnkt ls mrj fy[k ldrs gSaA 9- fucU/kkRed ijh{kkvksa esa oS"kf;drk gksrh gSaA 10- bl ijh{kk }kjk Nk=ksa dks Kku rks iznku dj fn;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ml Kku dh O;kogkfjdrk ds fo"k; esa dqN Hkh ugha fl[kk;k tkrk gSA

206

11- blds }kjk Nk=ksa ds Kku dh okLrfod tk¡p gks ldrh gSA blesa volj dh iz/kkurk jgrh gSA blfy, ;g iz.kkyh oSKkfud ugha gSaA 12- ;g f'k{kky; ds dk;Z ij Hkh nwf"kr izHkko Mkyrh gSaA lHkh dk;Z blh dh izkfIr ds fy, cfynku dj fn;s tkrs gSaA bldsa }kjk Ldwy dk leLr dk;Z 'kkflr fd;k tkrk gSA 5-15 fucU/kkred iz'uksa ds nks"k nwj djusa ds mik; ;k lq>ko

(REMEDIES OR SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS) %&

fuEufyf[kr lq>koksa ;k mik;ksa dks iz;ksx esa ykdj fucU/kkRed iz'uksa ds nks"kksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS %& 1- iz'u lEiw.kZ ikB~;Øe ij leku :i ls forfjr fd;s tk;saA 2- iz'uksa dk fuekZ.k cM+h lko/kkuh ls fd;k tk;sA ,sls iz'uksa dh jpuk dh tk;s fd Nk= mrj nsrs le; fdlh izdkj dk /kks[kk u ns ik;sA 3- lHkh Nk=ksa ds mrjksa dks vad iznku djus dk ,d fuf'pr eku rFkk fof/k viuk;h tk;saA 4- Nk=ksa }kjk iznÙk mrjksa dk vad iznku djus dk dk;Z vR;Ur vuqHkoh O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k tk;sA 5- tgk¡ rd laHko gks lds] iz'u i= fuekZrk ,oa ewY;kadu drkZ ,d gh O;fDr j[kk tk;sA 6- iz'uksa dh jpuk djrs le; vf/kxe mís';ksa dks /;ku essa j[kuk pkfg,A 7- iz'uksa dk Lo:i fofo/k izdkj dk gksuk pkfg,A 8- iz'uksa dh Hkk"kk Li"V o ljy gksuh pkfg,A 9- vadks dk forj.k iz'u&i= ds lkFk nsuk pkfg,A 10- ØsfUnzr ewY;kadu dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A 11- iz'uksa dh jpuk esa ekSfydrk o jpukRedrk gksuh pkfg, 12- iz'uksa dh jpuk Li"V gksuh pkfg,] rkfd Nk= ds lkeus mÙkj dk {ks= Li"V gksA 13- iz'u ljy ls dfBu ds Øe esa fn;s tkus pkfg,A 14- ;ksX; ,oa bZekunkj O;fDr;ksa dks ijh{k.k fu;qDr fd;k tk;saA

207

15- iz'u i=ksa ds fodYi ugha fn, tk,¡ cfYd iz'uksa esa gh vkUrfjd fodYi iznku fd;k tk;sA 2- ubZ iz.kkyh ;k oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k (NEW TYPE TESTS OR OBJECTIVE TYPE TESTS) %& orZeku le; dh ek¡x ds vuqlkj euksoSKkfudksa usa ijh{kk dh dqN uohu fof/k;k¡ fudkyh gSA bu fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx vktdy lHkh fo"k; esa yksdfiz; gks x;k gSA bu fof/k;ksa ds vUrxZr ijh{kkFkhZ ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNs tkrs gS vkSj mUgs FkksM+s gh le; esa mudk mÙkj nsuk iM+rk gS] ;s ijh{kk,¡ dbZ izdkj dh gS bu ijh{kkvksa }kjk lR;&vlR;] frfFk Kku] vkSj fopkj&Kku dh tk¡p NksVs&NksVs iz'uksa }kjk yh tkrh gSA bl izdkj fucU/kkRed iz'uksa ds yEcs&yEcs mÙkj tk¡puk v/;kid dks nq"dj dk;Z yxrk gS vkSj muds }kjk fn, x, vadks esa fo'oluh;rk Hkh de ikbZ tkrh gSA tcfd oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k esa iz'u esa mÙkj nksauks y?kq gksrs gS vksj lkFk gh vadks esa fo'oluh;rk Hkh gksrh gSA blh dkj.k ls orZeku le; esa bldk lokZf/kd izpyu gSA bl izdkj oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k og ijh{k.k gS] ftlesa fofHkUu ijh{k.k Lora=rkiwoZd dk;Z djusa ds mijkUr vadks ds lEcU/k esa ,d gh fu"d"kZ ij igqWprs gSA 5-16 oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dh ifjHkk"kk,¡

(DEFINITIONS OF OBJECTIVE TYPE TEST) %& 1- ,l-,l- ekFkqj ds vuqlkj] ^^oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k esa ijh{kd ds O;fDrxr fu.kZ; dk ijh{kk ds izkIrkdkas ij izHkko ugha iM+rk gSa ^ 2- lh-oh-xqM ds vuqlkj] ^^ oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k lkekU;r% oLrqfu"B iz'u tSls cgqfuoZpu] fjDr LFkku iwfrZ vkfn ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa] rFkk bldk vadu vad rkfydk ls fd;k tkrk gSaA^^ 3- Mxyl o gkyS.M ds vuqlkj] ^^oLrqfu"B ijh{k.kksa dk vfHkizk;% vad ,ao Lrj izkIr djuk gS] tks lkisf{kr :i esa vkRefu"B rRoksa ls izHkkfor ugha gksrs gSaA^^ 5-17 uohu iz.kkyh ;k oLrqfu"B iz.kkyh ds izdkj

(TYPES OF OBJECTIVE TYPE TESTS) %& 1- izR;kLej.k ijh{k.k (Recall Type) 2- vfHkKku ijh{k.k (Recognition Type) bls bl izdkj n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS %&

208

¼v½ izR;kLej.k :i (Recall Type) ds iz'u %& 1- ljy izR;kLej.k :i (Simple Recall) %& bl izdkj ds iz'uksa }kjk Nk=ksa dh izR;kLej.k 'kfDr dh tk¡p dh tkrh gSA Nk= fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr ?kVukvksa] rF;ksa vkfn dks fdl izdkj iqu% Lej.k dj ldrs gS] blh dks bl izdkj ds iz'uksa }kjk ekywe fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k %& funsZ'k & fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa dk mÙkj muds lEeq[k fn, x, LFkku ij fy[kks& 1- f'kokth dk tUe dc gqvk Fkk \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 2- egkjk.kk izrki dk tUe dc gqvk Fkk \ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- vkxjk ds yky fdys dk fuekZ.k fdlus fd;k Fkk \ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4- ubZ fnYyh ds yky fdys dk fuekZ.k fdlusa fd;k Fkk \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 5- izFke fo'o ;q) dc 'kq: gqvk Fkk \ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ %& bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa Nk=ksa dks fjDr LFkkuksa dh mi;qDr 'kCnksa }kjk iwfrZ djuh iM+rh gSA mnkgjj.k %& funsZ'k & fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fjDr LFkkuksa dh mfpr 'kCnksa }kjk iwfrZ dhft, &

oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k

1- lk/kkj.k izR;kLej.k

2- fjDr LFkku iwfrZ

1- ,dkUrj izR;qÙkj

3- rqY;in

4- oxhZdj.k

2- cgqfodYi

1- izR;kLej.k

2- izR;kfHkKku

209

1- egkjk.kk izrki vkSj vdcj ds chp bfrgkl izfl) ------------------------dk ;q) gqvk FkkA

2- egkRek xk¡/kh dk tUe ------------------------------ esa gqvk FkkA 3- f'kokth dh ekrk dk uke --------------------------------- FkkA 4- eqxy lkezkT; dk laLFkkid ----------------------------------- FkkA 5- t;iqj dh LFkkiuk ------------------------------------------- us dh FkhA 2 vfHkKku ijh{k.k (Recognition Test) %& bl izdkj ds iz'uksa }kjk Nk=ksa dh igpkuus dh 'kfDr dh tk¡p dh tkrh gS bu iz'uksa ds fuEufyf[kr miHksn gS %& 1- ,dkUrj izR;qÙkj :i (Alternate Response Type) %& bu iz'uksa esa ckydksa dks nks fodYiksa esa ls ,d dks p;u djusas ds fy, vkns'k fn;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ckyd dks dFku ds izfr ^lR;^] ^vlR;^] ^gk¡^ ;k ^ugh^ esa ls fdlh ,d dks funsZ'kkuqlkj fpfUgr djuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ %& funsZ'k & fuEufyf[kr dFku ;fn ^lR;^ gksa rks ^gk¡^ vkSj ^vlR;^ gks rks ^ugha dks ¼½ lgh dk fu'kku yxkosaA 1- ckcj us Hkkjr esa eqxy lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA ¼gk¡]ugha½ 2- mn;iqj dh LFkkiuk egkjk.kk izrki usa dh FkhA ¼gk¡]ugha½ 3- ekynso dks g'ker okyk 'kkld dgk tkrk FkkA ¼gk¡]ugha½ 4- nhu&,- bykgh /keZ vdcj usa pyk;k FkkA ¼gk¡]ugha½ 2- cgqfodYi :i (Multiple Choice Type) %& bu iz'uksa esa ,d dFku ds mÙkj ds :i esa dbZ fodYi fn;s jgrs gSaA ijh{kkFkhZ dks bUgha fodYiksa esa ls vf/kd mi;qDr ;k mfpr fodYi dks Nk¡Vuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ %& 1- [kkuok dk ;q) 1526@1527@1528@1529 bZ- esa gqvk FkkA 2- egkRek xk¡/kh dh ekrk dk uke iqryh ckbZ@dekZorh@

dLrwjck@lkfo=h FkkA 3- Iyklh dk ;q) 1757@1857@1859@1860 bZ- esa gqvk FkkA 4- xksok dh jkt/kkuh i.kth@ t;iqj@f'kykaxk@f'keyk gSaA

210

3- rqyukRed :i (Matching Type) %& bues Nk=ksa dks nks lwfp;ksa ds fo"k;ksa dh lekurk ;k lEcU/k ;k rqyuk djusa ds fy, vknss'k fn;k tkrk gSA Nk=ksa dks bUgsa Øe esa j[kuk iM+rk gSA bl dkj.k bl izdkj ds iz'ukas dks Øe esa j[kuk iM+rk gSA bl dkj.k bl izdkj ds iz'uksa dks Øe fu/kkZj.k :i ds iz'u Hkh dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ %& [k.M ^^v^^ esa O;fDr;ksa ds uke ^^c^^ esa laLFkkvks ds lgh uke dks feykb;sA funsZ'k & uhps [k.M ^^v^^ o ^^c^^ feykb;sA lgh mÙkj [k.M ¼v½ [k.M ¼c½ 1- jktk jkeeksgu jk; LojkT; ny 2- Lokeh foosdkuUn vk;Z lekt 3- Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh jked`".ku~ fe'ku 4- fprjatunkl czã lekt 4- oxhZdj.k :i (Classification Type) %& bl izdkj ds iz'uksa dks Øe fu/kkZj.kkRed iz'uksa dk ,d vU; :i ekuk tk ldrk gSA buesa ckydksa ds le{k dqN ,sls 'kCnksa dk lewg izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSa] ftlesa ls ,d 'kCn vlaxr gksrk gSA ckydksa ls ml vlaxr 'kCn dks js[kkafdr djusa ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ %& funsZ'k & izR;sd iz'u esa pkj 'kCn fn, gq, gSA izR;sd iz'u esa pkj 'kCn fn, gq, gSA izR;sd iz'u ds bu 'kCnksa esa ,d ,slk 'kCn gS] tks vU; 'kCnksa dh Js.kh esa ugha vkrk gSaA izR;sd iz'u esa ls ,sls 'kCnksa dks js[kkfdar dhft, & 1- t;iqj] Hkksiky] y[kuÅ] f'keyk] i.kth] dkuiqjA 2- ikuhir dk ;q)] [kkuok dk ;q)] rjkbu dk ;q)] c;kuk dk ;q)] lkyckbZ dh lfU/kA 5-18 oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dh fo'ks"krk,¡

(MERITS & CHARACTERISTICS OF OBJECTIVE TYPE TESTS) %& oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa xq.k fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1- ;s fo'oluh; gS D;ksafd bldh oLrq fu"Brk vf/kd gksrh gSA

2- ;s ijh{k.k uSnkfud ijh{k.k gsrq mi;ksxh gSaA

211

3- bu ijh{k.kksa esa le; o /ku nksuksa dh cpr gSA

4- mÙkj nsuk ljy gksrk gSA

5- ;s lEiw.kZ ikB~;Øe ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gsA

6- fu"i{k tk¡p ds fy, mfpr gSA

7- Nk=ksa dh Hkk"kk lEcU/kh detksfj;k¡ mÙkj nsus esa ck/kd ugha curh gSaA

8- mÙkjks dk vadu iznku djuk ljy gksrk gSA

9- blls Nk=ksa ds Kku ds lkFk&lkFk fu.kZ; 'kfDr] rdZ] /;ku ,oa le; dk Hkh irk pyrk gSaaA

10- buls jVusa dh izofr dks lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

11- bldh eq[; fo'ks"krk ,d iz'u dk mÙkj ,d gksuk gSaA

12- foHksnhdj.k dh {kerk bu ijh{k.kksa esa gksrh gSaA

13- ;s ijh{k.k Hkk"kk ,oa 'kSyh ds izHkko ls eqDr gksrs gSA 5-19 oLrqfu"B ijh{k.kksa ds nks"k ;k lhek,¡

(DEMERITS & LIMITATIONS OF OBJECTIVE TYPE TESTS) %& oLrqfu"B ijh{k.kksa esa izeq[k nks"k ;k lhek,¡ fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1- oLrqfu"B ijh{k.kksa dks cukuk dfBu dk;Z gSA

2- oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k esa Nk= vuqeku dk iz;ksx vo'; dj cSBrs gSA

3- bu ijh{k.kksa ls Nk=ksa dks viusa fopkjksa dks O;ofLFkr :i esa izLrqr djusa dk izf'k{k.k ugha fey ikrkA

4- ;s ijh{k.k fooknkLin rF;ksa o leL;kvksa dk ewY;kadu djusa gsrq mi;ksxh ugha gSA

5- Hkk"kkfHkO;fDr dh tk¡p laHko ugha gSaA

6- fopkj 'kfDr dk fodkl ugha gksrkA

7- Nk=ksa dh fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr dk ekiu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

8- bu iz'uksa dk fuekZ.k fo'ks"kK O;fDr gh dj ldrk gSA

212

9- iz'u fuekZ.k esa cgqr vf/kd le; rFkk Je yxrk gSA

10- buesa udy djus ds volj c<+ tkrs gSaA

11- buds iz;ksx }kjk Nk=ksa dh fopkj] rdZ 'kfDr;k¡ vkfn dk fodkl ugha gksrkA

5-20 oLrqfu"B ijh{k.kksa ds nks"kksa dks nwj djus ds mik; ;k

lq>ko (SUGGESTIONS OR REMEDIES FOR IMPROVEMENT OBJECTIVE TYPE TESTS) %&

oLrqfu"B iz'uksa ds nks"kks ;k lhekvksa dks nwj djusa ds izeq[k mik; ;k lq>ko fuEufyf[kr gSA

1- ijh{k.k esa iz'uksa dks ljy ls dfBu Øe esa j[kuk pkfg,A

2- iz'uksa dh Hkk"kk ljy o Li"V gksuh pkfg,A

3- udkjkRed dFkuksa dk iz;ksx bu ijh{k.kksa esa ugha gksuk pkfg,A

4- mÙkj&iqfLrdkvksa dk ewY;kadu mÙkj dqath ds vk/kkj ij gksuk pkfg,A

5- iz'u ds mÙkj pkj fodYi gh j[ksa tkus pkfg, rFkk HkzekRed fodYi dk mi;ksx ugha gksuk pkfg,A

6- lgh mÙkj ,d gh Øe esa u gksdj vyx&vyx Øe esa j[ks tkus pkfg,A

7- bu ijh{k.kksa esa gy djus gsrq o vadu djusa ds fy, Li"V funsZ'k fn, tkus pkfg,A

5-21 oLrqfu"B rFkk fucU/kkRed ijh{k.kksa dk rqyukRed

v/;;u (COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OBJECTIVE TYPE AND ESSAY TYPE TESTS) %&

bu nksuksa izdkj dh ijh{k.kksa dh rqyuk fo'ks"krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr rkfydk esa dh tk jgh gS %&

213

fo'ks"krk,¡ (CHARACTE

RISTICS)

fucU/kkRed ijh{k.k (ESSAY TYPE TESTS)

oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k (OBJECTIVETYPE

TESTS) 1- iz'uksa dh jpuk 2- fo"k;&oLrq dk uewuhdj.k 3- iz'uksa dh la[;k 4- Hkk"kk o lqys[k 5- oS/krk 6- vuqeku dk izHkko 7- ekud 8- fo'oluh;rk 9- oLrqfu"Brk 10- vf/kxe mís'; 11- izf'k{k.k

1- blesa vis{kkdr iz'uksa dh jpuk djuk ljy gsA 2- blesa fo"k; oLrq ds lhfer {ks=ksa dk ewY;kadu gksrk gSA 3- de le; esa iz'uksa ds vf/kd mÙkj nsus gksrs gSA 4- Hkk"kk o lqys[k dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA 5- de oS/k gksrs gSA ekiu dh fLFkj =qfV;k¡ vf/kd gksrh gSA 6- vuqeku ls lgh mÙkj ugha fn;k tk ldrk] cfYd /kks[kk ns ldrs gSaA 7- ekud rS;kj djuk dfBu gksrk gS] O;k[;kRed =qfV;k¡ vf/kd gksrh gSA 8- de fo'oluh; gksrs gSA =qfV;k¡ vf/kd gksrh gSaA 9- de oLrqfu"B gksrs gS] ftlls ekiu dh =qfV vf/kd gksrh gSaA 10- KkukRed i{k ds iz;ksx ltZukRed mPp mís';ksa ds ekiu ds fy, mi;ksxhA 11- bu ijh{kkvksa dh jpuk

1- blesa iz'uksa dh jpuk ,d dfBu dk;Z gSA 2- blesa fo"k;&oLrq ds O;kid {ks= dk ewY;kadu laHko gSaA 3- de le; esas vf/kd iz'u gy djus gksus gksrs gSaA 4- Hkk"kk o lqys[k dk dksbZ egRo ugha gksrkA 5- vf/kd oS/k gksrs gSA fLFkj =qfV;k¡ izk;% de gksrh gSA 6- vuqeku ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj fn, tk ldrs gS] vuqeku lw= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 7- ekud rS;kj djuk ljy gksrk gSA O;k[;kRed =qfV;k¡ de gksrh gSA 8- vf/kd fo'oluh; gksrs gS pj =qfV;k¡ de gksrh gSaA 9- ;s ijh{k.k oLrqfu"B gksrs gS rFkk ekiu dh v'kqf) ugha gksrh gSA 10- KkukRed i{k ds Kku] cks/k rFkk iz;ksx mís';ksa ds fy, mi;ksxhA 11- fdlh izf'k{k.k dh

214

fo'ks"krk,¡ (CHARACTE

RISTICS)

fucU/kkRed ijh{k.k (ESSAY TYPE TESTS)

oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k (OBJECTIVETYPE

TESTS) 12- iz'uksa ds izdkj 13- vadu

esa izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA pkj fof'k"V lksikuksa dk vuqlj.k djukA 12- lkekU; izdfr ds iz'u gksrs gSA 13- budk vadu djuk dfBu gksrk gSA fo"k;&fo'ks"kK gh vadu dj ldrk gS] vkn'kZ mÙkj vlaHko lk gksrk gSaA

vko';drk ugha] iqjkus iz'uksa dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gSaA 12- iz'uksa dh izdfr fof'k"V gksrh gSaA 13- fuf'pr mÙkj gksus ds dkj.k vadu ljy gksrk gSA mÙkj Hkh fuf'pr gksrk gSA

5-22 uhy&i= (BLUE PRINT) dh vo/kkj.kk %&

iz'u&i= fuekZ.k ewY;kadu izfØ;k dk ,d izeq[k vax gS A lQy ewY;kadu vPNs iz'u&i= ds fuekZ.k ij gh fuHkZj djrk gS] ijUrq ns[kus esa vkrk gS fd gekjs f'k{kd bl egRoiw.kZ dyk ls izk;% vufHkK Hkh jgrs gSA os Hkyh izdkj iz'u&i=ksa dk fuekZ.k ugha dj ldrs gSaA bldk izeq[k dkj.k mudh bl foKku o dyk esa vufHkKrk] vi;kZIr Kku rFkk izf'k{k.k lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko gSA os ukuk dkj.kksa ls bfrgkl fo"k; esa miyfC/k dk oLrqfu"B] mís';ijd rFkk fo'oluh; :i ls eki djusa okys iz'u&i=ksa ds fuekZ.k ugha dj ikrs gSA mUgsa u rks ewY;kadu ds mís';ksa dk gh /;ku jgrk gS] u iz'uksa dh dfBukbZ Lrj dk vkSj u ikB~;Øe ds QSyko dk ghA Qyr% muds }kjk fufeZr iz'u&i= nwf"kr gh jgrs gSA 5-23 CywfizaV ¼uhyi=½ fuekZ.k ds lksiku

(STEPS OF BLUE PRINT FORMATION) %& 1- f'k{k.k mís';ksa dk ukekadu %& uhyi= lkekU;r% leLr mís';ksa dh iwfrZ djus okyk gksuk pkfg,] vr% mís';ksa dks fu/kkZfjr dj mudk ukekadu fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd fdl f'k{k.k mís'; dks ijh{k.k esa fdruk egRo fn;k x;k gSA mlh ds vuqlkj vadks dk ukekadu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

215

lkj.kh 1

Ø- l-

mís'; iz'ku Hkkjkad ua- izfrQy

dqy vad

01 02 03 04

KkukRed vocks/k

Kkuksi;ksx dkS'ky

9 3 3 1

44% 32% 20% 04%

11 8 5 1

;ksx 16 100% 25 2- fo"k;&oLrq dk Hkkjkadu & f'k{k.k dk;Z ds ckn izR;sd izdj.k ls lEcfU/kr iz'u iwNs tkus pkfg, rHkh Nk=ksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA vr% ftrusa Hkh izdj.k i<k, tk pwds gS] mudk fo"k;xr egRo dks ns[krs gq, fdl izdj.k dks fdruk egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg,] ;g fu/kkZfjr djuk vko';d gks tkrk gS] vkSj ;fn ikB~;Øe esa izdj.kksa dh la[;k vf/kd gS rks ijLij lEcfU/kr izdj.kksa dks bdkb;ksa esa oxhZdr dj bdkb;ksa dk Hkkjkadu fd;k tkrk gSA

lkj.kh 2

Ø- la-

mís'; iz'u la- Hkkjkadu izfr'kr

dqy vad

01 02 03 04 05 06

ckcj gqek;w¡ vdcj tgkWxhj 'kkgtgk¡ vkSjaxtsc

2 2 2 4 3 3

8% 12% 16% 36% 16% 12%

2 3 4 9 4 3

;ksx 16 100% 25

3- iz'uksa ds izdkjksa dk ewY;kadu %& fo"k;&oLrq dk Hkkjkadu djus ds i'pkr~ iz'uksa ds izdkjksa ij /;ku nsuk vko';d gks tkrk gS fd fdrus izdkj ds iz'u rFkk fdl rjgs ds iz'u ijh{k.k esa lfEefyr fd, x, gSA ,d vPNs ijh{k.k esa fucU/kkRed] y?kÙkjh;] vfry?kqÙkjh; rFkk oLrqfu"B iz'u j[ks tkrs gS fd buesa ls fdrus&fdrus iz'u ijh{k.k esa

216

j[kus gS rFkk mUgsa fdruk&fdruk cy nsuk gSA budk fu/kkZj.k ijh{k.k ds le; rFkk vadks ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tk ldrk gS&

lkj.kh 3

Ø- la-

iz'uksa ds izdkj Hkkjkad ua- izfr'kr

dqy vad iz'uksa dh la-

01

02

03

oLrqfu"B iz'u

y?kwrjkRed iz'u

fucU/kkRed iz'u

40%

40%

20%

10

10

05

10

05

01

;ksx 100% 25 16

217

5-24 Cyw fizaV ;k uhy&i= dk izk:i ;k mnkgj.k (Example of Blue Print)

Ø-la-

mís';

fo"k; oLrq

KkukRed vocks/k Kkuki;ksx dkS'ky iz'uksa dh

la[;k

vadksa dh

la[;k oLrq fu"B iz'u

y?kqÙk jkRed iz'u

fucU/kk Red iz'u

oLrq fu"B iz'u

y?kqÙk jkRed iz'u

fucU/kk Red iz'u

oLrq fu"B iz'u

y?kqÙk jkRed iz'u

fucU/kk Red iz'u

oLrq fu"B iz'u

y?kqÙk jkRed iz'u

fucU/kk Red iz'u

01 ckcj 1¼1½ 1¼1½ 2 2

02 gqek;w¡ 1¼1½ 1¼2½ 2 3

03 vdcj 1¼2½ 1¼2½ 2 4

04 tgk¡xhj 1¼1½ 1¼5½ 1¼2½ 1¼1½ 4 9

05 'kkgtgk¡ 2¼2½ 1¼2½ 1¼1½ 3 4

06 vkSjaxtsc 2¼2½ 3 3

;ksx 7¼7½ 2¼4½ & 1¼1½ 1¼2½ 1¼5½ 1¼1½ 2¼4½ & 1¼1½ & & 16 25

ladsr& dks"Bd ¼ ½ esa vad rFkk ckgj iz'u la[;k nh xbZ gSaA

218

5-25 Cyw fizaV vk/kkfjr bfrgkl dk iz'u&i= fo"k; & bfrgkl

le; & 1½ iw.kkZad & 25 vad ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, funsZ'k %& 1- uksV lHkh iz'u djus vfuok;Z gSA 2- iz'u&i= esa rhu izdkj ds iz'u gSA igyk oLrqfu"B nwljk y?kwÙkjkRed ,oa fucU/kkRedA oLrqfu"B iz'uksa ds mÙkj ,d okD; ¼vf/kdre 10 'kCnksa½] y?kw iz'uksa ds mÙkj yxHkx ¼10 okD;½ vkSj fucU/kkRed iz'uksa ds mÙkj yxHkx ¼40 okD;ksa½ ¼vf/kdre 300 'kCnksa½ esa fyf[k,A 3- ;fn vki ekufp= dk iz;ksx djsa rks izLrqr ekufp= dks mÙkjiqfLrdk ds vUnj etcwrh ls layXu djsaA

[k.M & ^v^ ¼oLrqfu"B iz'u½

¼izR;sd iz'u ,d&,d vad dk gSA½ 1 x 10 = 10 vad iz'u 1- eqxy lkezkT; dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk \ iz'u 2- ckcj dk tUe dc vkSj dgk¡ gqvk Fkk \ fyf[k,A iz'u 3- gqek;q¡ us eqxy flagklu dc izkIr fd;k Fkk \ iz'u 4- tgk¡xhj ds le; fprkSM+ dk 'kkld dkSu Fkk \ iz'u 5- tgk¡xhj dh iRuh uqjtgk¡ ds cpiu dk D;k uke Fkk \ iz'u 6- rktegy dk fuekZ.k fdl eqxy 'kkld us fd;k Fkk \ iz'u 7- 'kkgtgk¡ ds cpiu dk D;k uke Fkk \ iz'u 8- fdl eqxy 'kkld us lokZf/kd le; rd 'kklu fd;k Fkk \ iz'u 9- vkSjaxtsc ds Hkkb;ksa ds uke crkb;sA iz'u 10- vkSjaxtsc us mÙkjkf/kdkjh ;q) esa fdldks ijkftr djds fnYyh dh jktxn~nh izkIr dh Fkh\

[k.M & ^c^ ¼izR;sd iz'u nks&nks vad dk gSA½ 2 x 5 = 10 vad iz'u 11- gqek;wW dks jkT;fHk"ksd ds le; fdu&fdu izew[k dfBukbZ;kW dk lkeuk djuk iM+k Fkk \ uke fyf[k,A iz'u 12- vdcj us esokM+ ds fy, fdu&fdu dks nwr cukdj esaokM+ Hkstk Fkk \ iz'u 13- vdcj ds esokM+ ds nhu&,&bykgh /keZ ds izeq[k fl)kar fyf[k,A

219

iz'u 14- tgkWxhj dh jktiqr uhfr ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A iz'u 15- 'kkgtgkW dh LFkkiR; dyk dh nf"V ls izeq[k nsu dks laf{kIr esa fyf[k,A

[k.M & ^l^ fucU/kkRed iz'u

¼fucU/kkRed iz'u 5 vad dk gSaA½ 1 x 5 = 5 vad iz'u 16- tgkWxhj ds fot; vfHk;kuksa ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA

bdkbZ 1- bfrgkl dh izd`fr] {ks= vksj mís';

(UNIT 1. NATURE, SCOPE & OBJECTIVES OF HISTORY) vH;kl ds iz'u

y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u & iz'u 1- bfrgkl D;k gS \ dksbZ nks ifjHkk"kk,¡ nhft,A iz'u 2- bfrgkl dks foKku ekuus ds i{k esa dksbz 4 rdZ nhft,A iz'u 3- bfrgkl dks foKku ugha ekuus ds i{k esa dksbZ 4 rdZ nhft,A iz'u 4- bfrgkl foKku ,oa dyk nksuksa gS \ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 5- bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 6- LFkkuh; bfrgkl v/;;u ds mís'; fyf[k,A iz'u 7- LFkkuh; bfrgkl dh f'k{k.k fof/k;k¡ ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 8- fo'o bfrgkl ds f'k{k.k dh vko';drk ds dksbZ pkj fcUnq fyf[k,A iz'u 9- jk"Vªh; ,oa HkkokRed ,drk ds lEcU/k esa bfrgkl fo"k; ds v/;;u dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 10- vUrjkZ"Vªh;rk dh nf"V ls bfrgkl f'k{k.k dk egRo Li"V dhft,A iz'u 11- bfrgkl ,oa ukxfjd 'kkL= ds chp esa ik;s tkusa okys ?kfu"B lEcU/k dks laf{kIr esa Li"V dhft,A iz'u 12- bfrgkl ,oa ukxfjd 'kkL= esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A iz'u 13- bfrgkl ,oa vFkZ'kkL= dh fo"k;oLrq esa D;k vUrj gSa\ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 14- bfrgkl ,oa lekt'kkL= ds chp lEcU/k dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 15- mís'; ,oa fof'k"V mís'; ds ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gS \ fyf[k,A iz'u 16- izks- Cywe ds KkukRed i{k ds oxhZdj.k dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 17- bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds pkj mís'; fyf[k,A iz'u 18- bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds ek/;fed Lrj ij dksbZ 4 mís'; fyf[k,A

220

iz'u 19- bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds mPp ek/;fed Lrj ij dksbZ 4 mís'; fyf[k,A iz'u 20- izkI; mís'; dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 21- mís'; ,oa izkI; mís'; esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A iz'u 22- bfrgkl ,oa Hkwxksy ds chp lEcU/k dks laf{kIr esa Li"V dhft,A iz'u 23- mís'; ,oa y{; ds chp vUrj crkb;sA iz'u 24- bfrgkl ,oa uhfr'kkL= ds chp lEcU/k dSlk ik;k tkrk gS \ fyf[k,A iz'u 25- mís';ksa ds oxhZdj.k ds ckjs esa laf{kIr esa fyf[k,A fucU/kkRed iz'u iz'u 1- bfrgkl dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 2- bfrgkl dh izdfr ;k Lo:i dks laf{kIr esa fyf[k,A vFkok bfrgkl foKku gSa dSls \ ugha gS dSls \ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 3- bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds {ks= ij izdk'k Mkfy,A iz'u 4- bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds egRo dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 5- bfrgkl ds oxhZdj.k ij izdk'k Mkfy,A iz'u 6- LFkkuh; bfrgkl dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, egRo ij cy nhft,A iz'u 7- LFkkuh; bfrgkl dh f'k{k.k fof/k;k¡ dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 8- jk"Vªh; ,drk esa bfrgkl ds egRo ,oa mi;ksfxrk dk mYys[k dhft,A iz'u 9- lg&lEcU/k dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, bfrgkl dk ukxfjd 'kkL= ds lkFk lEcU/k dhft,A iz'u 10- bfrgkl ,oa lekt'kkL= ds chp lg&lEcU/k ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA iz'u 11- orZeku le; esa bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds mís';ksa dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 12- jk"Vªh; bfrgkl dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V djrs gq, blds v/;;u ds le; fdu&fdu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, \ fyf[k,A iz'u 13- fo'o bfrgkl ds ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gS \ bldh vko';drk dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 14- jk"Vªh; ,oa HkkokRed ,drk ds lEcU/k bfrgkl fo"k; ds v/;;u ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

221

bdkbZ&2 ikB~;Øe ,oa fu;kstu UNIT-2 (CURRICULUM & PLANNING)

vH;kl ds iz'u y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u iz'u 1- ikB~;Øe dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 2- ikB~;Øe ,oa ikB~;p;kZ esa vUrj fyf[k,A iz'u 3- bfrgkl ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k ds izsj.kk fl)kar dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 4- ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k ds laj{k.krk o gLrkUrj.k fl)kar dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 5- fuEu ek/;fed Lrj ij bfrgkl ikB~;Øe dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A iz'u 5- fuEu ek/;fed Lrj ij bfrgkl ikB~;Øe ds izeq[k nks"k fyf[k,A iz'u 6- ek/;fed Lrj ij bfrgkl ikB~;Øe dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A iz'u 7- bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ek/;fed Lrj ds ikB~;Øe ds nks"k fyf[k,A iz'u 8- ikB~;Øe ds ewy rRo fyf[k,A iz'u 9- izks- oh- Mh- ?kkVs }kjk ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k ds fy, fn, x, izeq[k lq>koksa dks fyf[k,A iz'u 10- ds-ih- pkS/kjh us ikB~;Øe fu/kkZj.k ds dkSu&dkSu ls lq>ko fn;s gS \ fyf[k,A iz'u 11- bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa fu;kstu dh ;kstukvksa ds izdkj fyf[k,A iz'u 12- fu;kstu dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 13- okf"kZd ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k ds dksbZ pkj pj.k fyf[k,A iz'u 14- okf"kZd ;kstuk ds dksbZ pkj ykHk fyf[k,A iz'u 15- bdkbZ ;kstuk dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 16- bdkbZ ;kstuk dh dksbZ pkj fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A iz'u 17- bdkbZ ds izdkjks ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 18- ekWjhlu ds vuqlkj bdkbZ ;kstuk ds lksiku fyf[k,A iz'u 19- fjLd ds vuqlkj bdkbZ ;kstuk ds lksiku crkb;sA iz'u 20- ikB ;kstuk dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 21- gjckVZ dh iapinh ;kstuk ds ikWp inks ds uke crkb;sA iz'u 22- ekSfjlu dh bdkbZ iz.kkyh ds ik¡p inks ds uke crkb;sA iz'u 23- tkWu M;woh ,oa fdyisfVªd mikxe ds lkr in ;k lksikuksa ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 24- bfrgkl f'k{kd ds dksbZ pkj xq.k fyf[k,A

222

fucU/kkRed iz'u & iz'u 1- ikB~;Øe dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 2- bfrgkl esa ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k ds izeq[k fl)kUrksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 3- bfrgkl ds orZeku ikB~;Øe dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A iz'u 4- bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds orZeku ikB~;Øe ds izeq[k nks"kksa dks Li"V djrs gq, mUgsa nwj djus ds lq>ko nhft,A iz'u 5- bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds ikB~;Øe fu/kkZj.k ds izeq[k lq>koksa dks fyf[k,A iz'u 6- fu;kstu dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 7- okf"kZd ;kstuk dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V djrs gq, blds fuekZ.k ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dks fyf[k,A iz'u 8- okf"kZd ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k dh lko/kkfu;k¡ dks fy[krs gw, blds ykHkksas dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 9- bdkbZ dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, blds izdkjksa ds ckjs esa crkb;saA iz'u 10- bdkbZ ;kstuk ds izk:i dks Li"V djrs gq, blds ykHk ,oa nks"kksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 11- bdkbZ ;kstuk ds lksiku ,oa :ijs[kk dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 12- nSfud ikB ;kstuk dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 13- nSfud ikB ;kstuk ds vko';d rRo dks crkrs gq, bldh vko';drk ;k ykHkksa ij cy nhft,A iz'u 14- nSfud ikB ;kstuk ds izk:i dk fuekZ.k dhft,A iz'u 15- d{kk 10 oha ds bfrgkl f'k{k.k ds fdlh izdj.k dh ,d nSfud ikB ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k dhft,A iz'u 16- bfrgkl f'k{kd ds xq.kksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A iz'u 17- bfrgkl f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk ,oa O;kolkf;d mUufr ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

bdkbZ & 3 i)fr;k¡ ,oa mikxe UNIT - 3 (METHODS AND APPROACHES)

vH;kl ds iz'u y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u iz'u 1- f'k{k.k fof/k dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 2- f'k{k.k fof/k dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 3- fof/k ,ao izfof/k esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

223

iz'u 4- bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa iz;qDr gksus okyh izeq[k f'k{k.k fof/k;k¡ ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 5- dgkuh fof/k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, 4 xq.k fyf[k,A iz'u 6- dgkfu;k¡ dk oxhZdj.k dhft,A iz'u 7- dgkuh&dFku i)fr ds dksbZ 4 nks"k fyf[k,A iz'u 8- dgkuh ds izeq[k rRoksa dk uke fyf[k,A iz'u 9- iz;kstuk fof/k dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 10- FkkWel ,e-fjLd }kjk crk;s x;s ;kstukvksa ds rhu izdkjksa dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 11- ;kstuk fof/k ds pj.k ;k lksikuksa ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 12- iz;kstuk fof/k ds ykHk fyf[k,A iz'u 13- lekthdr vfHkO;fDr fof/k dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 14- ckbfuax rFkk ckbfuax }kjk crk, x, lekthdr vfHkO;fDr fof/k ds izeq[k :iksa ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 15- lekthdr vfHkO;fDr fof/k ds dksbZ pkj izeq[k xq.k fyf[k,A iz'u 16- thou xkFkk fof/k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A iz'u 17- L=ksr i)fr dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 18- L=ksr fof/k ds dksbZ pkj xq.k fyf[k,A iz'u 19- L=ksr fof/k ds dksbZ 4 nks"k fyf[k,A iz'u 20- okn&fookn fof/k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 21- okn&fookn fof/k ds izdkj fyf[k,A iz'u 22- i;Zos{k.k fof/k ;k fujhf{kr fof/k dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 23- izks- ckbfuax rFkk ckbZfuax us i;Zos{kd fof/k ds iz;ksx ds fy, dkSu&dkSu lh ;kstuk,¡ izLrqr dh gSa \ iz'u 24- iz'u izfof/k dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 25- ikB~; iqLrd fof/k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 26- leL;k lek/kku fof/k ds pj.kksa ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 27- vPNh leL;k ds fy, vko';d xq.kksa dks fyf[k,A iz'u 28- vk'kq ukVd ,oa ;kstuk ukVd dks mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V dhft,A iz'u 29- O;k[;ku fof/k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 30- bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa i;ZVu fof/k dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 31- i;ZVu ds dksbZ 4 mís'; fyf[k,A

224

fucU/kkRed iz'u iz'u 1- f'k{k.k fof/k dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 2- dgkuh fof/k dks Li"V djrs gq, blds nks"k ,oa jkspd cukus ds mik;ksa dks fyf[k,A iz'u 3- iz;kstuk fof/k dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 4- iz;kstuk fof/k ds vk/kkjHkwr fl)kaUrksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 5- ;kstuk fof/k dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A iz'u 6- lekthdr vfHkO;fDr fof/k dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, blds izeq[k :iksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 7- thou xkFkk fof/k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, bldh izeq[k lhek,¡ fyf[k,A iz'u 8- L=ksr i)fr dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, L=ksarksa ds oxhZdj.k ij izdk'k Mkfy,A iz'u 9- okn&fookn fof/k dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, bldsa izdkjksa ij izdk'k Mkfy;saA iz'u 10- i;Zos{kd fof/k dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, bldk lekypukRed ewY;kadu izLrqr dhft,A iz'u 11- iz'uksa ds oxhZdj.k ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA iz'u 12- iz'u izfof/k esa /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 13- ikB~;iqLrd fof/k ds xq.k&nks"kksa dk mYys[k dhft,A iz'u 14- leL;k lek/kku fof/k dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, blds izeq[k pj.kksa dks fyf[k,A iz'u 15- leL;k lek/kku fof/k ds xq.k nks"kksa dk foospu fdft,A iz'u 16- ukVdhdj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, blds izdkjksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A iz'u 17- ukVdhdj.k ds xq.k nks"kksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 18- O;k[;ku fof/k dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, blds xq.k ,oa nks"kksa dk foospu dhft;sA iz'u 19- i;ZVu fof/k ds mís';ksa dks Li"V djrs gq, blds izdkjksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 20- bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa i;ZVu ds egRo dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 21- i;ZVu ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djrs le; fdu&fdu fcUnqvksa dk /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS \ foospu dhft,A iz'u 22- ,sfrgkfld i;ZVu dh ;kstuk dks cukrs le; /;ku j[kusa ;ksX; ckrksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

225

bdkbZ & 4 vuqns'ku lgk;d iz.kkyh UNIT - 4 INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT SYSTEM

vH;kl ds iz'u y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u iz'u 1- JO;&n'; lkexzh dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 2- JO;&n'; lkexzh ds dksbZ 4 mís'; fyf[k,A iz'u 3- JO;&n'; lkexzh ds izdkjks ds uke crkb;sA iz'u 4- dksBkjh f'k{kk vk;ksx ¼1964&66½ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ';keiê dh fLFkfr dSlh gSa \ fyf[k,A iz'u 5- ';keiê ds dksbZ 4 ykHk fyf[k,A iz'u 6- bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa iz;qDr ekufp= ds izdkj fyf[k,A iz'u 7- vPNs ekufp= ds dksbZ 4 xq.k fyf[k,A iz'u 8- pkVZ ds izdkj fyf[k,A iz'u 9- bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa pkVksZ ds ykHkksa dks fyf[k,A iz'u 10- xzkQ ds izdkjksa dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 11- izfr:i ;k ekWMy ds xq.k fyf[k,A iz'u 12- le; Kku ;k dkyØe dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 13- le; Kku fodflr djusa ds lk/kuksa ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 14- le; pkVZ ds izdkjksa ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 15 le; js[kk dk fuekZ.k djrs le; dkSu&dkSu lh ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A iz'u 16- bfrgkl&d{k dh vko';drk ds dksbZ pkj fcUnq fyf[k,A iz'u 17- leqnk; dks fo|ky; ds fudV ykus ds mik; fyf[k,A iz'u 18- fo|ky; dks leqnk; ds fudV ykusa ds mik; fyf[k,A iz'u 19- nwjn'kZu ds izeq[k dk;ZØeksa ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 20- jsfM;ksa ds 'kSf{kd ykHk fyf[k,A iz'u 21- ohfM;ksa Vsi ds ykHk fyf[k,A iz'u 22- VsifjdkMZj dk d{kk lEizs"k.k esa D;k mi;ksx gS \ iz'u 23- ,ihMk; Ldksi dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 24- vksojgSZM izkstsDVj dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ds ckjs esa crkb;sA iz'u 25- pyfp= ds ykHk fyf[k,A iz'u 26- dEI;wVj dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 27- dEI;wVj dk 'kCn ds vk/kkj ij vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 28- dEI;wVj ds izdkjksa ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 29- dEI;wVj dh 4 fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A iz'u 30- ekbØks dEI;wVj ds pkj oxksZ ds uke fyf[k,A

226

iz'u 31- dEI;wVj ds dksbZ 4 mi;ksx] vko';drk ;k egRo fyf[k,A iz'u 32- dEI;wVj gkMZos;j ls D;k rkRi;Z gSa \ fyf[k,A iz'u 33- dEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j D;k gSa \ fyf[k,A fucU/kkRed iz'u & iz'u 1- JO;&n'; lkexzh dk p;u djrs le; /;ku j[kus ;ksX; izeq[k ckrksa dk mYys[k dhft,A iz'u 2- ,Mxj Msy ds JO;&n'; lkexzh ds vuqHko 'kadq dh foospuk dhft,A iz'u 3- ';keiÍ ds ykHkksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, blds mi;ksx ds le; /;ku j[kusa ;ksX; izeq[k lko/kkfu;k¡ dks crkb;sA iz'u 4- ekufp= ds iz;ksx dh lko/kkfu;k¡ dks fy[krs gq, bldh mi;ksfxrk dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 5- pkVZ dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, blds izdkjksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 6- bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa pkVZ ds ykHkksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 7- le; Kku dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, blds izeq[k rRoksa dh foospuk dhft,A iz'u 8- le;&pkVZ ds izdkjksa dh foospuk dhft,A iz'u 9- le; js[kk dk fuekZ.k fdrus izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gS \ mYys[k dhft,A iz'u 10- bfrgkl d{k dh vko';drk ;k egRo dks fyf[k,A iz'u 11- bfrgkl d{k esa vko';d lkexzh dh foospu dhft,A iz'u 12- fuEu ij fVIi.kh fy[kksA 1- Hk.Mkj x`g 2- iz{ksi.k lkexzh 3- Xyksc 4-'kks&dsl vkfnA iz'u 13- 'kSf{kd nwjn'kZu dk egRo ,oa Hkkoh laHkkoukvksa ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA iz'u 14- fuEu ij fVIi.kh fy[kksaA 1- fQYe ifÍdk 2- fp= n'kZd 3- pyfp= 4- ohfM;ks Vsi vkfn iz'u 15- dEI;wVj dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 16- dEI;wVj ds izdkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A iz'u 17- dEI;wVj dh mi;ksfxrk] vko';drk ;k egRo ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA

227

bdkbZ & 5 ewY;kadu UNIT - 5 (EVALUATION)

vH;kl ds iz'u y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u iz'u 1- ewY;kadu dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 2- ewY;kadu dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A iz'u 3- ewY;kadu ds dksbZ 4 mís'; fyf[k,A iz'u 4- ekiu dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 5- ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu esa vUrj fyf[k,A iz'u 6- ewY;kadu dh izfof/k;k¡ ;k rduhfd;k¡ ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 7- ewY;kadu dh ifjek.kkRed izfof/k;k¡ ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 8- ewY;kadu dh xq.kkRed izfof/k;k¡ dk uke fyf[k,A iz'u 9- bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ijh{k.k ds :i fyf[k,A iz'u 10- fucU/kkRed ijh{kkvksa esa iz;qDr gksusa okys iz'uksa ds izdkj fyf[k,A iz'u 11- fucU/kkRed iz'uksa ds dksbZ 4 xq.k fyf[k,A iz'u 12- fucU/kkRed iz'uksa ds dksbZ 4 nks"k fyf[k,A iz'u 13- fucU/kkRed iz'uksa ds dksbZ 4 nks"k fyf[k,A iz'u 14- oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 15- oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k ds izdkjks ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 16- ljy izR;kLej.k ds ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gSa \ fyf[k,A iz'u 17- oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k ds dksbZ 4 xq.k fyf[k,A iz'u 18- oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k ds dksbZ 4 nks"k fyf[k,A iz'u 19- oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k ds nks"kksa dks nwj djusa ds dksbZ 4 mik; fyf[k,A iz'u 20- fucU/kkRed ,oa oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k esa 4 vUrj fyf[k,A iz'u 21- Cyw fizaV ;k uhyi= dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V dhft,A iz'u 22- uhy&i= ds lksikuks ds uke fyf[k,A iz'u 23- Cyw fizaV esa iz'uksa ds izdkjksa dk Hkkjkadu dhft,A iz'u 24- Cyw fizaV esa f'k{k.k mÌs'; dk Hkkjkadu dhft,A iz'u 25- Cyw fizaV esa fo"k;&oLrq dk Hkkjkadu dhft,A

228

fucU/kkRed iz'u & iz'u 1- ewY;kadu dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 2- ewY;kadu ds mÌs';ksa ,oa iz;kstuksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 3- ekiu dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A iz'u 4- ewY;kadu dh izfof/k;k¡ ;k rduhfd;k¡ dks laf{kIr esa Li"V dhft,A iz'u 5- ewY;kadu dh ifjek.kkRed rduhfd;k¡ ;k izfof/k;k¡ dk mYys[k dhft,A iz'u 6- ewY;kadu dh xq.kkRed izfof/k;k¡ dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 7- bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa ijh{k.k ds :iksa dks laf{kIr esa Li"V dhft,A iz'u 8- fucU/kkRed ijh{k.kkad ds xq.k ,oa nks"kksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 9- fucU/kkRed ijh{k.k ds nks"kks dks nwj djusa ds izeq[k mik;ksa ;k lq>koksa dks fyf[k,A iz'u 10- oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, blds izdkjksa dks laf{kIr esa Li"V dhft,A iz'u 11- izL;kLej.k ijh{k.k ds fofo/k :iksa dk laf{kIr esas foospu dhft,A iz'u 12- izR;kfHkKku oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k ds fofo/k :iksa dks laf{kIr esa Li"V fdft,A iz'u 13- oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k ds xq.k ,oa nks"kksa dk foospu dhft,A iz'u 14- oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k ds nks"kksa dks nwj djusa ds mik;ksa ;k lq>koksa dks fyf[k;sA iz'u 15- fucU/kkRed ,oa oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A iz'u 16- Cyw fizaV ;k uhyi= D;k gS \ blds lksikuksa dk mYys[k dhft,A iz'u 17- d{kk 11 oha ds bfrgkl fo"k; ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ CywfizaV ;k uhy i= dk fuekZ.k dhft,A iz'u 18- d{kk 11 oha ds bfrgkl ds fo"k; ds uhy&i= ;k Cyw fizaV fuekZ.k ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ iz'u&i= dk fuekZ.k dhft,A