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DISSCUSION OF WATERPROOFING TECHNIQUE AND CONSTRUCTION CASE FOR UNDERGROUND ENGINEERING

HOUNG M.J.1 YUAN J.H.2 YEH C.S.1 SHIH J.Y.1 CHANG H.W.3 KUO L. S.4

1MINGCHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2 RESOUNDING ADVANCE ENT. CO., LTD. 3NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY 4CHINGYUN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT Traditional waterproofing method for underground power plants, oil storage tanks,

sewage plants, tunnels and substations is to apply an impervious membrane onto the

external face of a wall and back filled with soil. However, it may not be effective if the

waterproofing material deteriorates with time, or if the membrane is damaged during handling,

or due to improper overlapping. This Paper introduces a waterproofing technique by

crystallization, which has been used extensively around the world. Discussion is focused on

the mechanisms of crystallization permeation and crack self-repair. Several cases used in

Taiwan are reported. It is hoped that the concepts and engineering practice of waterproofing

by crystallization will be helpful to engineers.

Page 1 of 1

ShrinkageCreepFissure

Efflorescence

Waterproofing by Crystallization

2.1 Body

WaterproofOutsideFilament

ACI 515.1R-79

Waterproofing Barrier SystemsDampproofing BarrierProtective BarrierDecorative Paint Barrier

Ponding WaterproofingDampproofing

Page 2 of 2

Bentonite

2.2

2.3

0.001 liter/m2/day 0.01 liter/m2/day

0.1 liter/m2/day 0.5 liter/m2/day 1.0 liter/m2/day

GIRNAU, 1985

[ 1991]

BARTD.CWMATAMARTA 0.71~0.82 liter/m2/day 1.7 liter/m2/day0.19 liter/m2/day[1991]TRTSCEDM, Rev.9ABCS.T.S/S.S

Page 3 of 3

TRTS Admixture

National Roofing Contractors Association NRCAACINo. ACI 504.1 R-82

A

B C B

B A

B B

C

2.4 A A A

B C C

C

B A B

C

NRCA

TRTSTRTSP.C

Membrane

CRD 48-96

DIN 1048

TRTS

Hot asphalt or coal tar membranes Modified bitumen membranes Butyl, EPDM, or PVC membranes Fluid-applied elastomeric materials Hot rubberized asphalt materials Bentonite waterproofing

Slab-On-

Grade

Metallic waterproofing Cementitious waterproofing Crystalline waterproofing

Hot asphalt or coal tar membranes Modified bitumen membranes Butyl, EPDM, or PVC membranes Fluid-applied elastomeric materials Metallic waterproofing Cementitious waterproofing Crystalline waterproofing

Hot rubberized asphalt materials Asphalt emulsion and chopped glass materials Bentonite waterproofing

(Walls Below

-Grade)

Metallic waterproofing Cementitious waterproofing Crystalline waterproofing

Hot asphalt or coal tar membranes Modified bitumen membranes Butyl, EPDM, or PVC membranes Fluid-applied elastomeric materials Hot rubberized asphalt materials

(Suspended

Decks)

Vehicle traffic deck coatings Pedestrain traffic deck coatings

Page 4 of 4

[1996]CNSASTMJISDINFTMSBSICNLA

ResinousJetting

10,000

3.1

Activeness

Ca(OH)2

[XYPEX,2000] XYPEX

Page 5 of 5

Catalytic Compound

Chelate Ligand Combined with Calcium, L Ca

Ca2+

L2-

SiO32-Ca2+SiO32-

CaSiO3(nH2O)Ca2+L2-

Ca(OH)2Ca2+L2-Ca2+

CaSiO3(nH2O)

Cement Crystal Increasing Zone(High Density of Silicic Ion)

Central Research Laboratory of Nikki ShojiSEM50mm (1) (2) (3)26

3.2

3.2.1

(1)

(2)

(3) 26

LCa Ca2+ L2-

L2-

Diffusion

SiO32-

CaSiO3(nH2O) CaSiO3(nH2O) CaSiO3(nH2O) .

Unhydrated Cement Cement Gel

Ca(OH)2, etc Ca2+ High Density Zone

Ca2+LCa

Diffusion

Xypex

L2-

Page 6 of 6

20

UV UV

NSF

185 1,530 40 180 pH 2.0 12.0 1 30

Yasuo, M. etc.,1992 2~5mm

ASTM C39 1981

20%

CRD C48

123m

175

10m

N691967

5.76104

3.2.2

3.3

3.3.1

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)

3.3.2

Page 7 of 7

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)(9)(10) [XYPEX,2000] Construction Specification InstituteCSI 07160 Cementitious Crystalline Waterproofing

(1)

3.3.3

(1)(2) (3) (4)(5)(6)

(7)

(2)

(3)

(4)

3.4

23Hokutoh1972

40,00040%0.1~0.2mm 1994830 1995 7 4 10

[Shigemichi,1996] 1.2kgf/cm2

16

300cc/min (5)

2.JIS A1107

Page 8 of 8

28%

3.1,000

SETSCO Xypex Petrography PFM Polarising and Fluorescent Microscope3101420Xypex20~25mmCrack Width 0.4mm

3.5 Chloride

IonCarbonationDeterioration

[Masaaki2001] (1)CapillaryWater Tightness(2) )Permeability10-12m/s (3)

[XYPEX,2000] [Yasuo, M.1992]

Page 9 of 9

15.3km887903UK32+200UK32+210

CSI-07160Xypex

1.2.U3.XypexPatch PlugUXypex4.

UK32+200 (1)90412(2)90412(3) 90412 (4)90412 (5)90416 (6)90420

(1) (2)

(3)

(4) (5)

(6)

UK32+200 Page 10 of 10

UK32+210 (1)90412 (2)90412 (3)90412 (4)90413 (5)90413 (6)90420

(1) (2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

UK32+210

Page 11 of 11

921

Xypex

(2001)

24-300 (1991)498-106

(1996)1578-92 (1998)

1-250 ACI 515.1R-79(2000), A Guide to the Use of Waterproofing, Dampproofing,

Protective, and Decorative Barrier Systems for Concrete, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice Part 5-2000, pp.515.1R-1~515.1R-44.

Masaaki, I.(2001), Newest Development of Concrete Structure Anti-Corrosion Material in Japan, 117-125

Kayano, and Thiyaea (1998), Petrographic Examination of Concrete Core, B23880/XLP, SETSCO SERVICES PTE LTD, Singapore, pp.1-5.

Kayano, and Thiyaea (1998), Petrographic Examination of Concrete Core, B23689/XLP/1-2, SETSCO SERVICES PTE LTD, Singapore, pp.1-5.

NRCA (1989), NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual. Shigemichi. M., Yuzuru. K., and Moichi. H., (1996) Repairing of Heavily Cracked

Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Slab from Underside, 51st Annual Meeting of the Civil Engineering Society of Japan.

XYPEX(2000)Concrete Waterproofing by Crystallization1-12

Yasuo, M., Masoru, F., and Yukinobu, N. (1992), An Enhancement in the Nature of Concrete with a Multiplicative Cement Crystal Type Concrete Material, 48th Annual Meeting of the Civil Engineering Society of Japan.

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