徳川 日本 edo japan: 1603-1868 tokugawa shogunate
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WHY IS TOKUGAWA IMPORTANT?
Brought an end to hundred+ years of fighting and civil war between daimyos.
Creation of a centralized state, national system
Isolated Japan (that does NOT mean no change or no new ideas or contact)
Critical transition from “feudal” to “pre-modern”society and economy.
Creates conditions that enable Japan to modernize so rapidly in Meiji period (1868-1911).
• Portugese bring guns, goods and religion in mid-1500s.
• Christians killed and foreigners expelled by 1630s
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Grasps power after a decisive battle at Sekigahara in 1600. By 1603, Ieyasu is granted the title of shogun by the emperor and establishes the Tokugawa shogunate
Tokugawa changes
•Economic activity (Money economy)
•Growth of cities
•Rise of merchant class
•Productivity of agriculture
•Flourishing of art
Tokugawa Strategy:
MAINTAIN ORDER
1. Order in Politics-alternate attendance system
(control daimyo)-control over samurai
2. Order in Society-rigid class system-restrict travel
3. Order in International Relations-isolationism (not complete,
primarily from Western influence
Tokugawa Strategies
1.Maintain Order in Politics
* collect weapons* renew loyalty oath w/ new shogun* all marriages approved by Tokugawa* alternate attendance and hostage
system
Hideyoshi’s Sword Hunt
Collects swords from all members of the population except samurai, who now have the sole right to carry them.
Alternate attendance system (sankin kotai) 参勤交代
Families in Edo; daimyos travel back/forth every 2 years
参勤交代
Impacts of sankin kotai (alternate attendance system):
Suppressed possibility of rebellion (wives, children of daimyo remain in Edo as hostages)
Economic costs of travel on daimyo ensured lack of funds for rebel armies
Tokugawa Strategy:
2. Maintain Order in Society
-rigid class system-new roles for samurai-permission to travel
Tokugawa Strategy:
2. Maintain Order in Society
-rigid class system-restrict travel
RIGID SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Confucianism: System to promote stability
1. Reverence for past
2. Maintaining proper place in an unchanging hierarchy
3. Social hierarchy based on contributions to good of society
侍 Samurai:• Literally, “one who serves”
• 7-8% of the total population
• Bound by code of ethics known as bushido
Special rights:dai-sho 大小 two swords (large
and small)kirisute-gomen 切捨て御免 right
to cut down/ kill offending commoners without punishment
seppuku 切腹 right to ritual suicide (self-evisceration)
New social roles for samurai during the great Tokugawa peace
•Teachers
• Poets, scholars, writers
• Buddhist monks
• Government posts -- civil administration
•Others: grew poor, became bandits
•ULTIMATELY LOST INFLUENCE
Farmers & Peasants:
• More than 80% of total population
• Taxed 40-50% of the crops they produced.
• Forbidden access to all recreation and games other than local festivals.
• Provide labor for public works (roads, bridges, etc.)
Rise of Castle Towns:Townspeople and Merchants:
• Townsperson culture
• Laws stating what they could wear, where they could live, size of home, etc.
• Major commercial centers emerge.• Osaka -- sake, soy sauce, cloth, paper, iron.
Kyoto - textiles, pottery.
• Trade along the Tokaido Road
Rise of Merchants:
Money to be loaned to samurai and daimyos
Urban culture
Provide goods and entertainment
Rise of Merchants:
Money to be loaned to samurai
and daimyos
Urban culture
Provide goods and entertainment
Outcastes or“non-persons”
• The “invisible” class of outcastes (butchers, leather tanners, etc).
• Forced to live in designated districts of Edo.
• Called non-persons非人
• Often worked as entertainers.
1873 photograph by Shinichi Suzuki depicting leather workers (tanners). One man scrapes the hide of a slaughtered deer, while another seems to be discussing a piece of finished cat. On the right stands a young man with a load of animal skin.
Tokugawa Strategy:
2. Maintain Order in International relations
-isolationism-1 Dutch ship/ year for goods, trade
Changes by the 1800s….
1.Dissatisfaction with Tokugawa rule
2.Arrival of Commodore Perry and Black Ships
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