专业英文写作 (on professional writings using english) 1 邓治东 (jyh-tong teng)...

专业英文写作 (On Professional Writings Using English)

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邓治东 (Jyh-tong Teng) 中原大学机械系教授兼国际事务中心资深顾问

邓治东 (Jyh-tong Teng) 中原大学机械系教授兼国际事务中心资深顾问

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大纲 (Outline) 1. 引 言 (Introduction) 2.英文的标点符号 (Punctuations) 3.专业的传统表述 (Mechanical

Conventions) 4.文章的起承转合 (Transitions) 5.专业论文的写作 (Technical Article

Writing) 6.文章的常见错误 (Common Errors) 7. 结 论 (Conclusions)

1. 引 言 (Introduction)

世界约 85%之专业出版物系以英语撰写

专业英文系以特定方式撰写 非英语体系作者常因格式与方式不符或英语欠通顺而被退件

若能突破英语撰写上的障碍要在专业出版物上发表文章并非难事

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2.英文的标点符号 (Punctuations)

Summarized from Judith S. Vanalstyne, Professional and Technical Writing: Communication in Technology and Science, Sixth Edition, Prentice-Hall International, Inc., 2004

2-1 Apostrophe ( 所有格符号 ) for the plural of letters, numbers, symbols,

and cited words Your r’s look like your n’s.

You use too many and’s. the 2000’s (2000s)

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2-2 Colon ( 冒号 )

for a formal salutation

Dear Mr. Wang: Gentlemen: for introducing a phrase or clause

which explains or reinforces a proceeding sentence or clause

The position sounds attractive: high salary, moderate amount of work, and close to home.

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for a clause which contains an anticipatory expression (the following, as follows, thus, these) and directs attention to a series of explanatory words, phrases, or clauses.

The requirements for the master degree are as follows:

1.twenty-four units of class work, 2.a master thesis, and 3.no more than four years of study.

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for expression ratios, for separating hours and minutes, and for indicating other relationships

5:1signal : noise A:B10:20 P.M.

12:50-55 (Vol. 12, pp. 50-55)

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2-3 Comma ( 逗点 ) for compound and compound-complex

sentence a. for separating independent clauses

joined by a coordinating conjunction Nearly everyone has heard of love at

first sight, but I fell in love at first dance. b. after an introductory dependent

clauseWhen Peter was ready to write, his pen ran out of the ink.

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c. after a conjunctive adverb introducing a coordinate clause

The system is easy to use; however, we suggest that you read the directions carefully.

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On Coordinate ( 对等 ) and Subordinate ( 从属 ) Clauses 1. Coordinate Clauses 1.a Independent ( 独立 ) clause , and

independent clause. , but , for , nor , or , so , yet

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1.b Independent clause; independent clause.

1.c Independent clause ; consequently, independent clause.

; further, ; hence, ; however,

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; indeed, ; in fact, ; likewise, ; moreover, ; nevertheless, ; rather, ; then, ; therefore, ; thus,

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2. Subordinate Clauses After dependent ( 从属 ) clause, independent clause. Although As Because Before If Since Until When While

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for separating items in a series

These instructions will teach you how to create, edit, or proofread a file.

Note: The comma is often omitted in company names:

Jones, Smith and Woods for separating a series of adjectives or

adverbs not connected by a conjunction

The computer blinked haphazardly, noisily.

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in a date to separate the day and year

October 8, 2000 the December 1, 2000, deadline Note: Do not use a comma in the

military or British form: 8 April 2000 for grouping numbers into units of three

in separating thousands, millions, and so forth: 7,890 85,386 8,476,235

for the salutation of an informal letter or the complimentary close of most letter:

Dear Joseph, Sincerely yours,Cordially,

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for expressions that introduce direct quotations

The President said, “We must fight back the financial blockages set up by the competing businesses.”

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2-4 Dash ( 破折号 ) for setting off emphatic and abrupt

parenthetical expressions

The idea of this program – it has been tested thoroughly – is to simplify spelling correction. for marking sharp turns in thought

He was an arrogant man – with little to be arrogant about.

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2-5 Ellipsis (three spaced periods) ( 省略号 )

for indicating any omission in quoted material

Martin stressed, “The technical writer … must master punctuation.”

(The words as well as professional writer have been omitted.)

•for indicating the ellipsis (four periods) at the end of a sentence

The consultant stressed, “Write carefully ….” (The words and edit endlessly have been

omitted.)

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2-6 Parentheses ( 括号、括号 )

for enclosing an abruptly introduced qualification or definition within a sentence

You may place your program diskette in drive A and your storage diskette (the one with your file on it) in drive B. for enclosing figures or letters to

enumerate points To use this program (a) insert your DOS

diskette in drive A, (b) turn on your computer, (c) type in the date, and (d) press the Enter key.

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2-7 Period ( 句点 )

• for an outline ( 概述、轮廓 ) I. Analysis I.1 Assumptions I.2 Theoretical Development I.2.1 Conservation Laws I.2.2 Constitutive Equations I.3 Perturbation Method

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2.8 Question Mark ( 问号 )

at the end for an interrogative question

Do you own a personal computer? Note: Do not use one after an

indirect question. He asked me if I owned a personal

computer.

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2-9 Quotation Marks ( 引号 )

for setting off direct speech and material quoted from other sources

Dr. Jack Chen writes, "Before …. Most doctors,” he points out, “forbade … to the refrigerators.”

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2-10 Semicolon ( 分号 ) for used in compound and complex

sentences for used between coordinate clauses not

connected by a conjunction

The new system will use low-powered transmitters; it is called cellular radio. for before a conjunctive adverb including

a coordinate clause

The system is easy to use; however, we suggest that you read the directions carefully.

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for before a coordinating conjunction introducing a long or loosely related clause

Niobium, which is … an alloy, is a metallic element that … without losing strength; and it is widely available …. in a series for separating elements

containing commas J. Chen, member of the board; P. Wang,

president; C. Chang, committee chairperson; and I attended the conference.

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3. 专业的传统表述 (Mechanical Conventions)

Summarized from Professional and Technical Writing Strategies by Judith S. VanAlstyne, Sixth Edition, Prentice-Hall International, Inc., 2004

3-1 Abbreviations ( 简写字 ) Explain the first time you use it

He has worked for the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Office of Mental Health (OMH).

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Omit most internal and terminal punctuation in abbreviations

BTU (Btu) lb psi ft DNA rpm Use internal and external punctuation if

the abbreviation forms another words

in. A.M. gal. No. Use uppercase (capital) letters for

acronyms and degree scales

NASA VHF OEM oC oF K R Use lowercase (small) letters for units of

measure: gph cc rpm mph bps

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Write the plural in the same form as the singular

20 in. 47 lb 5 hr 30 gph10 cc3-2 Capitalization ( 大写字 )

Capitalize all proper nouns ( 专有名词 )

Jack Wang Ace Electronic CompanyProfessor David Chu

National Basketball Association (NBA)Introduction to Communication

Monday November the Civil War a Honda Civic

Capitalize adjectives derived from proper nouns: Elizabethan Victorian Reaganomics

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Capitalize words like street, avenue, corporation, and college when they accompany a proper name

Powell Street Seventy-Second Street Ace Company, Inc. Harvard University Chabot Community College

Capital north, east, midwest, near east, and so on when the word denotes a specific location

the South the Midwest the Near East 105 Northwest Second Street

Capitalize brand names

Kleenex tissues Scotch tape

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3-3 Hyphenation ( 连字符 )

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Use between some compound names for family relationship

Hyphenated: brother-in-law’s company One word: my stepfather’s portfolio Two words: my half brother

Use hyphen in compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and in fractions

twenty-five cartons fifty-eight years three-fourths of the book one-tenth meter

• Use hyphen after the prefixes all-, ex-, self-, and before the suffix -elect:

all-American ex-wife self-contained president-elect Use hyphen in some compound nouns

kilowatt-hour foot-pound Use in compound adjectives when the

letter precedes the word it modifies

alternating-current (ac) motor closed-circuit television high-pressure system easy-to-build model

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Use between a number and a unit of measure when they modify a noun

6-inch ruler 12-volt charge a 3-week-old prescription

3-4 Italics ( 斜字号 ) Use italics (underline in handwritten or

typed material) to indicate the names of books, newspapers, and other complete works published separately

the book Introduction to Boxingthe magazine Time

the movie Gone With The Wind

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Use to indicate the names of ships and planes

the H.M.S. (His or [Her] Majesty’s Ship) Ark Royal

the U.S.S. (United State Ship) Independence Use to indicate words, symbols used as

words, and foreign words which are not in general English usage

Note: Do not italicize foreign expressions which are established as part of the English language, such as: a priori ( 既定的 ) bona fide (真诚的 ) ad hoc ( 特别的 ) etc. status quo ( 现状 ) per annum (每年的，按年计的 ) pro rate ( 按比例分配 )

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3-5 Numbers ( 数字 ) Write out single digit numbers from zero

through nine when the number modifies a noun

five disks two printers Use numerals for zero through nine when the

number modifies a unit of measure, time, dates, pages, chapters, sections, percentages, money, proportions, tables, and figures

2 inches 3-second delay 5 gph 2:30 A.M. 9 years old July 5, 2001 page 5 (p. 5) pages 5-15 (pp. 5-15) Chapter 7 Section 3 Figure 5 (Fig. 5) Table 3 2 percent $75 1:5 a 5% decrease $0.05 (5 cents) 5 to 3 odds

Use numerals for decimals and fractions

0.5 5.56 2/5 (two fifths) or 0.4

¼ (a quarter) or 0.25 3/32 (three thirty seconds) in. 5

1/2 kg (five and a half kilograms) Use numerals for any number greater than

nine 10 psi (pounds per square inch) 85

employees 45 lb 234,567 people Write out numbers which are approximations

a half cup of tea three quarters of a mile away three sevenths of the energy approximately

five times as often

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Place a hyphen after a number of a unit of measure when the unit modifies a noun

5-inch handle 7-inch-diameter sphere 20 1/2-kg can 25-gal. capacity

When many numbers, both smaller than and greater than nine, are used in the same section of writing, use numerals

Buy 5 sheets of 8-inch by 11 1/2-inch paper, 12 sheets of 8-inch by 20-inch paper, and 5 manila envelopes.

Note: If none of the numbers are greater than nine, write them all out.

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• When one number appears immediately after another as a part of the same phrase, avoid confusion by writing out the shorter number

nine 50-watt bulbs two 6-inch wrenches thirteen 20-kilogram packages twenty-five 3,000-component circuit boards

Place a comma in numbers in the thousands 1,500 15,678 234,567

Write numbers in the millions in one of two ways

2,500,000 or 2.5 (two and a half) millions17,000,000 or 17 millions

$1,600,000 or $1.6 million

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Do not begin a sentence with a numeral

Fifteen inches of rain fell. 15 inches of rain fell. (Wrong!)3-6 Symbols ( 符号 )

Use symbols sparingly Define the symbols when they first

appear in an article use nomenclature ( 符号表 ) to collect all

symbols in a table

3-7 Spelling ( 拼字 ) Use a dictionary when in doubt about

the proper and preferred spelling of a word.

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4.文章的起承转合 (Transitions)

4-1 For this study, the curved microchannel was constructed by standard etching processes; the curved microchannel was etched on a silicon wafer with a 4-inch diameter and a 550 m thickness. The processes included SiO2 deposition, photoresist coating, developing, baking, etc. Subsequently, an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) process accounting for the crystal directional characteristics was used to finish the fabrication of the curved microchannel structure. (to be continued)

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To quantify the surface roughness of the curved microchannel, a profilometer (made by Mitaka, Model NH-3N) was used to measure the surface profile of the curved microchannel. It was concluded from the measured results that the peak-valley roughness of the silicon microchannel was lower than 20 nm. Since the minimum dimension of all length scales measured in this study was 40 µm, the effect of the roughness of the scale of 20 nm (or 0.02 µm) was deemed to be negligible.

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4-2 It is observed that, over a range of channel sizes and flow rates, as seen in Figs. 4 and 5, the numerically simulated results provide a good prediction of the experimental data for the six types (see Table 1) of curved microchannels used in this study, with an average discrepancy of 8%. Consequently, for the incompressible and isothermal laminar flow, and as far as the pressure drop is concerned, the fluid behavior of curved microchannels still follows the predicted values based on classical Navier-Stokes equations when the Dh value is on the order of 70 μm or larger. In addition, the results obtained from the measured pressure drop

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(continued)

In addition, the results obtained from the measured pressure drop show that the geometrical channel aspect ratio has a significant influence on the pressure drop, and an increased channel curvature radius results in higher pressure loss.

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4-3 However, it can be seen from Fig. 7 that, for Types C4 to C6 curved microchannels which have aspect ratios in the range of 0.2 to 0.1, experimental data and empirically obtained curves on the relationship between friction factor and Reynolds number are shown to have a different pattern, and most of the experimentally-determined data of friction factors are above the predicted curves estimated by Eq. (12). It should be noted that the smaller the value of the aspect ratio, the more deviation the configuration from the square shape.

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(continued) Since Eq. (12) was based on data obtained for

a square channel, the friction factors of curved microchannels with relatively low values of aspect ratio (0.2 to 0.1) lead to a relatively large discrepancy between the experimentally-obtained data in this study and the predicted values using Eq. (12). Hence, the comparison implies that the cross-sectional shape of the curved microchannel has a substantial effect on the friction factor for low values of the aspect ratio.

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4-4 Another factor which may have an impact on the friction factors in curved microchannels is the effects of the electrical double layer (EDL) near a solid-liquid interface of the rectangular microchannel, as indicated by Ren et al. [13] and Ko and Gau [21]. It can be seen from [13] that EDL plays a minor role for curved microchannels with a minimum dimension on the order of 40 µm, which is the lowest dimension used in this study. In addition, the Navier-Stokes equations used in this study do not account for the effects resulting from EDL, and in this study, the results obtained from simulations are in good agreement with the experimentally-obtained data. As a result, the

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(continued)

As a result, the effects of EDL in this study are deemed to be minor for the curved microchannels for the lowest dimension size of 40 µm or higher.

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4-5 Moreover, under the condition of the same aspect ratio, it can also be seen in Fig. 8 that the predicted curve estimated by Eq. (13) for the relationship between the friction factor ratio and De number is in good agreement with those obtained from the experimental data for the Type C1 (with an aspect ratio of unity) curved microchannel in the range where De < 60. However, discrepancy among friction factor ratios of experimental data obtained for the Type C1 curved microchannel and the numerical results suggested by Wang and Liu [25] is observed to become larger as the De number becomes larger than 60. This can be explained by the fact that the Eq. (13) presented by Wang and Liu [25] was

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(continued) This can be explained by the fact that the Eq.

(13) presented by Wang and Liu [25] was obtained from a numerical simulation of a curved microchannel with a curvature ratio of 5×10-6, and the relatively small value of the curvature ratio of the curved microchannel led to a moderate increase of the friction factor as a result of the minimal centrifugal force presented. Hence, the comparison of the friction factor ratio between the experimental data for Type C1 and numerical calculated curve determined by Eq. (13) shows that, by increasing the channel curvature radius while

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(continued) Hence, the comparison of the friction factor

ratio between the experimental data for Type C1 and numerical calculated curve determined by Eq. (13) shows that, by increasing the channel curvature radius while keeping the aspect ratio the same, leads to a mild increase in the Poiseuille number. It should be noted that the Po number for Type C1 to C3 varies approximately linearly with an increasing De number, as shown in Fig. 8.

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4-6 In addition, as shown in Fig. 10, it is observed that, for the range of Re numbers (Re = 10 ~ 450) and the low range of aspect ratio values ( = 0.1 ~ 0.2) used in this study, the pressure drops obtained analytically from the conventional Poiseuille flow theory (that is, Eq. (8)) for straight channels are in good agreement with those obtained experimentally for Types C4 to C6 curved microchannels. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the pressure drop and the Reynolds number is observed.

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5.专业论文的写作 (Technical Article Writing)

5-1 Use present tense for discussing results. (以现在式进行结果讨论 )

e.g., Experimental results are reported for the mass transfer in pipe flow for an aqueous 4% sodium chloride solution under Newtonian and non-Newtonian conditions.

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5-2 Use past tense for discussing experiments, test apparatus, data taking, and observation from the experiments. (以过去式叙述实验、测试设备、资料撷取、自实验之观察等事项 )

e.g.: (1) The non-Newtonian runs were carried out with concentrations of 50 and 1000 wppm of Polyox WSR 301.

(2) The pump housing was made of cast iron and was coated with a

layer of Bitumastic No. 300-M (Koppers Co.) to protect the surface from the corrosive salt solution.

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(3) Measurements were made of the limiting current associated with the reduction of dissolved oxygen at the cathode surface.

(4) It is noted that no variations were observed during a run except for those resulting from a slight temperature rise that was sometimes noted.

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3. Use present tense for discussing graphs and charts. (以现在式讨论图与表所呈现信息 )

e.g.: The experimental system consisted of the recirculating loop, test

section, pump, control valves and storage tank, which are shown

schematically in Fig. 1.

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4. Use present tense for discussing equations and formulas (以现在式讨论各项方程式 ).

e.g.: From Faraday’s law and the definition of the mass-transfer

coefficient we obtain: h = m/(cb-cw), (2)

where m is the mass flow rate, cb is the bulk concentration and cw is the wall concentration.

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5. Use present tense for discussing theoretical analysis (以现在式讨论理论分析 ).

e.g.: An alternative procedure for the moderate concentration condition is to use the expansion method of Tien, Wasan and Wilke [23,25] in conjunction with the measurements of Clapp [4,5]. Omitting the details, the results for the velocity profile near the wall are given by Teng [26]:

u = y (10) and the eddy diffusivity is given by: e = p + q (11) with p = 5 and q = 3.

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6. Use past tense for discussing derivation of equations. (以过去式讨论方程式之推导 )

e.g.: Eq. (13) was obtained by integrating Eq. (12) in conjunction with

Eqs. (8) and (9).

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7. Use past tense for discussing calculations. (以过去式讨论论文中之各项计算 )

e.g.: Calculations were also carried out to determine the mass transfer for the case of the 1000 wppm concentration of Polyox WSR 301.

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8. Use perfect tense for discussing the conclusion. (以完成式叙述结论 )

e.g.: (1) In summary, experimental results have been reported for mass

transfer in pipe flow. (2) For the 1000 wppm

concentration, the work of previous investigators has been modified and there is an indication of good agreement.

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Principles of Technical Article Writing Rule 1. Use plain rather than elegant

or complex language. Rule 2. Delete words, sentences, and

phrases that do not add to your meaning.

Rule 3. Use specific and concrete terms rather than vague generalities.

Rule 4. Use terms your reader can picture.

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Rule 5. Use the past tense to describe your experimental work.

Rule 6. Make the technical depth of your writing compatible with the background of your reader.

Rule 7. Break up your writing into short sections.

Rule 8. Keep ideas and sentence structure parallel.

Rule 9. Opt for a formal rather than an informal style.

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6.文章的常见错误 (Common Errors) 6. Improvement in English is needed,

and the authors should read the manuscript thoroughly and carefully to enhance the readability of it. Some of the revisions are as follows:

Line 4 on p. 2: etc.. → etc. Line 57 on p. 3: we should to balance

→ we should balance

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Line 4 on p. 4: more details → for more details

Line 18 on p. 4: following properties → the following properties

Line 24 on p. 6: one use → one uses Line 6 on p. 7: get following

modified scheme → get the following modified scheme

Line 46 on p.8: is agree with → is in agreement with

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Lines 43-45 on p. 9: throughout following subsections → throughout the following subsections

Line 45 on p. 9: is locate at → is located at

Unless the above comments are addressed, the paper in its present form is not recommended to be published.

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以英语撰写文章须注意事项 1. 拼字精进 ( 一般字、专有名词 ) 2. 用词精进 3. 文法精进 ( 标点符号、惯用法、主词受词一致性、句子完整性、冠词、其它文法 )

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7. 结 论 (Conclusions)

撰写专业英文者必须了解撰写該類文章之特定撰写方式，否则作者常因格式与方式不符或英语欠通顺而被退件

要能突破英语撰写上的障碍则在专业出版物上发表文章并非难事

一位来自越南的博班生，于了解撰写专业英语文章之特定方式，在近三年内发表 21篇学术论文；而硕班陆生于半年内即发表1 篇顶级学术论文

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多谢聆听，并请指教。

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